MATH20401 Solutions Sheet 7

Qu.1 (i) Let F = r

2
i+j
2
j+.
2
k and o be the surface of the cube 0 _ r _ 1,
0 _ j _ 1, 0 _ . _ 1.
By the divergence theorem, the surface integral may be transformed to a triple
integral
1 =
_
S
F dS
=
_ _ _
V
\ Fd\
where 1 denotes the region interior to the cube 0 _ r _ 1, 0 _ j _ 1, 0 _ . _ 1.
Now,
\ F =
0
0r
_
r
2
_
+
0
0j
_
j
2
_
+
0
0.
_
.
2
_
= 2r + 2j + 2..
The integral becomes
1 = 2
_
1
0
_
1
0
_
1
0
(r + j + .) drdjd.
= 2
_
1
0
_
1
0
_
1
2
r
2
+ jr + .r
_
1
0
djd.
= 2
_
1
0
_
1
0
_
1
2
+ j + .
_
djd..
Thus,
1 = 2
_
1
0
_
1
2
j +
1
2
j
2
+ .j
_
1
0
d.
= 2
_
1
0
(1 + .) d.
= 2
__
. +
1
2
.
2
__
1
0
= 3.
(ii) Let F = j.i + .rj + rjk and o be the sphere r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
= 4
F = j.i + .rj + rjk,
then by the divergence theorem, the surface integral may be transformed to a
1
triple integral
1 =
_
S
F dS
=
_ _ _
V
\ Fd\
where 1 denotes the region r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
_ 4. Now,
\ F =
0
0r
(j.) +
0
0j
(.r) +
0
0.
(rj)
= 0.
The integral becomes
1 =
__ _
x
2
+y
2
+z
2
4
0drdjd.
= 0.
(iii) Let F = r
3
i +r
2
jj +r
2
.k and S the cylinder r
2
+j
2
= a
2
(0 < . < /)
and two circular discs . = 0 and . = / given by r
2
+ j
2
_ a
2
then by the
divergence theorem, the surface integral may be transformed to a triple integral
1 =
_
S
F dS
=
_ _ _
V
\ Fd\
where 1 denotes the region r
2
+ j
2
_ a
2
, 0 _ . _ /. Now,
\ F =
0
0r
_
r
3
_
+
0
0j
_
r
2
j
_
+
0
0.
r
2
.
= 3r
2
+ r
2
+ r
2
= 5r
2
.
Transforming to cylindrical polar coordinates, the limits become 0 and a for
2
j, 0 and 2 for c. Hence
1 =
_
b
0
_
2
0
_
a
0
5 (j cos c)
2
jdjdcd.
= 5
_
b
0
_
2
0
_
a
0
j
3
cos
2
cdjdcd.
= 5
_
b
0
_
2
0
_
1
4
j
4
_
a
0
cos
2
cdcd.
=
5
4
_
b
0
_
2
0
a
4
cos
2
cdcd..
=
5
4
a
4
_
b
0
_
2
0
1
2
(1 + cos 2c) dcd.
=
5
8
a
4
_
b
0
_
c +
1
2
sin2c
_
2
0
d.
=
5
4
a
4
_
b
0
d.
=
5
4
a
4
[.]
b
0
=
5
4
a
4
/.
Qu.2 For the sphere o with equation ) (r, j, .) = r
2
+j
2
+.
2
1 = 0 the unit
outward normal is parallel to
\) = 2ri + 2jj + 2.k.
On o, [\)[ =
_
(2r)
2
+ (2j)
2
+ (2.)
2
= 2
_
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
= 2 and the unit
normal is n =\), [\)[ = ri +jj+.k. On o, F n =(ri + .j) (ri + jj + .k) =
r
2
+ j.. Taking spherical polar co-ordinates on o,
r = r sin0 cos c, j = r sin0 sinc, . = r cos 0
where r = 1, the ux is
__
S
F ndo =
__
S
_
r
2
+ j.
_
do
=
_
2
0
_

0
_
sin
2
0 cos
2
c + sin0 cos 0 sinc
_
sin0d0dc
since do = r
2
sin0d0dc. Thus
__
S
F ndo =
_
2
0
_

0
_
sin
3
0 cos
2
c + sin
2
0 cos 0 sinc
_
d0dc
=
_
2
0
_

0
_
sin0
_
1 cos
2
0
_
cos
2
c + sin
2
0 cos 0 sinc

d0dc
3
=
_
2
0
_

0
_
sin0 cos
2
c sin0 cos
2
0 cos
2
c + sin
2
0 cos 0 sinc
_
d0dc
=
_
2
0
_
cos 0 cos
2
c +
1
3
cos
3
0 cos
2
c +
1
3
sin
3
0 sinc
_

0
dc
=
_
2
0
__
(1) cos
2
c +
1
3
(1)
3
cos
2
c +
1
3
.0. sinc
_

_
1. cos
2
c +
1
3
.1. cos
2
c +
1
3
.0. sinc
__
dc
=
4
3
_
2
0
cos
2
cdc =
4
3
_
2
0
1
2
(1 + cos 2c) dc =
2
3
_
c +
1
2
sin2c
_
2
0
=
4
3
.
Also
\ F =
0
0r
(r) +
0
0j
(.) = 1
and ___
V
\ Fd\ =
___
V
d\
where \ is the volume enclosed by the sphere and d\ = r
2
sin0drd0dc.
___
V
\ Fd\ =
_
2
0
_

0
_
1
0
r
2
sin0drd0dc =
_
2
0
_

0
_
1
3
r
3
_
1
0
sin0d0dc
=
1
3
_
2
0
_

0
sin0d0dc
=
1
3
_
2
0
[cos 0]

0
dc =
1
3
_
2
0
(1)1 dc =
2
3
_
2
0
dc =
2
3
[c]
2
0
=
4
3
.
Hence, the divergence theorem is veried for this example.
Qu.3 (a) Let o
a
, o
b
denote the spheres of radius a, / respectively, where a < /.
Then the surface o mentioned in the question consists of both spheres. Let \
denote the volume between the spheres o
a
, o
b
. Let n
a
, n
b
denote unit normals
to o
a
, o
b
respectively, which are outward from \. Let the origin O be the centre
of the concentric spheres then note that
(a) n
a
, n
b
are directed along lines which pass through O, (i.e. the normals lie
in the radial direction through O),
(b) n
a
points toward O and n
b
points away from O.
The equation of the radial line through O and some point 1 on a sphere
may be written (recall r = r
0
+:t. Here r
0
= 0 since the origin lies on the
line and t = ri + jj + .k)
r =: (ri + jj + .k) .
4
Then [r[ = :
_
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
and for a unit vector r in the radial direction
: =
1
_
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
,
i.e.
r =
ri + jj + .k
_
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
.
The equation of the surface o
b
is
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
= /
2
and the outward (from \ ) unit normal n
b
is
n
b
=
ri + jj + .k
_
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
=
ri + jj + .k
/
The equation of the surface o
a
is
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
= a
2
and the outward (from \ ) unit normal n
a
is
n
a
=
ri + jj + .k
_
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
=
ri + jj + .k
a
(the negative sign appears because outward from \ means inward toward
O for the inner sphere!) .
Consider the ux across the surface o
b
, i.e.
__
S
b
F n
b
do
b:
Now on o
b
F(r) =
ri + jj + .k
r
3
=
ri + jj + .k
/
3
since r =
_
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
and on o
b
we have
_
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
= / so r = /. Hence
on o
b
F n
b
=
_
ri + jj + .k
/
3
_

_
ri + jj + .k
/
_
=
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
/
4
=
/
2
/
4
=
1
/
2
.
5
Hence __
S
b
F n
b
do
b:
=
__
S
b
1
/
2
do
b:
=
1
/
2
__
S
b
do
b:
.
Now it is a standard result (which we shall assume)
__
S
b
do
b:
= Total surface area of the surface o
b
which, for the sphere o
b
is given by
__
S
b
do
b:
= 4/
2
.
Hence __
S
b
F n
b
do
b:
=
1
/
2
__
S
b
do
b:
=
1
/
2
4/
2
= 4.
Similarly, the ux across the surface o
a
is
__
Sa
F n
a
do
a:
.
In this case
F(r) =
ri + jj + .k
r
3
=
ri + jj + .k
a
3
since on o
a
we have
_
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
= a so r = a. Hence on o
a
F n
a
=
_
ri + jj + .k
a
3
_

ri + jj + .k
a
_
=
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
a
4
=
a
2
a
4
=
1
a
2
.
Hence __
Sa
F n
a
do
a:
=
__
Sa
1
a
2
do
a:
=
1
a
2
__
Sa
do
a:
.
=
1
a
2
Total surface area of the surface o
a
which, for the sphere o
a
of radius a gives
__
Sa
F n
a
do
a:
=
1
a
2
4a
2
= 4.
Now the ux across the surface o which consists of the two disjoint parts o
a
and o
b
is given by
__
S
F ndo =
__
Sa
F n
a
do
a:
+
__
S
b
F n
b
do
b:
= 4 + 4 = 0.
6
Thus, the net ux across o is zero.
(b) The divergence theorem states that
__
S
F ndo =
___
V
\ Fd\.
Now,
F =1
1
i + 1
2
j + 1
3
k
where
1
1
=
r
r
3
=
r
(r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
)
3=2
, 1
2
=
j
r
3
=
j
(r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
)
3=2
,
1
3
=
.
r
3
=
.
(r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
)
3=2
.
Hence
01
1
0r
=
1
(r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
)
3=2

3
2
r
_
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
_
5=2
2r =
1
r
3

3r
2
r
5
,
01
2
0j
=
1
(r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
)
3=2

3
2
j
_
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
_
5=2
2j =
1
r
3

3j
2
r
5
,
01
3
0.
=
1
(r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
)
3=2

3
2
.
_
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
_
5=2
2. =
1
r
3

3.
2
r
5
.
Thus
\ F =
01
1
0r
+
01
2
0j
+
01
3
0.
=
_
1
r
3

3r
2
r
5
_
+
_
1
r
3

3j
2
r
5
_
+
_
1
r
3

3.
2
r
5
_
=
3
r
3

3
r
5
_
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
_
=
3
r
3

3
r
5
r
2
= 0
and ___
V
\ Fd\ =
___
V
0d\ = 0.
Using the divergence theorem, it follows that
__
S
F ndo = 0.
Qu.4 Now F =ri + 2j + .
2
k so
\ F =
0
0r
(r) +
0
0j
(2) +
0
0.
_
.
2
_
= 1 + 2..
7
Transforming to cylindrical polar coordinates (j, c, .), the region of integration
becomes 0 _ . _ 4, 0 _ j _ 2 ,0 _ c _ ,2. Thus,
___
V
\ Fd\ =
_
=2
0
_
2
0
_
4
0
(1 + 2.) jd.djdc =
_
=2
0
_
2
0
_
. + .
2

4
0
jdjdc
= 20
_
=2
0
_
2
0
jdjdc = 20
_
=2
0
_
1
2
j
2
_
2
0
dc = 40
_
=2
0
dc
= 20.
Let o = o
1
'o
2
'o
3
' o
4
'o
5
, where o
1
, o
2
, o
3
, o
4
denote the part of the surface
formed by the planes . = 0, r = 0, . = 4, j = 0 respectively and o
5
denotes
the curved part of the surface. Denote the normal to o
i
by n
i
then n
1
=
k, n
2
= k, n
3
= j, n
4
= i and for the surface ) (r, j) = r
2
+ j
2
4 = 0,
n
5
=
\)
[\)[
=
2ri + 2jj
_
4r
2
+ 4j
2
=
1
2
(ri + jj) .
Now __
S
F ndo =
__
S1
F ndo + ... +
__
S5
F ndo
and (on o
1
, . = 0)
__
S1
F ndo =
__
S1
_
ri + 2j + .
2
k
_
(k) do =
__
S1
(ri + 2j) (k) do = 0
(on o
4
, r = 0)
__
S4
F ndo =
__
S4
_
ri + 2j + .
2
k
_
(i) do =
__
S4
_
2j + .
2
k
_
(i) do = 0
(on o
2
, . = 4)
__
S2
F ndo =
__
S2
_
ri + 2j + .
2
k
_
kdo =
__
S2
16do = 16 area of face
= 16
1
4
2
2
= 16
since this face is a quarter of a disc of radius 2. On o
3
, j = 0
__
S3
F ndo =
__
S3
_
ri + 2j + .
2
k
_
(j) do = 2
__
S3
do = 242 = 16
since this face is a rectangle with sides of length 4 and 2. On o
5
,
__
S5
F ndo =
__
S5
_
ri + 2j + .
2
k
_

1
2
(ri + jj) do =
1
2
__
S5
_
r
2
+ 2j
_
do.
8
Relative to cylindrical polar coordinates (with j = 2), r = 2 cos c, j = 2 sinc
and do = 2dcd.. Hence
__
S5
F ndo =
1
2
_
4
0
_ 1
2

0
_
4 cos
2
c + 4 sinc
_
.2dcd.
= 4 [.]
4
0
_ 1
2

0
_
1
2
(1 + cos 2c) + sinc
_
dc
= 16
_ 1
2

0
__
1
2
_
c +
1
2
sin2c
_
cos c
__
dc
= 16
__
1
4
+ 0 0
_
(1)
_
= 4 + 16
Finally,
__
S
F ndo = 0 + 0 + 16 16 + 4 + 16 = 20.
Qu.5 Stokes theorem states
_
C
F dr =
__
S
(\F) ndo
where, in this example, C is the circle r
2
+j
2
= 4, . = 0, and o is the hemisphere
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
= 4, . _ 0,
(a) The integrand of the circulation integral is
F dr = (ji+rj) (dri + djj + d.k) = jdr + rdj
The curve C may be represented parametrically by r = 2 cos 0, j = 2 sin0, . = 0
then
dr
d0
= 2 sin0,
dj
d0
= 2 cos 0
so _
C
F dr =
_
C
jdr + rdj
=
_
2
0
(2 sin0) (2 sin0d0) + (2 cos 0) (2 cos 0d0)
= 4
_
2
0
d0 = 8.
(b) Now
\F =

i j k
@
@x
@
@y
@
@z
j r 0

= (0 0) i(0 0) j+[1 (1)] k =2k.

9
The outer unit normal is
n =
ri + jj + .k
_
r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
=
ri + jj + .k
2
.
Hence
__
S
(\F) ndo =
__
S
(2k)
ri + jj + .k
2
do
=
__
S
.do
Taking spherical polar co-ordinates on o, r = 2 sin0 cos c, j = 2 sin0 sinc,
. = 2 cos 0 and do = 4 sin0d0dc. Thus
__
S
(\F) ndo =
_
2
0
_ 1
2

0
(2 cos 0) (4 sin0) d0dc
= 4
_
2
0
_ 1
2

0
sin20d0dc
= 4
_
2
0
_

1
2
cos 20
_1
2

0
dc
= 4
_
2
0
dc
= 8.
This veries Stokes theorem.
Qu.6. Firstly, evaluate the line integral
_
Fdr =
_
C
(2ji rj + r.k) (dri + djj + d.k)
=
_
C
(2jdr rdj + r.d.) .
Transforming to plane polar coordinates r = 2 cos c, j = 2 sinc, . = 0 gives
dr = 2 sincdc, dj = 2 cos cdc, 0 _ c _ 2, d. = 0 then
_
Fdr =
_
2
0
[4 sinc(2 sincdc) 2 cos c(2 cos cdc)]
= 4
_
2
0
_
2 sin
2
c + cos
2
c
_
dc= 4
_
2
0
_
1 + sin
2
c
_
dc
= 2
_
2
0
(3 cos 2c) dc= 2
_
3c
1
2
sin2c
_
2
0
= 12.
Secondly, evaluate the surface integral. Now,
\F =

i j k
@
@x
@
@y
@
@z
2j r r.

= 0i .j 3k.
10
and ) (r, j, .) = r
2
+ j
2
+ .
2
4 gives
n =
\)
[\)[
=
2ri + 2jj + 2.k
_
4r
2
+ 4j
2
+ 4.
2
=
1
2
(ri + jj + .k) .
Hence
__
S
(\F) ndo =
__
S
(.j 3k)
1
2
(ri + jj + .k) do
=
1
2
__
S
(j. 3.) do.
Transforming to spherical polar coordinates r = 2 cos csin0, j = 2 sincsin0, . =
2 cos 0 and do = 4 sin0d0dc.For the hemisphere, 0 _ c _ 2 and 0 _ 0 _
1
2
.
Then
__
S
(\F) ndo
=
1
2
_
2
0
_ 1
2

0
[(2 sincsin0) (2 cos 0) 3 (2 cos 0)] 4 sin0d0dc
= 4
_
2
0
_ 1
2

0
_
2 sincsin
2
0 cos 0 + 3 sin0 cos 0

d0dc
= 4
_
2
0
_
2
3
sincsin
3
0 +
3
2
sin
2
0
_1
2

0
dc
= 4
_
2
0
_
2
3
sinc +
3
2
_
dc
= 4
_

2
3
cos c +
3
2
c
_
2
0
= 12.
Qu.7. The curve C may be represented parametrically by r = cos 0, j =
sin0, . = 0 where 0 _ 0 _ 2. Then on C
F = (r + j) i + (j .) j .
3
k = (cos 0 + sin0) i + sin0j.
and
dr = dri + djj + d.k =[(sin0i + cos 0j) d0] .
The circulation integral becomes
_
Fdr =
_
2
0
[(cos 0 + sin0) i + sin0j] [(sin0i + cos 0j) d0]
=
_
2
0
__
sin0 cos 0 sin
2
0
_
+ sin0 cos 0

d0 =
_
2
0
sin
2
0d0
11
=
1
2
_
2
0
(1 cos 20) d0 =
1
2
_
0
1
2
sin20
_
2
0
= .
(a) The normal to a surface ) (r, j, .) = .
_
1 r
2
j
2
= 0 is obtained from
0)
0r
=
1
2
_
1 r
2
j
2
_
1=2
(2r) =
r
(1 r
2
j
2
)
1=2
,
0)
0j
=
1
2
_
1 r
2
j
2
_
1=2
(2j) =
j
(1 r
2
j
2
)
1=2
0)
0.
= 1
so
\) =
r
(1 r
2
j
2
)
1=2
i +
j
(1 r
2
j
2
)
1=2
j +k
and
[\)[ =
_
r
2
1 r
2
j
2
+
j
2
1 r
2
j
2
+ 1 =
1
(1 r
2
j
2
)
1=2
.
Thus, a unit normal to o
1
is
n =
\)
[\)[
= ri + jj +
_
1 r
2
j
2
_
1=2
k = ri + jj + .k
Now
\F =

i j k
@
@x
@
@y
@
@z
r + j j . .
3

= ([0 (1)] i [0 0] j + [0 1] k) = i k.
On the surface o
1
(\F) n = (i k) (ri + jj + .k) = r ..
Hence __
S1
(\F) ndo
1
=
__
S1
(r .) do
1
.
Transforming to spherical polar coordinates (with r = 1), r = cos csin0, j =
sincsin0, . = cos 0 and do = sin0d0dc. For the hemisphere, 0 _ c _ 2 and
12
0 _ 0 _
1
2
. Then for the hemisphere
__
S1
(\F) ndo
1
=
_
2
0
_ 1
2

0
(cos csin0 cos 0) sin0d0dc
=
_
2
0
_ 1
2

0
_
cos csin
2
0 sin0 cos 0
_
d0dc
=
_
2
0
_ 1
2

0
_
1
2
cos c(1 cos 20)
1
2
sin20
_
d0dc
=
_
2
0
_
1
2
cos c
_
0
1
2
sin20
_
+
1
4
cos 20
_1
2

0
dc
=
_
2
0
_
1
4
cos c
1
2
_
dc
=
_
1
4
sinc
1
2
c
_
2
0
= .
Hence _
C
F dr =
__
S1
(\F) ndo
1
in accordance with Stokes theorem.
(b) In this case, the normal to o
2
(a disc in the rj-plane) is n = k. Hence
(\F) n = (i k) k = 1
and __
S2
(\F) ndo
2
=
__
S2
do
2
= ,
as before.
13