SOLUTIONS FOR ASSIGNMENT 1 (MATH3X03) 1.1.10.

(4 pts) (a) (Note that z is indeed a linear map, so one can talk about its matrix.) We have the following (by Denition 1.1.1 in the textbook): z ((1, 0)) = (x, y )(1, 0) = (x, y ) = x(1, 0) + y (0, 1), z ((0, 1)) = (x, y )(0, 1) = (y, x) = y (1, 0) + x(0, 1) witten into the matrix form as: z (1, 0), (0, 1) = (1, 0), (0, 1) Hence the matrix of z is given by x y . y x (b) (It is not very clear what the question is asking for. One may just say that z1 z2 = z1 z2 because of the associativity of the complex multiplication, but this might just what the question is asking for. Otherwise, see the following...) If z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 , then z1 z2 = (x1 x2 y1 y2 ) + i(x1 y2 + x2 y1 ). So the matrix corresponding to z1 z2 is x1 x2 y1 y2 x1 y2 x2 y1 , x1 y2 + x2 y1 x1 x2 y1 y2 and the matrix corresponding to z1 z2 is x1 y 1 y1 x1 x2 y2 y 2 x2 = x1 x2 y1 y2 x1 y2 x2 y1 x2 y 1 + x1 y 2 x1 x2 y 1 y 2 x y . y x

So we conclude that there are equal. 1.1.18. (4 pts) (a) (1 i)1 = (b) 1+i (1 + i)(1 + i) 1 1 + 2i = = = i. 1i (1 i)(1 + i) 1+1
Date : 13 Jan, 2012. Tatally 40 points.
1

1+i 1+i 1 1 1 = = = +i . 1i (1 i)(1 + i) 1+1 2 2

SOLUTIONS FOR ASSIGNMENT 1 (MATH3X03)

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1.2.8. (2 pts) (2 3i)2 |2 3i|2 22 + 32 13 . = = 2 = 2 2 2 (8 + 6i) |8 + 6i| 8 +6 100 1.2.24. (6 pts) For any z satisfying |z | < 2, we can write it as rei where 0 r < 2 and 0 < 2 . Then Re(iz 3 + 1) = Re(ir3 ei3 + 1) = Re[ir3 (cos(3) + isin(3)) + 1] = Re(1 r3 sin(3) + ir3 cos(3)) = 1 r3 sin(3). Since 1 sin(3) 1 for 0 < 2 and 0 r < 2, the supremum of Re(iz 3 + 1) is 1 23 (1) = 9, because, e.g. the sequence of the real part of iz 3 + 1 where z = rei/2 goes to 9 as r goes to 2.) 1.3.4. (10 pts) In general, if sin(z ) = w, then we have eiz eiz = w namely eiz eiz = 2iw. 2i Multiply the above equation by eiz , we get the equation X 2 2iwX 1 = 0, where X = eiz . So solve for X , we get X= 2iw (2iw)2 + 4 = iw 1 w2 , 2

where 1 w2 means one of the square roots of 1 w2 (there are two of them who dier from each other by a minus sign). (a) In this case, setting w to be 3/4 + i/4, by the above discussion, we have 3i 1 3 i . 4 4 4 4 So eiz is either 1/2+i/2 or i1, that is, either ei/4 / 2 = ei/4ln 2 or 2ei3/4 = ei3/4+ln 2 . This means that 3 iz = i ln 2 + 2ki or iz = i + ln 2 + 2ki. kZ 4 4 Therefore, z = /4 + 2k + i ln 2 or z = 3/4 + 2k i ln 2, k Z. e =i
iz

3 i + 4 4

3 i + 4 4

3i 1 4 4

3 i 4 4

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(b) In this case, setting w to be 4, by the above discussion again, we have eiz = 4i 1 42 = 4i 15i = (4 15)ei/2 = ei/2+ln(4 15) . So z is /2 + 2k i ln(4 15), k Z. 1.3.10. (6 pts) In order to nd all the values of z such that z 2 = z , assume that z = rei , with 0 < 2 . Since the denition of requires that the argument being used is within [0, 2 ), we argue in two cases. (i) 0 < . 2 2 i2 In this case, z = r e , where 0 2 < 2 . So by the denition, z2 = i (2 ) / 2 i r2 e = re = z is always true. (ii) < 2 . 2 2 i2 z2 = In this case, z = r e , where 2 2 < 4 . So by the denition, i (2 2 ) / 2 i i i r2 e = re e = re = z . For this to be true, z = 0. Therefore, all the values of z satisfying z 2 = z are of the form z = rei , where r 0, and 0 < . (i.e. the upper half plane with the non-negative part of the real axis). 1.3.14. (4 pts) Because ex+iy = ex eiy with y being the argument of the complex number, when y is xed and x +, ex+iy is going along the ray with argument y outwards towards ; when y is xed and x , ex+iy is going along the ray with argument y inwards towards the origin; when x is xed and y +, ex+iy stays on the circle centered at the origin with radius ex , winding about the origin counter-clockwise (with a period of 2 ); when x is xed and y +, ex+iy stays on the circle centered at the origin with radus ex , winding about the origin clockwise (with a period of 2 ). 1.3.22. (4 pts) (a) The rst quadrant is the collection of points rei with r > 0 and 0 < < /2. So the map z z 3 take rei to r3 ei3 , with 0 < 3 < 3/2. So z 3 lies in the rst three quadrants or the positive part of the y -axis or the negative part of the x-axis (name the union of these three D). Conversely, for any point in this D, one can write it as rei with 0 < < 3/2 and r > 0. And the map z z 3 takes 3 rei/3 , which is in the rst quadrant, to this very point rei . Therefore, the image is the union of the rst three quadrants and the positive part of the y -axis, and the negative part of the x-axis. (b) For any interval of arguments of length 2 , for example [0 , 0 + 2 ), one can write any non-zero complex number uniquely as rei with [0 , 0 + 2 ). Under the map z 3 z , the modulus becomes the cubic root of the original modulus, and the argument is one-third of the original argument; thus the interval of arguments [0 , 0 + 2 ) would be mapped to [0 /3, 0 /3 + 2/3). Therefore the image is a one-third sector (a union of two sextants including the boundary in the middle) and the starting boundary (starting from 0 /3).