NUMERICAL INTEGRATION LINEAR ACCELERATION METHOD

Numerical integration provides a means of solving the equation of motion of a single-degree-of-freedom oscillator without solving the 2nd order differential equation in closed form. The linear acceleration method assumes a linear variation of acceleration during a time interval .. of length h. u
n+1

u n+2

..

.. .. .. .. u = u n + t ( u n +1 u n ) h

un

..

Integrating:
2 .. . . .. .. u = u n + u n t + t ( u n +1 u n ) 2h 2 3 .. . .. .. u = u n + u n t + u n t + t ( u n +1 u n ) 2 6h

Evaluate displacement and velocity at t = h: . . .. .. u n+1 = u n + u n h + u n+1 h 2 2 2 . .. h 2 .. u n+1 = u n + u nh + u n + u n+1 h 3 6 Rearrange Eqn. A:
2 .. . .. u n+1 = (u n+1 u n u nh u n h ) 62 3 h

EQN. B EQN. A

Substitute into Eqn. B: u n+1 = (u n+1 u n) 3 2u n u n h 2 h

. . ..

Velocity and acceleration at the next integration point are a function of the . .. current conditions ( u n, u n, u n ) and the displacement at the next integration point (u n+1 ).

UNDAMPED SDOF OSCILLATOR k m EOM: mu(t) + ku(t) = F(t) therefore, mu n + ku n = F n and mu n+1 + ku n+1 = F n+1
.. .. ..

Substituting the equation for acceleration at the next integration point into the equation of motion at time n+1 yields:
2 . .. m(u n+1 u n u nh u n h ) 62 + ku n+1 = F n+1 3 h

F n+1 + 6m ( u n + u nh + u n h ) 2 3 h u n+1 = 6m + k h2
. ..
2

The linear acceleration method can be used to calculate the response of a linear, SDOF system subjected to an arbirtary forcing function if the initial displacement and velocity are known.

Linear Acceleration Method

Consider a SDOF system subjected to a triangular force pulse. The system is initially at rest: u(0) = u o = 0 Fo to 2 to u(0) = u o = 0 m = 4 lb-sec2/ft k = 4000 lb/ft Fo = 200 lb to = 0.2 sec k u(t) m F(t)
. .

k = 31.62 radsec Natural frequency = = m Natural period = T = 2 = 0.1987 sec

Select a time interval for numerical integration, h, that is approximately T/20. Use h = 0.01 sec. Time Sec 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Force lb 0 20 40 60 80 100 Displ. Vel. ft ft/sec 0.00000 0.0000 0.00008 0.0246 0.00065 0.0959 0.00213 0.2070 0.00488 0.3469 0.00912 0.5019 Accel. ft/sec2 .. 0.000 u o is determined from equilibrium. 4.918 9.352 12.867 15.116 15.878

Linear Acceleration Method

Influence of time interval:

Influence of spring stiffness:

Spring Stiffness lb/ft 2000 4000 6000 8000

Natural Period sec 0.28 0.20 0.16 0.14

to /T

Max. Dynamic Displacement in.

Equivalent Static Displacement in. 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.3

Dynamic Amplification Factor 1.48 1.52 1.43 1.33

0.71 1.00 1.24 1.43

1.77 0.90 0.57 0.40

Linear Acceleration Method

Influence of pulse duration:

Pulse Duration sec 0.08 0.20 0.25 0.36

to /T

Max. Dynamic Displacement in.

Equivalent Static Displacement in. 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Dynamic Amplification Factor 1.11 1.51 1.42 1.10

0.40 1.00 1.25 1.80

0.66 0.90 0.85 0.66

DAMPED SDOF OSCILLATOR k m c EOM: mu(t) + cu(t) + ku(t) = F(t)

2 . .. . .. m(u n+1 u n unh u n h ) 62 + c (u n+1 u n) 3 2u n u n h + ku n+1 = F n+1 2 3 h h
2 . .. . .. F n+1 + 6m (u n + u nh + u n h ) + c(3 u n + 2u n + un h) 2 3 2 h h u n +1 = 6m + 3c + k h2 h

..

Define critical damping factor = c cr = 2 km

Linear Acceleration Method

Repeat previous example with c = 0.05 ccr = 12.65 lb-sec/ft. Time Sec 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 Force lb 0 20 40 60 80 100 Displ. Vel. ft ft/sec 0.00000 0.0000 0.00008 0.0242 0.00064 0.0938 0.00208 0.2005 0.00473 0.3330 0.00878 0.4777 Accel. ft/sec2 0.000 4.843 9.068 12.286 14.215 14.708

Linear Acceleration Method