wishes to express its appreciation to Dr. K. J. Bell and Dr. A. C. Mueller for authorship of this manual.
Acknowledgement is made in the text for material which has been used from other sources.
2001, electronic distribution by Wolverine Tube, Inc. Research and Development Team
1984, original paper distribution by Wolverine Division of UOP Inc. All rights reserved.
1 TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Basic Heat Transfer Section 1 Basic Mechanisms of Heat Transfer Conduction 6 Single Phase Convection 8 Two Phase (Liquid-Gas/Vapor) Flow 11 Condensation 14 Vaporization 17 Radiation 19 Section 2 Basic Heat Exchanger Equations The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 21 The Design Integral 23 Section 3 The Mean Temperature Difference The Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD) 25 Configuration Correction Factors on the LMTD 27 Section 4 Construction of Shell and Tube heat Exchangers Why a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger? 32 Basic Components of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 32 Provisions for Thermal Stress 35 Mechanical Stresses 37 The Vibration Problem 37 Erosion 38 Cost of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 38 Allocation of Streams in a Shell and Tube Exchanger 39 Section 5 Application of Extended Surfaces to Heat Exchangers The Concept of the Controlling Resistance 40 Types of Extended Surface 40 Fin Efficiencies and Related Concepts 41 The Fin Resistance Method 43 Some Applications of Finned Tubes 45
2 Section 6 Fouling in Heat Exchangers Typical Fouling Resistances 45 Types of Fouling 45 Effect of Fouling on Heat Transfer 46 Materials Selection for Fouling Services 46 Removal of Fouling 47
Chapter 2 Sensible Heat Transfer Section 1 Heat Exchangers with Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin Areas of Application 58 Description of Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin 59 Section 2 Basic Equations for Heat Exchanger Design The Basic Design Equation and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient 60 Fin Efficiency and Fin Resistance 61 Mean Temperature Difference, F Factors 62 Section 3 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop during Flow across Banks of Trufin Tubes Heat Transfer In Trufin Tube Banks 72 Pressure Drop During Flow Across Banks of Low-Finned Trufin Tubes 74 Effect of Fouling on Trufin 76 Section 4 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Inside Tubes Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in Single Phase Flow inside Round Tubes 77 Heat Transfer in Two-Phase Flow Inside Tubes 83 Section 5 Preliminary Design of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Basic Principles of Design 85 Preliminary Design Decisions 86 Procedure for Approximate Size Estimation 89 Section 6 Delaware Method for Shell-Side Rating of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Introduction 96 Calculation of Shell-Side Geometrical Parameters 97 Shell-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient Calculation 106 Shell-Side Pressure Drop Calculation 107
3 Section 7 Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers Design of a Compressor After-cooler 116 Design of a Gas Oil to Crude Heat Recovery Exchanger 122
Chapter 3 Condensing Heat Transfer Section 1 Trufin Tubes in Condensing Heat Transfer Modes of Condensation 142 Areas of Application 142 Types of Tubes Available 143 Section 2 Condensation of Vapor inside High-Finned Trufin Tubes Vapor-Liquid Two-Phase Flow 144 Condensation Heat Transfer 154 Mean Temperature Difference for In-Tube Condensation 162 Section 3 Condensation of Vapor outside Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin Tubes Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers for Condensing Applications 166 The Basic Design Equations 172 Mean Temperature Difference 173 Condensation of a Superheated Vapor 173 Condensation with Integral Sub-cooling On the Shell-side 174 Film-wise Condensation on Plain and Trufin Tubes 178 Film-wise Condensation on Tube Banks 180 Pressure Drop during Shell-side Condensation 181 Section 4 Examples of Design Problems for Low- and Medium-Finned Trufin in Shell and Tube Condensers Condenser Design for a Pure Component: Example Problem 182 Condenser Design for a Multi-component Mixture: Example Problem 192
Chapter 4 Trufin Tubes in Air-cool Heat Exchangers Section 1 Heat Exchangers with High-Finned Trufin Tubes Areas of Application 208 High-Finned Trufin 209 Description of Equipment 210
4 Section 2 Heat Transfer with High-Finned Trufin Tubes Fin Temperature Distribution and Fin Efficiency 215 Effect of Fouling on High-Finned Trufin 217 Contact Resistance in Bimetallic Tubes 218 Section 3 Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in High-Finned Trufin Tube Banks Heat Transfer Coefficients in Cross-flow 219 Mean Temperature Difference in Cross-flow 221 Pressure Drop in Cross-flow 223 Other Air-Side Pressure Effects 225 Section 4 Preliminary Design Procedures Principles of the Design Process 226 Selection of Preliminary Design Parameters 226 Fundamental Limitations Controlling Air-cool Heat Exchanger Design 228 Section 5 Final Design 235
Chapter 5 Trufin Tubes in Boiling Heat Transfer Section 1 Boiling Theory Pool Boiling Curve 240 Nucleation 242 Nucleate Boiling Curve 243 Maximum or Critical Heat Flux 244 Film Boiling 245 Boiling Inside Tubes 246 Sub-cooling and Agitation 246 Section 2 Vaporizers - Types and Usage General 248 Boiling Outside Tubes 248 Boiling Inside Tubes 250 Other Types of Evaporators 252 Section 3 Boiling Heat Transfer Pool Boiling - Single Tube 254 Single Tube in Cross Flow 258 Boiling on Outside of Tubes in a Bundle 258
5 Boiling Inside Tubes 259 Boiling of Mixtures 263 Section 4 Falling Film Heat Transfer Vertical In-Tube Vaporizer 266 Horizontal Shell-Side Vaporizer 267 Dry Spots - Film Breakdown 267 Section 5 Special Surfaces Boiling on Fins 268 Mean Temperature Difference 269 Section 6 Pressure Drop Tube-Side Pressure Drop 271 Shell-Side Pressure Drop 273 Section 7 Fouling 275 Section 8 Design Procedures Selection of Re-boiler Type 278 Pool Type Re-boilers 278 In-tube or Thermosyphon Re-boilers 279 Section 9 Special Considerations Examples of Design Problems 283 Section 10 Example of Design Problems for Trufin in Boiling Heat Transfer Design Example - Kettle Re-boiler 284 In-Tube Thermosyphon - Example Problem 287 Boiling Outside Trufin Tubes - Example Problem 292