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E Sen Beta Cement
E Sen Beta Cement
E Sen Beta Cement
Review of Cement
Slide 2
Materials used in the manufacture of portland cement must contain appropriate proportions of calcium, silica, alumina, and iron components
Slide 3
Calcium
Iron
Silica
Calcium silicate Cement rock Clay Fly ash Fullers earth Limestone Loess Marl Ore washings Quartzite Rice-hull ash Sand Sandstone Shale Slag Traprock
Alumina
Sulfate
Alkali waste Blast-furnace flue dust Aragonite Clay Calcite Iron ore Cement-kiln dust Mill scale Cement rock Ore washings Pyrite cinders Chalk Shale Clay Fullers earth Limestone Marble Marl Seashells Shale Portland, Blended, Slag
Aluminum-ore Anhydrite refuse Calcium Bauxite sulfate Cement rock Gypsum Clay Copper slag Fly ash Fullers earth Granodiorite Limestone Loess Ore washings Shale Slag Staurolite
Table 2-1. Sources of Raw Materials Used in Manufacture of Portland Cement Sulfate, often in the form of gypsum, is added during the grinding of the clinker to regulate the setting time of the cement and to improve shrinkage and strength development properties.
Slide 4
Quarry
Fig. 2-6. Limestone, a primary raw material providing calcium in making cement, is quarried near the cement plant. (59894) Fig. 2-7. Quarry rock is trucked to the primary crusher. (59893)
Slide 5
Fig. 2-8. Rotary kiln (furnace) for manufacturing portland cement clinker. Inset view inside the kiln. (58927, 25139)
Slide 6
Clinker
Gypsum
Fig. 2-9. Portland cement clinker is formed by burning calcium and siliceous raw materials in a kiln. This particular clinker is about 20 mm (34 in.) in diameter. (60504) Fig. 2-11. Gypsum, a source of sulfate, is interground with portland clinker to form portland cement. It helps control setting, drying shrinkage properties, and strength development. (60505)
Slide 7
(3)
Fig. 2-10. Process of clinker production from raw feed to the final product (Hills 2000).
Slide 8
Slide 9
Fig. 2-13. (top) Performance of concretes made with different cements in sulfate soil. Type II and Type V cements have lower C3A contents that improve sulfate resistance.
Slide 10
Improved sulfate resistance results from low water to cementitious materials ratios as demonstrated over time for concrete beams exposed to sulfate soils in a wetting and drying environment. Shown are average values for concretes containing a wide range of cementitious materials, including cement Types I, II, V, blended cements, pozzolans, and slags
Slide 11
Fig. 2-14. Moderate sulfate resistant cements and high sulfate resistant cements improve the sulfate resistance of concrete elements, such as (left to right) slabs on ground, pipe, and concrete posts exposed to high-sulfate soils. (68985, 52114, 68986)
Slide 12
Fig. 2-15. Specimens used in the outdoor sulfate test plot in Sacramento, California, are 150 x 150 x 760-mm (6 x 6 x 30-in.) beams. A comparison of ratings is illustrated: (top) a rating of 5 for 12-year old concretes made with Type V cement and a water-to-cement ratio of 0.65; and (bottom) a rating of 2 for 16-year old concretes made with Type V cement and a water-to-cement ratio of 0.39 (Stark 2002). (68840, 68841)
Slide 13
Fig. 2-16. Moderate heat and low heat cements minimize heat generation in massive elements or structures such as (left) very thick bridge supports, and (right) dams. Hoover dam, shown here, used a Type IV cement to control temperature rise. (65258, 68983)
Slide 14
Fig. 2-17. High early strength cements are used where early concrete strength is needed, such as in (left to right) cold weather concreting, fast track paving to minimize traffic congestion, and rapid form removal for precast concrete. (65728, 59950, 68668)
Slide 15
Fig. 2-18. White portland cement is used in white or light-colored architectural concrete, ranging from (left to right) terrazzo for floors shown here with white cement and green granite aggregate (68923), to decorative and structural precast and cast-in-place elements (68981), to building exteriors. The far right photograph shows a white precast concrete building housing the ASTM Headquarters in West Conshohocken, Pennsylvania. Photo courtesy of ASTM.
Slide 16
Slide 17
Blended Cements
Clinker Gypsum Portland cement Fly ash Slag Silica Fume Calcined Clay
Fig. 2-19. Blended cements (ASTM C 595, AASHTO M 240, and ASTM C 1157) use a combination of portland cement or clinker and gypsum blended or interground with pozzolans, slag, or fly ash. ASTM C 1157 allows the use and optimization of all these materials, simultaneously if necessary, to make a cement with optimal properties. Shown is blended cement (center) surrounded by (right and clockwise) clinker, gypsum, portland cement, fly ash, slag, silica fume, and calcined clay. (68988)
Slide 18
Slide 19
First performance specification for hydraulic cements Cements meet physical performance test requirements rather than prescriptive restrictions on ingredients or cement chemistry as in other cement specifications. Provides for six types
Slide 20
Hydraulic Cement
ASTM C 1157
Type GU Type HE Type MS Type HS Type MH
Portland, Blended, and Other Hydraulic Cements
Type LH
General use High early strength Moderate sulfate resistance High sulfate resistance Moderate heat of hydration Low heat of hydration
Slide 21
Cement Applications
Resistance to Moderate High Low heat Moderate High alkali-silica Cement sulfate General heat of early of sulfate reactivity specification purpose hydration strength hydration resistance resistance (ASR) ASTM C 150 portland cements II (moderate heat option) IS(MH) IP(MH) I(PM)(MH) I(SM)(MH) Low alkali option
III
IV
II
IS IP I(PM) I(SM) S, P
P(LH)
Portland, Blended, ASTM C 1157 and Other Hydraulic hydraulic GU cements Cements
MH
HE
LH
Option R
Table 2-3. Applications for Commonly Used Cements Check the local availability of specific cements as all cements are not available everywhere. The option for low reactivity with ASR susceptible aggregates can be applied to any cement type in the columns to the left. For ASTM C 1157 cements, the nomenclature of hydraulic cement, portland cement, airentraining portland cement, modified portland cement, or blended hydraulic cement is used with the type designation.
Slide 22
Special cements
White portland cements, ASTM C 150 White masonry cements, ASTM C 91 Masonry cements, ASTM C 91 Mortar cements, ASTM C 1329 Plastic cements, ASTM C 1328 Expansive cements, ASTM C 845 Oil-well cements, API-10 Water-repellent cements
Type
I, II, III, V M, S, N M, S, N M, S, N M, S
Application
White or colored concrete, masonry, mortar, grout, plaster, and stucco White mortar between masonry units Mortar between masonry units, plaster, and stucco Mortar between masonry units Plaster and stucco
E-1(K), E-1(M), E-1(S) Shrinkage compensating concrete A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H Grouting wells Tile grout, paint, and stucco finish coats Early strength and repair
Table 2-4. Applications for Special Cements Portland cement Types I, II, and III and blended cement Types IS, IP, and I(PM) are also used in making mortar. Portland cement Types I, II, and III and blended cement Types IP, I(SM) and I(PM) are also used in making plaster.
Slide 23
Special cements
Cements with functional additions, ASTM C 595, ASTM C 1157 Finely ground (ultrafine) cement Calcium aluminate cement Magnesium phosphate cement Geopolymer cement Ettringite cements Sulfur cements
Type
Application
General concrete construction needing special characteristics such as; water-reducing, retarding, air entraining, set control, and accelerating properties Geotechnical grouting Repair, chemical resistance and high temperature exposures Repair and chemical resistance General construction, repair, waste stabilization Waste stabilization Repair and chemical resistance
Portland, Blended, Rapid hardening hydraulic and Other Hydraulic cement Cements
VH, MR, GC
General paving where very rapid (about 4 hours) strength development is required
Slide 24
+ 6CaOAl2O33SO332H2O + 4 H2O Ettringite Water + CaOH2O Calcium hydroxide + 12 H2O Water + 2 (CaOH2O) Calcium hydroxide
Portland, Blended, 4CaO Al2O3Fe2O3 + 10 H2O and Other Tetracalcium Hydraulic Water Cements aluminoferrite
Table 2-5. Portland Cement Compound Hydration Reactions (Oxide Notation) Note: This table illustrates only primary transformations and not several minor transformations. The composition of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) is not stoichiometric (Tennis and Jennings 2000).
Slide 25
Average Chemical composition, % SiO2 20.5 21.2 20.6 22.2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 5.4 4.6 4.9 4.6 3.9 4.1 2.6 3.5 2.8 5.0 4.2 0.3 CaO 63.9 63.8 63.4 62.5 63.8 66.7 MgO 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.2 0.9 SO3 3.0 2.7 3.5 2.2 2.3 2.7 Na2Oeq 0.61 0.51 0.56 0.36 0.48 0.18
Slide 26
Slide 27
Table 2-8. ASTM C 186 Heat of Hydration for Selected Portland Cements from the 1990s, kJ/kg
Slide 28
Bulk Density
Bulk density of cement varies between 830 kg/m3 (52 lb/ft3)
and
Fig. 2-48. Both 500-mL beakers contain 500 grams of dry powdered cement. On the left, cement was simply poured into the beaker. On the right, cement was slightly vibratedimitating consolidation during transport or packing while stored in a silo. The 20% difference in bulk volume demonstrates the need to measure cement by mass instead of volume for batching concrete. (68970)
Slide 29
Transporting Cement
Fig. 2-52. Portland cements are shipped from the plant silos to the user in bulk by (left to right) rail, truck, or water. (59899, 59355, 59891)