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3
 pma&;olta-umif;
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Tpmtkyfudk [m&Gef,[f,m[laom uavmiftrnfjzifha&;om;
ol pma&;q&m-uD;onf/ wl&uDEdkifiH tefum&mjrKdŒY 1956ckESpf
wGif arG;zGm;cJhI/ tefum&mjrKdŒwGifyif txufwef; ausmif;ynm
oif,lcJhavonf? tpPwefblvfjrKdŒ&Sd rDrm&fqDeefwuUodkvfwGif
0dZ…mbmom &yfudk qufvufqnf;yl;um 0dZ…mbGJ‹ESifhr[m0dZ…mbGJ‹
udkqGwfcl;cJhavonf? xdkaemuf tpPwef blvfwuUodkvfrS '\
eduaA'bmom&yfjzifh yg&*lbGJ‹udk qGwfcl;cJhavonf? 1980ckESpf

rSpI EdkifiHa&;odyH`bmom&yf/ odyH`bmom&yfESifh ,kH-unfcsufqdkif&mta&; rsm;ESifhywf

oufonfhpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;xkwfa0cJhayonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;ac:wpfpwpfp qifhuJ
ajymif;vJjzpfay:jcif;tawG;tac:0g'Drsm;.ta,mifaqmifvdrfvnfr+ESifh ‚if;wdk‹ . t
cdkiftrmtqdkjyKcsufrsm;onf usKd;a-umif;qDavsmfr+r&Sda-umif;tjyif/ 'g0if0g'ESifh wuG
urBmay:wGif aoG;acsmif;pD;apcJhonfh zufqpf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'wdk‹udk aemuf uG,frS
aeI qufpyfay;aeolwdk‹ta-umif;udk pmtkyfaygif; rsm;pGma&;om;I az:xkwfcJh av
onf?
ol.uavmiftrnfonf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk r,kH-unfr+wGif twdkuftcHvkyf
cJh&mY ausmf-um;aom wrefawmfESpfyg;jzpfonfh [m&Gef(tm&Gef)ESifh ,[f,m(a,m[ef)
wdk‹.trnfESpfckudk aygif;pyfxm;aomtrnfjzpfayonf? Tpmtkyf.rsufESmzkH;rsm;wGif
ygonfh wrefawmfjrwf.wHqdyfonf pmtkyftwGif;&Sdta-umif;tcsufrsm;ESifh qufpyf
vsuf &Sdaeygonf? aemufqkH;usrf;awmfjrwfjzpfonfh uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfESifh aemuf
qkH;wrefawmfjrwfjzpfonfh rdk[rR'f(qGv†v†m[ktvdkif;a[h0qv†rf)wdk‹udk udk,fpm;jyK
xm;jcif;jzpfay.? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfESifh qGEMwf(wrefawmfjrwf.-o0g'usifhpOf)
rsm;.oGefoifcsuft&/ bk&m;rJh0g'wdk‹.tajccHa&aomufjrpftcsuftvufrsm;udk
oufaoom"ursm;ESifhtwl acszsufI/ bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk wm;jrpfpGyfpGJaomtoH
rsm;udk wdwfqdwfoGm;apygonf? ynmhtvif;udk&&SdI yuwdjynfhpkHaumif;rGefaom
tusifhoduQmESifhudk,fusifhw&m;rsm;jzifhjynfhpkHonfh aemufqkH;wrefawmfjrwf. wHqdyf
awmfudk tokH;jyKI xdkbk&m;rJh0g'Dwdk‹. toHudk wdwfqdwfoGm;apjcif;jzpfygonf?
[m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;onfhpmayrsm;onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf.owif;
rSm-um;csufrsm;udk ydk‹oay;I/ pmzwfolwdk‹tm; ,kH-unfcsufESifhoufqdkifonfh tajccH
tcsuftvufrsm;udk pOf;pm;qifjcifokH;oyfjcif;jzifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfwnf&Sda-umif;ESifh
xdkt&Sifjrwfonf wpfyg;wnf;aomt±Sifjrwf jzpfawmfrla-umif;udk od&Sd-uI/ azguf
jyefaombk&m;rJhtawG;tac:rsm;. usKd;a-umif;cdkifvkHr+r&Sdonfh tajccHrsm;udk az:xkwf
jyo&efom t"duyef;wdkif jzpfayonf?
[m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;onfhpmtkyfrsm;udk tdEdN,EdkifiHrStar&duefEdkifiHtxd/
t*Fvef EdkifiHrStif'dkeD;&Sm;EdkifiHtxd/ ydkvefEdkifiHrSabmhpeD;,m;EdkifiHtxd/ pydefEdkifiHrS
b&mZD;vfEdkifiHtxd/ pojzifh urBmtESH‹tjym;rS pmzwfy&d\wfwdk‹ zwf±+-uygonf?
t*Fvdyf/ jyifopf/ *smref/ pydef/ tDwvD/ ay:wl*D/ tl&'l/ tm&AsD/ tvfab;eD;,ef;/
&k&Sm;/ qmbdk= c&dktuf/ ydkvef/ rav;/ tGD*k&f/ wl&uDESifh tif'dkeD;&Sm;bmompum;rsm;jzifh
jyefqdkxm; onfudkvnf; zwf±+Edkifygonf?

4
 [m&Gef,[f,m. pmtkyfrsm;onf/ urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;&Sd pmzwfoly&d\wf.
-udKufESpfoufjcif;&Sdonfhtjyif/ tajrmuftjrm;aomyk*~dKvfwdk‹udk tpPvmrfomoemodk‹
jyef vnfa&muf&SdvmapI olwdk‹. tDrmef,kH-unfcsufudkvnf; ydkrdkcdkifrmap&mwGif
ta&;ygvSayonf? ol.pmom;rsm;onf Om%ftajrmftjrifESifhjynfhpkHI &Sif;vif;jywf
om;onfhtjyif/ em;vnfoabmaygufvG,faom a&;enf;a&;[efrsm;jzpfum/ zwf±+ol
. todw&m;udk vG,fulpGmyGifhvif;apygonf? TpmtkyfwGifa&;om;xm;aom
tcsufrsm;onf/ &kyf0g'tawG;tac:rsm;udk vsifjrefxda&mufpGmacsyxm;jcif;rsm;jzifh
pDukH;xm;aoma-umifh/ Tpmtkyfrsm;udk tav;teufxm;olwdk‹onfvnf; bk&m;rJh0g'
ESifhtwl tjcm;azgufjyefaomtawG;tac:rsm;udk qufvufaxmufcH-uawmhrnfr
[kwfay? tu,fI qufvufaxmufcHae-uao;aomfvnf;/ wrifoufoufayuyf
aejcif;om jzpfayvdrfhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ Tpmtkyfrsm;onf xdkuJhodk‹aom
tawG;tac:rsm;udk ‚if;wdk‹.tajccH&m tkwfjrpfrsm;rSpwifI vSefvdkufjcif;a-umifh
jzpfygonf? ,ae‹vuf&SdtcsdefwGif tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudk jiif;y,faomv+yf&Sm;r+rsm;tm;
vkH;onf/ [m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;a-umifh tawG;tac:t& ppfa&;±+H;edrfhoGm;-ujyD;
jzpfonf?
,if;&v'frsm;onf uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf&SdOm%ftvif;ESifh ,if;.&Sif;vif;
jywfom;r+rsm;a-umifhjzpfonfrSm ,kHrSm;oHo,r&SdEdkifawmhay? pma&;olonf tv†m[f
t&Sifjrwf. vrf;rSefudk trsm;vlom;rsm;&SmazGpl;prf;&mwGif taxmuftuljzpfap&ef
&dk;om;aom apwemt&if;cH&nf&G,fcsufxm;&Sdygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;udk a&;om;xkwf
a0aomvkyfief;wGif rnfonfh&kyf0wˆKtjrwftpGef;udkr# ar#mfudk;jcif;tvsif;r&Sdyg?
Tpmtkyfrsm;udk tjcm;olrsm;zwf±+&ef tm;ay;ulnD&if;/ ‚if;wdk‹udk tv†m[f
t&Sifjrwf. opPm&Sdaomaus;u|efrsm;jzpfvmatmif olwdk‹.pdwfESvkH;om;rsm;udk zGifhay;
I tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.vrf;pOfodk‹ ac:aqmifoGm;Edkifolwdk‹onf wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifavmuf
atmif -uD;us,faom tusKd;aqmifolrsm;yifjzpfayonf?
,QKtcsdefwGif vlrsm;.pdwfudk Za0Z0g±+yfaxG;apI/ olwdk‹.pdwfxJ&Sd 'Gd[
oHo,jzpfaejcif;rsm;udkxda&mufpGm &Sif;vif;apEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif cdkifvkHaomouf
aoom"ursm; r&Sdonfh ±+yfaxG;aomtawG;tac:qDodk‹ OD;aqmifoGm;Edkifrnfhpmtkyf
rsm;udk jzef‹a0jcif;onf tv[\tcsdefjzKef;aejcif;omv#ifjzpfaeygvdrfhrnf? vltrsm;
tm; tDref,kH-unfr+aysmufuG,faejcif;rS u,fwifvdkonfhrGefjrwfaom&nf&G,fcsuf
xuf/ pma&;ol.pmaytpGrf;udkjy&efudkom t"duxm;onfhpmtkyfrsm;onf xda&mufr+
r&SdEdkifay? Ttcsufudk oHo,jzpfolwdkif;onf[m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfwGif tDref,kH
-unfr+uif;rJhjcif;udk csKd;ESdrfausmfv$m;I uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf. oif-um;csufusifhpOf
wefzdk;rsm;udkom t"duxm;jzef‹jzL;onfudk-unfhI pdwf&Sif;oGm;Edkifygonf? TtusKd;
aqmifcsuf. atmifjrifr+onf pmzwfolwdk‹. cH,lcsuftay:wGif o&kyfouefay:vGif
vmrnfomjzpf.?
,ae‹urBmay:wGif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+/ oabmxm;uGJvGJr+a-umifh&ifqdkifwdkuf
cdkufyËdyuQ jzpfae-ujcif;ESifhtwl vltrsm;-uKHawG‹ae-u&onfh tjcm;'kuQqif;&Jjcif;t
aygif;wdk‹onf/ tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudk r,kH-unfjiif;y,fonfh tawG;tac:rsm;v$rf;rdk;r+
a-umifh jzpfonfudk ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsuftjzpf rSwfom;xm;&efvdktyfygonf? xdk
'kuQyifv,frS vGwfajrmufEdkif&efrSm tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. tHhzG,frcef;aom zef;qif;
jcif;udk owdw&m;&&Sd-ujyD; xdkt&Sifjrwfu uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif oif-um;ydk‹cs

5
xm;aom usifh0wfw&m;a'oemawmfrsm;udk jzef‹csdjcif;jzifh rdpm>'d@dtawG;tac:udk qkH;
cef;wdkif acszsufypf&efvdktyfayonf? vuf&SdurBmhtajctaeudk -unfhvdkufygu/ t
-urf;zufjcif;rsKd;pkHESifh azgufjyefr+yËdyuQtrsKd;rsKd;odk‹omv#if a&SŒ±+OD;wnfvsuf &Sdae
ojzifh/ tcsdefraESmif;rD tv†m[ft±Sifjrwf.a'oemawmfudk xda&mufpGmESifh vsifjrefpGm
ydk‹csjzef‹a0&ef vdktyfaea-umif; xif&Sm;aeayonf?
,if;-uKd;yrf;csufwGif/ [m&Gef,[f,ma&;om;aom pmtkyfrsm;onf a&SŒwef;rS
yg0ifvsuf&Sdayonf? tif&Smtv†m[f (tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftvdkawmf&Sdygu)/ ESpfq,fh
wpf&mpkESpf&Sd urBmolurBmom;rsm;onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif uwdu0wf
jyKxm;onfhtwdkif; jidrf;csrf;r+/ w&m;r#wr+ESifh om,maysmf&$ifr+rsm;udk &&Sdatmif ay;
aqmif&mwGif Tpmtkyfrsm;rSwpfqifh &±Sdaom todw&m;rsm;u wpfpdwfwpfa'otjzpf
yg0ifEdkifygvdrfhrnf?

6
 pmzwfolodk‹
TO THE READER

tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D ysufokOf;oGm;jcif;ta-umif;udk TpmtkyfY txl;tcef;wpf

cef;tjzpf az:jyxm;ygonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ ToDtdk&Donf/ bk&m;rJh0g'ESifh
bmomt,l0g'udk qef‹usifonfhtawG;tac:rsm;tm;vkH;.tajccHoabmw&m;rsm; yg
&Sdaoma-umifh jzpfygonf? 'g0if0g'u zefqif;jcif;,kH-unfcsufudk jiif;y,fvdkuf
jcif;jzifh/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf&Sdjcif;udkvnf; jiif;y,f&ma&mufaoma-umifh/ vGefcJhonfh
ESpfaygif; 140ausmftwGif; vltajrmuftjrm;tm; olwdk‹.bmomt,l0g',kH-unfcsuf
rsm;udk pGef‹v$wfoGm;apcJhjcif; 'dG[oHo,jzpfapjcif;rsm; jyKcJhayonf? xdk‹a-umifh ‚if;
oDtdk&DtawG;tac:onf vdrfvnfvSnfhpm;jcif;omv#ifjzpfa-umif;udk vltrsm;od&Sd
oabmayguf&Sif;vif;atmifwifjy&efrSm rvkyfrae&wm0ef jzpfayonf? pmzwfy&d
\wftcsdKŒonf u|Efkyfwdk‹.pmtkyftcsdKŒudkom zwfrd-urnfjzpfaoma-umifh/ xdkoDtdk&D
ta-umif;udk tusOf;csKyfI az:jyoifhonf[k ,lqygonf?
pma&;ola&;om;cJhaom pmtkyftm;vkH;wGif/ bmoma&;,kH-unfr+ESifhywfoufI
uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwftm,wfawmfrsm;jzifh&Sif;jyI/ pmzwfoludk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.
rdef‹-um;oGefoifcsufrsm;udk avhvmrSwfom;um xdkoGefoifcsufrsm;twdkif; aexdkif&ef
zdwfac:xm;ayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.tm,wfawmfrsm;ESifhywfoufaomta-umif;
&yfrsm;udk&Sif;jy&mY pmzwfol.pdwfwGif 'Gd[oHo,uif;&Sif;I aemufxyfar;cGef;rsm;
xkwf&efr&SdEdkifatmif &Sif;vif;wifjyxm;ayonf? pma&;ol. pdwf&if;apwemrSef t
&if;cHaom a&;enf;a&;[efESifh vG,ful&Sif;vif;aomtokH;tE+ef;rsm;onf pmzwfolvl
-uD;vli,ft&G,fwdkif;ESifh vlr+a&;tkyfpkwdkif;u vG,fulpGmem;vnfoabmaygufEdkif
ygonf? xda&mufI &Sif;vif;aompmom;rsm;a-umifh wpfxdkifwnf;wGif tjyD;zwf
±+Edkifayonf? bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk jyif;xefpGmjiif;y,folwdk‹yifv#if/ Tpmtkyfyg
rSefuefonfh &Sif;vif;csufESifh udk;um;csufrsm;udk jiif;qefI r&Edkif-uacs?
TpmtkyfESifhtwl pma&;ol. usefpmtkyftm;vkH;wdk‹udk wpfOD;csif;zwfjcif; odk‹r
[kwf tkyfpkvdkuf aqG;aEG;jcif;jyKEdkifygonf? pma&;ol.pmtkyfrsm;rS tusKd;aus;Zl;
&&Sdvdkolwdk‹twGuf tkyfpkzGJ‹IaqG;aEG;&eftvGefoifhavsmfygonf? xdkodk‹jyKjcif;jzifh wpfOD;
ESifhwpfOD;. tjrifESifhtawG‹t-uHKrsm;udk ESD;aESmzvS,fEdkifrnfjzpf.?
xdk‹tjyif/ Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;jcif;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.ESpfoufjcif;udk
&,l&efudkom &nf&G,faoma-umifh/ zwf±+jcif;ESifhykHESdyfxkwfa0jcif;onf -uD;us,faom
tpPvmrfhtusdK;aqmifjcif;yifjzpfayonf? Tpma&;q&m.pmtkyfrsm;onf zwfaumif;
&kHru ,kH-unfxdkufaompmtkyfrsm;jzpfygonf? xdk‹a-umifh/ rSefuefaom bmomt,l
0g'twGuf tjcm;olrsm;udk qufoG,f&mY Tpmtkyfrsm;udk zwf±+&efwdkufwGef;jcif;onf
taumif; qkH;aom enf;vrf;jzpfygonf?
Tpma&;ol.pmtkyfrsm;wGif/ pma&;ol.yk*~vdutjrifrsm;/ 'Gd[oHo,jzpfzG,faom
udk;um;csufrsm;jzifh&Sif;vif;wifjyjcif;/ &dkaoav;pm;xdkufaomrGefjrwfonfht&mrsm;ESifh
,kH-unfcsufrsm;udk xdyg;onfhtokH;tE+ef;rsm;/ pmzwfol.pdwfudk ±+yfaxG;aprnfh a0zef
okH;oyfcsufrsm; uif;&Sif;ygonf?

7
 bmomjyefol.trSm
Foreword from the Translator
u|Ekfyfonf bmoma&;udkif;±d+if;aom ESpfjcif;c&pf,mefomoem0if tdrfaxmifpkwGif arG;zGm;
-uD;jyif;vmcJholjzpfygonf? i,fpOfuwnf;upI we*FaEGae‹wdkif; uav;oli,frsm;tm; c&pfawmf
. a'oemawmfESifhorRmusrf;oifcef;pmrsm;udk u|Ekfyf.&GmrS twefa0;uGmaomjrKdŒ&Sd bk&m;&Sdcdk;
ausmif;wGif rSefrSefwufa&mufqnf;yl;cJhygonf? "rRq&mrsm;u okH;qlonf wpfqlwnf;jzpfa-umif;
oif-um;&mwGif rnfolur# u|Efkyfoabmaygufatmif &Sif;vif;jyEdkifjcif;r&SdcJh-uyg? tv,fwef;
ausmif;om;b0 15ESpfom;t&G,fwGif rGwfpvifrf'dkif*sufESifh tpPvmrpf&DjAL;r*~Zif;rsm;tjyif
urBmhtvif;pmapmifudkzwf±+cGifh&&SdcJh&mrSpI/ tpPvmrfomoemonf zefqif;&SifESifhywfoufI t
&Sif;vif;qkH;oif-um;aom omoemtjzpf vufcHoabmaygufojzifh/ 1955ckESpfOD;ydkif;wGif “awm0f
[D'f”ac: wpfyg;wnf;aomzefqif;&Sifudkomv#if udk;uG,fqnf;uyfaom tpPvmrfomoemudk
awG‹&SdvufcHI touf 16ESpfwGif umvDrm&S[m'wf zwfcJhygonf?
xdkacwfumvwGif aemiftem*wfEdkifiHa&;avmuodk‹ ajcvSrf;-urnfh ausmif;om;rsm;onf
jyifqifa&;tjzpf txufwef;tqifhrSpI wuUodkvfausmif;om;b0txd ausmif;om;or*~v+yf&Sm;r+
rsm;wGif yg0if-uonf? EdkifiHa&;udkydkrdkIpdwf0ifpm;onfhausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; txl;ojzifh EdkifiH
a&;odyH`/ '\eduaA'ESifh rEk\aA'bmom&yfrsm;udk a&G;cs,fqnf;yl;-uayonf? 'g0if.tDAdkvl;
&Sif;oDtdk&D/ trsdK;om;qdk&S,fvpf0g'/ jyifopfpufr+awmfvSefa&;ta-umif;/ rm;ufP/ tif*sJvf/ vDeif/
xa&mhpfuD/ pwmvifESifharmfpDwkH;wdk‹ta-umif;awGudkvnf; aema-u-uayonf? ,kwWdaA'enf;jzifh
usdK;a-umif;qifjcifI tajz&Smaom&kyf0g'[kt"dy`g,f&aom 'dkiftmvufwpf&kyf0g' (dialectic
materialism) tawG;tac:udkvnf; xufatmufwGif;jyif ar$aESmufusuf rSwfxm;-uayonf? xdk
acwfwGif tiftm;t-uD;qkH;awmwGif;awmfvSefa&;tzGJ‹jzpfonfh ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD(Auy)odk‹
0ifIawmcdkcJh-u aomausmif;om;rsm;onfvnf; xdkausmif;om;rsm;yifjzpfonf? jrefrmrGwfpvifrf
wdk‹ zGJ‹pnf;onfh yoDaumifpDtzGJ‹0ifwdk‹yifv#if AuyESifhqufoG,fI ajray:ajratmufEdkifiHa&;
v#yf&Sm;-uayonf? aemifwGifarmfpDwkH;.,Ofaus;r+awmfvSefa&;umvtwGif; w&kwfEdkifiHodk‹oGm;
a&mufoifwef;wufcJholwdk‹onf AuyXmecsKyfodk‹ jyefvnfa&muf&Sdvmaomtcg/ tpGef;a&mufatmif
vuf&JZuf&JowfjzwfcJh-uavonf? rdrdwdk‹.tawG;tac:0g'ESifh tenf;i,fuGJvGJolwdk‹udk/ rdrd.
arG;rdcifzcifyifjzpfap/ vnfvSD;I xdkvnfacsmif;aoG;jzifh ajcaq;cJh-uonf? (tao;pdwfocif
oef;xGef;.aemufqkH;ae‹rsm;wGifzwfyg)? xdkuGefjrLepftzGJ‹0ifwdk‹vnf; bmomomoemudk;uG,f
qnf;uyfonfh rdbrsm;rS arG;zGm;vmcJh-uolrsm;jzpf-uaomfvnf; tb,fha-umifh xdkr#avmufvlrqef
atmif&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfcJh-uonfudk tHh-o-uD;pGmjzifh oabmraygufEdkifcJhyg? [m&Gef,[f,m
a&;om;aom T“vl‹avmuodk‹ 'kuQqif;&Jaygif;pkH,laqmifcJhaom'g0if0g'” pmtkyfudk zwf±+rdojzifh
xdk&ufpufr+rsm;.aemufuG,f&Sd tawG;tac:tiftm;pk-uD;ESifh ywfoufI &Sif;vif;pGm od&ygonf?

xdk‹a-umifh rsdK;cspfjrefrmrGwfpvifrfvli,frsm;onfvnf;/ rdrdwdk‹. rsdK;cspfpdwf"gwfxufoef

r+wpfckwnf;a-umifh rSm;,Gif;aomEdkifiHa&;0g'aemufodk‹ rvdkufrd-uap&efESifh xdkEdkifiHa&;0g'wdk‹.
yif&if;a&aomufjrpf b,frSm&Sdonf [laomtcsufudk od&Sdoabmayguf-uap&ef/ apwemaumif;
jzifh bmomjyefvdkufygonf? Tpmtkyfonf q&m-uD;[m&Gef,[f,m.pmtkyfrsm;udk jrefrmbmom
jzifh jyefqdkonfh wwd,pmtkyfjzpfygonf?

rdk[rR'ftvDwef*Gef;

8
 tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. vrf;awmfwGif
&yfwnf&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzifh
u|Ekfyf. cspfvSpGmaom
ZeD;/ om;orD;rsm;/
nDtpfudkrsm;ESifhrdwfo*F[rsm;udk
ESpf&Snfvrsm; cGJcGmcJhjcif;*sD[m'fwGif
wpdwfwa'o jznfhwif;ygap[k &nfpl;vsuf
Tpmtkyfudk ukodkvfjzpf jrefrmbmomjyefqdkygonf?

Tjrefrmbmomjyef pmtkyfudk
rnfolrqdk vGwfvyfpGmykHESdyfxkwfa0a&mif;csjzef‹jzL;cGifh ay;ygonf?

tvDwef*Gef;

2007ckESpf atmufwdkbmv 28 &ufae‹

9
 rmwdum
pmrsufESm

ed'gef;? 20&mpkESpfodk‹ ab;'kuQtaygif;udk 11

,laqmifvmcJholrsm;

'g0if0g'ordkif;tusOf;csKyf 15

'g0if. vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;0g'ESifh udkvdkeDpepf0g' 28

'g0if0g'ESifh zufppf0g't-um;
a-umufrufzG,faom r[mrdwf 56

'g0if0g' = uGefjrLepf&ufpufr+. yif&if; 94

t&if;&SifpepfESifh pD;yGm;a&;avmuwGif 140

touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf-u&jcif;

'g0if0g',laqmifcJhaom udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;r+ 151

ed*kH;? 'g0if0g'wnf;[laom nHGawm-uD;udk

ajcmufaoG‹oGm;atmif azgufxkwfypf&rnf 158

aemufqufwGJ? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.
rSm;,Gif;aomcH,lcsuf 161

10
11
ed'gef;
u|Efkyfwdk‹ r-umao;rDuausmfvGefcJhaom ESpfq,f&mpkESpfonf/ 'kuQqif;
&Jjcif; em-unf;zG,faumif;onfh aoausysufpD;jcif;ESifhjynfheufapaom ppfrufjydKif
qdkifwdkufcdkufjcif;/ yËdyuQjzpfjcif;/ tpkvdkuftjyKHvdkufowfjzwfjcif;/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;r+&Sd
jcif;/ -uD;rm;onfh ysufpD;r+rsm;&Sdjcif;/ ponfwdk‹ESifh jynfheufcJhaom &mpkESpfjzpf.?
vlaygif;oef;aygif; ajrmufjrm;pGm toufqkH;±+H;cJh-u.? owfjzwfcHcJh-u&.? touf
aoqkH;oGm;onftxd iwfrGwfatmifypfxm;jcif; cHcJh-u&.? trdk;tumr±Sd/ tdrfrJh
,mrJh/ tumtuG,frJh ypfxm;jcif;cH-u&.? xdkodk‹aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rsm;onf
vnf; 0g'a&;&maoGjznfr+udk tvkyftau|;jyKjcif; wpfckwnf;aomta-umif;a-umifhom
v#if jzpfayonf? vlaygif;oef;aygif;rsm;pGmudk wd&pm>efrsm;yif rcHpm;xdkufonfh tjzpf
odk‹ ydk‹aqmifcJh-uayonf? tjzpftysufwdkif;wGifvnf; pwmvif/ vDeif/ xa&mhpuD/
armf/ yGefyGwf/ [pfwvm/ rdkqdkvdkeD/ z&efudk/ ===ponfh &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaom
tm%m&Sifrsm;.vufcsuf yg0ifvsuf&Sd.? xdkyk*~Kdvfrsm;teuf tcsKd‹onf 0g'a&;&m
wGif wlnD-uI/ tcsKd‹rSm olaoigao &efbufrsm;jzpf-uavonf? xdkodk‹&efbufjzpfae
-ujcif;rSm/ wpfOD;.cH,lcsuf0g'onf tjcm;olwpfOD;.0g'ESifh qef‹usifaejcif;u
wpfckwnf;aomta-umif;&if;jzpfayonf? olwdk‹tcsif;csif;&efbufyËdyuQjzpf&mwGif
vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckvkH;udk qGJoGif;um/ nDtpfudktcsif;csif;udk owfjzwfapI ppf
rufjydKifqdkif wdkufcdkufaponf? tcsif;csif; bkH;cGJowfjzwfaponf? armfawmfum;rsm;/
tdrfajctaqmufttkHrsm;/ aps;qdkifrsm; ponfwdk‹udk zsufqD;rD;±+dŒapI/ t-urf;zuf
qENjy a-uG;ausmfap-uonf? olwdk‹.vufxJodk‹ aoewfvufeufrsm;udk ay;tyfI/
cav;vl-uD; rdef;ra,mufsm; awG‹or#wdk‹udk &dkufykwfypfcwf owfjzwfap-uonf? rnf
ol‹udkrqdk/ OD;acgif;udkaoewfESifhawhxm;I rsufpdudktwdkif;om;-unfhum ypfowfonf
txd &ufpuf-uonf? olwdk‹owfjzwfvdkufaomom;aumiftavmif;. OD;acgif;udkyif
ajcESifh eif;acsvdkuf-uao;onf? xdkr#avmuf &ufpuf&jcif;ta-umif;&if;onfvnf;
xdkom;aumifrSm tjcm;0g'udk axmufcHtm;ay;aoma-umifhom jzpfayonf? vlwdk‹.
aetdrfrS twif;armif;xkwf-uonf? rdef;r/ cav;oli,f tdkrif;rpGrf;olwdk‹udkvnf;
csefxm;jcif; r&Sday?
Tum; u|Efkyfwdk‹ avmavmvwfvwfausmfvGefcJhonfh 20&mpkESpftwGif; tdyf
rufqdk;-uD;yrm/ wpfckESifhwpfckqef‹usifonfh tawG;tac:0g'rsm;udk taxmuftul
jyKum xdkaxmufcHr+trnfjzifh vlom;avmuwpfckvkH;udk aoG;acsmif;pD; 'kuQyifv,f
wGif arsmapcJholrsm;ta-umif;udk tusOf;csKyfEdkifqkH; az:jyjcif;jzpfygonf?
urBmolurBmom;wdk‹ cHcJh&onfh xdk'kuQyifv,fudk aqmifusOf;cJhonfh tawG;t
ac:rsm;teuf/ zufqpf0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'wdk‹onf xdyfwef;u yg0ifcJhayonf? xdkt
awG;tac:ESpfrsKd;onf/ &efbufrsm;tjzpf tcsif;csif;acsrkef;ypf&ef -udK;yrf;cJh-uayonf?
trSefrSm xdktawG;tac:ESpfrsKd;pvkH;wGif tvGefpdwf0ifpm;zG,ftcsufwpfcsuf&Sdayonf?
tawG;tac:0g'ESpfrsKd;pvkH;onf rdrdwdk‹bufodk‹ vlxkudkqGJaqmifEdkif&ef wpfckwnf;aom
tawG;tac:. tiftm;udktokH;jyK-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdka&aomufjrpftawG;
tac:udk rnfolurSowdrxm;rd-ubJ/ ,ae‹tcsdefxd aemufuG,fwGif v#dKae&if; vlt
rsm;a&SŒwGif rdrd.rsufESmudk &dk;pif;oa,mif wpfcsdefvkH; [efaqmifaecJhayonf? xdka&
aomufjrpf-uD;rSm &kyf0g'tawG;tac:jzpfonfh 'g0iftawG;tac: (wpfenftm;jzifh)

12
'g0if0g'. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dyif jzpfayonf? xdktawG;tac:udk rdrdwdk‹.vdk&modk‹
obm0w&m;tjzpf qGJ,ltokH;jyK-uayonf?
'g0if0g'onf a&S;plrm&D,HESifh*&dvlrsdK;wdk‹.acwfrsm;wGif vufcHusifhokH;cJh-u
aom ,kH-unfcsufudk taysmfwef;ZD0aA'ynm&Sifjzpfonfh csm;vfpf'g0ifu jyefvnfaz:
xkwfaom tawG;tac:jzpfI ,if;tawG;tac:uyif/ vlom;urBmwpfckvkH;udk tEW&m,f
jyKcJhaom tawG;tac:0g'rsm;. tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfayonf? odyH`ynmudk rsufESmzkH;
wyfxm;I ,if;tawG;tac:udk axmufcHolrsm;tm; olwdk‹.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfh
tawG;tac:0g'rsm;udk vufawG‹usifhokH;&mY w&m;0ifr+udk rSm;,Gif;pGmay;tyfcJhav
onf?
xdkrSm;,Gif;onfh w&m;0ifr+a-umifh/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf ZD0aA'ESifh edcgwu
aA'(ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm)rsm;rS vGwfxGufI vl‹ordkif;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vlr+a&;ynmrsm;
odk‹ul;pufjyef‹oGm;avonf? 'g0iftawG;tac:onf 19&mpkESpfwGif pwifjyef‹yGm;
v+yf&Sm;pjyKaeaom tawG;tac:tcsKdŒudk tm;ay;axmufcHvsuf&Sdaoma-umifh/ xdktawG;
tac:todkif;t0dkif;. axmufcHtm;ay;r+udk tus,fw0if‹&&SdcJhavonf? txl;ojzifh
vlwdk‹u obm0wGif “toufquf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf-u&onf” [laomtawG;t
ac:ESifh “tiftm;-uD;oluom tEdkif&I/ usefaomolwdk‹onf ±+H;edrfhI aysmufuG,foGm;
ukefonf” [laomtawG;tac:rsm;udk vl‹obm0udkaz:xkwf&mwGif pwiftokH;cscJh-u
avonf? 'g0if0g't&/ vl‹avmuonf yËdyuQESifhjynfheufvsuf wdkufcdkuf,SOf
jydKifvkH;yef;-u&onfh ,ifjyifjzpfonf [laomtcsufudk vlom;avmuESifh vl‹tzGJ‹
tpnf;wGif pwiftokH;cs-uawmhonf? [pfwvm. r[mvlrsdK;-uD;wnfaqmufa&;/
rm;ufP. “vl‹ordkif;onf vlwef;pm;jydKifqdkifr+ordkif;jzpfonf”[laoma-uG;ausmfcsuf/
"e±Sif0g'. “tiftm;-uD;olonf tiftm;csdeJ‹oludk acgif;ykHjzwfI ydkrdkIcsrf;om-uG,f0
EdkifcGifh&Sdonf”/ “jAdwdo#uJhodk‹aom e,fcsJ‹t&if;&Sifwdk‹. udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒpepfESifhtwl
tom;a&mifvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'usifhokH;I vleDvl0gvlrJrsm;udkwdkufcdkufESdrfeif;jcif;” p
onfhvkyf&yfrsm;udk tenf;ESifhtrsm;w&m;0if jzpfoGm;apavonf?
“todw&m;&Sdaom wd&pm>ef” (The Moral Animal) [laompmtkyfudk a&;om;cJh
onfh uavmif&Sif a&mbwf &dkufonf/ oludk,fwdkif tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm;wpfOD;jzpfvifhu
pm;/ vl‹ordkif;odk‹tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du ay;aqmifcJhaom ysufpD;,dk,Gif;r+ab;'kuQrsm;ESifh
ywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tokH;cscJhaomoufwef;rSm/ vl‹ordkif;wGif tvGef,kwfywf&Snfvsm;
aomtcsdefumv jzpfcJhayonf? 20&mpkESpftul;ydkif;wGif “vlr+a&; 'g0if0g'” (Social
Dawinism) [kac:aom rjywfrom;ra&&monfh EdkifiHa&;tawG;tac:ESifh a&maESmqufpyf
rdonfhaemufydkif;wGif/ vlrsdK;cJGjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;/ zufqpf0g'Drsm;ESifh oem;-uifempdwfuif;rJh
1
aom t&if;&Sif-uD;rsm;. vufudkif'kwf jzpfoGm;avonf?
TpmtkyfwGif a&SŒqufI az:jyrnfhtcef;rsm;wGif 'g0if0g'onf touf&Sifjcif;
.rlvblwta-umif;udkom &Sif;jyonfh odyH`ynmtawG;tac:wpfcktjzpfomr[kwf
awmha-umif;udk zwf±+&ygrnf? tawG;tac:tcsKdŒudk axmufcHtm;ay;onfhyk*~dKvftcsdKŒ
u/ ,ae‹wdkif 'g0if0g'onf odyH`ynmwGif tusKH;r0ifrSm;,Gif;aom tawG;tac:jzpf
onf[k oufaoxlxm;jyD;jzpfaomfvnf;/ ‚if;udk w&m;aotawG;tac:tjzpf um
uG,fae-uqJjzpf.? ,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ odyH`ynm&Sif/ EdkifiHa&;orm;ESifh tawG;tac:&Sif

13
tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹onf/ 'g0if0g'.&kyfqdk;arSmifrJaomrsufESmudk odIjzpfap rodbJjzpf
ap axmufcHtm;ay;ae-uqJjzpfayonf?
&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaom tm%m&Sifrsm;twGuf vlrqefbJ wpfudk,faumif;
udk,fusdK;udkom-unfhonfh tawG;tac:rsm;udk aphaqmfay;aom 'g0if. tDAdkvl;&Sif;
oDtdk&Donf odyH`ynmt& ,kwWdrwefrrSefuefa-umif;udk vlwdkif; od&Sdoabmaygufonfh
wpfae‹wGifrl urBmhvlom;rsm; -uHKawGŒae&onfh 'kuQyifv,f 0J-o*rS vGwfajrmufoGm;
Edkif-urnfjzpfayonf? ,kwfnHhodrfjzif; &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomvkyf&yfrsm;udk pepfw
us pDrHuGyfuJI vufawG‹tokH;cs-uolrsm;onfvnf;/ “Tonf obm0w&m;jzpf
onf”[k ,r,f&SmEdkif-uawmhrnfr[kwfyg? olwdk‹. wpfudk,faumif;twWqefI
oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhonfh urBmhtjrifudk odyH`qefonf[k axmufcHEdkif-uawmhrnf r
[kwfay?
tEW&m,fjzpfonfh tawG;tac:rsm;. a&aomufjrpfjzpfaom 'g0if0g'udk acs
rkef;vdkufEdkifonfhtcsdefwGif/ wpfckwnf;aomtrSefw&m;omv#if usef&pfayawmhrnf?
,if;onfum;/ vlom;rsm;ESifhtwl p-um0VmwpfckvkH;udk bk&m;oQif tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf
u zefqif;xm;onf [laomtcsufyifjzpfayonf? ,if;tcsufudk od&Sdoabmaygufol
wdkif;onfvnf;/ trSefw&m;onf xdkt&Sifjrwfcsay;awmfrlaom usrf;*efwGifomv#if &Sd
onf [laomta-umif;udk xyfrHod&Sdvm-uayvdrfhrnf? vltrsm;pku ,if;trSefw&m;
udk od&Sd-ujyD;aemufwGifum;/ 'kuQa&mufjcif;/ tpkvdkuftjyHKvdkuf owfjzwfjcif;/
ab;'kuQuyfqdkufjcif;/ rw&m;jyKusifhjcif;/ qif;&JEGrf;yg;jcif;/ ponfwdk‹tpm;/ Om%ft
vif;ESifhjynfhpkHjcif;/ yGifhvif;jcif;/ csrf;om-uG,f0jcif;/ aygrsm;jcif;/ usef;rmoefpGrf;jcif;/
cspfcif-uifemarwWmw&m;&Sdjcif;/ ponfwdk‹ tpm;xdk;vmvdrfhrnf? xdkodk‹aom tajct
aeodk‹ a&muf&SdEdkif&efrSm/ vlom;avmuudk tEW&m,fjzpfaprnfh rSm;,Gif;aom tawG;t
ac:rsm;aysmufuG,foGm;onfwdkifatmif wdkufcdkufacsrkef;ypf&ef vdktyfayonf? odk‹rSom
v#if/ usrf;awmfjrwf&Sd rGefjrwfonfha'oemawmf jyef‹yGm;I vlom;avmuudk vSyjcif;
ay;aqmifrnfjzpfayonf? ausmufcJESifh aygufoludk ausmufcJESifh jyefvnfudkifayguf
jcif;/ r#m;ESifh ypfoludk r#m;jzifhjyefvnfypfI acsyjcif;/ usL;ausmf&ufpufoludk/ xdk‹
xufru ydkIusL;ausmf&ufpufjcif;/ ponfwdk‹onf ajyvnfatmif ajz&Sif;aomenf;r
[kwfay? taumif;qkH; ajz&Sif;enf;rSm/ xdkolwdk‹. tawG;tac:udk apwemaumif;jzifh
pdwf&Snfvuf&Snf trSefw&m;jzifh vJvS,fatmif &Sif;jyjcif;yif jzpfayonf?
Tpmtkyfudk a&;om;&jcif;. t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ 'g0if0g'. rJarSmifaom
rsufESmzkH;udk/ odIjzpfap rodIbJjzpfap/ axmufcHolwdk‹tm;/ olwdk‹onf rnfodk‹aom
tawG;tac:udk axmufcHtm;ay;aeonf/ xdkuJhodk‹ trSefw&m;udkrodusKd;EGHvpfvsL±+
xm;jcif;jzifh/ rnfr#wm0ef-uD;av;aeonf/ ponfwdk‹udk em;vnfoabmayguf-uap&ef
jzpfygonf? aemufxyf&nf&G,fcsufwpfckrSm/ 'g0if0g'udk ,kH-unfr+r&Sdoludkvnf;/ vl‹
avmutwGuf ‚if;tawG;tac:. tEW&m,f rnfr#-uD;rm;onfudk owday;&ef jzpfyg
onf?

14
 'g0if0g'u vl‹avmu-uD;odk‹ 'kuQaygif;pkH ,laqmifvmcJhonfhta-umif;
odk‹ rvSnfhrD/ ‚if;.ordkif;tusOf;csKyfudk OD;pGmavhvm-unfh-uygpdk‹? vltrsm;tm;jzifh/
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk csm;vfpf'g0ifu pwifI odyH`enf;usus avhvmprf;oyfcsufrsm;ESifh

15
twl oufaoom"ursm;tay:rlwnfIwifjycJhaom oDtdk&Djzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uay
onf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tpysdK;olonf csmvfpf'g0ifr[kwfonfhtjyif/ odyH`ynm
t& oufaoxlxm;aom oDtdk&Dvnf;r[kwfyg?
wpfcsdefwkef;u r,fqdkydkaw;rD;,m;wGif/ &kyfxkudk;uG,faom bmomwpfrsdK; ay:
aygufv$rf;rdk;cJh&m/ touf&Sifjcif;ESifh p-um0Vmjzpfay:vmjcif;ESifhywfoufaom '¾m
&DykHjyifrsm;udk,kH-unfjcif; t,lonf;jcif;rsm;ESifh jynfhESufcJhavonf? ,if;t,l0g'
rsm;teuf “tDAdkvl;&Sif;”,kH-unfcsufonfvnf; wpfcktygt0ifjzpfcJhayonf? plrm&D
,H acwfvufxufrS tDElrm=tDvpf ausmufpmrsm;t&/ urBm-uD;udk a&v$rf;rdk;cJhjyD;csdef
wGif v[frlESifh vm[mrlac:aom ewfrif;&kyfqif;wkESpfyg;ay:aygufvmcJhonf[k qdk
onf? xdk&kyfqif;wkESpfyg;onf rdrdwdk‹udk,fudk zefqif;,ljyD;aemuf usefaomp-um
0Vm±Sd &kyf0wˆKrsm;udkvnf; qufvufzefqif;cJhonf[kqdk.? plrm&D,Hwdk‹. ,kH-unf
csuft& touf&Sifjcif;[lonf a&rSpwifI tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmcJhonf
[k qdkxm;onf?
xdk,kH-unfcsufonf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.tqdkjzpfaom “ouf&Sdt&mrsm;onf
oufrJhypPnf;rsm;rS wpfpwpfpjzpfay:wdk;wufvmonf” [laomtqdkESifh wlnDaeay
onf? xdk‹a-umifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;tawG;tac:onf/ 'g0ifu tpysdK;cJhjcif;r[kwfbJ plrm&D,H
&kyfxkudk;uG,fr+rS pwifcJhjcif;jzpfavonf?
aemifaomtcgwGif tDAdkvl;&Sif;tawG;tac:onf &kyfxkudk;uG,fonfh tjcm;,Of
aus;r+wpfckjzpfaom *&d,Ofaus;r+acwfwGif tajcpdkufjyefavonf? a&S;*&dvlrsdK; &kyf
0g'Dwdk‹onfvnf;/ &kyf0wˆKypPnf;udkomv#if t"duxm;-uavonf? plrm&D,Hwdk‹. ,kH
-unfcsufudk tarGcHI urBmavmu-uD;ESifh p-um0VmwpfckvkH; pwifjzpfay:vmjcif;udk
tDAdkvl;&Sif;(ol‹tvdkvdkwpfpwpfpqifhuJajymif;vJjzpfay:vmjcif;)tawG;tac:jzifh &Sif;jy
-uavonf? Todk‹jzifh &kyf0g'tawG;tac:ESifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;,kH-unfr+wdk‹onf a±S;*&dvl
rsdK;wdk‹.acwfwGif jydKifwlay:xGef;vmcJh.? xdk‹aemuf a&mrvlrsKd;wdk‹.acwfodk‹ quf
vufI ul;oGm;avonf?

plrm&D,HvlrsdK;wdk‹. a&bk&m;udk
o&kyfaz:xm;aom ykHjzpfonf?
'g0iftawG;tac:orm;rsm;onf
vnf;/ touf.rlvblwonf
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I/ acwfopf 18&mpkESpfwGif jyefvnftoufoGif;vmcJhjcif;jzpfayonf? a±S;*&dvlrsdK;

16
wdk‹ta-umif;udkavhvmol Oa&mywdkufom; ynm&SiftawG;tac:&SiftcsdKŒwdk‹onf/ xdk
&kyf0g'udk oabmuscJh-uonf? xdktawG;tac:±Siftm;vkH;wdk‹. wlnDcsufwpfckrSm/ ol
wdk‹tm;vkH;onf bmoma&;qef‹usifolrsm;jzpf-u.?
‚if;wdk‹.todkif;t0dkif;wGif/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tao;pdwfudkifwG,folrSm/ jyif
opfvlrsdK; ZD0aA'ynm&Sif *sif; bufwpPaw vmrmuf jzpfonf? ol.oDtdk&DwGif/
ouf&Sdt&mrsm; tm;vkH;wdk‹onf/ olwdk‹.oufwef;twGif; tenf;i,fpD ajymif;vJ
jcif;jzifh wpfqifhpDajymif;vJwdk;wufvmcJh-uonf[k qdkxm;onf? aemifwGif ,if;oDtdk
&DrSm rSm;,Gif;aomtawG;tac:jzpfa-umif; oufaojyxm;jyD;jzpfonf? vmrmuf. oD
tdk&Dudk tenf;i,fjyKjyifI tokH;jyKolrSm/ csm;vfpf'g0if jzpf.?
'g0ifu ola&;om;aom t*FvefEdkifiHY 1859ckESpfwGif ykHESdyfxkwfa0onfh “rsdK;pk
wdk‹pwifjzpfay:jcif;” odk‹r[kwf rsdK;pkwkd‹.tprlvblw[k t"dy`g,f&aom The Origin
of Species pmtkyfjzifh ol.oDtdk&Dudk wifjycJhavonf? xdkpmtkyfwGif 'g0ifu a&S;
plrm&D,H ESifh *&dvlrsdK;wdk‹rSqif;oufvmcJhaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;'¾m&Dudk xyfrHrGrf;rHI
tao;pdwfwif jyxm;.? 'g0if.tqdkt& ouf&SdowW0grsm;onf a&xJwGif rawmf
wq-uHKIpwif jzpfay:vmcJhaom wpfckwnf;aomouf&SdowW0grS qif;oufvm-uI/
wpfpwpfp tenf;i,fpDajymif;vJvmjcif;jzifh rwlnDaom owW0gaygif;tajrmuftjrm;
ay:xGef;vmcJh onf[k wifjyxm;onf?

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r&SdcJhacs? ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sifrsm;u 'g0if.wifjycsufrSm pdwful;,Ofouf
oufomjzpfa-umif; od&Sd-uayonf? tcsdeftwef-umvmaomtcg 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk
tjcm;todkif;t0dkif;rS vufcHtm;ay;r+ &&SdvmcJhonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf 19&mpkESpf

17
ydkif;wGif -uD;pdk;aecJhonf tkyfcsKyfa&;tiftm;pktwGuf [maeaomtajccHtawG;tac:
wpfckudk 'g0if.oDtdk&Du ay;aqmifaoma-umifhjzpfayonf?
'g0if.tawG;tac:udk vufcHjcif;onf
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acwfumvwGif odyH`ynmonf tvGefacwfaemufusaeao;.? Oyrm/ ,ae‹ypPKy`ef
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bDvl;wGif tpuftuGufwpfcktjzpfom awG‹jrif&ao;onf? xdk‹a-umifh/ 'g0iftaejzifh
ouf&SdypPnf;rsm;onf oufrJh&kyf0wˆKrS tvdktavsmuf-uKH-uKdufI jzpfay:vmonf[k
wifjy&mY rnfodk‹aom jy\emrS r-uHKcJh&acs?

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aeao;onf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ txufu cyfwdkwdk&Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif;/ acwfopfausmuf
jzpf&kyf-uGif;pkaqmif;r+rSwfwrf;rsm;rS tcsufwpfcsufur#yif 'g0if.wifjycsufjzpf
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csdeftxd/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹onf “aemifwpfae‹ae‹wGif awG‹&vdrfhrnf”[kom ajymcJh-u
.? odk‹aomfvnf;/ ,QKtcsdefwGif TtajymrsdK;jzifh olwdk‹.rSm;uGufudk zkH;uG,fxm;I

18
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b,fha-umifh tav;teufxm;jyD; t-uD;tus,f 0g'jzef‹ae-uao;oenf;?

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ojzifh/ bk&m;rJh0g'Drsm;ESifh &kyf0g'tawG;tac:rsm;u rdrdwdk‹.tawG;tac:rsm;udk wdk;
wufzGH‹jzdK;apEdkifrnfh oifhawmfonfhtajccH&yfwnfr+udk rawG‹EdkifbJ jzpfaecJh-uonf?
zefqif;&Sifudk jiif;y,fI bk&m;rJh0g'ESifh &kyf0g',kH-unfcsufwdk‹udk ra&r&maomfvnf;
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.udk,fydkiftawG;tac:0g'tjzpf zefwD;,lvdkuf-uavonf?

19
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onf/ tiftm;enf; csdeJ‹olonf ±+H;edrfhI aemufqkH;aysmufuG,foGm;rnfomjzpf.” [l
aom cH,lcsufjzpfavonf?
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csufyifjzpfayonf? 'g0if.tqdkt&/ obm0wGif touf&Sifa&;twGuf oem;-uif
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wGuf &kef;uefvkH;yef;-u&mwGif ydkrdkaumif;rGefaom rsdK;&dk;udk apmifha&Smufxdef;odrf;xm;
&ef obm0tavsmufa&G;cs,fr+t& rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpfay:jcif;” wGif tao;pdwfaqG;aEG;
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Principle of Population ac: vlOD;a&ESifhywfoufaomrl [kt"dy`g,f&onfh pmwrf;yif
jzpfayonf? Tpmtkyft& vlom;avmu-uD;udk arSmifrdkufaomtem*wfu apmifh
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“tqufrjywfaomppfyGJ”jzpfonf?
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q,fhig;v&SdavjyD? armfvfwyf. vlOD;a&qdkif&mpmtkyfudk trSwfrxif tjyif;ajyaumuf
zwfrdygonf? u|Ekfyfa&muf&Sd&mt&yf ae&mwumwGif wd&pm>efrsm;. trltusifhrsm;udk
tcsdef-umjrifhpGm avhvmcJhojzifh/ touf&Sifa&;twGuf &kef;uefr+ESifhywfoufI aumif;pGm

20
 oabmaygufxm;jyD;jzpf&m/ armfvfwyf.vlOD;a&qdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm;t& ajymif;vJ
vsuf&Sdaomtajctaersm;wGif/ obm0u tompD;&aomrsdK;pkrsm;udkomv#if qufvuf
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rnfomjzpfa-umif;udk owd&ygonf? aemufqkH;tajzrSm rsdK;pktopfxyfrHay:aygufvmay
onf? Todk‹jzifh u|EfkyfqufvufI vkyfaqmiftokH;jyKEdkifrnfh oDtdk&Dwpfckudk xyfrH&&SdcJh
2
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yk*~dKvfrsm;pka0;I/ topfpufpufawG‹&Sdaom armfvfwyf. “vlOD;a&jy\em”udk armfvf
wyfvkyfydkifcGifhtm%mt&/ qif;&Jolqif;&Jom;rsm;. aoausysufpD;E+ef;udk rnfodk‹jr‡ifh
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vkyfcGiftajctaea-umifh toufaoaus qkH;±+H;-uukef.? touf&Sifjcif;twGuf &kef;

21
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tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk -udK;pm;I qufpyf-uavonf? tenf;qkH; 'g0iftawG;tac:.
tjrifESifh qufpyfawG;ac:-uavonf? aemufqkH;wGif/ 'g0if0g'udk rodbl;r-um;bl;
olwdk‹.b0ESifh ywf0ef;usifwGifyif/ 'g0ifu cef‹rSef;cJhaom vlr+tzGJ‹tpnf;ykHpHrsm; jzpf
ay:vmayonf?
'g0ifudk,fwdkifu ol.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk vlr+a&;odyH`bmom&yfrS udk,fusifh
w&m;qdkif&m oabmaygufr+rsm;ESifhywfoufI tajccHoabmw&m;tjzpfwnfaqmuf
&ef axmufcHajymqdkcJhayonf? tdyfcsfoD;vf (H. Thiel) xHodk‹ 1869ckESpfwGif a&;ydk‹cJhaom
pmwpfapmifwGif 'g0ifu atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhavonf?
vl-uD;rif;uae/ u|Ekfyf.rsKd;pkrsm;.ajymif;vJr+ESifhywfoufI tokH;jyKaom ykHpHudk pdwf"gwf
a&;&musifh0wftydkif;ESifh vlr+a&;tydkif;wGif qifwl&dk;rSm;tjrifrsm;taejzifhtokH;csaeonfudk
u|Ekfyfrnfr#ESpfaxmif;tm;&pdwf0ifpm;pGm apmifh-unfhaeonfudk oHo,uif;pGm ,kH-unf
4
vdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhygonf?

22
 obm0tavsmuf &kef;uefjydKifqdkifaejcif;udk vl‹obm0wGifvnf; vufcH-uo
jzifh/ vlrsdK;a&;yËdyuQrsm;/ zufqpf0g'/ uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh e,fcsJŒ0g'trnfrsm;jzifh/
olwdk‹u tm;enf;onfxifaomolwdk‹udk acsrkef;ypf&efrSm odyH`ta&jcKHI w&m;0ifap
avjyD? xdkodk‹&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomtkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+rsm;/ vlom;rsm;udk wd&pm>ef
rsm;yrm jyKusifhjcif;/ tjcm;vlrsm;udk olwdk‹. rsdK;&dk;ESifhvlrsdK;a&;a-umifhrkef;wD;jcif;/ jydKif
qdkifr+trnfjzifh vkyfief;i,frsm;udk ydwfypf-ujcif;/ qif;&Jom;rsm;udk ulnDapmifrjcif;
wGif jiif;qefjcif;/ ponfwdk‹udk wm;qD;ta&;,l&ef rjzpfEdkifawmhay? tb,fha-umifhqdk
aomf olwdk‹. xdkvkyf&yfrsm;tm;vkH;onf “odyH`enf;usaom” obm0ed,mrw&m;
twdkif; vkyfaqmifjcif;om jzpfoGm;aoma-umifhwnf;?
‚if;odyH`enf;usonf[k twif;,lq-uonfh vkyf&yfrsm;udk tajccHrltjzpf vrf;
jyaomtawG;tac:udk “vlr+a&; 'g0if0g'” "Social Dawinism" [k ac:wGif.?
u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwf&Sd tDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;teuf TtcsufESifhywfoufI
yxrOD;qkH; vufcHolonf tar&duefvlrsdK; ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;ynm&Sifjzpfol pwDzif
a*s a*gvf jzpfayonf? 1859xkwf “rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpfay:jcif;” pmtkyfudk ykHESdyf xkwf
a0jyD;onfhaemufwGif/ “aemufxyfqufvufI/ u|efjyKjcif;ta-umif;/ udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒt
a-umif;/ vlrsdK;a&;uGJjym;r+/ vlwef;pm;ta&;&kef;uefr+ESifh umr&m*udpPrsm; ponfwdk‹
tm;vkH;ESifh ywfoufonfh aqG;aEG;jiif;ckHr+wdk‹onf/ tajccHtm;jzifh odyH`ynm[laom
acgif;pOfatmufodk‹ a&mufoGm;avonf?”5 [k a&;om;cJhavonf?

23
24
 Tae&mwGif tcsufwpfcsufudk owdxm;&efta&;w-uD;vdktyfygonf? vl‹o
rdkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif ppfrufjzpfyGm;jcif;/ &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;/ t-uifemw&m;uif;
rJhjcif;/ vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+&Sdjcif;/ yËdyuQjzpfjcif; ponfwdk‹ESifh jynfheufaecJhayonf? odk‹
aomfvnf; ,if;vkyf&yfrsm;onf rSm;,Gif;a-umif;ESifh jidrf;csrf;jcif;/ w&m;r#wjcif;/
at;csrf;om,mpGm aexdkifjcif;tjzpfodk‹a&mufatmif bmomw&m;rsm;u tjrJowday;
Ed+;aqmf zdwfac:cJhonfcsnf; jzpfcJhavonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf vlom;wdk‹onf zef
qif;&Sif. omoemw&m;awmfudk od&Sd-uI/ rdrdwdk‹.vkyf&yfrsm;udk vGefu|Hjcif;
r&Sdatmif xdef;odrf;-uaoma-umifhjzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 19&mpkESpfrSpI 'g0if

25
0g'u tjrwftpGef;twGuf &kef;uefjcif;ESifh rw&m;r+rsm;udk odyH`enf;usaom t*Fg
&yfjzpfonf[k w&m;0ifjcif;jyKay;vdkufI/ xdkvkyf&yfrsm;onf/ vl‹obm0omv#ifjzpf
onf/ vlom;rsm;u &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;/ -uL;ausmfapmfum;jcif;tusifhrsm;udk bdk;
ab;bDbifrsm;tm; tjypfykHcsvdkufaponf? xdkenf;wl/ wd&pm>efrsm;wGif tiftm;t-uD;
qkH; wdkuf&nfcdkuf&nft&SdqkH;taumifu qufvuftouf&SifaeEdkifjcif;udk vlom;t
wGuft-uKH;0ifatmif tokH;jyKvdkufonf? TtawG;tac:atmufwGif/ urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;
ppfrufjzpfyGm;jcif;/ 'kuQa&mufjcif;ESifh tkyfvdkuftpkvdkuf owfjzwfjcif;rsm; jzpfay:vm
cJhavonf? 'g0if0g'u urBmay:wGif aoG;acsmif;pD;jcif;/ zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;jzpfaponfh
vkyf&yfrsm; v+yf&Sm;r+rsm;udk w&m;0ifapaom ausmaxmufaemufcHay;ojzifh vlwdk‹u
vufawG‹usifhokH;-uavonf? xdka-umufrufzG,faumif;aom tEW&m,ftawG;tac:
rsm;udk odyH`ynmu ausmaxmufaemufcH ay;vdkufojzifh/ ae‹csif;ncsif;-uD;xGm;
tiftm;-uD;vmaoma-umifh/ 20&mpkESpfudk “'kuQzdpD;aom&mpkESpf” [laomtrnfwHqdyf
cyfESdyf ay;vdkuf&avonf?
ordkif;ygarmuQ csuf bm&fZGef;u vuf&SdurBmwGif odyH`ynm/ vlr+qufqHa&;ESifh
,Ofaus;r+wdk‹a-umifh udk,fusifhw&m;tvGeftrif;ysufjym;aejcif;ESifhywfoufI 'g0if/
rm;ufP/ a0*fem [laompmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; okH;oyfcsifhwGufxm;ayonf?
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csufonf tifrwefrSefuefvGef;vSayonf?
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wyfqifr+udk vdkvm;aom ppftkyfpk/ oem;-uifemr+uif;rJhpGm jydKifqdkifjcif;udk vdkvm;aom
twW0g'Dtkyfpk/ acwfaemufusaeaomvlwdk‹udk vufvGwfpy,fudkifwGifEdkifcGifh awmif;qdk
onfhe,fcsJŒtkyfpk/ tm%modrf;jcif;udkvkdvm;awmif;qdkaom qdk&S,fvpf0g'Dtkyfpk/ jynfwGif;
&Sd vlrsdK;jcm;tm;vkH;udk owfjzwfokwfoifypfcGifh awmif;qdkonfh vlrsdK;a&;0g'Dtkyfpk ponf
wdk‹ r+dvdkaygufvmcJhonf? ‚if;wdk‹u trsm;vlxk. -udKufESpfoufr+udk qGJaqmifEdkifjcif;ESifh
‚if;wdk‹.ausmf-um;r+*k%f-uufoa&awG usqif;vmonfESifhtr#/ pyifqmESifh 'g0ifwdk‹udk
pwifudk;um;vm-uavonf? odyH`a,mifaqmifonfh 'kp&dkufrsm;[kyif qdk&ayrnf?
==vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;onf ZD0ed,mrjzpfoGm;.? vlr+a&;jzpfpOftjzpfom ,lq-uawmhonf?
'g0if0g'Dwdk‹. trltusifhESifh aqmif&Gufr+awGcsnf; jzpfayonf?6

'g0if/ rm;ufP/ a0*fem pmtkyfudk a&;ol

ygarmuQ csuf bm&fZGe;f.ykH

19&mpkESpfwGif 'g0ifu ouf&Sdt&mrsm;udk zefqif;xm;jcif;r[kwf/ rawmfwq

ay:aygufvmI vlom;rsm;ESihf wd&pm>efrsm;onf wpfckwnf;aombdk;ab;rS qif;ouf
vmum rawmfwq-uKHItjrifhrm;qkH;zGH‹jzdK;r+jzpfay:cJhonf[k wifjyonfhtcsdefY/ vlt

26
rsm;tm;jzifh xdkwifjycsuf. aemufqufwGJtajzonf rnfodk‹jzpfvmvdrfhrnfudk rnfol
ur# rcef‹rSef;EdkifcJh-uacs? odk‹aomfvnf; 20&mpkESpfukefydkif;wGif &&SdaomaemufqkH;tajz
rSm/ a-umufrufzG,faumif;aom b0oufwef;rsm;jzpfcJha-umif; awG‹&Sd-u&ayonf? vl
om;udk zGH‹jzdK;aomwd&pm>eftjzpfvufcH,kH-unfolwdk‹onf/ tiftm;csdeJ‹olwdk‹.ausmudk
eif;acsI jrifhaomtqifhodk‹wuf&ef 0efrav;-uacs? emzsm;rusef;olwdk‹ESifh tiftm;csd
eJ‹olwdk‹udk azsmufzsufypf&efESifh olwdk‹tjrifwGif tqifhedrfhonf[k xifaomvlrsdK;rsm;udk
tpkvdkufowfjzwfypf&ef enf;vrf;&Sm-uavonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf olwdk‹cH,l,kH
-unfonfhodyH`rsufESmzkH;wyfxm;aomoDtdk&Du xdkuJhodk‹vkyfjcif;onf “obm0 ed,mr”
w&m;jzpfonf[k oifay;xm;aoma-umifh jzpf.?
'g0if0g'u urBm-uD;odk‹,laqmifvmcJhaom ysufpD;jcif;'kuQtaygif;onf TuJh
odk‹pwifcJhI/ vsifjrefaomE+ef;jzifh/ wurBmvkH;odk‹ jyef‹ESH‹oGm;avawmhonf? 19&mpkESpf
rsm;wGif/ bk&m;rJh0g'Dwdk‹onf/ 'g0if0g'.ulnDaxmufcHr+a-umifh -uD;xGm;vm-ujyD;jzpf
aomfvnf;/ vltrsm;pkrSm vlom;udk bk&m;oQifuzefqif;xm;I/ bk&m;ocifu zefqif;
ay;tyfxm;aom 0dnmOf&Sdjcif;a-umifh tjcm;owW0grsm;ESifh uGJjym;jcm;em;onf[k cH,l,Hk
-unf-uayonf? rnfonfhvlrsdK;udkrqdk/ bk&m;ocifuzefqif;xm;aom vlom;rsm;t
jzpf bk&m;ocif. aus;u|efrsm;tjzpf jrif-uayonf? a&S;,cifuwnf;u tarGquf
cHvmcJh-uI 'g0if0g'u tiftm;jznfhwif;ay;vdkufaom/ bmoma&;,kH-unfr+ uif;rJhol
wdk‹. vlr+todkif;t0dkif;tkyfpkwGifrlum;/ &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGmjydKifqdkifr+urBmhtjrifom
&Sdojzifh/ vlom;rsm;onf tjrifhqkH;wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;aom wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;omv#if jzpfonf
[k ,kH-unfaoma-umifh ta&;-uD;onfh udk,fusifhw&m;xdef;odrf;ae&efrvdktyfacs?
bk&m;ocifudk jiif;y,faomvlwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+wGif/ wpfudk,faumif;qefjcif;twW0g'
rSefor#onf w&m;0if.? TuJhodk‹aom ,Ofaus;r+rS 0g'trsKd;rsdK;ay:aygufcJhI/ ‚if;wdk‹
wpfckcsif;onfvnf; urBm-uD;ESifh vl‹avmutwGuf ab;'kuQuyfqdkufjcif;omv#if jzpf
ay:apayonf?
a&SŒwGifvmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm;wGif/ 'g0if0g'u w&m;0ifaponfh xdk0g'tawG;
tac:rsm; rnfuJhodk‹tcsif;csif;qufpyfae-uykH/ 'g0if0g'ESifh rnfodk‹oufqdkif qufpyf
aeykH ponfwdk‹tjyif/ olwdk‹. tcsif;csif;qufpyf,dkif;yif;r+a-umifh urBmavmu wcGif
rnfodk‹tusKd;,kwfcJhonfwdk‹udk qef;ppf-uygrnf?

27
28
 'g0if. &if;ESD;aom rdwfaqGjzpfonfh ygarmuQ tm'rf quf0dufonf/
'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Da-umifh aemiftem*wfwGif oufa&mufrnfhtEW&m,fudk awG;
jrifrdolrsm;teuf wpfOD;jzpfayonf? 'g0ifa&;om;aom rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpfay:jcif;
pmtkyfudk zwf±+jyD;onfhaemuf/ Todk‹rSwfcsufcscJhavonf? “Tpmtkyfudk trsm;vlxk
u vufcH-uv#if/ vlom;avmuodk‹ ,QifurawG‹rjrifcJhbl;aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf
r+rsm; ,laqmifvm-uvdrfhrnf?”7
trSefwu,fvnf; quf0dufu oHo,
jzpfcJhjcif;rSm rSefuefa-umif; oufaoxl
vdkufavjyD? 20&mpkESpfonf vl‹ordkif;
wGif vlwdk‹onf vlrsdK;rwljcif;wpfckwnf;
a-umifh tcsif;csif;owfjzwf-uonfh t
arSmifacwfjzpfcJhavjyD?
trSefrSm 'g0ifrwdkifrD ESpfaygif;
ajrmufjrm;pGmuwnf;u/ vl‹ordkif;wGif cGJ
jcm;r+ESifh rsKd;jzKwfzsufqD;r+rsm; &SdcJhjyD;jzpf
ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 'g0ifu xdkcGJjcm;
r+rsm;udk odyH`enf;usonfhrSefuefjcif;t
jzpf em;oGif;vdkufjcif;rSm tifrwefrSm;
,Gif;aomtcsufyif jzpf.?

“vufa&G;pOf vlrsdK;rsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;==”

u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwf&Sd 'g0if0g'Dwdk‹u/ 'g0ifudk,fwdkifonf vlrsdK;a&;orm;r[kwf/
vlrsKd;a&;cGJjcm;r+ESifhywfoufI a0zefokH;oyfolwdk‹u olwdk‹.vdk&m udk,fydkiftjrifudk
taxmuftuljyKap&ef bufvdkufI a&;om;-ujcif;omjzpfonf[k qdk-uonf? “vuf
a&G;pOf(vlrsdK;)rsdK;EG,frsm;udk xdef;odrf;jcif;” [laomrsdK;pkwdk‹pwifjzpfay:jcif; pmtkyfwGif
yg&Sdonfhtcef;onf wd&pm>efrsm;ESifhom oufqdkifygonf[k wifjy-u.? odk‹aomf
vnf;/ xdkodk‹wifjyolwdk‹onf/ 'g0ifu ol.pmtkyfwGif vlom;rsm;ta-umif;a&;om;
xm;onfudk vpfvsL±+xm;jcif;omv#if jzpfayonf?
'g0ifu ol.pmtkyfwGifwifjyaomtjrift&/ vlom;wdk‹onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqifh
trsdK;rsdK;udk ausmfvGefI zGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufvmcJh-uonf[kqdkonf? xdkodk‹ajymif;vJwdk;wuf
vm&mwGif/ vlrsdK;tcsKdŒwdk‹onf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;xuf ydkrdkIzGH‹jzdK;wdk;wuf-uonf[kqdk
onf? tcsdKŒvlrsdK;rsm;rSm arsmufrsm;.tqifhavmufwGifomv#if usef&pfae-uao;
onf[kvnf; qdk.?
“touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf-u&onf” [laomtcsufonfvnf;/ vlom;
rsm;ESifhywfoufI tokH;jyKxm;avonf? “vufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;rsm;”onf xdk&kef;uef
wdkufcdkufjcif;rS ay:aygufvmonf[k wifjyxm;ayonf? 'g0if.tqdkt& vufa&G;pOf
vlrsdK;rsm;rSm/ Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;jzpfonf? tm&Swdkufom;rsm;ESifh tmz&duwdkufom;
rsm;rSm/ xdktouf&Sifa&;wdkufyGJwGif ±+H;edrfhusef&pfolrsm;jzpfonf[k qdkxm;onf? xdk‹

29
aemuf/ xdkvlrsdK;rsm;onf urBmwpf0Srf;vkH;wGif ,if;touf&Sifa&;wdkufyGJY vkH;0±+H;edrfh
oGm;jyD; aemufqkH;wGif vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;-urnfjzpfonf[k xyfuGef‹tqdkjyKxm;ay
onf?
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aomvlrsdK;rsm;udk wurBmvkH;twdkif;twmjzifh rsdK;jzKwfypf &Sif;vif;ypfvdrfhrnf? xdktcsdef
wGif tif-wdKydkrdkzwf arsmuf0Hrsm;onfvnf; vkH;0aysmufuG,foGm;rnfrSm rvGJra&Smifom jzpf
ayonf? vlom;ESifh ol.teD;qkH;aqGrsdK;owW0gt-um; cGJxGufjcif; uGmjcm;csufonfvnf;
ydkrdkus,f0ef;oGm;ayawmhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ obm0u ydkrdk,Ofaus;aomtqifhodk‹
a&mufatmif ydk‹aqmifrnfjzpf.? aumhuqyfvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh bmbGef;uJhodk‹aom tedrfhqkH;
arsmuf0Hwdk‹t-um; uGmjcm;csufuJhodk‹/ vuf&Sd eD*&dk;vlrsdK;rsm; odk‹r[kwf -opaw;vsvlrsdK;
8
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qufvuftouf&Sifae-u&ef tumtuG,fay;ae&ef rvdktyfa-umif;/ a&;om;xm;ay
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,SOfxm;avonf?
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olrsm;twGuf cdkvkH&mXmersm;udk aqmufvkyfI olwdk‹aemufqkH;touf±SLonftxd apmifh
a&Smuf-uayrnf? a&m*gumuG,fa&; aq;xdk;jcif;onf axmifaygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmaom
vlwdk‹.toufudk u,fwifEdkifa-umif; ,kH-unf&ayonf? trSefrSm xdktqifhedrfhonfh udk,f
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jcif;onfvnf;/ ,Ofaus;aomvlrsdK;rsm;xJrS pdwf"gwfaysmhnHholwdk‹. vkyf&yfomv#if
jzpfayonf? xdkodk‹jyKvkyfjcif;onf vlom;avmutwGufrnfr#epfemapEdkifonfudk wd&pm>ef
9
arG;jrLa&;oifwef;wufbl;olrsm;u aumif;pGmoabmayguf-urnf jzpf.?
'g0ifu ol. rsdK;pkrsm; pwifjzpfay:jcif;pmtkyfwGif/ -opaw;vsEdkifiHwdkif;&if;
om;rsm;ESifh eD*&dk;vlrsdK;rsm;udk a*:&Dvmarsmuf0Htqifhom&Sdonf/ ‚if;vlrsdK;wdk‹onf
urBmavmurS aysmufuG,foGm;vdrfhrnf[k wifjyxm;onfudk awG‹&Sd&ayonf?
'g0iftaeESifh “tqifhedrfhonf”[k owfrSwfxm;aomtjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udkvnf;
vlOD;a&xyfrHwdk;yGm;vmapjcif;r&Sdatmif [ef‹wm;xm;&rnf/ ‚if;wdk‹urBmay:rS aysmuf
uG,foGm;atmifvnf; aqmif&Guf&rnf[k qdkxm;onf? ,Qifuwnf;u &SdvmcJhaom
vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+rsm;ESifh u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfwGif jzpfay:IawG‹jrifae&aom tjzpfrsm;udk 'g
0iftaejzifh rSefuefw&m;0ifa-umif; Tenf;jzifhb0ifawG‹awG‹ axmufcHvdkufayonf?
'g0if.tawG;tac:t&/ “,Ofaus;jyD;aomvl”wdk‹.wm0efrSm xdktDAdkvl;&Sif;
ajymif;vJr+udk tenf;i,fxyfrHjrefqefoGm;atmif ulnDay;&efjzpfa-umif;udk a&SŒvm
rnfhtydkif;rsm;wGif ydkrdktao;pdwf zwf±+&ygrnf? ,QKvuf&Sdtajctaet&/ xdkvlrsdK;
rsm;udk azsmufzsufypf&ef vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;udk “odyH`ynmydkif;rS”rnfodk‹r# wm;jrpfjcif;
r&Sd-uao;acs?

30
 'g0if.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tydkif;udk ol.a&;om;csufrsm;ESifh avhvmcsufrsm;wGif ydk
rdkxif&Sm;ayonf? Oyrm/ ol.&Snfvsm; -umjrifhaom 1871ckESpfrS yifv,f c&D;pOf
twGif; awG‹jrifcJh&onfh wD,m&m'Jvf zl*dk t&yfrS wdkif;&if;om;rsm;ta-umif; a&;om;
az:jyxm;csufwGif ol.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;pdwf"gwfudk yGifhvif;pGmyif az:jyxm;ayonf?
xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf “udk,fwkH;vkH;ae-uI/ ta&mifrsdK;pkHqdk;xm;-uonf? wd&pm>ef
rsm;uJhodk‹ awG‹&mtm;vkH;pm;-uonf? tkyfxdef;r+r&Sd-uacs? olwdk‹vlrsdK;r[kwfoltm;vkH;
udk &ufpuf-uonf? &efoludk ESdyfpuf&mY aysmfjrL;-uonf? aoG;jzifh,pfylaZmf-uonf?
cav;oli,frsm;udk owfjzwf-uonf? olwdk‹.ZeD;r,m;rsm;udk ESdyfpufuvljyK-uonf?
rzG,fr&maom t,lonf;jcif;ESifh jynfheufvsuf&Sdonf?”[k a&;xm;onf? xdka'oodk‹
'g0ifra&mufrD 10ESpftvsifu oGm;a&mufcJhaomokawoeynm&Sif W.P.Snow ('AvsL

yD pEdk;). a&;om;csufESifh wjcm;pDjzpfaeayonf? pEdk;.az:jycsuft&/ wD,m&m 'Jvf

zl*dk t&yfom;rsm;onf/ awmifhwif;cef‹jim;olrsm;jzpf-uonf? olwdk‹. cav;oli,frsm;
udk cspfcifwwf-u.? olwdk‹.tokH;taqmifypPnf;rsm;onf vuf&majrmufayonf?
ypPnf;ydkifqdkifr+qdkif&mxkH;"avhtcsdKŒvnf;&Sd.? ouf-uD;0g-uD; trsdK;orD;rsm;. -oZm
tm%mudk av;pm;vufcH-uayonf?10
TO"g[&kefrsm;t&/ 'g0ifonf vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;orm; tjynfht0jzpfayonf?
What Darwin Really Said [laompmtkyfudk a&;om;onfh bif*srif zg&ifwefu 'g0if
a&;om;onfh The Descent of Man pmtkyfrS “xif&Sm;aom vlrsdK;rsm;t-um; ydkrdkus,f
0ef;aomjcm;em;csufrsm;”[laomtcef;ESifh ywfoufI tus,fw0ifh a0zefokH;oyfxm;
ayonf?11

31
 xdk‹xufydkonfhtcsufrSm/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Donf bk&m;ocifudkjiif;y,fxm;ojzifh/
'g0ifoDtdk&Da-umifh bk&m;ocifu vlom;rsm;tm;vkH;udk wef;wltqifhtjzpf zefqif;
xm;onf[k vlwdk‹u rjrif-uawmhacs? Tonfuyif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g' -uD;xGm;vm
cJhjcif;ESifh ,if;0g'udk wurBmvkH;wGif t&Sdeft[kef-uD;pGmjzifh vufcHvm-ujcif;.
ta-umif;&if;wpfck jzpfayonf? tar&duefvlrsdK; odyH`ynm&Sif *sdrf;pf zg*lqefu
vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g' -uD;xGm;vmcJhjcif;ESifh zefqif;jcif;,kH-unfcsufudk ypfy,fjcif;wdk‹
wdkuf&dkufqufEG,faea-umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; a-unmxm;avonf?
aemifrsm;r-umrDtwGif;/ rEk\aA'opfonfvnf; vlom;rsm;.tprlvblw ESifhywfouf
I tjrifcsif;qef‹usifbufjzpfaomtkyfpkESpfckwdk‹. tajccHjzpfvmavonf? “{uADZ0g'”
ac: vlom;rsm;tm;vkH;onf tom;ta&mifESifh tjcm;t*Fg&yfrsm;rwl-uaomfvnf; rsdK;ADZ
wpfckwnf;rS qif;oufvmonf[k ,kH-unfaomtkyfpkonf/ vlom;wdk‹.tprlvblwonf
yxrvlom; tm'rfrSqif;oufvmI bk&m;ocif.zefqif;jcif;tvkyfjzpfonf[k ,kH-unf
-uonf? Ttkyfpkonf oufwef;ydkI-umanmif;jyDjzpfI ydkItajccdkifaom tkyfpkjzpfonf?
{uADZ0g'udk c&pf,mefomoemtzGJ‹rSjy@mef;I/ tawG;tac:t&-oZmanmif;onfh tDAdkvl;
&Sif;oDtdk&Du qef‹usifbuftwdkuftcHjzpfaom “A[kADZ0g'”udk rD;xdk;ay;onfhtcsdefrwdkif
rD 18&mpkESpftxd wurBmvkH;vufcH,kH-unfcJh-uavonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf rwlnD
12
aomvlrsdK;pkwdk‹onf rwlnDaom rsdK;ADZrSajymif;vJ ay:aygufvmonf[k qdkonf?
tdENd,vlrsdK; rEk\aA'ynm&Sif vmvdwm Ad'D,mwDonf/ 'g0if. tDAdkvl;&Sif;
oDtdk&Du vlr+a&;odyH`wGif vlrsKd;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:udk rnfodk‹rnfykHvufcHoGm;atmif
a&SŒaqmifoGm;ykHudk &Sif;jyxm;ayonf?
xdkacwfu vlr+a&;odyH`ynm&Sifrsm;u 'g0if. tiftm;t-uD;qkH;toifhawmfqkH;olu quf
vuftouf&Sifonf [laomtawG;tac:udk vSKdufvSKdufvSJvSJ-udKqdk vufcH-uavonf?
vlom;rsm;onf tqifhqifhajymif;vJr+tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajrmufjrm;pGmudk ausmfvGefvmcJh-u&m/
tom;jzLrsm;. ,Ofaus;r+onf txGwftxdyfa&mufonf[k ,kH-unf-uavonf? wpf
q,fhudk;&mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif;rSpI vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk trSefw&m;jzpfonf[k taemufEdkifiHom;
13
odyH`ynm&Sif trsm;pkwdk‹u vufcH-uavonf?
'g0if0g'Drsm;onf 'g0if.aemufrSay:vmolrsm;jzpf-uonfESifhtnD/ 'g0if.
vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'rSefuefa-umif;/ oufaoxl&ef tifrwef-udK;yrf;-uayonf? xdkuJh
odk‹-udK;yrf;-u&mwGif odyH`ynmt&rnDrnGwfuGJvGJaomtqdkrsm;ESifh wrifvkyf-uH vdrf
vnfonfhtqdkrsm;udk&SmazGwifoGif;-u&mY olwdk‹. udk,fusifhw&m;oduQmrsm;udkyif iJh
n‡mEkdifjcif;r&Sd-uawmhacs? xdkuJhodk‹ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'onf rSefuefIw&m;0ifa-umif;
oufaoxlEdkifygu/ olwdk‹. “tqifhjrifh”r+ESifh zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;/ udkvdkeDe,fcsJ‹jcif;/
vdktyfygu tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk ajzmufzsufokwfoifypfjcif; ponfwdk‹udkyg rSefuefI
w&m;0ifa-umif; oufaoxl&musonf[k ,lq-uayonf?
pwDzif a*s a*gvf'fa&;om;aom The Mismeasure of Man (vlom;.rSm;,Gif;
aomwdkif;wmr+) pmtkyf. wwd,tcef;wGif/ rEk\aA'ynm&Sifwdk‹onfvnf; xdkuJhodk‹
awG‹&Sdcsufrsm;udk vdrfvnf-u&mwGif tjypfruif;-uay? a*gvf'f. tqdkt&/ ‚if;wdk‹
u vdrfvnfaomtydkif;onf trsm;tm;jzifh olwdk‹awG‹&SdcJhaom ausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;rsm;
. OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;jzpfayonf? OD;aESmuft&G,fonf Om%fxufjrufjcif;ESifhywf
oufonf[k ,kH-unf-uojzifh/ rEk\aA'ynm &Siftrsm;tm;jzifh aumhau&SefvlrsdK;
(vljzL)rsm;.OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;udk t±SdxufydkIaz:jy-uI/ vlrJESifhtdEdN,vlrsdK;rsm;.
OD;aESmuft&G,ftpm;rsm;udkrl t±Sdxuf ydkrdkao;i,fatmif az:jyavh&Sd-uayonf?14

32
 a*gvf'fa&;om;aom Ever Since Darwin [laompmtkyfwGif 'g0if0g'Drsm;u t
csdKŒaomvlrsdK;rsm;onf tqifhedrfhaomvlom;rsm;jzpfonf[k az:jyEdkif&efr,kH-unfEdkif
avmufatmif wifjy-ujcif;udk &Sif;jyxm;ayonf?

a[u,fvfESifhol.taygif;ygrsm;vnf;/ ajrmufydkif;Oa&mywdkufom; vl
jzLrsm;onf vlrsdK;t&tqifhjrifha-umif;twnfjyK-u&ef wpfa-umhjyefI awmif;
qdkcJh-uavonf? vlom;wdk‹. cE<mudk,fwnfaqmufykHtpdwftydkif;rsm;ESifh trl
tusifhrsm;rS taxmuftxm;jzpfzG,f&mrsm;udk OD;aESmufrStp 0rf;ydkuf&Sd
csuftxd &Edkifor#tao;pdwf vdkufvH&SmazG-uonf? [m;bwfpyifqmu
“,Ofaus;r+ r&Sdao;aomvlrsdK;wdk‹.todOm%fonf ===,Ofaus;jyD;aomvlrsdK;
uav;oli,frsm;wGif awG‹&Sd&ayonf?”[k a&;om;xm;avonf? um;vfAdk‹*fu
1864ckESpfwGif/ “t&G,fa&mufjyD;aom eD*&dk;wpfa,muf. todOm%fydkif;onf
uav;oli,frsm;ESifh qifwlayonf?==tcsKdŒaomvlrsdK;rsm;rSm/ xl;qef;aom
tzGJ‹tpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHrsm;jzifh wdkif;EdkifiHrsm; wnfaxmif-u.? odk‹aomfvnf;
usefvlrsm;udkyg xnfhpOf;pm;rnfqkdv#if/ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;vkH;onf twdwfwGifaomf
vnf;aumif;/ ypPKy`efwGifaomfvnf;aumif;/ vlom;avmutwGuf wdk;wufzGH‹
jzdK;aprnfh vkyfaqmifcsufwpfckwpfavr#r&Sday? odk‹r[kwfolwdk‹udk vl‹avm

33
 uwGif qufvufxdef;odrf;xm;avmufatmif wefbdk;r&Sday?15[k jyif;jyif;xef
xefa&;om;xm;.?
jyifopfvlrsdK; aq;ynmqdkif&m cE<maAynm&Sif tDwD,Hqm&ufu vlrJa,mufsm;
rsm;.csufu atmufydkif;a&mufvGef;aeojzifh ‚if;wdk‹onf urBmOD;vlrsm;twdkif;&Sdae
ao;onf[k tjyif;txefjiif;cHkcJhavonf?
'g0ifESifh wpfacwfwnf;ay:cJhaom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D [JAfavmh(cf)tJvpfu tqifh
jrifhaomvlrsdK;ESifh tqifhedrfhaomvlrsdK;wdk‹ uGmjcm;-ua-umif; “odyH`enf;us”onf[laom
&Sif;vif;csufrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif;ay;xm;avonf?
tmz&duvlrsdK;uav;rsm;onf/ Oa&myvlrsdK;cav;rsm;xuf Om%fxufjrufr+ enf;jcif;udk
&Sm;&Sm;yg;yg;awG‹&ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkuav;rsm;u -uD;jyif;vmaomtcgwGifrl/ xkH
xdkif;EkHtjcif;/ &dk;&dk;ae&dk;&dk;pm;b0udkomodjcif;jzpfvmayonf? Oa&mywdkufom;rsm;wGif
16
olwdk‹.uav;b0rSjrL;wl;aysmf&GifwwfaomADZudk qufvufI&Sdjcif;udkawG‹&Sd&ayonf?
jyifopfvlrsdK;rEk\aA'ynm&Sif Agcsm 'D vmaygufu yg&DjrdK‹wGif 1909ckESpf
wGif&dkufxkwfaom Race et Milin Social Essais d'Anthroposociologie (Paris 1909)
wGif/ vljzLr[kwfolwdk‹onf vl&dkif;rsm;rSqif;oufvm-uolrsm;jzpfI/ ,Ofaus;r+udk
oif,lwwfajrmufjcif;r&SdcJh-uolrsm;jzpf-uonf? odk‹r[kwf aoG;a&mIaygufzGm;vmol
rsm;u aemifwGifqkwf,kwfoGm;cJholrsm;jzpf-uonf? ol.tqdkudk axmufcH&ef yg&DjrdKŒ
&Sd txufwef;v$mESifh atmufwef;v$mwdk‹. ocsõKif;rsm;rS OD;acgif;cGHrsm;udk wdkif;wmjcif;
jzifh oufaoxlavonf? ol.avhvmcsuft&/ “vlwdk‹.OD;aESmufcGHtwdkif;twmay: rl
wnfI/ tcsdKŒaomvlwdk‹onf -uG,f0csrf;omjcif;/ rdrdudk,fudk ,kH-unfr+&Sdjcif;/ vGwfvyf
pGmawG;ac:jcif; &Sd-u.? tjcm;olwdk‹rSmrlum;/ r,kwfrvGefjzpfI a&S;qef-ujcif;/ &o
r# &Sdor#ESifh wif;wdrfEdkif-ujcif;/ aumif;aomtapcHt&nftcsif;tm;vkH;ESifh jynfhpkHjcif;/
&Sd-uonf? vlwef;pm;onf vlr+a&;t& a&G;cs,fr+jzifh jzpfay:vmjcif;jzpfonf? vl‹tzGJ‹
tpnf;.txufwef;v$monf tqifhjrifhaomvlrsdK;rsm;rSqif;oufvm-uI/ olwdk‹.
OpPm"e-uG,f0r+twdkif;twmonf OD;acgif;cGHtwdkif;twmay:rlwnfaeayonf?” vm
aygufu/ Todk‹ a[mudef;xkwfxm;cJhavonf? “aemifvmrnfhESpfrsm;wGif vlwdk‹onf
olwdk‹. OD;acgif;rsm; vkH;0dkif;jcif; c|efjcif;wdk‹a-umifh tcsif;csif;owfjzwf-uvdrfhrnf”[k
qdk.?17 Ta[mudef;onfvnf; rSefuefcJhayonf? aemufvmrnfh pmrsufESmrsm;wGif/
20&mpkESpftwGif; vlrsdK;a&;a-umifh tkyfpkvdkuf owfjzwf-uonfudk zwf±+&ygvdrfhrnf?
rEk\aA'ynm±Sifrsm;omv#ifr[kwf/ ydk;r$m;aA'ynm±Sifrsm;onfvnf;/ a&yef;
pm;aeaom 'g0if. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'twdkif; ydk;r$m;rsm;ESifhywfoufI r,kH-unfEdkif
avmufaomtqdkrsm;udktcGifhta&;rv$wfbJ wifjycJh-uayonf? Oyrm/ 1861ckESpfwGif
t*FvdyfvlrsdK;ydk;r$m;aA'ynm±SifwpfOD;onf/ urBmay:&Sd vlrsdK;toD;oD;wdk‹.oef;rsm;udk
pkaqmif;avhvm-unfh&mwGif vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;.oef;onf tjcm;vlrsdK;.aoG;udkrpkwf
a-umif;awG‹&Sd&onf[kqdkonf? trSefrSm odyH`ynmt& ,if;tqdkonf t"dy`g,fuif;rJh
aomtqdkomv#ifjzpfayonf?18 odyH`ynm&Siftqifh&Sdolrsm;uyif xdkodk‹a-unmygu/
xufatmufpOf;pm;qifjcifjcif;uif;rJhol/ wpf,loefvlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;orm;iwkH;rsm;.
“eD*&dk;oef;u eD*&dk;bJjzpfonf”[laom qifjcifwkHw&m;uif;rJhI t"dy`g,fuif;rJhonfh
0g'jzef‹a-uG;a-umfoHonfvnf; tHh-op&mr&Sdawmhacs?
tcsKyftm;jzifh 'g0ifoDtdk&D. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tydkif;onf 19&mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif;
wGif tifrwefaumif;rGefaom tajccHudk &±Sdavawmhonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ xdk

34
tcsdefumvrsm;wGif Oa&mywdkufom; “vljzL”wdk‹onf/ olwdk‹usL;vGef-uaom jypfr+rsm;
udk w&m;0ifaprnfh oDtdk&Dudkom apmifhar#mfae-uaom tcdsefjzpfaoma-umifhwnf;?
jAdwdo#udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒ0g'ESifh 'g0if0g'
'g0if.oDtdk&Da-umifh tjrwftrsm;qkH;xkwfEdkifcJhaom EdkifiHonf ol.arG;Zmwd
EdkifiH jAdwdo#EdkifiHawmfyifjzpfavonf? 'g0ifu ol.oDtdk&Dudkwifjyonfhtcsdefumv
onf/ jAdwdo#EdkifiHu urBmay:wGif udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒtifyg,mt-uD;qkH; wnfaqmufae
onfhtcsdef jzpfayonf? tdEdN,rSvufwiftar&duwdkuftxd&Sd o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;udk
jAdwdo#tifyg,mu vuf0g;-uD;tkyfacgif;ykHjzwfaeaomtcsdefjzpfonf? “vljzL-uD;”u
urBmudk ol.tusdK;tjrwftwGuf t"rRvk,uf,laeayonf?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ jAdwdefEdkifiHrStp rnfonfhudkvkdeDe,fcsJŒwdkif;jynfurS/ rdrdwdk‹udk
o,HZmwypPnf;rsm;“vk,uf,lol”tjzpfrjrifapcsif-uonfhtjyif/ ordkif;vnf;rwGif
apvdk-uacs? xdk‹a-umifh olwdk‹.vkyf&yfonf rSefuefa-umif; w&m;0ifa-umif; jyEdkifrnfh
&Sif;vif;csufudk &Smae-uayonf? xdkodk‹aom &Sif;vif;csufonf udkvdkeDEdkifiHom;rsm;
udk “urBmOD;vlom;rsm;” odk‹r[kwf “wd&pm>efESifhwlaom ouf&SdowW0grsm;”tjzpf jyo
&ef jzpfayonf? Todk‹jzifh olwdk‹u tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfaeolrsm;ESifh vlrqefaom
vkyf&yfrsm;jzifh zdESdyfcHae&olrsm;udk vlom;rsm;tjzpfrjrifapbJ/ wd&pm>efwpf0uf vlom;
wpf0ufjzpfaomowW0grsm;tjzpfjyojcif;jzifh olwdk‹.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfaomvkyf&yf
rsm;udk jypfr+usL;vGefjcif;r[kwf[k jrifapvdkjcif;jzpfayonf?
trSefrSm/ xdkuJhodk‹&SmazGaecJhjcif;onf topftqef;r[kwfacs? 15&mpkESpfESifh
16&mpkESpfrsm;uwnf;u jzpfayonf? vlrsdK;tcsdKŒudk vlwpf0ufwd&pm>efwpf0uftjzpf
yxrqkH;wifjyolonf tar&duwdkufodk‹c&D;qef‹cJhaom c&pPwdkzg udkvrfbwfyifjzpfav
onf? ol.wifjycsuft&/ tar&duwdkufwdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf/ vltppfr[kwf-ubJ/
vlwpf0ufwd&pm>efwpf0ufjzpfaom owW0grsm;jzpfonf[l.? Todk‹jzifh e,fcsJŒpydefvl
rsdK;wdk‹.u|eftjzpf tvkyftau|;jyKapcJhavonf?
&kyf&SifZmwfum;rsm;wGif udkvrfbwfu tar&duwdkufudk awG‹&SdcJhpOfu wdkif;&if;
om;rsm;udk rnfr#jyLjyLiSmiSmt-uifemw&m;&SdpGmqufqHykH jyoaomfvnf;/ trSefpifppf
udkvrfbwfu xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk vlom;rsm;tjzpf rowfrSwfcJhacs?19
c&pPwdkzg udkvrfbwfonf -uD;us,faomtkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+t&Sdefudk pwif
cJholjzpfonf? udkvrfbwfonf olawG‹&Sdaome,fajrrsm;udk udkvdkeDe,fajrrsm;tjzpf zef
wD;jyD;/ wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk u|efjyKum u|efa&mif;0,fjcif;udk yxrOD;qkH;pwifcJhol jzpf
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jyD; ‚if;wdk‹u qufvufjyKusifh-uavonf? tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+onfvnf; r,kH-unf
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bwfyxr OD;qkH;a&mufpOfu 200000cef‹&Sdaomwdkif;&if;om; vlOD;a&onf/ ESpf20 t
wGif; 50000omv#ifusefawmhonf? 1540ckESpfwGifrl vlaygif; wpfaxmifom usef&pf
avonf? 1519ckESpfwGif pydefvlrsdK; aumwuftrnf&Sd uGefuGDpwda'gu rufpDudkodk‹
yxrOD;qkH;ajccscsdefwGif/ pkpkaygif;wdkif;&if;om;vlOD;a& 25oef;&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ 1605ck
ESpfa&mufaomtcg wpfoef;txdavsmhoGm;cJhonf? [pfygeDtdkvmu|ef;wGif 1492ckESpf
wGif vlOD;a& 7=8oef;cef‹&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ 1496ckESpfwGif 4oef;omusef&pfcJhavonf?

35
1570ckESpfwGifrl wdkif;&if;om; 125a,mufomusefawmhonf? ordkif;q&mrsm;.tqdkt
&/ udkvrfbwf tar&duwdkufodk‹ajccsonfhtcsdefrSpI udkvdkeDe,fcsJ‹rsm; wdkufESpfwdkufp
vkH;&SdvlOD;a&aygif; 95oef;txdowfjzwfcJhonf[k qdk.? udkvrfbwftar&duwdkuf
udkyxrqkH;ajccspOf vlOD;a& oef;30 &SdaomvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;rSm ,ae‹ 2oef;eD;yg;omusef
&pfojzifh/ aysmufuG,foGm;aomvlrsdK;[kyif orkwf-uayonf?
Tr#avmuf oem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJhpGmaom twdkif;twmtxd owfjzwfcJhjcif;
ta-umif;&if;rSm/ xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk vlom;tjzpfrjrifbJ wd&pm>efrsm;tjzpfjrif-u
jcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf?
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onf/ vlom;tm;vkH;onf urBmhyxrOD;qkH;bcif tm'rfrSarG;zGm;qif;oufvmonf[k
,kH-unf-uayonf? txl;ojzifh umaomvpfc&pf,mefomoem0ifrsm;u xdkuJhodk‹zsuf
qD;vk,ufr+rsm;udk yGifhyGifhvif;vif; qef‹usifcJh-uavonf? udkvrfbwfESifhtwl urBm
opfodk‹a&mufcJhaom csD,mywfrSbda&Smh bmwdkvkrf; 'Dvm umqyfu udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒorm;
rsm;.wifjycsufjzpfaom “wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf wd&pm>efwpfrsdK;jzpfonf”[laomt
csufudk acsycJhayonf? 1537ckESpfwGif wwd,ajrmufykyf&[ef;rif;-uD;aygvfu/ xdk
,kwf&if;-urf;wrf;&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhtvkyfudkvkyfaqmifolrsm;tm; -udrfqJI/ xdk
wdkif;&if;om;rsm;onf/ c&pf,mefomoemudk vufcH,kH-unfxdkufonfh vlom;ppfppfrsm;
jzpf-ua-umif; a-unmcJhavonf?20
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[laompmtkyfwGif/ 'g0if0g'/ e,fcsJŒ0g'ESifh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'wdk‹t-um;qufpyfr+t
a-umif;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
e,fcsJŒ0g'cH,lcsuftay: -oZmoufa&mufonfh tawG;tac:tkyfpkrsm;wGif/ “vlr+a&; 'g0if
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wGif touf&Sifaea&;twGuf tpOfwpdkufwdkufcdkuf &kef;uefae&ojzifh/ xdkodk‹aom &kef;uef
r+twGif; tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOft& tcsdKŒvlrsdK;rsm;onf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;xuf ydkItqifhjrifhonf
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.?

36
 t*FvdyfvlrsdK; obm0avmuynm&Sif csm;vfpf'g0if. 1859ckESpfxkwf rsdK;pkwdk‹ pwifjzpf
ay:jcif;pmtkyfESifh aemufydkif; 1871ckESpfxkwf vlom;rsm;qif;oufvm ykH (The Descent of
Man) pmtkyfESpftkyfu/ Oa&mywdkuf&SdtawG;tac:tajrmuftjrm;udk xdcdkufaponfh tjiif;
yGm;p&mtcsufudk pwifjzef‹jzL;cJhavonf? 'g0ifESifhtwl olESifhwpfacwfwnf;rS t*Fvdyf
tawG;tac:ynm&Sif [m;bwf pyifpm wdk‹u/ avmavmvwfvwfawG‹-uHKae&onfh odyH`
ynmtqifhxufausmfvGefaomjy\emrsm;wGif tokH;jyK-uonf? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wdk;wufzGH‹
jzdK;a&;wGif tokH;csEdkifqkH;jzpfaom 'g0if0g'.t"dutc&mtcsufrSm/ ydkv#HvGef;aom urBmh
vlOD;a&onf xdkr#aomvlOD;a&udk au|;arG;Edkifaomobm0tpGrf;r&Sdjcif;a-umifh/ tquf
rjywfwdkufcdkuf&kef;uef-u&rnf/ xdkwdkfufcdkuf&kef;uefjcif;wGif tiftm;-uD;olvufa&G;pOf
vlrsdK;u tEdkif&vdrfhrnf/ [laomtcsufjzpfayonf? Ttcsufonfyif xdkacwfu vlr+a&;
tawG;tac:ynm&Sifwdk‹udk/ vufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;a&; oabmxm;udkaxmufcH&ef 0efrav;ap
awmhay? xdkvufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;wdk‹onfvnf;/ trSefwu,f qufvufoufqdk;&SnfEdkif-u
&mwGif/ &oifh&xdkuf aomtcGifhta&;tjzpf vdyfjymoef‹oef‹ aeEdkifapavonf?
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*dkbifEsLu 1853ckESpfwGifa&;om;aom vlrsdK;rsm;t-um; uGmjcm; r+pmwrf;wGifaz:jyxm;
onfh aemufxyftawG;tac:wpfckESifh vG,fulpGm qufpyfoGm;avonf? *dkbifEsLu/ vl
om;wdk‹.wdk;wufr+twGuf ta&;-uD;qkH;t*Fg&yfrSm/ vlrsdK;rsm;jzpfonf[k qdkxm;onf?
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qkH;vlrsdK;jzpfonf? a[mhpwGef pwD;0g'f csrfbmvdefu xdkxufydkIxyfrHuGef‹vdkufjyefonf?
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21
ay;&if; tpDtpOftjynfh jzifh-udKqdkcJhavonf?
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e,fcJsŒwdk‹t-um;qufEG,fr+onf [pfwvmtxd&SdcJhavonf? 'g0if0g'onf 19&mpkESpf
wGif urBmudk aoG;jyifwGifepfjrKyfapcJhaom e,fcsJŒ0g'ESifh 20&mpkESpfwGif urBm-uD;udk xdk

37
enf;ESifESif aoG;jyifwGif epfjrKyfapcJhaom emZD0g'ESpfrsdK;pvkH;. tawG;tac:tajccH
jzpfayonf?
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acs? jAdwdefEdkifiH.npfywfaomEdkifiHa&;ay:vDpDrsm;teuf wpfckudkjyrnfqdkv#if/ w&kwf
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a&mufaeavjyD? w&kwftpdk;&onfvnf; ESpfaygif;tawmfrsm;rsm; csDwkHcswkefjzpfaecJh
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w&kwfEdkifiHtpdk;udkrGJjymusapawmhonf? ppfrsufESmwdkif;rSm wdkif;wpfyg; ppfwyfudk

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tiftm;aysmhnHhjcif;/ v,f,majrESifh pD;yGm;a&; t"duae&m
rsm;udk vufv$wf-u&jcif;/ ponfwdk‹a-umifh jynfolvlxku
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t"duw&m;cH pydefvlrsdK; aumwufwdk‹.ykH

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wpfckomv#ifjzpf.? 19&mpkESpfwav#mufvkH;wGif jAdwdo#e,fcsJŒatmufwGif awmiftm
z&du/ tdEdN,ESifh -opawvswdkufponfh e,fajrrsm;wGif tifrwefem-unf;bG,faumif;
aom zdESdyfr+cHcJh-u&onf?

38
 yifha'gif;vlOD;acgif;twkvkyfjcif;

jAdwdo#e,fcsJŒ0g'udk -oZmoufa&mufaphaqmfcJhaom pdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onfh vuQ

%mwpfckrSm/ yifha'gif;vlac:ausmuf jzpf&kyf-uGif;ESifhywfoufaomrausmfaumif;r-um;
aumif; &SufzG,faumif;onfh vdrfvnfr+twkvkyfjcif;jzpfayonf?
1912ckESpfwGif t*FvefEdkifiH yifha'gif;t&yfY xl;qef;aomOD;acgif;cGHwpfvkH;udk awG‹&Sd
cJhavonf? xdkOD;acgif;cGHudk awG‹&Sdonfh csm;vfpf a':qefESifhtzGJ‹u/ xdkOD;acgif;cGHonf
arsmuf0Hwpf0uf=vlwpf0ufjzpfaomowW0gOD;acgif;jzpfonf[k a-unm-uavonf?
tvGefausmf-um;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D cE<maA'ynm&Sif tmomupfu xdkOD;acgif;cGHudk
ppfaq;I twnfjyKcJhavonf?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ a':qefESifhupfwdk‹u ta&;-uD;onfhtcsufwpfcsufudk txl;jyK az:jy-u
onf? xdkOD;acgif;cGH.OD;aESmufae&monf acwfopfvlom;rsm;.OD;aESmufavmuf -uD;
rm;onf[kqdkonf? csufcsif;vufiif;yif yifha'gif;vl.OD;acgif;cGHonfvnf; jAdwdo#vl
rsdK;rsm;twGuf *k%f,lp&mtcsufjzpfoGm;avonf? t*FvefEdkifiHwGif awG‹&Sdojzifh t*F
vdyfvlrsdK;wdk‹. bdk;ab;yifjzpf&ayrnf? jAdwdo#vlrsdK;rsm;.tqdkt&/ xdkausmufjzpf
&kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;cGH. OD;aESmufyrm% ydk-uD;jcif;onf/ jAdwdo#vlrsdK;rsm;onf tjcm;vl
rsdK;rsm;xuftv#ifOD;I vljzpfvmcJhcsdefapmojzifh ydkrdkI tqifhjrifhayonf?
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wuf-uG-uavonf? owif;pmacgif;pD;rsm;wGif az:jy-uI/ vlxkuvnf; tkH;tkH;-uGuf
-uGufatmifyGJcHtcef;tem;rsm; usif;y-uavonf? jAdwdo#tpdk;&uvnf; tmomupf
udk qmbGJ‹csD;jr‡ifhvdkufavonf? emrnfausmf-um;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'D ausmufjzpf&kyf
-uGif;ynm±Sif 'Gef *sdK[efqefu yifha'gif;OD;acgif;cGHESifh e,fcsJŒ0g' t-um;qufpyfykHudk
az:jy xm;ayonf?
yifha'gif;awG‹&Sdcsufonf Oa&myom;rsm;udk A[dkjyKausmf-um;apjcif;tm;oef
aeonf? xdkausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;cGHomv#if xl;jcm;aejcif;r[kwfbJ t*F
vdyfvlrsdK;rsm;onfvnf; xl;jcm;pGmxl;c|efonf[k jyqdkaejcif;jzpfonf? (Don
Johanson, In Search of Human Origins, 1994 WGBH Educational
Foundation).
yifha'gif;vlausmufjzpf&kyf-uGif;OD;acgif;cGHrS t*Fvdyfwdk‹&&SdcJhaom pdwf"gwfwuf-uGjcif;
aphaqmfr+onf 1953ckESpftxdom oufqdk;&SnfcJhavonf? uif;euf tkwfuavqdkol
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onf? 20&mpkESpfrSt-uD;us,fqkH; vdrfvnftwkvkyfr+jzpfayonf? ‚if;ausmufjzpf&kyf
-uGif;rSm vlOD;acgif;cGHwGif O&efOwefarsmuf0Har;&dk;wyfxm;aom OD;acgif;cGHomv#if jzpf
ayonf?
39
 jAdwdefEdkifiH. xdkuJhodk‹aom zdESdyfr+rsm;udk w&m;0ifatmif aqmif&Guf&efrSm/ jAdwd
o#vlrsdK; vlr+a&;ynm&Sifrsm;ESifh odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹. wm0efjzpfavonf? ‚if;ynm&Sif
rsm;teuf csm;vfpf'g0ifonf ta&;t-uD;qkH;ESifh txda&mufqkH;yk*~dKvfjzpfayonf?
'g0ifu/ tDAdkvl;&Sif; wpfpwpfpajymif;vJr+jzpfpOfwpfav#mufvkH;wGif/ “tqifhjrifhaom
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xdkvljzLrsm;u tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk zdEdSyfjcif;onf “obm0ed,mr”omv#ifjzpfa-umif;
tqdk jyKcJhayonf?
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'g0ifudk “pD;yGm;a&;jydKifqdkifr+(z&D;x&dwf)trnfESifh toifhawmfqkH;vufa&G;pOftwGuf
&Sifoefa&;ta-umif;jycsufjzifh/ w&kwfEdkifiHodk‹ppfoabFmrsm;tay: bdef;wifydk‹cJhonfh
0dwdk&d,acwfrS oduQm&SdodyH`ynm&Sif”22 [k ausmf-um;onfhSwiss Federal Institute of
Technology rS p0pfvlrsdK;odyH`ynm±Sif yx0D0ifXmerSL;jzpfol uif;euf a*s ql; u
orkwfxm;avonf?
'g0if. wl&uDvlrsdK;wdk‹udk rkef;wD;r+
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reftifyg,mjzpf.?
xdkacwfumvwGif tdkwdkreftifyg,monf ,DrifEdkifiHrS abmhpfeD,m;=
[maZ*dkADem txdus,f0ef;aom e,fajrudk tkyfcsKyfaecsdefjzpfayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;
jidrf0yfydjym;pGmtkyfcsKyfEdkifpGrf;r&Sdawmhacs? c&pf,mefvlenf;pkwdk‹u vGwfvyfa&;trnf
jzifh x-uGykefuef-uavonf? ppftiftm;-uD;EdkifiHjzpfonfh &k&Sm;EdkifiHuvnf; tdkwdkref
tifyg,mudk csdef;ajcmufvsuf&Sdavonf?
xdk&mpkESpfaemufqkH;ydkif;wGif/ jAdwdefEdkifiHESifh jyifopfEdkifiHwdk‹u yl;aygif;I tdkwdk
reftifyg,mudk csdef;ajcmufavonf? jAdwdo#u tdkwdkreftifyg,m. awmifydkif;EdkifiH
rsm;udk rsufpdusvsuf&Sdonf? 1878ckESpfwGif csKyfqdkaom bmvifpmcsKyfonf Oa&my
udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒwdk‹u tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk cGJjcrf;vdkonfh tcsufrsm;yg0ifaeonf? aemif
5ESpft-umwGif/ tdkwdkreftifyg,mwGif;&Sd tD*spfEdkifiHudk jAdwdo#wdk‹0ifa&mufodrf;ydkuf
vdkufonf? jAdwdo#udkvdkeDe,fcsJŒu tdkwdkreftifyg,mwGif;&Sd ta±SŒtv,fydkif;a'orsm;
udk qufvufodrf;ydkuf&ef pDrHudef;csjyefonf?
jAdwdefEdkifiHtaejzifh/ xdkudkvdkeDe,fcsJŒay:vDpDtm;vkH;udk tpOfojzifh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;
a&;tay: tajccHxm;ayonf? jAdwdo#tpdk;&u tdkwdkreftifyg,m. A[dktcsuftcsm
vnf;jzpfaom tdkwdkrefwl&uDEdkifiHom;rsm;udk “acwfaemufus”olrsm;tjzpf az:jyavh
&Sdavonf?
jAdwdo#0ef-uD;csKyf 0DvD,rf tD0gwf *vufpwkH;u wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;onf vlom;
r[kwfao;aomowW0grsm;twGuf taumif;qkH;Oyrmjzpfonf/ olwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+t
wGuf tm&Swdkufodk‹wGef;ydk‹ypfI temwdkvD,mrS tjyD;tydkif; azsmufzsufypf&rnf[k
yGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajymcJh.?23
tdkwdkrefrsm;udk ±+wfcs0g'jzef‹&mwGif txufygpum;rsm;udk pdwfa&mudk,fyg t
okH;jyK-uayonf? wl&uDEdkifiHonf acwfaemufusaomEdkifiHjzpfaoma-umifh ydkrdkwdk

40
wuftqifhjrifhaomOa&myvlrsdK;rsm;udk acgif;ikH‹t±+H; ay;&rnfhEdkifiHjzpfonf[k jAdwdo#
tpdk;&u az:jyavh&Sdavonf?
xdk0g'jzef‹r+. “odyH`ynmtajccH”onfvnf; csm;vfpf 'g0ifyifjzpf.?
T0g'jzef‹csuftwGuf 'g0if. wl&uDEdkifiHESifhywfoufonfh a0zefcsufrsm;udk
1888ckESpfxkwf csm;vfpf 'g0if.b0ESifhay;pmrsm; (The Life and Letters of Charles
Darwin) [laompmtkyfwGif awG‹&Sd&ayonf? “acwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;rsm;”udk
azsmufzsufypfjcif;jzifh/ obm0.a&G;cs,fr+onf ,Ofaus;r+acwfwdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;a&;wGif
wu¾ yg0ifaqmif&Gufvdrfhrnf[k 'g0ifu tqdkjyK.? aemufydkif;wGif xdkodk‹azsmuf
zsufypf&rnfhacwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;rSm wl&uDEdkifiHom;rsm;jzpfonf[k twdtus pGyf
pGJcJhayonf?
obm0.a&G;cs,fr+jzifh ,Ofaus;r+wdk;wuf-uD;xGm;r+wGif wkdufcdkuf-ujcif;&Sdonfhtcsufudk
toifwdk‹0efcHvdkonfxufydkI vufawG‹jyEdkifygonf? vGefcJhonfh &mpkESpftenf;i,fwkef;
u wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;u Oa&myEdkifiHrsm;udk wdkufcdkufodrf;,lcJhonfudk owd&-uyg? ,QKtcsdef
wGif xdkuJhodk‹aomtjzpftysuftwGuf rnfr#&,fp&maumif;ygoenf;? ydkrdk,Ofaus;aom
aumhauqyfvlrsdK;rsm;u twGif;Y Avmewˆdtacgif;om&Sdaom wl&uDEdkifiH.touf quf
vuf&Sifoefa&;twGuf &kef;uefjcif;tjzpf wdkufcdkufodrf;,lvdkuf&rnf? TurBmavmu
wcGifvkH;wGif aemifvmrnfhwdkawmif;aomtcsdeftwGif;/ tqifhjrifhaomvlrsdK;rsm;u/ ra&
24
rwGufEdkifavmufonfh edrfhusaomvlrsdK;rsm;udk z,f&Sm;ypfvdkufEdkifawmhrnf?

41
T'g0if. t"dy`g,fuif;rJhonfhtqdkonf tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk zsufqD;ypf&ef jAdwdef
EdkifiHtwGuf 0g'jzef‹axmufcHcsuf vufeufjzpfcJh.? trSefrSmvnf; xdk0g'jzef‹vuf
eufonfvnf; xda&mufcJhayonf? 'g0if. “wl&uDEdkifiHonf r-umrDtwGif; jydKysuf
oGm;vdrfhrnf/ Tum; tDAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mryifjzpf.?”[laom pum;vkH;wdk‹onf/ jAdwdefEdkif
iHtwGif; wl&uDvlrsdK;rkef;wD;a&; 0g'jzef‹r+twGuf olwdk‹tajymt&odyH`enf;usaom
axmufcHcsufjzpfcJhayonf?

jAdwdefEdkifiH. 'g0ifa[mudef;udkvufawG‹usifhokH;vdkufjcif;onf tajccHtm;jzifh

yxrurBmppfwGif taumiftxnfpaz:cJhonf? xdkurBmppf-uD;onf 1914ckESpfwGif
pwifcJhI/ *smr%D/ -op-wD;,m=[efa*&Dwdk‹uwpfzuf/ r[mrdwfjzpfonfh jAdwdefEdkifiH/
jyifopf ESifh &k&Sm;EdkifiHwdk‹uwpfzuf yËdyuQjzpfaomppfyGJjzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ xdkppf
yGJ-uD;.t"du&nf&G,fcsufrSm/ tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk tjcrf;jcrf;cGJypf&efwGufudef; csxm;
jcif;jzpfayonf?
jAdwdefu tdkwdkreftifyg,mudk ppfrsufESmESpfzufrS pwifwdkufcdkufcJhavonf?
yxrppfrsufESmrSm ta&SŒtv,fydkif;a'o tdkwdkreftifyg,mjzpfonfh ygvufpwdkif;ESifh
tD&ufe,fajrbufrS pwifwdkufcdkufavonf? 'kwd,rSm *gvDydkvDppfrsufESmjzpfonf?
*gvDydkvDppfrsufESmonf yxrurBmppfrS t-uD;us,fqkH; aoG;tdkifcJhaomppfyGJjzpfav
onf? wl&uDppfwyfonf umeufumave,f *gvDydkvDwdkufyGJwGif jAdwdo# ppfwyfudk
cHwdkufcJh&m/ ppfom;aygif; 250000 txdtoufqkH;±+H;cJhavonf? jAdwdo#uvnf;
jAdwdo#tdEdN,ppfwyfESifh -opaw;vsESifh e,l;ZDvefEdkifiHrsm;rS wdkif;&if;om;ppfom;rsm;
udk pkaqmif;zGJ‹pnf;xm;aom tefZufppfwyfrsm;udk ydk‹I wdkufcJh.? xdkppfom;rsm;udkrl
tom;jzLvlrsdK;rsm;r[kwfojzifh jAdwdo#taejzifh tom;jzLppfom;rsm;xuf tqifhedrfh
aomvlrsdK;rsm;tjzpf owfrSwfxm;onf?
'g0if. wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;tay: &ufpufpGmt-urf;zufvdkonfha-uG;ausmfoHonf
yxrurBmppfjyD;onfhaemufwGifyif [def;usefaeao;onf? ,QKacwfOa&mywdkufwGif
wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;tm; wdkufcdkuf-uonfh eDtdkemZDtzGJ‹u 'g0if.t"dy`g,f uif;rJhonfh
wl&uD EdkifiHtay:rkef;wD;r+udk tajccHrltjzpf cH,lae-uqJjzpfonf? wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk
&efoltjzpf rkef;wD;onfh0g'jzef‹r+rsm;udk tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;wGif awG‹jrifEdkifyg
ao;onf? (aoG;acsmif;pD;apaom 'g0ifESifh[pfwvmwdk‹t-um;r[mrdwf tcef;wGif t
ao;pdwfzwf±+yg?)

42
 tar&duefEdkifiHrS vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'ESifh vlr+a&;'g0if0g'
vlr+a&;'g0if0g'onf/ jAdwdefEdkifiHwGifomr[kwfbJ tjcm;EdkifiHawGrSmvnf; vl
rsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;ESifh e,fcsJŒorm;rsm;udk taxmuftuljyKayonf? xdk‹a-umifh w
urBmvkH;odk‹ tvGefvsifjrefpGm ysHŒESH‹oGm;cJh.? xdkoDtdk&Dudk vufcHudk;uG,folrsm;.
acgif;aqmifwpfOD;rSm tar&duefEdkifiHorw oDtdk'dk &l;pAJhjzpfayonf? &l;pAJhonf/
tar&duef wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk/ jyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;tpDtpOftrnfjzifh/ rsdK;
jzKwftpDtpOfudk yxrOD;qkH;usifhokH;oljzpfayonf? “taemufzufe,frsm;udk atmifEdkif
jcif;” (The Winning of the West) pmtkyfwGif/ &l;pAJhu vltkyfvdkufowfjzwfjcif;
tawG;tac:udk wnfaqmufcJhavonf? xdkpmtkyfwGif/ tif'D,ef(tar&duwdkuf wdkif;
&if;om;rsm;)udk tjyD;ydkifvlrsdK;jzKwfypf&efta-umif;onf rvGJra&Smifomaomta-umif;
wpf&yfjzpf.25[k a&;om;xm;.? xdkwdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk acwfaemufusaom owW0g
rsdK;pkwpfcktjzpf olutqdkjyKEdkifatmif 'g0if0g'u usm;cHay;xm;ayonf?
&l;pAJhu -udKwifwGufxm;onfhtwdkif;/ xdktar&duefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh csKyfqdk
xm;cJhaom pmcsKyfrsm;udk wpfckwpfavr#yif tav;xm;*&kpdkufaep&mrvdkawmhacs?
,if;onfvnf; “acwfaemufusaomvlrsdK;”[laomtawG;tac:u ay;tyfonfh rSm;
,Gif;aomw&m;0ifjzpfapjcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf? 1871ckESpfwGif tar&duefuGef*&uf
u tar&duefwdkif;&if;om;rsm;ESifh csKyfqdkcJhaom pmcsKyftm;vkH;udk zsufodrf;ypfjyD;/ olwdk‹
udk aorif;e,fajrodk‹ aorif;udkapmifhqdkif;&ef ydk‹vdkuf&efqkH;jzwfcsufcsavonf? wpf
bufu ‚if;wdkif;&if;om;rsm;udk vlom;tjzpfvufcHjcif;r&Sdygu/ olwdk‹ESifh csKyfqdkxm;
aom pmcsKyfwdk‹onfvnf; rnfodk‹w&m;0ifawmhrnfenf;?
&l;pAJhu xdkvlrsdK;a&;ppfonf/ t*Fvdyfpum;ajymaomvlrsdK;(t*Fvdk=qufZefvl
rsdK;)rsm;wurBmvkH;ysHŒESH‹jcif;. tjrifhrm;qkH;atmifjrifr+jzpfonf[k wifoGif;cJh.?26
xdkt*Fvdk=qufZefvlrsdK;a&;tqdkudk yxrOD;qkH;axmufcHolrSm tar&duefvlrsdK;
tDAdkvl;&Sif;orm;w&m;"rRq&m *sdKqD,m pxa&mif;jzpfI ‚if;tawG;tac:udk wdkuf&dkuf
tokH;jyKcJh.? oluatmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?
xdktcsdefwGifrlum;/ urBm-uD;onf ordkif;wGif u¾opfodk‹a&muf&Sdrnf jzpf.? ,if;u¾
onf vlrsdK;a&;jydKifqdkifr+wGif/ t*FvdkqufZefvlrsdK;rsm;udkom a&G;cs,fvdkufjcif;yif jzpf.?
Ttiftm;-uD;aomvlrsdK;onf rufpDudktxdvnf;aumif;/ tar&dutv,fydkif;rS awmift
ar&dutxdvnf;aumif;/ yifv,fork'N&mtwGif;&Sdu|ef;-uD;u|ef;i,frStp tmz&duwdkuf
vGefI jyef‹yGm;a&mufoGm;-uvdrfhrnf[k a[mudef;xkwfxm;yg&ap? TaemufqkH;tajzonf/
27
“toifhawmfqkH; vufa&G;pif. &Sifoefa&;”r[kwf[k rnfolu oHo,±SdOD;rnfenf;?
vlr+a&;'g0if0g'udk olwdk‹.vkyf&yfrsm; w&m;0ifjzpfonf[k ta-umif;jy&eft
wGuf a&S;OD;pGmtokH;csolwdk‹rSm/ vlrJrsm;. &efolrsm;jzpfayonf? vljzLrsm;onf
tqifhtjrifhqkH;jzpfI vlrJrsm;onf urBmOD;vleD;eD;tqifhtedrfhqkH;jzpfonf[k owfrSwf
aom olwdk‹.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tawG;tac:onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk csufcsif;yif tm;&
0rf;ompGm vufcHaxG;ydkufvdkufayonf?28
TtawG;tac:t& vlrJrsm;onf vlom;r[kwf-uacs? 1962ckESpfxkwf vlrsdK;
rsm;.tp (The Origin of Race) pmtkyfwGif vlodrsm;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'DvlrsdK;cGJjcm;
a&;orm; umvufwGefuGef;u vljzLESifhvlrJrsm;onf [dkrdktD&ufwyfpfvufxufwGif ESpf
rsdK;cGJxGufvmcJhaom uGJjym;onfhrsdK;pdwfrsm;jzpfonf[k a&;xm;.? uGef;.tqdkt&

43
vljzLrsm;onf xdkuJhodk‹cGJxGufvmonfhtcsdefrSpI tDAdkvl;&Sif;ydkrdkajymif;vJvmcJh-uonf
[l.? vlrJrsm;tm; cGJjcm;onfhpdwf"gwfudk axmufcHtm;ay;onfhtkyfpku TodyH`enf;
usonf[lonfh &Sif;vif;csufudk tcsdefumv-umjrifhpGmtokH;cscJh-uavonf?

tar&duefEdkifiH orw&l;pAJhu
ola&;om;aom The Winning of
the West pmtkyfwGif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;
a&;t& tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+udk
pwif tajccHwnfaqmufI aemif
wGif vufawG‹usifhokH;cJh.?

vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'udk axmufcH
tm;ay;aomoDtdk&D&Sdaejcif;a-umifh tar&d
uefEdkifiHwGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&; -uD;xGm;vm
cJhavonf? vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;udk qef‹usifcJh
onfh W.E. Dubois u/ “ESpfq,f&mpkESpf
.jy\emonf vlrsdK;tom;ta&mifcGJjcm;
r+jy\emjzpfonf?”[ka&;om;cJh.? u|ef
pepfudkzsufodrf;jcif;wpfckwnf;u vljzL
ESifhvlrJrsm;t-um; nDtpfudkpdwf"gwfjzpf
ay:vmap&ef rvkHavmufacs? wdkawmif;
onfhtcsdeftwGif; csrSwfcJhaom cGJjcm;r+u
19&mpkESpfukefydkif;ESifh 20&mpkESpfOD;ydkif;wGif
tar&duefEdkifiHY vljzLrsm;u vlrJrsm;udk &uf
puf-urf;-uKwfpGm zdESdyfcJh-u.? Oya'ESifh
vufawG‹usifhokH;r+rsm;u vlrJrsm;udk vlom;
tjzpfrowfrSwf-ua-umif; az:jyaeayonf?
vljzLrsm;u -uG,f0csrf;omaomb0 wGif &Sdae
-uaomfvnf; vlrJrsm;rSm vlrqefavmuf
atmif jyKusifhjcif;udk cHcJh-u&.?

Oya't& u|Ekfyfwdk‹. acwfrSmvnf; xdk

od k ‹ aomjyKrl c suf r sm;twG u f t a-umif ;
jycsufaumif;wpfck jzpfaeao;onf?30

44
 tar&duefEdkifiHwGif yxrOD;qkH;jyXmef;aom "Jim Crow Laws" (Jim Crow qdk
aom pum;vkH;rSm vlrJwdk‹udk ESdrfaompum;wpfvkH;jzpfonf?) Oya'onf ,ae‹u|Efkyf
wdk‹.acwfwdkifatmif &Sdaeao;onf? vlrJrsm;udk vlom;uJhodk‹rqufqH-uacs? olwdk‹
udk tjrJwef;&GH&Smrkef;wD;-uonfhtjyif/ ae&mwumwGif txifao;-uonf? xdkuJhodk‹
jzpfjcif;onf yk*~dKvftcsdKŒ.vkyf&yfomr[kwfay? tar&duefEdkifiH. Oya't& jyXmef;
xm;aom tjyKtrljzpfayonf? wufeufpDjynfe,fY 1875ckESpfwGif rD;&xm;ESifh "gwf
&xm;rsm;wGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;Oya'udk yxrOD;qkH;jyXmef;vdkufonfESifh wjydKifwnf;
awmifydkif;e,frsm;tm;vkH;wGif rD;&xm;rsm;Y vlrsdK;t&cJGjcm;owfrSwfjcif;jyKvkyf-uav
onf? “vljzLrsm;om”[laomqdkif;bkwfum;csyfrsm;/ “vlrJrsm;twGuf”[laomqdkif;
bkwfum;csyfrsm;/ ae&mwumwdkif; awG‹jrif&avonf? ‚if;wdk‹tm;vkH;rSm eudk&SdaejyD;
jzpfaom tajctaeudk Oya't& w&m;0ifatmif jyKvkyfjcif;omv#if jzpfayonf? Oy
a't& vljzLvlrJcGJjcm;&efrSm aq;&kH/ tusOf;axmifESifh ocsõKif;rsm;wGif rvkyfrae& udpP
jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ vufawG‹wGif/ a[mfw,f/ Zmwf&kH/ pmzwfcef;/ "gwfavScg;ESifh
bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; usifhokH;-u.? ausmif;rsm;wGif xdkuJhodk‹ tom;ta&mif
cGJjcm;r+a-umifh trsm;qkH;xdcdkufepfemr+cHpm;&ayonf? ‚if;onf vlrJrsm;twGuf txd
cdkufqkH;tcsufjzpfI/ olwdk‹. ,Ofaus;r+zGHŒjzdK;a&;twGuf t-uD;qkH;aom t[ef‹twm;
jzpfaeayonf?

45
 vlrsdK;a&;cGJjcm;r+pwifuwnf;upI t"du&k%f;ajrmufjrm;pGm vdkufvmawmh
onf? vlrJrsm;udk vltkyfjzifh w&m;vufv$wfowfjzwfr+rsm; ae‹csif;ncsif;wdk;vmav
onf? 1890ckESpfrS 1901ESpftxd vlrJOD;a&aygif; 1300cef‹ w&m;vufv$wftowfcH&
onf? xdk‹a-umifh jynfe,ftajrmuftjrm;wGif vlrJrsm; x-uGykefuefavonf?
TumvtwGif;Y vlrsdK;a&;tawG;tac:ESifh oDtdk&Drsm;jzifh jynfheufvsuf&Sd.?
r-umrD/ tar&duwdkufopfodk‹ xdef;odrf;jcif;uif;rJhaom vl0ifr+udk umuG,f&ef[k ,
r,f&SmI tm&fbDbif;.OD;acgif;cGHwdkif;wmenf;jzpfaom tar&duefvlrsdK;a&;qefonfh
ZD0aA'ay:aygufcJhjyefonf? Tonfvnf; tar&duefwdk‹. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;vkyf&yfwGif
xl;jcm;csufwpfckjzpfayonf? 1916ckESpfxkwf r,f'Dqef *&ef‹. The Passing of the
Great Race pmtkyfwGif vlrsdK;ESpfrsdK;pyf,Sufaygif;pyfjcif;jzifh eudktqifhedrfhaeaomvl
rsdK;xuftqifhedrfhaomvlrsdK;wpfrsdK; xyfay:vmvdrfhrnf[k a&;om;xm;onf? ol‹tae
ESifh rwlaomvlrsdK;csif; vufxyfjcif;udk Oya't& wm;jrpfapvdkjcif;jzpfonf?31
tar&duefEdkifiHwGif/ vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'onf 'g0ifray:rDuwnf;u &SdjyD;om;
jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ txufu u|Efkyfwdk‹az:jycJhjyD;onfhtwdkif;/ 'g0if0g'onf 19
&mpkESpf'kwd,ydkif;wGif vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tjrifESifh ay:vDpDrsm;udk axmufcHtm;ay;a-umif;
xif&Sm;ayonf? Oyrm/ Ttcef;wGifaz:jyonfh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'Drsm;u olwdk‹.t
jrifudk a&SŒwef;wifwdkif; 'g0if0g'udk 0g'jzef‹a-uG;ausmfoHtjzpf tokH;jyK-uonf? 'g
0ifrwdkif rDacwfrsm;wGif &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonf[k,lqcJhaom tawG;tac:rsm;onf/
,cktcsdefwGif obm0w&m;omv#ifjzpfonf[k vufcH-uavjyD?
'g0if0g'Dwdk‹. vlrqefaom ay:vDpDrsm;
tabmf&D*sif;vlrsdK;rsm;udk rsdK;okOf;owfjzwfjcif;
-opaw;vsEdkifiHrS wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;rsm;udk tabmf&D*sif;[kac:-uonf? T
vlrsdK;rsm;onf -opaw;vswdkufwGif ESpfaygif;axmifESifhcsDI aexdkifcJh-uolrsm;jzpfonf?
olwdk‹onf Oa&mywdkufom;rsm; -opaw;vswdkufodk‹ 0ifa&muftajccsaexdkifuwnf;u
pI urBmhordkif;wGif t-uD;us,fqkH;aom vlrsKd;a&;okwfoifowfjzwfjcif;cHcJh-u&.?
xdkowfjzwfr+-uD;. tajccHtawG;tac:rSm 'g0if0g'jzpfayonf? TvlrsdK;wdk‹cHpm;cJh&
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32
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46
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47
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35
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48
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36
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49
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37
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50
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38
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39
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40
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tdkwmbif*gudk vlom;wpfa,muftjzpfqufqH&ef awmif;qdkaom aemufxyf
av#mufv$mwpfapmifonfvnf; atmufygtwdkif;jzpf.?
vlom;ESifharsmufwdk‹udk jyojcif;udk omoemh"rRq&mu uef‹uGufonf?
"rRq&ma'gufwm ruftmomu xdkjyuGufonf ,kwfnHhaomvkyf&yfjzpfonf[k jrif.?
“TjyuGufudk tpDtpOfvkyfolonf ol‹udk,fol xdktmz&duom;.tqifhodk‹edrfhusaponf
[k a'gufwm ruftmomuajym.? “Tvli,fav;udk wd&pm>eftjzpfjyKvkyfxm;rnfh
tpm;/ ol‹udk bk&m;ocifuay;aom tpGrf;tprsm;udk zGH‹jzdK;apatmif pmoifausmif;wGif tyf
xm;oifhygonf?”

51
 a'gufwm*Dvfbwfuvnf;/ xdkjyuGufonf a'goxGufp&mjzpfaeojzifh olESifhtwl tjcm;
"rRq&mrsm;tm; a'gufruftmomESifhyl;aygif;I ‚if;awmom;vlrJuav;udk arsmufavSmif
41
tdrfrSxkwfI tjcm;ae&mwGifxm;&ef aqmif&Gufrnf[k ajymqdk.?
tufpuDrdkrsm;ESifh vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;0g'usifhokH;jcif;
1897ckESpfwGif emrnfausmftmwdwfpuf0dkif;okawoeynm&Sif a&mbwfyD,m&Donf ajrmuf0if&dk;
pGef; tufpuDrdkvlrsdK;tcsdKŒudk e,l;a,mufjrdKŒodk‹ac:aqmifvmcJhavonf? xdktkyfpkxJwGif ti,fqkH;
rSm rDepftrnf&Sduav;i,fwpfa,mufvnf; ol.zcifESifhtwl ygvmcJh.? olwdk‹udk tar&duef
obm0ordkif;jywdkufwGif ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm jyoxm;cJh-uonf? rDepf.zcifrSm emzsm;rusef; jzpfI
aoqkH;oGm;&m rDepfrSm tumtuG,fr&Sd e,l;a,mufjrdKŒwGif wpfudk,fwnf;txD;xD;usef&pfcJh&Sm
onf? wpfae‹wGif ol‹taz.tavmif;t&dk;pkudk tar&duefobm0ordkif;jywdkufwGif “rsdK;pdwf
rsm;.erlemwpfck”tjzpf jyoxm;onfudk awG‹cJhavonf? ol‹zcif.&kyftavmif;t&dk;pkudk jyef
awmif;aomfvnf; jywdkuft&m&Sdrsm;u jiif;qefcJhavonf?
rDepf.b0vrf;a-umif;wGif rSwfom;oifhonfhtcsufwpfcsufrSm xdktufpuDrdkwdk‹udk e,l;a,mufjrdKŒ
okd‹ac:aqmifvmcJhonfh okawoeynm&Sifjzpfaom a&mbwfyD,m&Donf vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tjrif&Sdol
wpfOD;jzpfonfhtcsuf jzpf.? olonf tufpuDrdkwdk‹ESifhtwl aexdkifcJhaomfvnf;/ olwdk‹udk olESifh
wef;wlonf[k rxifcJhacs? yD,m&D.tqdkt&/ tufpuDrdkESifh eD*&dk;wdk‹onf tqifhedrfhaom vlrsdK;
rsm;jzpfonf[kqdk.? olwdk‹onf usef;rmoefpGrf;I/ Om%fxufjruf-uum olwdk‹.tdrfaxmifpkudk
aumif;rGefpGm &SmazGa-uG;arG;Edkif-uaomfvnf;/ vljzLrsm;avmuf raumif;acs? wpfcsdefu olonf
atmufygtwdkif; ,kwfrmpGma&;om;cJhbl;.? “u|Ekfyfudk vlawGu = tufpuDrdkrsm;onf urBm-uD;
twGuf rnfodk‹tokH;us-uygoenf;[k r-umc%ar;-uygonf? olwdk‹onf pD;yGm;a&;t& bmrSt
okH;rus-uyg? aemufxyfwpfcku olwdk‹rSm &nfrSef;csuf[lI r&Sd-uyg? olwdk‹.oufwef;udk ajr
acG;twdkif;bJ wefbdk;xm;-uonf? ‚if;onfolwdk‹&JhADZrSvmaom trltusifhawGjzpfygonf?” xdk
tufpuDrdk ajcmufa,mufudk e,l;a,mufjrdKŒodk‹ tb,fha-umifhac:aqmifvmcJhoenf;? xdktufpuDrdk
wdk‹onfvnf; ol,Qifu pkaqmif;,liifcJhaomt&dk;pkerlemuJhodk‹ rsdK;pkerlemtjzpfac:vmjcif;omjzpf
ygvdrfhrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkt&dk;pkrsm;xuf ydkIpdwf0ifpm;zG,faumif;onfrSm olwdk‹. udk,fwGif;Y
aoG;pD;aeao;jcif;yifjzpfayonf?
ol‹rSm olod-uGrf;aom tufpuDrdkwdk‹.
tavmif;udk pGJvrf;wwfonfhOyg'gef
vnf;&Sdao;onf? xdktufuDrdkwdk‹.
tavmif;rsm; ocsõKif;xJwGifrykwfodk;
ukefrD xkwf,l&Sif;vif;I t&dk;pkrsm;udk
e,l;a,mufjrdKΠjywdkufwGif wefqmqif
xm;&ef ,laqmifvmcJh.?
rDepf/ tdkwmbif*gtjyif trnfrod
aomtjcm;vlaygif;tajrmuftjrm;wdk‹
onfvnf;/ “tqifhedrfhaom” vlom;
rsm;udk &SmazGae-uonfh odyH`ynm&Sifwdk‹
. vlrqefaom&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGm
jyKusifh jcif;udk cHcJh-u&.?

52
 TuJhodk‹vlrqefaomvkyf&yfwdk‹. aemufqkH;tajzrSm/ tdkwmbif*gu ol‹udk,f
ol owfaovdkufonfhtjzpfoma&mufcJhavonf? Tae&mwGif vlom;wpfa,muf.
toufqkH;±+H;jcif;xuf jy\emydkI-uD;rm;ayonf? Ttjzpftysufonfyif/ 'g0if0g'D
wdk‹u &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfI &dkif;pdkif;aomvkyf&yfrsm;udk vufawG‹usifhokH;-ua-umif; xif
&Sm;onfh Oyrmwpfckjzpfaeayonf?
vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;pdwfaepdwfxm;OmOf qufvuf&Sdaeao;I/
'g0ifxHrStiftm;udk tokH;jyK-uonf?

53
 tqifhjrifhjcif;onf aoG;rSrvm/ trltusifhrSvm.
vlom;rsm;onf/ wd&pm>efrS wpfqifhjyD;wpfqifh wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;vmI/ tcsdKŒvlrsdK;
rsm;onf wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+ jyD;jynfhpkHum/ tcsdKŒvlrsdK;rsm;rSm wd&pm>efrsm;ESifheD;pyfaeao;o
jzifh vl‹ordkif;wGif ysufpD;r+udkom aqmifusOf;ay;onf[k 'g0ifu wifjyxm;avonf?
'g0if.TowfrSwfcsufudk vufcHolwdk‹onf tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;udk -uifemoem;jcif; uif;
rJhum&ufpufpGm zdESdyfEdSrfeif;-uayonf? olwdk‹udk tcufcJqkH;b0wGif aexdkifapI/ rsdK;
jzKwfowfjzwfonftxd jyKusifh-uayonf?
&J&ifhaomurBmopfrsm;[kt"dy`g,f&onfh Brave New Worlds pmtkyfudka&;om;
ol b&dkif;tJyJvf,m'fu vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;wGif udef;atmif;aeonfh &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf
aompdwfaepdwfxm;ESifh/ ‚if;rS&&Sdaomtajzrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf[k az:jy
xm;.?
vlwdk‹u oifhtm;rnfonfhta-umif;jycsufESifhrqdk/ t,lonf;r+jzifhjzpfap/ odyH`enf;jzifhjzpf
ap/ tqifhydkedrfhaomowW0gjzpfonf[k qkH;jzwfonfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ oifhtay:wGifjyKusifh
rnfh&ufpufr+rsm;onf twdkif;twmr&SdbJjzpfvdrfhrnf? xdkodk‹&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfpGm jyKusifh
vdkufjcif;udkvnf; tjynfht0w&m;onf[k,lqvdrfhrnf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf tjcm;vl
om;wpfa,mufudk tqifhedrfhonf[k ,kH-unfjcif;onf xdkoludk raumif;/ tEW&m,f&Sdonf/
odk‹r[kwf tqifhydkjrifhaomowW0gudk tEW&m,fay;vdrfhrnf[k ,lqjcif;xuf tenf;i,f
tqifhjrifhjcif;a-umifh jzpfayonf? tcsdKŒaomolwdk‹u xdk‘tqifhedrfhaom’olwdk‹onf vlom;
avmuwpfckvkH;. usef;rmoefpGrf;r+ESifhtoufudk tEW&m,fjyKvdrfhrnf[kyif 0g;vkH;&Snf
&ef;jcKHIowfrSwf-uayvdrfhrnf? xdk‹aemuf oif;uGyfjcif;/ vufxyfjcif;udk uef‹owfjcif;
rsm;jyKvkyfvdrfhrnf? vlom;rsdK;pkudk wdkufcdkufrnfhtEW&m,fESifh tqifhjrifholvlom;wdk‹.
42
*k%foduQmudk umuG,fonf[k ta-umif;jy&if; owfjzwfr+yifvkyf-uvdrfhrnf?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ vlom;tm;vkH;udk nDwlnDr#zefqif;xm;ayonf? vlwdkif;udk
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf(bk&m;ocif)u zefqif;xm;onf? uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfu vl
om;rsm;udk zefqif;jcif;ESifhywfoufI Todk‹a-ujimxm;.?
t-uift&Sifjrwfonf rdrdzefqif;awmfrlcJhaomt&m0wˆKwdkif;udk aumif;rGefpGm
jyKvkyfzefqif;awmfrlcJh.? ‚if;jyif xdkt&Sifjrwfonf vlom;tm; zefqif;jcif;
udk ±$HŒnGefjzifh tpjyKawmfrlcJh.? xdk‹aemuf xdkt&Sifjrwfonf xdkvlom;.
tquftEG,fwdk‹udk n‡pfxkwfxm;aom tzdk;rwefaoma&jzifh jyKvkyfzefqif;
awmfrlcJh.? xdk‹aemuf xdkt&Sifjrwfonf ‚if;tm; aexm;usepGm jyKvkyfawmf
rlI ‚if;(. cE<mudk,ftwGif;)Y rdrdtxHawmfrS toufZD0defudk r+wfoGif;awmfrl
cJh.? (pl&mtvfp*sf'[f 32;7=9)?
txufyg tm,wfawmfrsm;twdkif;/ vlom;rsm;onf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfr+wf
oGif;ay;xm;aom toufZD0def0dnmOfudk aqmifxm;-uayonf? vlom;wdkif; vlrsdK;r
a&G; pOf;pm;jcif;/ tm&kHcHpm;jcif;/ cspfjcif;/ emusifjcif;udkcHpm;jcif;/ pdwfv+yf&Sm;jcif;/ cspf
jcif;arwWmw&m;udk od&Sdjcif;/ oem;-uifem *&k%mw&m;&Sdjcif; ponfwdk‹&Sd.? vlom;
wdkif;onf Edkifvdkrif;xufzdESdyfn‡Of;yef;jcif;/ txifao;yrmrxm;jcif;/ tcuftcJ&Sdjcif;/
ponfwdk‹udkvnf; od.? xdk‹a-umifh/ ordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;onf
wd&pm>efwpf0ufowW0gjzpfonf[k ,kH-unfI wpfOD;OD;avmufudkyif ESdyfpufuvl jyKyg
u/ xdkodk‹jyKusifhol/ usL;vGefol/ zdESdyfol/ acgif;ykHjzwfolESifh rrSefuefvkyf-uHxm;aom

54
oufaoom"ursm;jyI axmufcHtm;ay;olwdk‹onf olwdk‹rodaomfvnf; -uD;us,faom
jypfr+i&Judk usL;vGefjcif;yif jzpfayonf?
u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfwGif/ tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;ESifhpmv#if ,Ofaus;r+t& acwfaemufus
aeao;aom vlrsdK;rsm;vnf;&Sdao;onf? olwdk‹tm;vkH;onf vlom;.t*FgvuQ%mrsm;
tm;vkH;jynfhpkHpGm&Sd-u.? odk‹aomfvnf; urBmudkpdk;rdk;aeonfh enf;ynmESifh,Ofaus;r+ydkif;
wGif avsmhenf;r+&Sdae-uonf? olwdk‹aexdkifonfht&yfa'. obm0tajctaeESifh &moD
Owkt&/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;tawmfrsm;rsm;wdk‹onf usefwdk;wufaomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;,Ofaus;
r+trsm;pkwdk‹ESifha0;uGmvsuf&Sd-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; olwdk‹wpfOD;csif;wGif vlom;
wdk‹. t*Fg&yfrsm;/ xkH;wrf;"avhrsm;/ tusifhpm&dwWrsm;ESifh jynfhpkH-uayonf? rorm
onfh&nf&G,fcsuf&Sdolrsm;ESifh vlrsdK;cJGjcm;jcif;wGif tjrwfxkwfEdkifr+udk tm;usvufcHol
rsm;onf/ 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk pdwf0ifpm;pGmzufvJwuif;vufcHI/ xdkuJhodk‹aom tjcm;vl
om;rsm;ESifhjcm;em;jcif;r&Sdolrsm;udk/ edrfhusonfhvlrsdK;rsm;[lIvnf;aumif;/ ,kwfpGtqkH;
wd&pm>efrsm;jzpfonf[lIvnf;aumif; owfrSwf-u.? xdktjrifa-umifh/ ,ae‹vuf&Sd
acwfwGifyif/ acwfaemufusaeao;aomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udk vlom;tjzpfvkHavmufpGm zGH‹
jzdK;r+r&Sdao;aom owW0grsm;jzpfonf[k zdESdyfpufqkyfolrsm;vnf; ay:aygufaeao;.?
odk‹aomfvnf; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlrsdK;cGJjcm;jcif;udk vkH;0wm;jrpfxm;.?
tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf vlom;wdkif;udkzefqif;xm;jyD;/ rwlnDuGJjym;aomtom;ta&mif
ESifh ajymqdkaombmompum;trsdK;rsdK;jzpfay:aponf? ,if;onfuyif tv†m[ft&Sif
jrwf. zefqif;jcif;.tEkynmESifhuJGjym;jcm;em;jcif;udk jyqdkjcif;jzpfayonf? uk&ftmef
usrf;awmfjrwfwGif/
xdkrSwyg; xdkt&Sifjrwf.oufaovuQ%mawmfrsm;teufrSyif rdk;aumif;uif
rsm;ESifh yx0Dajrudk zefqif;awmfrljcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ toifwdk‹. bmomp
um;ESifh taoG;ta&mifwdk‹ uGJjym;jcm;em;jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ pifppfTonf
ynm&Sdokcrdefwdk‹tzdk‹ trSefyifoufaovuQ%mrsm;onf &Sdacsonf?
(pl&mt&f&l;rf 30;22)

tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. tjrifwGif vlwpfOD;.tqifhjrifhjcif;onf/ xdkol. tusifh

pm&dwWaumif;rGefjcif;/ tjypf'kp&dkuftm;vkH;ESifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk ykefuefjcif;/ t
usifhpm&dwWysufjym;jcif;ESifhaoGznfjcif; ponfwdk‹udk a&SmifusOfjcif;tjyif/ t&Sifjrwfudk
c0wfqnf;uyfjcif;w&m;"rRESifhjynfhpkHjcif;rsm;tay:wGif rlwnf.? xdkt&Sifjrwfudk
qnf;uyfudk;uG,fr+ESifh w&m;"rRudkvdkufemusifh-uHoDvaqmufwnfr+uvGJI tjcm;rnf
onfht&murS jrifhjrwfjcif;tqifhudk r&±SdEdkifacs? TtcsufESifhywfoufI uk&ftmef
usrf;awmfjrwfwGif atmufygtwdkif; rdef‹qdkxm;awmfrl.?
tdk=vlcyfodrf;wdk‹/ {uefrvGJ igt&Sifjrwfonf toifwdk‹tm; a,mufsm;wpf
a,muf/ rdef;rwpfa,mufrS pwifzefqif;awmfrlcJh.? xdk‹jyif igt&Sifjrwfonf
toifwdk‹tcsif;csif; wpfOD;udkwpfOD; cGJjcm;odjrifrSwfrd-utHhaomiSm vlrsdK;pkt
oD;oD;/ rsdK;EG,ftoG,foG,fjyKvkyfawmfrlcJh.? {uefpifppf toifwdk‹teufrS
(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwftm;) ta-umuf&GHŒqkH;/ tjypfrsm;rS trsm;qkH; -uOfa&Smifol
omv#if tv†m[ft&SifjrwftxHawmfY tjrifhjrwfqkH;aomoljzpf.? pifppfwpf
rlum; tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfonf todawmfrlqkH;/ t-um;awmfrlqkH;t&Sif jzpfawmf
rlayownf;? (pl&mtvf[k*s&mwf 49;13)

55
56
 aoG;acsmif;pD;apaom 'g0ifESifh [pfwvmwdk‹t-um; r[mrdwf
emZD0g'onf yxrurBmppfwGif ppf±+H;ojzifh &kwf&if;qefcwf ±+wfaxG;ae
onfh *smr%DEdkifiHY pwifay:aygufcJh.? ygwDacgif;aqmifrSm tvGefa'go-uD;I &efvdk
aom tma'ghzf[pfwvmjzpfonf? vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;onf [pfwvm. tajccHurBmhtjrif
jzpf avonf? [pfwvmu/ *smr%DEdkifiH. t"duvlrsdK;jzpfonfh tm&d,efvlrsdK;onf
usefvlrsdK;rsm;tm;vkH;xuf jrifhjrwftqifhjrifhojzifh xdkolwdk‹udk tkyfpdk;&rnfhvlrsdK;jzpf
onf[k ,kH-unfonf? olu tm&d,efvlrsdK;onf urBmhtifyg,mudk wnfaxmifI
ESpfaygif; wpfaxmif pdk;rdk;tkyfcsKyfEdkifvdrfhrnf[k pdwful;,OfcJhavonf?
[pfwvmu ol.vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;oDtdk&DtwGuf 'g0if. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk
odyH`enf;usaxmufcHay;rnfhoDtdk&Dtjzpf awG‹&Sdavonf?
[pfwvm.ta&;-uD;qkH;tawG;tac:ykHpHoGif;ay;ol *smrefvlrsdK;ordkif;ynm&Sif
[if;&dcsf AGef x&pfcsfauonf 'g0if. tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk tvGef-udKufESpfoufojzifh
'g0if. vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;tjrifrsm;ay:wGif tajccHIykHpHoGif;avonf? olu “'g0if.
toifhawmfqkH;olu toufqufvuf±Sifonf [laomtqdktwdkif;/ EdkifiHrsm;onf &kef‹
&if;-urf;wrf;pGm,SOfjydKif-urSomv#if wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;Edkifonf?”[kajymavh&Sd.? qdkvdk&if;
rSm rqkH;EdkifaomppfyGJrsm;wdkufcdkuf-u&rnf? ol‹tjrifonf “'g;jzifhpdk;rdk;jcif;onf ,Of
aus;r+acwfudk &dkif;pdkif;r+odk‹ac:aqmifjcif;jzpfI/ todynmudk ynmrJhjcif;odk‹ac:aqmif
jcif;yifjzpfayonf?” ol.tawG;wGif “vl0grsm;onf tEkynmtpGrf;ESifh EdkifiHa&;vGwf
vyfr+udk rodem;rvnf-uacs? vlrJrsm;.b0uH-urRmonf vljzLrsm;udk tusdK;aqmif
-u&efomjzpfI/ vljzLrsm;. xm0pOfpufqkyfjcif;ypfrSwfjzpf-uonf?”43
[pfwvmu ol.oDtdk&DtawG;tac:rsm;udk -uHqaecsdefwGif/ x&pfcsfauuJhodk‹
yif 'g0if. touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf&rnf[laomtawG;tac:udk ul;,lvsuf&Sd
.? trnfqdk;jzifhausmf-um;aom Mein Kampf (u|Ekfyf. &kef;uefr+)[kac:aom ol.
pmtkyfonf touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf&rnf[laomtawG;tac:. aphaqmfr+t
rsm;qkH;yg0ifayonf? 'g0ifuJhodk‹yif [pfwvmonfvnf; Oa&mywdkufom;r[kwfaom
vlrsdK;wdk‹udk arsmuftqifhYom xm;.? “aemf'pf*smrefvlrsdK;rsm;udk z,fxm;vdkufygu/
urBm-uD;wGif arsmuf0Hrsm;uckefaejcif;omusefayonf?”[k [pfwvmuqdk.?44
1933ckESpf EL&ifbg*fjrdKŒygwDtiftm;jyyGJwGif/ [pfwvmu “tqifhjrifhaomvl
rsdK;u tqifhedrfhwJhvlrsdK;udk vufatmufcHtjzpfoGwfoGif;&w,f? 'Dtcsufudk odyH`ynm
rSmtajccHxm;jyD;wJhtcsufjzpfvdk‹ obm0u ay;wJhtcGifhta&;jzpfw,f?”[k a-unmcJh
.?45
tm&d,HvlrsdK;rsm;. tqifhjrifhjcif;udk ,kH-unfonfh [pfwvmonf/ xdktqifh
jrifhjcif;onf obm0uay;aomtcGifhta&;jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf.? Mein Kampf pm
tkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;xm;ayonf?
*sL;vlrsdK;rsm;onf vlom;wpf0ufomjzpfao;aomvlrsdK;jzpfonf? aemf'pfvlrsKd;rsm;udk jrifh
jrwfaomtqifhwGifwifxm;ouJhodk‹ olwdk‹.yifudkADZtarGt& aumuf-upfpOf;vJolrsm;
46
jzpf-uonf?

57
 [pfwvmonf/ vl
om;rsm;udk tjrifhrm;qkH; zGH‹
jzdK;jyD;aomwd&pm>efrsm;t
jzpfvufcH,kH-unfxm;ol
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58
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47
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59
rdkjrefqefvmvdrfhrnf[k t-uHjyKcJhavonf? xdk‹xufru/ tem-uD;a&m*gonfrsm;/ uif
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48
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60
 olr# ar#mfrSef;awG;qEdkifjcif;r&Sdonfh usef;rmoefpGrf;aomvlom;rsm;tjzpf zGH‹jzdK;oGm;rnf
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49
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61
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53
tac:wdk‹onf tH0if*GifusjzpfoGm;ykH&onf[k u|Ekfyfxifygonf?

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 TtcsufESifhywfoufI a*smhpwdef;u &Sif;jyxm;.?
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54
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55
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cJhonf[k xif&.? [pfwvmu tqifhjrifhonfhvlrsdK;rsm;u tqifhedrfhonfhvlrsdK;rsm;

64
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57
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awmif &Sdw,f?59 [k ajymcJh.?

65
 'JeD,,fvf *wfprefu [pfwvmonftDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D. ZD0qdkif&m tcsufudk
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aom “trsdK;om;qdk&S,fvpf0g'. odyH`qdkif&mtajccH” (The Scientific Origins of
National Socialism) pmtkyfwGif az:jyxm;onf?

66
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60
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(tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf)wnf&Sdjcif;udk jiif;y,fI vlom;wdk‹onf wd&pm>efrsm;rSqif;ouf
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opPm*wd&Sd&efESifhtcsif;csif;,dkif;yif;ulnD-u&ef tjrJwef;wdkufwGef;E+d;aqmf-uayonf?

67
68
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71
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&&SdcJhavonf?

72
 &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfI zdESdyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;jzifh ordkif;wGifavaom rdkqdkvDeDonf/
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zufqpf0g'qdkwm vGwfajrmufa&;twGufr[kwfawmhbl;? &ufpufjcif;jzpfw,f? EdkifiH
awmf&Jh&efolab;rS umuG,fzdk‹r[kwfawmhbl;? yk*~vdutusdK;tjrwfrsm;udk umuG,fjcif;
63
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tm;-uD;olESifh&ufpufolu rSefuefonfhtjyif tqifhjrifh.? T0g'wGif atmifjrifjcif;
ESifhzGH‹jzdK;r+u -urf;wrf;./ &ufpuf./ jyif;xef./ ppfvnf;jzpf&.? ‚if;wdk‹tm;vkH;
onf/ 'g0ifwifjyxm;aom “tiftm;-uD;ol&Sif/ tm;enf;olao”[laomtqdka-umifh vl‹
toufaygif;oef;ESifhcsDI aoa-uysufpD;cJh&jcif;jzpf.?

73
zufqpf0g'D z&efudkESifh pydefEdkifiHwGif
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74
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64
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rsdK;pkwpfrsdK;omjzpfonf/ ppfjzpfjcif;onf zGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufr+twGuf wpfckwnf;aom enf;
vrf;jzpfonf[kjrifaom 'g0if0g'tawG;tac:ESifhtvm;wlzdESdyfr+rsm; qufvufouf
qdk;&Snfaeao;oI Ttajctae Ttjzpftysufrsm;onf qufvuf&SdaeOD;rnfom
jzpf.?

75
 yxrESifh 'kwd,urBmppf -udKwifjyifqifr+wGif
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pmtkyfwGif/ yxrurBmppfjzpfapjcif;. t*Fg&yfta-umif;&if;onf/ xdkacwfrS Oa&my
wdkuf EdkifiHacgif;aqmifrsm;u 'g0if0g'udk ,kH-unfjcif;a-umifhjzpfonf[k a&;om;xm;
.?

76
19&mpkESpfukefydkif;wGif e,fcsJ‹0g'tawG;tac:tay:wGif 'g0if0g'u rnfodk‹-oZmouf
a&mufcJhonfudk awG‹-ujyD;jzpfonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ touf&Sifa&;twGuf &kef;uefwdkufcdkuf

&onf [lonfhtawG;tac:ESifh tiftm;-uD;olu qufvuf&SifoefEdkifjcif; [laomtawG;t

ac:wdk‹udk Oa&mywdkuf&Sd acgif;aqmifrsm;u yxrurBmppfrwdkifrD rnfodk‹rnfykHaumuf,l
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atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;ayonf?=

77
 “y&[dwomoemrsm;/ udk,fusifhw&m;oGefoifcsufrsm;ESifh tawG;tac:tbd"rRm-o0g'rsm;
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jzpfa&;rl0g'onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&ESifh vlxktwGif;rSaeI obm0tavsmufjzpfay:vm&
onfh rkefwdkif;-uD;yrm wGef;tm;rsm;tjzpf ay:xGufvmayonf?”
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qufvufxdef;xm;&eftwGuf -udKwifumuG,fonfhppfudk pwifwdkufcdkuf&efvdktyfa-umif;
uGef&m'f.jyif;jyif;xefxefwdkufwGef;csufudk aumif;pGmem;vnfoabmaygufEdkifayonf?
Ttjrifrsm;onf ppfbufqdkif&mbufodk‹ra&mufatmif uef‹owfxm;jcif;r&Sda-umif;udk
vnf; awG‹jrifcJh-uavjyD? Oyrm ruf 0Jbfbmu tjynfjynfqdkif&m touf&Sifa&;twGuf
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65
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onf? obm0ZD0ed,mr. w&m;aomqkH;jzwfcsufudkay;.? xdk qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;onf
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tm;vkH;udk ysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;odk‹qGJac:cJhonfh vkH;0rSm;,Gif;aomtawG;tac:onf 'g0if
. “touf&Sifa&;twGuf &kef;uefwdkufcdkuf&jcif;”ESifh ”vufa&G;pOfvlrsdK;rsm;” cH,l
csufuvGJI tjcm;r[kwfacs? bmef[m'Du Tpum;vkH;rsm;udk ajymxkwfjyD;aemuf
ESpfESpft-umwGif ZD0qdkif&mzGH‹jzdK;r+twGuf(!) yxrurBmppf-uD; pwifavonf? vl 8
oef;ausmfaoqkH;I jrdKŒ-uD;aygif; &mESifhcsDI ysufpD;cJhonf? vloef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;
pGmwdk‹onfvnf; roefrpGrf; ajc-udK;vuf-udK;/ tdrfrJh,mrJh tvkyfvufrJhusef&pfcJh-u
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vloef;aygif; 50ausmfaoqkH;jcif;onfvnf; 'g0if0g'a-umifh jzpf.?
[pfwvmu ol.ppfay:vDpDESifh vlrsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfa&;ay:vDpDrsm;udk r-umc
% 'g0if0g'ESifhqufpyfajymqdkcJh.? ppfjzpfjcif;onf tiftm;aysmhnHhaomvlrsdK;rsm;udk
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jcif;jzpfonf[k jrifavonf? emZDwdk‹u ppfjzpfjcif;udk Tta-umif;a-umifh -obmay;cJh
-uonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ olwdk‹. rlrrSefazgufjyefaomtawG;tac:t& ppfjzpf
jcif;onf vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;&ef vkdtyfaomtqifhjzpfayonf?
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67
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[pfwvmonf 0d*f*rfuJhodk‹aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Dwdk‹. axmufcHtm;ay;r+udk&,l
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[k jrif.? Ttcsufudk ol. Mein Kampf pmtkyfwGif bGif;bGif;yifaz:jyxm;onf?
obm0tav#muf urBm-uD;wpfckvkH;onf/ tiftm;-uD;olESifhcsdeJ‹olwdk‹t-um; tiftm;jydKif
qdkif-uonfh ,ifjyifjzpfI/ tiftm;-uD;olonf tpOftjrJ tiftm;csdeJ‹oludk tEdkif&pjrJjzpf
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jcif;onf obm0.xm0&jzpfaomed,mrjzpfonfh TurBmwGif qufvuftouf&SifcGifh
r&Sday? Ttqdkudk qef‹usifaomtawG;onf obm0w&m;udk “apmfum;jcif;”omv#if
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68
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vnf; Ttcsufudk cH,l-uonf? xdk‹a-umifh ppfjzpfjcif;udk vlom;avmu-uD; zGH‹jzdK;wdk;
wufjcif;twGuf vdktyfcsuftjzpf pwifajrmfjrif-uayonf? Oyrm/ [pfwvmu
olwdk‹twGif;rS csdŒeJ‹olrsm;udk ppfjzpfjcif;jzifh &Sif;vif;ypfjcif;udk *smreDEdkifiH. -uD;us,f
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79
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axmufcHtm;ay;aom tiftm;-uD;wpfckjzpfcJh.?
tjcm;wpfae&mwGif/ [pfwvmu “ppfjzpfjcif;omr&SdcJhygu vlom;avmu
onfvnf; ,ae‹uJhodk‹wnf&Sdaernfr[kwfay?”[k tcdkiftrmtqdkjyKxm;.?69
ppfjzpfjcif;ESifhywfoufI a[uJvfu/ a&S;*&dvlrsdK;wdk‹.acwf&Sd pygwefac: jrdKŒ
EdkifiHawmf (aejynfawmf)-uD;rS &ufpufaomenf;vrf;rsm;udk tokH;jyKoifhonf[k wifjy
cJhonf? “vkH;0usef;rmoefpGrf;aomcav;rsm;uvGJI usefcav;rsm;tm;vkH;udk owf
jzwfvdkufjcif;jzifh/ pygwefwdk‹onf tpOfwpdkuf tiftm;awmifhwif;olrsm;jzpfcJh-u
onf?”70 [k wifjycJh.?
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jcif;udk “xdef;uGyfonfh r&Sdrjzpfaomtcsuf”jzpfonf[k jrifcJh-u.? *smreDvlrsdK; vlr+
a&;'g0if0g'D z&uf'&pf AGef bmef[m'Du/ “tqifhedrfhjyD;qkwf,kwfaeonfh vlrsdK;rsm;udk
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a-umifh/ ZD0ed,mrw&m;t& vdktyfjcif;jzpfayonf?71
u|Efkyfwdk‹,QKtcsdeftxdodcJh&or#wGif/ [pfwvmESifhol‹udkaxmufcHtm;ay;-u
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aomaqmif&Gufcsufjzpfonf[k rSwf,l-uonf? T,kH-unfcsufudk vufawG‹usifhokH;
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aom xdcdkufepfemr+rsm;udk xkwfaz:jyoxm;onf?
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tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&DrSefuefonf[k tcdkiftrm,kH-unfonfh[pfwvmu ol‹udk,fol acwfopf
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72
tjzpf jrif-uvdrfhrnf[k ,kH-unfavonf?
trSefrSm 'g0ifu ol.oDtdk&Dudk rwifjyrD/ urBmay:wGif ,Qifu ra&rwGufEdkif
aom ppfrsm;jzpfcJhbl;avjyD? odk‹aomfvnf; ToDtdk&D.oufa&mufr+a-umifh ppfjzpfjcif;
onf yxrOD;qkH; odyH`enf;usus w&m;onf[k rSm;,Gif;pGm vufcH-uayonf? 'g0if.
ppfESifhywfoufI raumif;aomyg0ifr+ESifhywfoufI rufpf aemfa'gifu ppf.tawG;t
ac:ESifhudk,fusifhw&m; (The Philosophy and Morals of War) [laomaqmif;yg;wGif
jyqdkxm;&m/ tar&duefEdkifiHwGif [dk;av;wausmfjzpfoGm;bl;onf?
ppfjzpfjcif;ESifhywfoufI t-uD;us,fqkH; -oZm&SdolESifhaxmufcHr+ay;olonf 'g0ifjzpf.?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk a-unmjyXmef;vdkufonfhae‹rSpI/ olwdk‹.obm0ADZqdk;oGrf;r+udk

81
 'g0if.emrnfjzifh zkH;tkyfuG,f0Sufxm;I olwdk‹.toJESvkH;wGif udef;atmif;aeonfh aoG;
73
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wurBmvkH; ae&mwumppfjzpfjcif;

19&mpkESpfwGifjzpfaomppf-uD;onf 'g0if/ rmufP ESifh z&l'fwdk‹uzefwD;cJh

onfhppfjzpfovdk/ 20&mpkESpfwGifjzpfonfh urBmay:wGif aoG;xGufoH,kdtrsm;qkH;jzpf
onfh ppf-uD;rsm;onfvnf;/ -uHK-udKufIrawmfwqjzpfcJhjcif;r[kwfacs? 'g0if0g'u
aemufqkH;ppfjzpfjcif;jzifhtqkH;owfrnfh odyH`enf;usonf[lonfh oDtdk&DudkpDpOfjyifqif
cJhonf? ppfjzpfjcif;onf vlom;wdk‹.wdk;wufzGH‹jzdK;r+wpfckjzpfI rvGJra&Smifomaom
udpPjzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uonfh ol.aemufvdkufrsm;uvnf; ppf-uD;ESpfckpvkH;wGif vl
aygif;oef;aygif; 60ausmf owfjzwfcJh-u.?

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v+yf&Sm;r+rsm; jyefvnftouf0ifvm.? *smreDEdkifiHrS eDtdkemZDv+yf&Sm;r+onf a&SŒwef;
wGif yg0ifaeayonf?

89
 eDtdkemZDrsm;wGif tvkyfvufrJhawavusydk;vlrdkufrsm;/ rl;,pfaq;0g;pGJolrsm;/
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,loefjcif;(blood, honour, and fanaticism) [lonfh pum;okH;vkH;jzifhjcKHikHaz:jyEdkif
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74
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pkaygif;pnf;&kH;wdkufcdkufjcif;jzpfonf?”[k a&;om;-uayonf? aemifESpfrsm;wGifvnf;
Todk‹aomwdkufcdkufr+ qufvufI jzpfyGm;avonf? wl&uDvlrsdK;wdk‹.tdrfrsm;udk rD;
wif±+dŒjcif;/ wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk &dkufESufojzifh '%f&m&&Sd-ujcif;rsm;jzpfyGm;onf? *smreD
EdkifiHrSmuJhodk‹ a[mfvefEdkifiHwGifvnf; xdkenf;ESifESifjzpfyGm;onf? wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk
&nf&G,fI wdkufcdkufaom tjzpftysufwpfckwGif rdef;rwpfa,mufESifh cav;ig;a,muf
towfcH&.? wef;pDItokbydk‹&mY yg0ifolrsm;onf q0yfwDum(p-umwHqdyf)ygaom
pmrsm;jzifh jcdrf;ajcmufjcif;cH-u&onf?

91
 wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk wdkufcdkufonfh Ttjzpftysufrsm;rSm tcsdKŒomv#ifjzpfyg
onf? [pfwvmuJhodk‹aom zufqpf0g'DESifh 'g0ifwdk‹.tarGcHrsm; owfjzwfonfh&mZ
0wfr+rsm;onf qufvufI &Sdaeayonf? TuJhodk‹aom vlrqefonfhwdkufcdkufr+rsm;udk
Oya't&ta&;,ljcif;wpfrsdK;wnf;jzifhom ukefqkH;Edkifrnfr[kwfyg? aocsmaomenf;
rSm Oya't&ta&;,lonfhtjyif tawG;tac:t&wdkufppf qifjcif;vnf; yg0if&efvdk
tyfayonf? 'g0if.tawG;tac:udk odyH`ynmavmurS jzKwfcsEdkifjcif;r&Sdor#umv
ywfvkH; vlrsdK;cGJjcm;a&;onf obm0ed,mrwpfckjzpfonf[k ,kH-uolwdk‹. a'goxGuf
zG,f&m jyKrlcsufrsm;onfvnf; &yfwef‹oGm;rnfr[kwfay?

92
93
94
 u|Ekfyfwdk‹r-umao;rDu ausmfvGefcJhonfh &mpkESpftwGif; vlom;wdk‹tm;
t-uD; us,fqkH;aom &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+ESifh qkH;±+H;r+udk ay;aqmifcJhaom/ urBmay:wGif
tus,fjyef‹qkH; ysHŒESH‹cJhaomtawG;tac:onf/ uGefjrLepf0g'jzpfa-umif; oHo,jzpfp&m
ta-umif;r&Sdacs? ,ae‹tcsdefwGifyif/ wpfOD;wpfa,mufu &k&Sm;EdkifiHESifh oHuef‹vef‹
umEdkifiHrsm;ta-umif;ajymygu/ arSmifrdkufjcif;/ ar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhjcif;/ toufuif;rJh
aomvrf;rrsm;/ cufcJr+ESifha-umuf&GŒHxdwfvef‹r+ponfwdk‹ESifhjynfheufaeaom vl‹tzGJ‹
tpnf;ykHudk rsufpdYcsufcsif;ay:vGifvmrnfjzpf.? 1991ckESpfwGif uGefjrLepf0g'onf
ysufpD;ausrGoGm;jyD[k xif-uaomfvnf;/ ‚if;.tu|if;tuseftptersm;rSm ,ae‹txd
&Sdaeao;onf? wzufwGif“vGwfajrmufjyD”[kqdkaomfvnf;/ aemifwr&ao;aom uGef
jrLepfESifh rm;ufP0g'Drsm;ESifh/ vltrsm;udk bmoma&;ESifhudk,fusifhw&m;wdk‹rSaoGjznfoGm;
aponfh uGefjrLepf0g'ESifhrm;ufP0g'wdk‹.rJarSmifonfhrsufESmu -oZmv$rf;rdk;aeqJjzpfay
onf?
wurBmvkH;. axmifhwdkif;odk‹ wkefv+yfajcmufjcm;r+udk jzef‹cJhonfhTtawG;tac:
onf/ a&S;ya0oeDutawG;tac:wpfckudk udk,fpm;jyKjcif;jzpfayonf? xdktawG;tac:
onf/ usKd;a-umif;qifjcifjcif;jzifh trSefw&m;udk&SmazGjcif; (dialectics)jzpfI/ ,if;t
awG;tac:t& p-um0VmwpfckvkH;wGif zGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufr+onf yËdyuQjzpfjcif;rSay:ayguf
vmonf[kqdk.? TtawG;tac:udktajccHI rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹u urBmhordkif;udk
qef;ppf-uavonf? rm;ufPu vl‹ordkif;onf xdkyËdyuQrsm;wGifwpfcktygt0ifjzpfI/
vuf&SdyËdyuQrSm tvkyform;rsm;ESifh t&if;&Sifrsm;t-um;wGifjzpfaom yËdyuQjzpfonf
[kqdkonf? ol.tqdkt& tvkyform;rsm;onf r-umrDtwGif; x-uGv+yf&Sm;vm-ujyD;
uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&; pwifvdrfhrnf[k qdkonf?
uGefjrLepf0g'udk wnfaxmifcJholESpfOD;pvkH;wdk‹.txif&Sm;qkH;t*Fg&yfrSm/ tjcm;
&kyf0g'Drsm;uJhodk‹yif/ bmomt,l0g'udk t-uD;tus,frkef;wD;onfhpdwfxm; arG;-uav
onf? rm;ufPESifh tif*sJvfwdk‹ESpfOD;pvkH;onf rdpm>'d@drsm;jzpf-uI/ uGefjrLepf0g'tjrif
t&/ bmomt,l0g'tm;vkH;udk zsufqD;ypf&efvdktyfonf[k jrif-u.?
odk‹aomfvnf; rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹onf/ tvGefta&;-uD;onfh csdKŒ,Gif;csufwpf
ck&Sdae-uonf? olwdk‹.tawG;tac:udk trsm;vlxkt-udKufawG‹Edkifatmif pnf;&kH;Edkif
rnfhtcsufjzpfonfh odyH`enf;qefonfh ykHpHvdktyfae-uonf? r[mtEW&m,f-uD;jzpfI/
ESpfq,f&mpkESpfudk em-unf;bG,f&maom A&rf;Awm±+yfaxG;r+/ tkyfpkvdkufowfjzwfr+/
nDtpfudk tcsif;csif;udk &efbufrsm;jzpfapr+/ wuGJwjym;jzpfapr+rsm;jzifhjynfheufaponfh
r[mrdwfonf TtcsufrSay:aygufvmcJhavonf? 'g0ifu ol.oDtdk&Dudk rsdK;pkrsm;
pwif ay:aygufjcif; (The Origin of Species) [laompmtkyfwGif wifjyxm;.? ol.
wifjyaom tajccHcsufrsm;rSmvnf; rm;uPfESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹&SmazGaeonfh&Sif;vif;csufESifh
tHudkufjzpfaeonfrSm pdwf0ifpm;zG,fjzpfayonf? 'g0ifu/ ouf&SdowW0grsm;onf
touf&Sifa&;twGuf &kef;uef-uojzifh ay:aygufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k wifjyxm;onf?
qdkvdk&if;rSm "dialectical conflict"ac: yËdyuQudkqef;ppfjcif;.&vm'fjzpfonf[kqdk
onf? xdk‹tjyif zefqif;jcif;udkjiif;y,fI bmomt,l0g'udky,fcsavonf? rm;uPfESifh
tif*Jsvfwdk‹twGuf ,if;wifjycsufonf vufv$wfIrjzpfonfh tcGifhaumif;jzpfaeay
onf?

95
 'g0ifudk rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹u csD;-uL;jcif;
'g0ifoDtdk&Donf uGefjrLepf0g'twGuftvGefta&;-uD;ayonf? 'g0if.pmtkyf
&dkufxkwfjyD; vaygif;tenf;i,ftwGif; tif*sJvfu rm;ufPodk‹ pmwpfapmifa&;cJh&m
“,QKu|Efkyfzwfaeaom 'g0if.pmtkyfonf odyfudkaumif;vGef;ygw,fcifAsm?”78 [k
xnfha&;cJh.?
1860ckESpf 'DZifbmv 19&ufae‹wGif rm;ufPu tif*sJvfxHodk‹ “'DpmtkyfxJrSm
usKyfwdk‹ESpfa,muf&Jh obm0ordkif;tjriftwGuf tajccHawGyg0ifaeygw,f?”[k pm
jyefa&;cJhavonf?

rm;uPf.aemufxyfa,mif;&if;wpfOD;jzpfol vmaq;vfodk‹a&;aom 1861ckESpf

ZEM0g&Dv 16&ufae‹pGJygpmwGif “'g0if.pmtkyfonf tvGefta&;ygt&ma&mufygonf?
u|Ekfyftm; vlwef;pm;&kef;uefv+yf&Sm;r+ordkif;twGuf obm0odyH`tajccHudk ay;yg
onf?”80[k uGefjrLepf0g'twGuf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D. ta&;ygt&ma&mufjcif;udk
xkwfaz:xm;ayonf?
rm;ufPu ol. ta&;-uD;qkH; 'g;pfuufyDwmvf (Das Kapital) pmtkyfwGif
'g0iftm;&nfn$ef;I *g&0jyKcJh.? 'g0ifudkay;aom rm;uPf.xdkpmtkyfyxrtapmifwGif
rm;ufPuol‹udk,fol t*Fvdyfobm0odyH`ynm&Siftm; “toJESvkH;rScsD;-uL;aeol”[k rSwf
csufa&;ay;cJhavonf?81
tif*sJvfuvnf; tjcm;wpfae&mwGif 'g0ifudk csD;-uL;xm;onfudk awG‹&.?
obm0onf 'dkiftmvufwpfudkprf;oyfjcif;jzpfonf? xdk‹a-umifh obm0onf 'dkif
tmvufwpftawG;tac:twdkif;jyKrljzpfay:I obm0vGeftiftm;rsm;jzifh jzpfay:jcif; r&Sd

96
 acs? TtcsufwGif 'g0ifonf tjcm;olrsm;xuf OD;pGmyxrqkH;awG;awmoljzpf onf[k
82
todtrSwfjyK&ygrnf?

rmufP0g'. ordkif;tjrif ysufokOf;oGm;jcif;

uGefjrLepf0g'udk wnfaxmifcJhaom um;vfrm;uPfonf/ ordkif;udk pOf;pm;qifjcif okH;oyf
&mwGif ol‹tay:eufeufeJeJ-oZmoufa&mufcJhaom 'g0if.tawG;tac:udk vdkufzufnD
axGr+&Sdatmif n‡dE+dif;jyifqif,lxm;onf? rm;uPf.tqdkt&/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf ordkif;
wav#muf tqifhtrsdK;rsdK;jzwfoef;vmcJhI/ xdkajymif;vJaomtqifhrsm;udk owfrSwf
ay;aomt*Fg&yfrsm;onf/ ukefxkwfvkyfr+ESifh ukefxkwfvkyfr+t-um;qufoG,fr+rsm;jzpf
onf[k qdkonf? Ttjrift& pD;yGm;a&;onf tpp&m&mudk xdef;csKyf.? vl‹ordkif;
onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+tqifhrsm;udk jzwfoef;cJh&onf? urBmOD;vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;/ u|ef
acwfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;/ ya'o&mZfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;/ t&if;&Sifvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;ESifh aemufqkH;
uGefjrLepfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wnf;[laom tqifhrsm;jzpfonf?
odk‹aomfvnf;/ rm;ufP.tqdkjyKcsufjzpfonfh tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqifhumvydkif;rsm;onf usdK;
a-umif;nDnGwfcdkifvkHjcif;r&Sda-umif; jycJhavjyD? ordkif;wGif rnfonfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;urS
rm;ufPwifjyxm;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqifhrsm;udk jzwfoef;vmjcif;rawG‹&acs? qef‹usif
buftjzpf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wpfckckwGif rm;ufPwifjyouJhodk‹aomtpDtpOfr[kwfbJ jzpf
ay:Edkifovdk wcsdefwnf;wGifvnf;jzpfay:onfudk awG‹&ayonf? EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH. vl‹t
zGJ‹tpnf;wpfydkif;u ya'o&mZfpepfuJhodk‹aompepfjzpfay:aepOf/ tjcm;tydkif;wGif t&if;
&SifpepfudkusifhokH;aeayonf? xdk‹a-umifh rm;ufPuwifjyouJhodk‹ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dt
wdkif; pepfwpfckrSaemufwpfckodk‹ajymif;vJoGm;jcif;r&Sdacs?
aemufwpfckrSm rm;ufPutem*wftwGuf a[mudef;xkwfxm;ovdk rjzpfvmacs? rm;ufP
aoqkH;jyD; 10ESpftwGif; rm;ufP.oDtdk&DonftokH;csIr&a-umif; xif&Sm;vmcJhavonf?
rm;ufPu wdk;wufqkH;t&if;&SifEdkifiHrsm;onf wpfEdkifiHjyD;wpfEdkifiH uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;
jzpfay:jzwfoef;-u&vdrfhrnf[k a[mudef;xkwfxm;cJhaomfvnf;/ xdkuJhodk‹rnfonfhwdkif;
jynfwpfckwpfavr#rjzpfvmcJhacs? rm;ufP.t-uD;us,fqkH;aom aemufvdkufjzpfolvDeif
u tb,fha-umifh xdka[mudef;twdkif;rjzpfvmonfhta-umif;udk -udK;pm;ajz&Sif;cJhonf?
‚if;aemuf wwd,urBmEdkifiHrsm;wGif jzpfay:vmvdrfhrnf[k xyfqifh a[mudef;xkwfjyef
onf? vDeif.a[mudef;tm;vkH;onfvnf; rrSefa-umif; ordkif;uoufaoxlxm;av
jyD? ,ae‹u|Efkyfwdk‹.acwfwGif uGefjrLepf0g'tkyfcsKyfaeonfhEdkifiHrsm;udk vufwpfzuf
jzifh vufndK;csKd;a&wGufI&Edkifayonf? xdk‹xufru rm;ufP0g'tm%m&vmcJhonfha'o
rsm;Y t-urf;zufjcif;udkom tokH;jyKcJhavonf? rm;ufP0g'a-uG;ausmfxm;ovdk trsm;
t-udKuftkH-uGr+t& tm%m&vmcJhjcif;r[kwfay? tm%m&SifpepfzdESdyfowfjzwfr+jzifh
pdk;rdk;vmcJhjcif;om jzpfayonf?
tusOf;tm;jzifhqdk&aomf/ r-umao;rDu ausmfvGefcJhonfhordkif;u rm;uPf.tawG;tac:
t& a[mudef;xkwfxm;onfh ordkif;.tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+udk tjyD;ydkif y,fcsacs
zsufvdkufjyD;jzpfayonf?
rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfuJhodk‹aom &kyf0g'tawG;tac:&Sifwdk‹. ajrmufjrm;pGmaom &kyf0g'Edkif
iHa&;usrf;tapmifapmifwGif a&;om;xm;aom “ordkif;udk usdK;a-umif;qifjcifjcif;jzifh t
ajz&Smjcif;”"the dialectic of history" ESifh “ordkif;.tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+” "historical
evolution" wdk‹onf/ pma&;olwdk‹. pdwful;,Ofoufoufomv#if jzpf.?

97
 tif*sJvfu 'g0ifESifhrm;ufPESpfOD;pvkH;onf wlnD-uonf[k csD;-uL;xm;jyefonf?
“'g0ifu tDAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mrudk obm0ZD0tajctaewGifawG‹&Sdaz:xkwfcJhovdk/ rm;ufPonf
vnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;ed,mrudk vl‹ordkif;tDAdkvl;&Sif;ajymif;vJr+wGif awGŒ&Sdaz:xkwfol jzpfay
83
onf[k qdkcJhonf?
tif*sJvfu aemufxyfI 'g0if. bmoma&;udkqef‹usifonfhoDtdk&Dudk xkwfaz:
csufonf ta&;-uD;a-umif;a&;om;xm;onf?
ol('g0if)u obm0ESifhywfoufI ,ae‹vuf&Sdobm0ZD0avmujzpfonfh= tyif/ wd&pm>ef
ESifh aemufqkH;tqifhtjzpfvlom;rsm;onf ESpfoef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGmtwGif; wpfpwpfp
qifhuJajymif;vJjcif;tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzifh ay:aygufvmcJha-umif; oufaoxlI bmomt,l0g'
84
rsm;.,kH-unfcsufudk wdkufzsufvdkufayonf?
wpfcsdefwGif tif*sJvfu “arsmuf0HrSvlom;tjzpfajymif;vJ&mwGif tvkyform;wdk‹
.yg0ifr+” [k acgif;pOfwyfxm;aomaqmif;yg;wpfyk'fwGif 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk rnfuJhodk‹
vufcHcJhonfhta-umif;ESifh ywfoufI a&;om;xm;onf?
tar&duefvlrsdK;okawoeynm&Sif uGefa0;Zmuvfu uGefjrLepf0g'wnfaxmif
olwdk‹ 'g0if.oDtdk&Dudk tb,fha-umifh csufcsif;vufiif;vufcH-uonfudk &Sif;jyxm;ay
onf?
rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹onf 'g0ifu rsdK;pkrsm;pwifay:aygufjcif;pmtkyfudk ykHESdyfxkwfa0vdkuf
onfESifhwjydKifwnf; tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk vufcHvdkuf-uonf? trSefrSm uGefjrLepfwdk‹tae
jzifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf vlom;wdk‹ urBmavmuodk‹a&muf&Sday:aygufvmjcif;onf bk&m;
oQifa-umifh a&mufvmjcif;jzpfonf[k ajym&efrvdktyfonfh &Sif;vif;csufudk vdktyfae
onfESifhtHudkufjzpfaeayonf? olwdk‹.&kyf0g'tawG;tac:udkvnf; axmufcHtm;ay;&m
wGif tokH;csEdkifayonf? xdk‹tjyif/ 'g0if. =tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOfonf obm0.a&G;cs,fr+
jzifh jzpfay:vmonf= [laom tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D t"dy`g,faz:csufuyif/ xdkacwfwGifv$rf;rdk;
aeonfh&Sif;vif;csufudk/ odyH`enf;ususapmifhqdkif;rSwfwrf;wifjcif;rS&&Sdonfh &Sif;vif;csuf
[kwifjyxm;onfh “touf[lonfywf0ef;usiftajctaeudk vdkufzufIjzpfay:vmonf”
85
[laom,lqcsuftopfjzifh tpm;xdk;Edkifjyefonf?
[mygr*~Zif;rS awmfrf bufwJvfu/ rm;ufPESifh'g0ift-um;wGif qufEG,faeaom
tajccHtcsufudk atmufygykHpHtwdkif; &Sif;jyxm;ayonf?
rm;ufPu 'g0if.pmtkyfudkcsD;-uL;jcif;rSm pD;yGm;a&;abm*aA't&r[kwfacs? 'g0if.
‘urBmonf &kyf0g'oufoufjzpfonf’ [laomtajccHa-umifhjzpfayonf? u|Efkyfwdk‹. tm&kH
ig;yg;jzifh apmifh-unfhEdkifjcif;ESifh &kyfavmuESifhrywfoufaom jyifyavmuwdk‹ESifhrywf
oufjcif;onf t"dutcsufjzpfavonf? TtcsufwGif 'g0ifESifhrm;ufPwdk‹onf &Jabmf
86
&Jbufppfppf jzpf-u.?
,ae‹tcsdefwGif/ 'g0ifESifhrm;ufPwdk‹t-um; qufpyfr+onf xif&Sm;I vlwdkif;vuf
cHaomtcsufjzpfavjyD? rm;ufP.udk,fa&;&mZ0iftwˆKy`wWdrsm;u Ttcsufudk t&Sif;
om;az:jyvsuf&Sd.? Oyrm/ um;vfrm;ufP.twˆKy`wWdwGif Tqufpyfr+udk atmufyg
twdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
“'g0ifoDtdk&Donf rm;ufP0g'udk trSefwu,faxmufcHtm;ay;a-umif; oufao woD
wwef;-uD; ay;xm;ayonf? 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;(wpfpwpfpajymif;vJr+)tawG;tac:jyef‹
yGm;jcif;u rm;ufP0g'tawG;tac:. taumif;qkH;tajcpdkuf&mjzpfvmjyD; tvkyform; avm
u.oifykef;wGif tokH;csae&onfhtqifhjzpfvmcJhayonf? rm;ufP/ tif*sJvfESifh vDeifwdk‹u
'g0if.tawG;tac:udk txl;wvnfwefzdk;xm;-uI/ odyH`enf;t& ta&;yga-umif;udk

98
 tpOfn$efjy-uavonf? Todk‹jzifh xdktawG;tac:rsm;onft&Sdeft[kef-uD;pGmjzifh jyef‹
87
yGm;oGm;avawmhonf?
rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹onfvnf; 'g0if. tDAdkvl;&Sif;cH,lcsufu olwdk‹.bk&m;rJh
rdpm>'d@dtjrifudk odyH`enf;qefqefaxmufcHr+ay;aeonfudk ESpfaxmif;tm;&pGm vufcH,kH
-unfvdkuf-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkESpfaxmif;tm;&r+onfvnf; apmvGef;oGm;ay
onf? rSm;,Gif;r+ESifhjynfheufaeao;aomtDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk trSefwu,f odyH`enf;
ususoufaoxlEdkifjcif;r&Sdao;onfh a&S;usIacwfrrSDao;aom odyH`ynmtajctae
ywf0ef;usifwGifwifjycJhjcif;a-umifh us,fjyef‹pGmvufcH-ujcif;jzpfayonf? 20&mpkESpf 'k
wd,ydkif;wGif wdk;wufvmcJhonfh odyH`ynmu xdkoDtdk&Donf rSefuefjcif;r&Sd tajctjrpf
r&Sda-umif;az:xkwfvdkufavjyD? Tum; 'g0iftawG;tac:udk tjyD;tydkify,fzsufvdkuf
onfESifhtr# uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh&kyf0g'wdk‹onfvnf; rSefuefr+r&Sdw&m;r0ifysufokOf;oGm;
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88
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onf?

99
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vDeifuvnf; 'g0if.oDtdk&Donf 'dkiftmvuf
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ESifhywfoufI az:jyxm;ayonf?
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89
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vDeif.aemuf Adkv&SDApfawmfvSefa&;
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tvGeftrif;wG,fwmolwpfa,mufjzpfav
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-uL;xm;avonf?

100
 'g0if.awG‹&Sdcsufonf'dkiftmvufwpftawG;tac:t&/ ZD0ypPnf;rsm;ESifhywfoufaom
90
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owfrSwfjcif;cH&aom pwmvifonf uGefjrLepfygwD. acgif;aqmiftjzpf qufcHcJhav
onf? oltm%m&&Sdaomoufwef;ESpfaygif; 30 twGif;/ uGefjrLepf0g'onf rnfr#&uf
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91
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pwmviftoufxif&Sm;&SdaepOftwGif;/ ol.i,foli,fcsif;wpfa,mufu pwm

vif rnfuJhodk‹bk&m;rJhrdpm>'d@djzpfvmcJhonfhta-umif; Landmarks in the Life of Stalin
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101
 oltoufi,fpOft&G,f c&pf,mef"rRusrf;pmoifwef;ausmif;wGifaepOfuyif awmfvSefa&;
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92
cJhayonf?

‚if;pmtkyfwGif pwmvif.i,foli,fcsif;jzpfol *sD *vg'f*sdZfu/ pwmvifrnf

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twif;cdkif;cJhonf[k qdkonf?93
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rSm/ qdkAD,ufynma&;pepfwGif rif;'Jvf.rsdK;ADZqdkif&med,mr(genetic laws)udk oltm
%m&aecsdefumvtwGif; y,fcsxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf? 20&mpkESpftpydkif;rSpI Ted,mr
udk wurBmvkH;u vufcHjyD;jzpfI/ vmruf. “usifh,lI&&SdaomOmOfudk aemifvmrnfh
rsdK;qufrsm;odk‹ tarGqufcHay;onf”[laomtqdkudk jiif;y,fvdkufonf? &k&Sm;vlrsdK;
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102
tvGeftEW&m,f&Sda-umif; pwmvifudkajymjyavonf? pwmvifuvnf; vdkifqifuD.
tawG;tac:udk tifrwefpdwf0ifpm;jyD; EdkifiHawmftpdk;&atmuf&Sd odyH`ynmtoif;rsm;
tm;vkH;. t-uD;tuJtjzpf cef‹tyfvdkufavonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk t-uD;tus,f
xdcdkufapaom TrsdK;ADZqdkif&med,mrudk qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkEdkifiHrsm;&Sd odyH`ynmt
oif;rsm;ESifhausmif;rsm;wGif pwmvifraoqkH;rDumvwpfckvkH;twGif; vufrcHcJh-uacs?
pwmvif.acwfwGif qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpkonf A&rf;Awm±+yfaxG;ayGvDvsuf
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aumif;qkH;tajctaeodk‹ qGJac:oGm;cJh-uonf?

103
 armfpDwkH;u olwnfaxmifcJhaompepf. tawG;tac:ydkif;tajccHtkwfjrpfudk
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xm;onf?”94 [k yGifhyGifhvif;vif; a-unmcJh.?
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tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk vGefcJhonfhESpfaygif;rsm;pGmuwnf;u vufcH-ujyD;jzpfonf?
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wGifepfjrKyfI tdyfaysmfaeaome*g;-uD;tjzpf ,lq-uonf?
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96
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104
 xdk‹a-umifh/ trsm;vlxku uGefjrLepf0g'udk vufcHI uGefjrLepf0g'awmfvSefa&;
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.pdwftm;xufoefr+tay: -oZmanmif;cJhaoma-umifhjzpfonf?
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97
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rsm;udk vufydkufIom -unfhaecJh-uayonf?
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onf? 1960ckESpfrsm;ESifh1970ckESpfrsm;wGif wl&uDtpdk;&udk awmfvSefI uGefjrLepfEdkifiH
wnfaxmif&efpdwful;,Ofonfhtkyfpkrsm;u wl&uDEdkifiHudk arSmifrdkufonfh t-urf;zufr+
tajctaeodk‹ qGJoGif;cJh-uavonf? 1980ckESpfwGif xdkuGefjrLepft-urf;zuform;rsm;
u/ vuf&SdcGJxGufa&;orm;rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;-ujcif;onf/ wl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;ESifh ykvdyfESifhppf
om;rsm;tygt0if OD;a&odef;ESifhcsDI aoa-ucJh-u&jcif;. t&if;cHjzpfcJhayonf?
TurBmajr-uD;ay:wGif aoG;xGufoH,dkr+trsm;qkH;ay;aqmifcJhaomuGefjrLepf0g'
onf/ 'g0if0g'ESifh tjrJwapwGJzufcJhayonf? ,ae‹tcsdefwGifyif/ uGefjrLepf0g'Dwdk‹
onf 'g0iftawG;tac:udk a&SŒwef;rSaxmufcHtm;ay;ae-uolrsm;jzpfonf? rnfonfh
EdkifiHwGifrqdk/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudkacgif;rmrmESifhaxmufcHtm;ay;aeolrsm;udk-unfhygu/
a&SŒwef;acgif;aqmifrsm;onf rm;ufP0g'Drsm;omv#ifjzpfaeonfudk awG‹&Sd&.? tb,fh
a-umifhqdkaomf/ um;vfrm;ufPu/ obm0odyH`tjrift& tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf uGefjrL
epftawG;tac:. tajccHtkwfjrpfjzpfonf[k rdef‹qdkxm;aoma-umifhjzpf.? uGefjrLepf
0g'udkvnf; bmomt,l0g'uif;rJhatmif rrSefuefaomodyH`ynmqdkif&maxmufcHr+ ay;
xm;aoma-umifhjzpfayonf?

105
 bmomt,l0g'udk rkef;wD;jcif; =
'g0if0g'ESifhuGefjrLepf0g'wdk‹ r[mrdwfjzpfjcif;.tajccH
txufwGif&Sif;vif;cJhonfhtwdkif;/ &kyf0g'DESifhuGefjrLepfwdk‹ 'g0if0g'udk wG,f
zufxm;-ujcif;onf/ 'g0if0g'u bk&m;rJht,ludk axmufcHtm;ay;jcif;a-umifhjzpfonf
rSm ta&;-uD;qkH;tcsufjzpfayonf? &kyf0g'tawG;tac:onf vl‹ordkif;wav#mufvkH;
wGif&SdcJhayonf? odk‹aomfvnf;/ 19&mpkESpfrwdkifrDumvrsm;wGifrl/ tawG;tac:±Sift
rsm;pkwdk‹onf oDtdk&Dpmtkyfrsm;wGifom usef&pfcJh-uavonf? 'g0if.oDtdk&DrSm obm0
odyH`avmuwGif tokH;cspjyKcJhonf? 'g0if0g'onf 19&mpkESpfrsm;wGif ‚if;.ajc&m
vuf&mtxif;om;usef&pfapcJhaom bk&m;rJh&kyf0g',Ofaus;r+twGuf t-uD;us,fqkH;
aom tajccHjzpfayonf? ‚if;xdcdkufepfemcsufrsm;udkvnf; 20&mpkESpfusrS az:xkwfEdkif
cJhayonf?
u|Efkyfwdk‹r-umrDu qef;ppfcJh-uaom T&kyf0g',Ofaus;r+rS arG;xkwfvdkufonfh
tawG;tac:rsm;u/ urBmppf-uD;.rD;udk arG;ay;cJhI/ ra&rwGufEdkifaom jynfwGif;ppf
rsm;/ t-urf;zufr+rsm;/ rsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfr+rsm;/ tjyD;tydkif&Sif;vif;okwfoifr+rsm;ESifh
&dkif;pdkif;&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rD;rsm;udkvnf; arG;cJhavonf? xdkysufpD;,dk,Gif;jcif;uyf
ab;-uD;a-umifh vl‹toufaygif; oef;aygif;rsm;pGmqkH;&+H;cJhI/ oef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm
aomvlwdk‹onfvnf; t&Sufuif;rJhpGmzdESdyfapmfum;cHcJh-u&onf? vl‹ordkif;wGif tqdk;&Gm;
qkH;aom ESdyfpufjcif;udkvnf; cHcJh-u&.?
'g0if0g'.-oZmanmif;jcif;cH&aom t-urf;zuform;rsm;onf/ olwdk‹udk,fol
wdk‹ wd&pm>efrSqif;oufvm-uonf[k ,kH-unf-uonfhtm;avsmfpGm/ awmawmif*lwGif;
rsm;Y tvGefqdk;&Gm;onfhtajctaejzifh aexdkifEdkif-uayonf? olwdk‹onf vl‹toufrsm;
udk 'kwd,wpf-udrfxyfrHpOf;pm;jcif;rjyKbJ uav;i,frsm;/ Z&mtdkrsm;ESifh tjypfrJholrsm;
udk owfjzwfEdkif-uayonf?
olwdk‹onf/ olwdk‹udk,fudkvnf;aumif;/ tjcm;olwdk‹udkvnf;aumif;/ 0dnmOf/
pdwf/ todw&m;/ em;vnfoabmaygufjcif;rsm;&Sdonfh bk&m;ocifu zefqif;xm;aom
owW0gtjzpf rjrif-uacs? xdk‹a-umifh wd&pm>efrsm;tcsif;csif;qufqefjyKusifh-uonfh
twdkif; qufqH-uayonf? pwmvifu c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;ESifhAvDtajrmuf
tjrm;udk azgufcGJzsufqD;ypfjcif;onfyif uGefjrLepf0g'onf bmomt,l0g'udk rnfr#
rkef;wD;a-umif; n$efjyvsuf&Sdaeayonf?
bk&m;oQifudkqef‹usifonfh &Snfvsm;aomppf (The Long War Against God)
trnf&Sdpmtkyfa&;om;ol [ife&D arm&pfu xdkqufpyfr+udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;
ayonf?
odyH`enf;rusaomfvnf;/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D. odyH`ynmvuQ%mygoa,mif&Sdjcif;udk/ bk&m;
ocifESifhqef‹usifonfhpepfESifh usifhpOftm;vkH;udk w&m;0ifap&eftokH;jyK-uonf? xdkodk‹jyK
&mwGif/ ,QKtcsdeftxd tatmifjrifqkH;rSm uGefjrLepf0g' jzpf.? ‚if;ESifhqufEG,fonfh
tawG;tac:rsm;tm;vkH;wdk‹udk uGefjrLepf0g'onf odyH`ynmtay:tajccHaoma-umifh rSefuef
98
&rnf[k xifapayonf?
uGefjrLepf0g'ESifh &kyf0g'wdk‹u bmomt,l0g'udkrkef;wD;onfhtjcif;t&mrsm;udk
Adkv&SDApfx-uGawmfvSefa&;wGif t-urf;zufzsufqD;jcif;rsm;jzifh ay:vGifapcJhayonf?
c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;ESifhAvDrsm;udk vkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;jzdKzsufypf-uonf? topf

106
jzpfaom “qdk&S,fvpfvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;”.jyifyodk‹ yxkwfESifxkwf&rnfholrsm;teuf bm
oma&;ESifhywfoufolrsm;onf xdyfwef;a&SŒwef;wGifyg0if-uavonf? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;
todkif;t0dkif;onf bmoma&;udkif;±+dif;olrsm;omjzpfaomfvnf;/ bmoma&;wm0efrsm;udk
xrf;aqmif&ef t[ef‹twm;rsm;vkyf-uavonf? c&pf,mefrsm; bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;oGm;
&rnfh we*FaEGae‹em;&ufudk &kwfodrf;vdkufonf? vlwdkif; wpfygwfwGif ig;&uftvkyf
vkyf&aomfvnf; em;&ufrSm rnfonfh&ufrqdk jzpfEdkifonf? TtpDtpOfudk uGefjrLepfwdk‹

Adkv&SDApfawmfvSefa&;twGif;ESifhaemufydkif;wGif bmoma&;udkwdkufcdkufcJh-uonf? c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sd

cdk;ausmif;rsm;ESifh AvDrsm;udk jzdKzsufypf-uonf? ykHwGifawG‹&onfhtwdkif; c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;
ausmif;rsm;rS tEkynmvuf,mypPnf;rsm;udk vk,ufjzKwf,l-u.?

107
u “bmoma&;udkwdkufzsufonfhppf”twGuf wrifwum pDpOfjcif;jzpfavonf?99 xdk‹
aemuf 1928ckESpfESifh 1930ckESpfwGif bmoma&;qdkif&myk*~dKvfwdk‹ay;&onfh tcGefudk 10
qwdk;vdkufavonf? olwdk‹. tpm;tpmulyGefudk odrf;,lvdkufonf? usef;rma&;t
cGifhta&;cHpm;cGifhrsm;udk ydwfvdkufonf? jynfol‹tcGifhta&;wpfckr#cHpm;cGifhr&Sd-uawmh
acs? olwdk‹udkzrf;qD;I olwdk‹.&mxl;rSjzKwfum jynfyodk‹ESifxkwfvdkuf-uonf? 1936
ckESpfavmufwGif AvDaygif; 65&mcdkifE+ef;ESifh c&pf,mefbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif; 75&mcdkifE+ef;udk
zsufqD;ypfvdkufavjyD?

bmoma&;udkwdkufcdkuf&mwGif tvfab;eD,m;wGif tjyif;xefqkH;jzpfcJh.? tvf

ab;eD,m;uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifonf tifAm a[mh'f*smtrnf&Sd bk&m;rJh0g'DjzpfI 1967
ckESpfwGif tvfab;eD,m;udk yxrOD;qkH;aom “bmomt,l0g'rJh”EdkifiHtjzpfa-unm
cJhavonf? bmoma&;qdkif&myk*~dKvfrsm;udk rnfonfhusdK;a-umif;r#rjybJ zrf;qD;csKyf
aESmifum tcsdKŒudkrl owfjzwfypfavonf? 1948ckESpfwGif bda&Smhbkef;awmf-uD;ESpfyg;
ESifhbmoma&;qdkif&myk*~dKvfaygif; 5000 udk ypfowfvdkufavonf? rGwfpvifrfwdk‹udk
vnf; xdkenf;twdkif;jyKusifh-uonf? eif'dk&D vpOfpmapmifwGif AvDESifh c&pf,mefbk&m;

108
&Sdcdk;ausmif;aygif;2169vkH;udk ydwfvdkufa-umif; a-unmcJh&m/ 327vkH;rSm umaomvpf
bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;rsm;jzpfavonf?
TuJhodk‹jyKusifh-ujcif;rSm/ uGefjrLepf0g'.&nf&G,fcsufonf/ bk&m;ocif&Sdjcif;
udk rsufpdrSdwfI jiif;y,faomvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;udkwnfaxmifI/ bmomt,l0g'udkvkH;0
a&maESmqufpyfjcif;rjyKapbJ &kyf0wˆKypPnf;rsm;udkom ,kH-unfwefbdk;xm;ap&efjzpf
onfrSm ,kHrSm;oHo,jzpfp&mr&Sdacs? trSefrSm/ ,if;onfuyif uGefjrLepf0g'.t"du
ypfrSwfwpfckjzpfayonf? tb,fha-umifhqdkaomf/ uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifrsm;u vlawG
udk puf&kyfuJhodk‹ pdwfcHpm;r+uif;rJhI bk&m;ocifudka-umuf&GHŒjcif;r&Sdonfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;
udk wnfaxmifEdkifrSomv#if/ olwdk‹-udKufovdktkyfcsKyfEdkifrnfjzpfa-umif; odxm;-u
aoma-umifhjzpf.? odk‹rSomv#if olwdk‹tvdk&SdoavmufowfjzwfzdESdyfEdkifrnfjzpf.?
bk&m;rJhrdpm>'d@dt,ludkaxmufcHtm;ay;I/ bmomt,l0g'rsm;u wm;jrpfxm;aom
zdESdyfr+rsdK;pkH/ &ufpufr+rsdK;pkH/ yËdyuQrsdK;pkH/ owfjzwfr+ponfwdk‹udk w&m;0ifapaom
'g0if0g'.wifjycsufonf/ 20&mpkESpftwGif; vl‹toufudkwefbdk;rxm;bJ aoG;acsmif;
pD;aponfh tawG;tac:tm;vkH;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr‡mufjyKcJhayonf? xdk‹a-umifh vGefcJh
onfh 20&mpkESpfonf/ r&yfrem;aomppfyGJrsm;/ owfjzwfr+rsm;/ awmfvSefykefuefr+rsm;/
t-urf;zufr+rsm;/ wdkufcdkufr+rsm;ESifh &efbufjzpfjcif;rsm;ESifh jynfheufcJhavonf?
'g0if0g'DuGefjrLepfrsm;u urBmay:wGif
oufa&mufapcJhaom zdESdyfr+ESifh t-urf;zufr+rsm;
rif;rJhp&dkufESifh t-urf;zufjcif;ESpfrsdK;pvkH;onf rm;ufP0g'ESifh uGefjrLepf0g'wdk‹
. r&Sdrjzpfaom tokH;jyKvufeufu&d,mjzpfayonf? rm;ufP0g'.t-urf;zufjcif;
vuQ%monf rm;ufPtoufxif&Sm;aepOftwGif;yif yg&pfjrdKŒawmfuGefjrGef;wGif vuf
awG‹jzpfcJhavonf? txl;ojzifh/ t-urf;zufjcif;onf rm;ufP.oDtdk&Dudk vufawG‹t
aumiftxnfaz:ol vDeif.uGefjrLepftawG;tac:twGuf r&Sdrjzpfaomtydkif;jzpfcJhay
onf? uGefjrLepfwdk‹onf wurBmvkH;ae&mwumwGif aoG;acsmif;pD;apcJh-uI/ vlwdk‹tm;
t-urf;zuf*dk%f;tzGJ‹rsm;wnfaxmifI emusifem-unf;r+/ xdwfvef‹a-umuf&GH‹r+rsm; jzpf
aponf? ,ae‹tcsdefwGif uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmiftm;vkH;udk olwdk‹usL;vGefcJh-uaom zdESdyf
r+ESifh owfjzwfr+rsm;.w&m;cHrsm;tjzpf rSwfom;xm;-uonfudk a±SŒvmrnfhpmrsufESm
rsm;wGif awG‹&Sd-uygvdrfhrnf? odk‹aomfvnf; tcsdKŒtodkif;t0dkif;rsm;wGif oem;-uifemr+
uif;rJhI vufrsm;wGifaoG;vl;aeaomvlowform;rsm;.ykHrsm;udk acgif;&if;wGifcsdwf
xm;olrsm;vnf;&Sdao;onf? xdkuJhodk‹ vlowfjcif;ESifh&ufpufjcif;wGif aysmfarG‹olwdk‹udk
olwdk‹. q&morm;rsm;tjzpfvufcHae-uao;onf?
uGefjrLepfwdk‹u &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;ESifh t-urf;zufjcif;wdk‹onf uGefjrLepf
wdk‹.vkyf&dk;vkyfpOfr[kwf[kqdkonfhjyif/ tcsdKŒyk*~dKvfrsm;u uGefjrLepf0g'udk vufawG‹
usifhokH;&mwGif jyKusifh-ujcif;omjzpfonf[k rnfr#yifxkacsajymqdk-uapumrl/ olwdk‹u
uGefjrLepf0g' udkjzLpifoef‹&Sif;atmif rnfr#yif-udK;pm;aq;a-um-uapumrl/ jiif;qefI
r&aomtrSefw&m;u &SdaejyD;om; jzpfayonf? uGefjrLepf0g'udk wnfaxmifcJholwdk‹u
&ufpufr+ESifh t-urf;zufr+rsm;udk umuG,fajymqdkcJh-uI/ olwdk‹.tawG;tac:twGuf
vkdtyfcsufrsm; jzpfonf[k jrif-u.? tar&duefvlrsdK; EdkifiHa&;odyH`yg&*ljzpfol
q,fjrL&,f z&ef;ppf u ,if;udpPESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; ajym-um;xm;
ayonf?

109
 rm;ufPESifhtif*sJvfwdk‹u awmfvSefa&;onf tpOftjrJ&ufpufr+&Sd&rnf/ awmfvSefa&;orm;wdk‹
onf tkyfcsKyfolwdk‹udk&ufpuf&rnf[k a,bk,stm;jzifhjcHKikHI twdtustav;xm;rdef‹-um;
100
cJh-uonf? wpfcgwpf&H t-urf;zufr+udkvnf; axmufcHtm;ay;-u.?
um;vfrm;uPfu/ 'efwef. a&S;OD;tusqkH;“awmfvSefa&;qdkif&mEdkifiHa&;odyH`”
jzpfonfh "de l'audace, de l'audace, encore de l'audace" (wdkufcdkufyg/ wdkufcdkufyg/
aemufxyfwdkufcdkufyg) [laomrl0g'udk,lI “awmfvSefykefuefjcif;onf ppfynmwpfrsdK;
jzpfayonf?”[k qdkcJh.?101 vDeifuvnf; t-urf;zufr+udk tpDtpOfusus pepfwus
aqmif&Guf&ef vdktyfonf[k &Sif;&Sif;bGif;bGif;yif ajymcJhavonf? atmufygwdk‹rSm vD
eif. rdef‹cGef;rsm;rS aumufE+wfcsuftcsdKŒjzpfygonf?

110
 trSefpifppf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&onf tjcm;r[kwfbl;/ vlwef;pm;wpfrsdK;u tjcm;vlwef;pm;
wpfrsdK;udk zdESdyfwJh,EW&m;wpfrsdK;omjzpfw,f? tm%m&Sifpepf[m tiftm;okH;jcif;rSm
wdkuf&dkuftajccHjyD; b,fOya'urS xdef;uGyfxm;jcif;r&Sdbl;? ypPnf;rJhvlwef;pm;&Jh awmf
vSefa&;rSm tm%m&SifpepfeJ‹tEdkif&&Sda&;pepfom&SdjyD; blZ0gwdk‹tay: &ufpuf-urf;-uKwf
jcif;udk vufudkifxm;usifhokH;&r,f? tJ'Dvdkaqmif&Gufjcif;udk b,fOya'ur# uef‹owf
102
xdef;csKyfxm;wmr&Sdbl;?
usKyfwdk‹u EdkifiHa&;t& owfjzwfjcif;udk qef‹usifjcif;vkH;0r&Sdbl;? rsufarSmufrSm vlxktkH
103
-uGv+yf&Sm;r+eJ‹ wdkuf&dkufqufpyfjyD; wpfOD;csif;t-urf;zufr+jzpfjcif;[m tusKd;&Sdw,f?
tm%m&&Sdbdk‹twGuf vlwef;pm;tod&SdwJh tvkyform;trsm;pkudk udk,fhbufygatmifvkyf&
104
r,f? &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfjcif;r&Sdor#umvywfvkH; tm%m&bdk‹vrf;r&Sdbl;?
tvkyform;rsm;tpnf;ta0;wGif vDeifu t-urf;zufjcif;onf olwdk‹twGuf
rnfr#txdrvGJra&Smifom vdktyfa-umif; a-umufrufzG,faumif;aom rdef‹cGef;udk ay;cJh
onf?
tu,fI vlxkwpfckvkH;tkH-uGjyD; qlylx-uGjcif;r&Sd&if 'gawG[m bmrStusdK;&SdrSmr[kwfbl;?
ab;rSm&yf-unfhae-uwJhvlawG&Jhacgif;rSm usnfqHray;bJ 'Dtwdkif;xm;xm;&if/ usKyfwdk‹[m
105
b,fudkrS c&D;a&mufrSmr[kwfbl;?

&k&Sm;EdkifiH atmufwdkbmawmfvSefa&;wGif ta&;-uD;qkH;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;jzpfol

xa&mhpuDu vDeif.pum;vkH;rsm;udk twnfjyKcJh.?
awmfvSefa&;wGif yef;wdkifa&mufbdk‹ vdktyfonfhtcGifhta&;tm;vkH;udk tokH;jyKwwfwJh awmf
vSefa&;vlwef;pm; vdktyfw,f? vdktyf&if vufeufudkifawmfvSef&r,f? vdktyfao;&if t
106
-urf;zufjcif;vJvkyf&r,f?
xa&mhpuDu aemufxyf atmufygrdef‹cGef;udk ajymcJhonf?
usKyfwdk‹twGuf 'DtcsdefrSm a&G;p&mqdkvdk‹ jynfwGif;ppfbJ&Sdawmhw,f? jynfwGif;ppfqdkwm t
107
pm;tpmtwGuf ppfwdkuf&jcif; jzpfw,f?==jynfwGif;ppf oufawmf&Snfygap?

111
 vDeifESifh xa&mhpuDwdk‹uJhodk‹aom uGefjrLepfoDtdk&Dorm;rsm;onf/ &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif
Adkv&SDApfawmfvSefa&;jzifh vufawG‹prf;oyfcJh-uonf? 1917ckESpfaEGOD;umv awmfvSef

a&;umvwGif tus,fjyef‹qkH;
owfjzwfjcif;/ vk,ufjcif;ESifh
rawG;Edkifavmufaom &ufpuf
-urf;-uKwfr+rsm; jzpfay:cJh.?
awmfvSefa&;udk qef‹usifolwdk‹
ESifh qef‹usifonf[k xif&aom
olwdk‹udk rnfonfh ta-umif;r#
rjybJ zrf;qD;I ypfowfvdkuf
-uonf? olwdk‹.tdrfudk vk,uf
,ljyD;aemuf zsufqD;vdkuf-uav
onf?t-urf;zufr+rsm;onf/ vD
eifESifh xa&mhpuDwdk‹rSpwifcJhI
pwmvif.acwfwGif ydkIqdk;&Gm;
cJhavonf?

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pmrS [,f&Dqef tD qmvpfbm&D
u qdkAD,ufpepf. tusOf;pcef;
rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jy
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vkH; t-urf;zufr+ESifhjynfheuf
aeonf?==qdkAD,uft-urf;
zuf pepfwGif vlaygif;odef;
ESifhcsDI owfjzwfvdkufjyD;
oef;aygif;ajrmufjrm;pGm ao
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108
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112
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113
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111
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112
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114
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115
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113
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Quadragesimo Anno wGif atmufygtwdkif; a-unmcJhavonf?
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114
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cktygt0ifjzpf.?

116
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wpfOD;rSm 'g0ifjzpfI aemufwpfOD;rSm pwmvifjzpfonf? Taorif;wreftrnfESpfckwdk‹
onf/ armfpDwkH;.udk,fwpfckwnf;wGif pkaygif;yg0ifcJhI/ w&kwfEdkifiH.ordkif;wGif 0rf;
enf;a-uuGJzG,f -um&SnfvGef;aomtarSmifacwf-uD;tjzpf trJuGufcsefxm;cJhavonf?
vlaygif; 6oef;rS 10oef;txd armfpDwkH;.wdkuf&dkufn$ef-um;csufjzifh owfjzwfcJhonf?
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rsm;qkH;tydkif;udk tusOf;axmifxJY tcsdefukefcJh-u.? ‚if;wdk‹teuf oef;aygif; 20
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Forward)ac: armf.&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhtpGef;xGufay:vDpDrsm;jzifh vlOD;a&oef;
aygif; 20ESifh40t-um; iwfrGwfI aoa-u-uukef.? 1989ckESpfwGif wD,Htefrif,if
jyifowfjzwfr+wGif vlaygif; 1000ausmfaocJhjcif;onfvnf; w&kwfEdkifiH.r-um ao;rD
u ausmfvGefcJhaom ordkif;taxmuftxm;jzpfayonf? ta&SŒwmupPwefe,f wGif
rGwfpvifrfwl&uDvlrsdK;rsm;udk vlrsdK;jzKwfowfjzwfaejcif;onfvnf; qufvufI jzpf
yGm;aeao;onf?
w&kwfEdkifiHwGifjzpfcJhonfh uGefjrLepfawmfvSefa&;wGif r,kH-unfEdkifavmufatmif
&dkif;pdkif;onfhtjzpftysufrsm; &SdcJhavonf? xdk&dkif;pdkif;&ufpufpGmowfjzwfaeonfudk
ab;rSatmf[pfaxmufcHtm;ay;aecJh-uonfhvlxkwckvkH;rSm nd‡KŒ"gwfwpfrsdK;rsdK; rdae-u
onf[kyif xif&ayonf?
ordkif;yg&*lESifhordkif;q&m-uD;tcsdKŒpkaygif;a&;om;xkwfa0aom Le Livre Noir
du Communisme (uGefjrLepf0g'. teufa&mifpmtkyf)ac:pmtkyfwGif/ uGefjrLepfwdk‹.
&dkif;pdkif;,kwfrmonfhvkyf&yfrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
rvGJwef;ao'%fcsrSwf-urnfhtusOf;om;jzpfonfh “wefjyefawmfvSefa&;orm;rsm;”udk ckH&kH;
wifppfaq;&modk‹ a'ocHvlxkwpfckvkH;udk qifhac:-unfhcdkif;-uonf? xdktusOf;om;rsm;udk
owfjyD;aemuf tavmif;rsm;udktydkif;ydkif;jzwf-urnfh Red Guards ac: &JabmfeDwdk‹udk/ ao
'%fay;onfhckH&kH;odk‹wufa&mufvmonfh vlxku ab;rSaeI “owfvdkuf/ owfvdkuf”[k
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115
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=============================================================
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cJhayonf?

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vlxk tdrfaxmifpkwdkif;wGif tenf;qkH;wpfOD; towfcHcJh&onf?
vl‹toufudk wefzdk;vkH;0rxm;aomyGefyGwfonf olpdwful;,Ofaomqdk&S,fvpf
avmutwGuf tdrfaxmifpkonf t[ef‹twm;jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf.? xdk‹a-umifh tdrf
axmifpkrsm;udkwuGJwjym;cGJxm;vdkufjcif;jzifh vlom;rsm;udk uGefjrGef;ac:bkHtzGJ‹pepfwGif
aexdkifapvdkjcif;jzpfonf? ‚if;ay:vDpDrsdK;udk pwmvifuvnf; &k&Sm;EdkifiHwGif csrSwf
aqmif&GufcJh.? yxrqkH; awmifolv,form;rsm;. ajr,mrsm;udk odrf;vdkufonf? xdk‹
aemuf wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD; a0;vHaomae&m&Sd ajr,mtenf;i,fpDudk a0iSay;onf? xdkajr
,mcGJwef;rsm;wGif tvkyfvkyf-u&ef rdrd.tdrfaxmifpkom;csif;rsm;ESifh cGJcGmae-u&.?
Robert Templer, Pol Pot's Legacy of Horror,
The Age, April 18, 1998,
http://dithpran.org/PolPotlegacy.htm
=============================================================

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127
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128
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131
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134
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135
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118
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136
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jzpfawmfrlayownf;? (pl&mtvf*sm'dv[f 58;6=7)
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137
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t&if;&Sifoabmw&m;a&;udk OD;pGmwifjyol wDv†Du/ “±+H;edrfholvlwef;pm;rsm;”udk qif;
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141
vrf;rsm;jzifh &&Sdvmjcif;jzpfapumrl/ ol.tpGrf;tpa-umifh&&Sdvmjcif;jzpfonf? Tt
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Tpdwfaeoabmxm;udk umuG,fcJhaom
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tm;-uD;olqufvuf&Sifoefjcif;tajccHrljzifh -uD;xGm;
vmaoma-umifhjzpfonf[k qdk.? xdk‹a-umifh pyifpm
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onf? csrf;om-uG,f0olonf ydkrdkoifhawmfaoma-umifh
-uG,f0.? EdkifiHtcsdKŒonf tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;udkpdk;rdk;tkyf
csKyfjcif;rSm omvGeftiftm; -uD;aoma-umifhjzpf.? t csdKŒvlrsdK;rsm;onf
tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;.atmufwGif u|efcH-u&.? xdktjcm;vl
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onfht,ludk tn‡dK;-uD;pGmjzifh tokH;csayonf? “olwdk‹onf jynfhpkHvkHavmufpGmtouf
&SifEkdifygu toufqufI&Sif-uvdrfhrnf? toufqufI vnf;&Sifoifh.? tu,fI
olwdk‹onf toufquf&SifEdkif&efrjynfhpkHrvkHavmufygu aoa-uoGm;-uvdrfhrnf? ol
wdk‹twGuf aojcif;onf taumif;qkH;jzpf.?120

a&;wuUodkvfrSvlr+a&;odyH`ESifh EdkifiHa&;odyH`ygarmuQ *&m[rfqrfemonf tar&d

uefEdkifiHwGif 'g0if0g'.ajyma&;qdkcGifh&Sdoljzpfayonf? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;ESifhywfoufonfh
ol.tawG;tac:udk atmufygtwdkif; twdkcsKH;xm;ayonf?
==tu,fIwpfOD;wpfa,mufudk jr‡ifhwifygu/ wefjyeftm;twGuf vnfcsuf&Sd&ayrnf? qdk
vdk&if;rSm vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif wpfOD;wpfa,mufudk jr‡ifhwifygu tjcm;olwpfOD;udk zdcsvdkuf
121
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e,l;a,mufjrdKŒtar&duefobm0ordkif;jywdkuf. obm0ordkif;r*~Zif; t,f'D
wm &pfcsm'f rDvfemu atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;cJh.?
qdk&S,f'g0if0g'(vlr+a&;'g0if0g'). ajyma&;qdkcGifh&SdolwpfOD;jzpfaom y&ifhpwGefwuUodkvf
rS 0DvD,rf *&m[rfu oef;-uG,folaX;rsm;onf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif toifhawmfqkH;vufa&G;
pOfrsm;jzpf-uojzifh/ txl;tcGifhta&;rsm;udk cHpm;xdkufonf[k ,lqayonf? olwdk‹onf
“,SOfjydKifr+wnf;[laom t&nf-udKtdk;-uD;wGif ppfxkwfta&G;cs,fcH&olrsm;jzpf-uayonf”
[k qdk.?122
Ta-unmcsufrsm;udk-unfhjcif;jzifh/ qdk&S,f'g0if0g'Dwdk‹onf 'g0if.tDAdkvl;&Sif;
oDtdk&DudktokH;jyKI t&if;&Sifvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;twGuf okH;oyfxm;a-umif; od&ayonf?
xdk‹a-umifh vlom;rsm;onf/ bmomt,l0g'rsm;uoGefoifxm;aom tcsif;csif;tjyef
tvSef,dkif;yif;ulnDr+/ y&[dwpdwf"gwfESifh yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufr+ ponfwdk‹ qkwf,kwf
oGm;-ujyD;/ Taumif;jcif;vuQ%mrsm;tpm; wpfudk,faumif;qefjcif;/ Om%feDOm%f

142
eufokH;I pOf;vJjcif;/ tcGifhaumif;,lwwfjcif; ponfwdk‹wGif *k%f,l-uavonf? t
ausmf-um;qkH;qdk&S,f'g0if0g'oDtdk&Dorm;jzpfol tar&duefvlrsdK;ygarmuQ tData&mhpf
u/ “c&pf,meftvSL*kd%f;. *k%f-uufoa&onf vlydef;vl‹iwkH;rsm;cdkv+HarG;xkwfonfh
ae&m jzpfonf?”[k qdk.? xdk‹aemuf “EdkifiHawmftpdk;&uvnf; em;yif;qGH‹tolrsm;udk
cdkv+H&m ay;xm;onfhtwGuf/ qGH‹t em;yif;onfhvlrsdK;wpfrsdK;ay:xGef;vmaeayjyD?”[k
xyfrH ajymqdkavonf? Taumif;r+rsm;tm;vkH;onf tDAdkvl;&Sif;t& obm0tavsmuf
zGH‹jzdK;r+udk [ef‹wm;jcif;jzpfonf[k ypfy,f±+wfcsI/ “TurBmudk edAŠmefbkHtjzpftjrefqkH;
aqmufwnf&efenf;vrf;rSm/ xdkr#txdwdrf;apmif;olwdk‹udk olwdk‹.ajcvSrf;twdkif; i&J
bkHodk‹ vSrf;oGm;-uatmif v$wfxm;oifh.?”123 [lIvnf; a-unmxm;ayonf?
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qkH;ydkifqdkifolrsm;jzpf-uayonf? tiftm;-uD;olonf tiftm;csdeJ‹oludk eif;acsIwuf
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Tvkyf&yfrsm;ESifht*Fg&yfrsm;onf “odyH`enf;usaom&Sif;vif;csufrsm;”ESifh “obm0w
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vlr+a&;'g0if0g'udk tar&duefqefqefawG;ac:jcif;[k t"dy`g,f&aom Social
Darwism in American Thought pmtkyfudk a&;om;ol &pfcsm'f a[mhzfpwufwmu/ 19
&mpkESpfrD;&xm;vrf;olaX;-uD; acsmefpD 'DjyLu e,l;a,mufjrdKŒwGif emrnfausmf-um;ol
csrf;om-uG,f0olESifhtm%m&Sdolwdk‹onf “olwyg;xuf ydkrdkomvGefaomtpGrf;tp&Sd
jcif;/ -udKwifajrmfjrifEdkifjcif;ESifhtajctaeudkvdkufzufatmifvkyfaqmifEdkifjcif;” ponf
wdk‹a-umifh touf&Sifjcif;twGuf toifhawmfqkH;yk*~dKvfrsm;jzpf-uonf[k ajymqdka-umif;
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&Sifoefjcif;ed,mru owfrSwfay;jcif;jzpfonf?”125 [kajymqdkcJhavonf?
tar&duefEdkifiHrS aemufxyft&if;&Sif-uD;wpfOD;jzpfol tif'&l; umae*sDu ol.
udk,fa&;&mZ0ifwGif “u|Ekfyfonf tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D. rSefuefjcif;udk awG‹&SdygjyD?”[k
a&;om;cJhayonf?126 aemufxyfwpfae&mwGif atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;cJhjyefonf?
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wrf;onf[kxif&aomfvnf;/ vlrsdK;wpfrsdK;twGuf taumif;qkH;t*Fg&yfyifjzpfayonf?
127
Xmewdkif;wGif toifhawmfqkH;olu qufvuf&Sifoefoifhjcif;udktmrcHaoma-umifhjzpf.?
tDAdkvl;&Sif;odyH`ynm±Sif uif;euf a*s pl;u/ tar&duefEdkifiH. a&SŒwef;t&if;
&Sifrsm;. 'g0if0g'tawG;tac:rsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; az:xkwfxm;ayonf?
'g0if0g'udk t*FvefEdkifiHESifh tar&duEdkifiHwdk‹rS yk*~vdu,SOfjydKifr+pepfESifh t&if;&Sifpepf pD;
yGm;a&;.tusdK;qufrsm;udk umuG,f&mYvnf; tokH;cs-uayonf? tif'&l;umae*sDu/
“,SOfjydKifjcif;ed,mronf/ -uifemr+&Sdonfjzpfap r&SdonfbJjzpfap/ rsufarSmufwGif &Sdaeay
onf? u|Efkyfwdk‹ a&SmifuGif;Ir&Edkifacs?”[ka&;om;cJhavonf? a&mhufzJvm;u wpfqifh

143
 wufI/ “vkyfief;-uD;rsm; -uD;xGm;vmjcif;onf toifhawmfqkH;olwdk‹qufvuf&Sifoefoifh
128
jcif;omv#ifjzpfI/ obm0ed,mrw&m;u aqmif&Gufjcif;om jzpfayonf? [kqdk.?

tar&duefEdkifiHwGif a&mhzJvm;ESifh umae*sDuJhodk‹aom t&if;&Sifoef;-uG,fola@;

rsm; wnfaxmifcJhaom a&mhzJvm;azgifa';&Sif;ESifh umae*sDtifpwD-uL;&Sif;wdk‹u tDAdkvl;
&Sif;ESifhywfoufaom okawoersm;wGif ta&;-uD;onfhaiGa-u;axmufyHhr+ ay;-u&jcif;
onf tvGefpdwf0ifpm;zG,fudpPwpf&yfjzpfayonf?
txufwGif &Sif;jycJhonfhtwdkif; t&if;&Sifpepfonf vlom;wdk‹udk aiGa-u;ESifh
aiGa-u;.tm%mudkom udk;uG,f&ef ac:aqmifoGm;a-umif; awG‹cJh-uayjyD? bmomt,l
0g'rsm;u oGefoifxm;aom udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;onf tokH;rus[k cH,l-uI/ tDAdkvl;
&Sif;oDtdk&D.-oZmatmufa&mufae-uaom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf &kyf0wˆKtiftm;rsm;udk
omtav;xm;-uojzifh arwWmw&m;/ oem;-uifemjcif;ESifh udk,fusdK;pGef‹jcif;rsm;rS a0;
uGmoGm;-u.?
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oabmxm;. -oZmv$rf;rdk;r+atmufwGif a&mufae-uayonf? xdk‹a-umifh qif;&JEGrf;
yg;ol/ tultnDrJhaeol/ rpGrf;roefolwdk‹udk vSL'gef;jcif;r&Sd-uawmhbJ tumtuG,frJh
ypfxm;-ujcif;jzpfonf? tu,fI olwdk‹onf jyif;xefaoma&m*gpGJuyfaevifhupm;/
rnfolur# -uifemw&m;xm;I aq;ukoay;rnfholr&SdbJtoufaoqkH;oGm;onftxd
ypfxm;jcif;cHae-u&onf? EdkifiHtawmfrsm;rsm;wGif uav;oli,frsm;udk tvkyfcdkif;apI
xdkuav;oli,frsm;onf vlr+zlvkHa&;tcGifhta&;uif;rJhae-uonfudk awG‹&Sd&ayonf?
,ae‹ tDodk,dkyD,m;EdkifiHwGif rdk;acgifa&&Sm;ojzifh iwfrGwfacgif;yg;ae-ujcif;
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wdk‹udk EdkifiHwumrS tpm;tpmulnDaxmufyHhoifhaomfvnf;/ iwfjywfaeonfhtajctae
twdkif; ypfxm;-uayonf?

144
 t&if;&Sifvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;. aemufxyft*Fg&yfwpfckrSm ‚if;twGif;Y rwlnDrr#w
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qif;&JjyD; csrf;om-uG,f0olonf ydkI-uG,f0vmayonf? urBmay:wGif twdk;wufqkH;
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av#mufvkH;wGifOpPm"e-uG,f0ap&eftwGuf qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;udk eif;acsI &kyf0wˆK
ypPnf;udkomtav;xm;jcif;/ wpfudk,faumif;qefjcif;/ udk,fusdK;udkom-unfhjcif;/ vdrf
vnfvSnfhjzm;jcif;rsm;&SdcJh.? twdwfumvrsm;wGifvnf; &kyf0wˆKOpPm"eudkom tav;
xm;um ESpfoufjrwfEdk;xdkufonfh udk,fusifhw&m;uif;rJholrsm; &SdcJh-uonf?
odk‹aomfvnf; 19&mpkESpf'kwd,ESpfig;q,fydkif;wGif xdkodk‹aomyk*~dKvfwdk‹onf t
jriftm;jzifh uGJjym;aomacwfumvodk‹a&muf-uavonf? vGefcJhonfh ESpf150twGif;&Sd
xdkuJhodk‹&ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhrdwfuyfcs,foxm;aom vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;ESifh yk*~dKvf
rsm;onf uJh&ŒJ±+wfcsjcif;rcH-u&awmhacs? xdkodk‹aom vuQ%mt*Fg&yfrsm;udk obm0ed

145
,mrtjzpf vufcH-uavonf? Ttcsufjzhif 'g0if0g'onf xdkudk,fusifhw&m;ysuf
jym;jcif;ESifhoem;-uifemjcif;uif;rJholwdk‹. rSm;,Gif;aom t,l0g'wpfckjzpfayonf?

a&mbwf tD'D uvm;ufu ,if;tajctaeudk atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jyxm;.?

tDAdkvl;&Sif;onf/ twdkcsKH;ajym&rnfqdkygu/ raumif;r+'kp&dkufjyKol. todw&m;rsm;udk
cdkvkHem;aer+ ay;xm;ayonf? rdrd.jydKifbufudk rormqkH; pOf;vJqkH;trltusifhwdk‹jzifh wkH‹
jyefoludk a0zefjypfwifIr&awmhacs? raumif;r+'kp&dkufjyKusifhjcif;udk aumif;onf[k o
129
rkwf-uayonf?
tdwfcsf tDaemhuvnf; ol. tDAdkvl;&Sif;odk‹r[kwfzefqif;jcif; (Evolution or
Creation) [laompmtkyfwGif atmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;ayonf?
ygarmuQ a*s [krf;u Todk‹qdk.? “'g0if0g'onf aumif;r+rsm;udk qufvuf&SifoefEdkifjcif;
wefzdk;jzifh worwfwnf;wdkif;wmayonf?”==,if;onfum; awmwd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk‹ &dkif;
pdkif;aomtrltusifh “-uD;Edkifi,fn‡if;=tiftm;-uD;oltEdkif&olonf rSef.?” [laomOya'
o jzpfonf? toifhawmfqkH;olonf qufvuf&SifoefcGifh&Sdonf [laomt,ltq jzpf.?
Om%feDOm%feufjzifhpOf;vJjcif;ESifh&ufpufjcif;/ ol&Jabmenf;jcif;odk‹r[kwfuvdrfus vdrf
vnfjcif; tp&dSojzifh rdrdqufvuf&SifoefEdkifatmifjyKjcif;onf xdkyk*~dKvf odk‹r[kwf xdkvlŒ
130
tzGJ‹tpnf;twGuf aumif;. rSefuef.?
u|Ekfyfwdk‹awG‹cJh-uonfhtwdkif;/ vGefcJhonfh ESpf150twGif; urBmay:odk‹ ylyifaom
ursm;/ cufcJr+rsm;/ em-unf;r+ESifhar#mfvifhcsufuif;rJhjcif;rsm;udk ,laqmifvmcJh-uol
rsm;/ pepfrsm;ESifhtawG;tac:rsm;.aemufuG,fwGif bmomt,l0g'uif;rJhjcif;ESifh
'g0if0g'wdk‹u -oZmanmif;v+HŒaqmfaecJhayonf? xdkraumif;r+'kp&dkufrsdK;pkHudk ,laqmif
vmcJholrsm;onf bmomt,l0g'uif;rJholrsm;jzpfonfhtm;avsmfpGm olwdk‹. wpfudk,f
aumif;avmbtwGuf &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfr+rsm;udk umuG,f&ef 'g0if0g'udk u,fwif
&Siftjzpftm;udk;cdkv+H-uavonf? 'g0if. “tiftm;csdeJ‹olaysmufuG,fI/ tiftm;-uD;

146
olqufvuf&Sifoef&rnf”[laom okawoepmwrf;udk olwdk‹.b0tawG;tac:tjzpf
cH,l-uayonf?

xdkrSwyg; xdkolwdk‹. ypPnf;OpPmrsm;wGif awmif;&rf;aom olqif;&Jtzdk‹vnf;aumif;/

awmif;&rf;jcif;rjyKaomolqif;&Jtzdk‹vnf;aumif;/ a0pka0ykH &Sd.?
(pl&m tvfZm&d,mwf 51;19)

147
 urBmhvlom;rsm;tm;vkH;udk axmifajcmufYzrf;xm;ouJhodk‹ zrf;Edkifvdrfhrnf[k
xif-uayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdkaxmifajcmufrsm;onf olwdk‹udk,fwdkiftwGufomv#if
jzpfa-umif;udk rod-uay? olwdk‹onf rnfr#yifqufvuftouf&SifaeEdkif&ef-udK;pm;
tm;xkwf-uaomfvnf;/ trSefpifppfolwdk‹twGufa&m/ wurBmvkH;twGufa&m/ olwdk‹
ydkifqdkifvdkonfht&mrsm;tm;vkH; twGufa&m/ olwdk‹opPmcH,lxm;onfhacgif;aqmifrsm;t
wGufa&m/ odk‹r[kwfolwdk‹vufcH,kH-unfonfhtawG;tac:rsm;twGufa&m/ pD&ifcsufcs
rnfhw&m;ol-uD;wpfyg;wnf;ESifh t&Sifocifwpfyg;wnf;omv#if &Sd.? tv†m[ft&Sif
jrwfonf wefcdk;tm%mESifhjynfhpkHaom w&m;ol-uD;jzpfawmfrl.? tpOftjrJxm0& wnf
&Sdawmfrlaomw&m;ol-uD;vnf; jzpfawmfrl.? vlom;rsm;ydkifqdkif&&Sdaom OpPm"ersm;/
tiftm;ESifhtm%mrsm;onf/ olwdk‹.tpGrf;tprsm;jzifh &&Sdvmonfr[kwf? tv†m[f
t&Sifjrwfu olwdk‹tm;prf;oyf&ef ay;tyfjcif; jzpf.? rnfolrqdk TurBmavmuonf
tiftm;csdeJ‹olwdk‹udk azsmufzsufokwfoifypfI tiftm;-uD;olu pdk;rdk;&ef&kef;uefwdkuf
cdkuf-u&onfh ,ifjyifjzpfonf[k ,kH-unfaomfvnf;/ trSefrSm vlom;wdkif;onf ol‹t
wGuf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfu owfrSwfay;xm;aom prf;oyfcsufabmiftwGif;Yomv#if
touf&Sifae-ujcif;jzpfayonf? vlom;rsm;udk tcGifhtvrf;aumif;rsm;ay;I prf;oyf
a-umif; atmufyguk&ftmeftm,wfawmfwGif rdef‹qdkxm;ayonf?
{uefrvGJ igt&Sifjrwfonf vlwdk‹tm; ‚if;wdk‹teuf rnfolonf tusifhtrltm;jzifh t
aumif;qkH;jzpfonfudk prf;oyfawmfrltHhaomiSg/ yx0Dajray:Y&Sdukefaom t&m0wˆKrsm;
udk igt&Sifjrwfonf ,if;yx0Dajr. tvSrsm;jyKvkyfawmfrlcJhavonf?
(pl&m tvfu[fzf 18;7)
rdrdwdk‹ydkifqdkif&&SdaomOpPm"ersm;onf rdrdwdk‹u “touf&Sifa&;twGuf wdkufcdkuf
I&&Sdonf”[k oabmydkufxm;olwdk‹onf/ tpm;xdk;Ir&Edkifaom em-unf;r+rsm;ESifh -uKH
awG‹-u&I/ rdrdwdk‹onf Avm[if;vif;tokH;rusaomtawG;tac:aemufodk‹ vdkufygcJh
-ua-umif; aemifwrvGefb0Y trSefw&m;ESifhxdyfwdkufawG‹qkHaomtcgor,wGif 0rf;
enf;a-uuGJjcif;-uD;pGm jzpf-uvdrfhrnf?

148
149
xdk‹jyifw0 *sEMwftrw okcbkHom;wdk‹onf *s[EMrfi&Jom;wdk‹tm;(Todk‹)[pfac:(ajym
qdk)-uukeftHh? “igwdk‹onf igwdk‹.t&Sifjrwfu igwdk‹ESifhxm;&SdawmfrlcJhaom uwdawmf
twdkif; rSefuefpGm&&Sd-ujyD? toifwdk‹onfvnf; toifwdk‹.t&Sifjrwfu toifwdk‹ESifh
xm;&Sdawmfrlaomuwdtwdkif; rSefuefpGm&&Sd-ujyDavm/” xdktcg ‚if;(*s[EMrfi&Jom;)wdk‹
u “[kwfuJh”[k ajz-um;-uvwWHŒ? xdk‹aemuf [pfatmfolwOD;u ‚if;wdk‹.pyf-um;
wGif (Todk‹)[pfatmfajymqdktHh/ rw&m;usL;vGefaomolonf tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. u&k
%mawmfrS uif;a0;-uapom;”?
‚if;jyif “ttf&mzf”Y &Sdolwdk‹u t-uif(rsm;jym;pGmaom)olwdk‹udk [pfatmf-uukeftHh?
‚if;wdk‹onf xdkolwdk‹tm; xdkolwdk‹.trSwftom;jzifh rSwfrd-uukeftHh? (xdk‹aemuf) ‚if;
(tjrifhY&Sdol)wdk‹u (T)odk‹ajymqdk-uvwWH‹? “toifwdk‹. toif;tzGJ‹ vlpkrsm;jym;jcif;
onfvnf;aumif;/ toifwdk‹ rmefrmeaxmifv$m;jcif;onfvnf;aumif;/ toifwdk‹tzdk‹
tokH;r0ifcJhacsjyDwum;? (pl&mtvfttf&mzf 7;44=45/ 48)
'g0if0g'=t&if;&Sif0g'tawG;tac:rsm;.-oZmatmufodk‹rusa&mufao;olwdk‹
ESifh olwdk‹TurBmavmuY a&muf&Sdtouf&Sifae-u&jcif;.ta-umif;&if;rsm;udk arh
aysmufjcif;r&Sd-uao;olwdk‹urlum;/ tjcm;vlom;rsm;udk tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfuzefqif;
xm;olrsm;jzpfonf[k jrif-uayonf? tv†m[ft&SifjrwfrStrdef‹&Sdxm;onfhtwdkif;/ vl
om;rsm;udk omom,m,m/ cspfcif-uifemjcif;jzifh xdkolwdk‹.tcuftcJ pdwfaomursm;
udk z,f&Sm;ay;&ef rdrdwwfEdkifor#pGrf;tm;jzifhulnD-urnfjzpfayonf? olwdk‹onf om
,memaysmfzG,faomyD,0gpmpum;udkomajymqdk-uayonf? rdbrJhuav;oli,frsm;udk
ulnDapmifha&Smuf-u.? rusef;rmolrsm;ESifh 'kuQdwrsm;udk ulnDapmifrI umuG,fapmifh
a&Smufayonf? Todk‹aomolwdk‹onf/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwfwGif rdef‹qdkxm;onfht
wdkif;/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. rsufpdatmufwGif tjrifhjrwfqkH;olrsm;jzpf-uayonf? ol
wdk‹onf OpPm"eudkvnf;pdwf0ifpm;r+r&Sd-uay? vlrsdK;/ tom;ta&mif/ tqifhtwef;
vlwef;pm;/ olwyg;.,kH-unfr+ tawG;tac:wdk‹udk pdwf0ifpm;jcif;r&Sdonfhtjyif ‚if;
wdk‹a-umifh cGJjcm;jcif;vnf;r&Sd-uacs?

150
151
 'g0if0g'u vl‹avmuodk‹ ,laqmifvmcJhaomt-uD;us,fqkH;ysufpD;,dk,Gif;
r+rSm vlwkd‹udk bmomt,l0g'rSuif;uGmoGm;apjcif;jzpfa-umif; ,kHrSm;oHo,jzpfp&mt
a-umif;r&Sdacs? &ufpuf-urf;-uKwfonfhudk,fusifhw&m;ESifh pdwf"gwfysufjym;jcif;u vl‹
tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;udk bmomt,l0g'rS vsifjrefpGm uif;uGmapavonf? ,ae‹u|Ekfyfwdk‹.
rsufarSmufacwf vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;wGif ,if;ysufjym;r+udkjyqdkonfhO"g[&k%ftajrmuf
tjrm;&Sdaeayonf?
TtcsufESifhywfoufI tcsdKŒaomvlwdk‹u bmomt,l0g'uif;rJholtajrmuf
tjrm;wdk‹onf 'g0if0g'udkyif r-um;bl;olrsm;jzpf-uojzifh/ bmomt,l0g'uif;rJh
jcif;twGuf 'g0if0g'udk tjypfrwifoifha-umif;xkacs-uayonf? bmomt,l0g'
uif;rJholtajrmuftjrm;wdk‹u 'g0if0g'udkr-um;bl;-ua-umif; rSefygonf? ,QKacwf
wGif 'g0if0g'udk umuG,fajymqdkaeol ta&twGufrSm tuef‹towfavmufom&Sday
onf? odk‹aomfvnf; xdktuef‹towfavmuftenf;i,fom±Sdonfhvlenf;pkonf/ vl‹
tzGJŒtpnf;. tawG;tac:trsm;qkH;udk -udK;udkifn$ef-um;aeolrsm;jzpf-u.? vl‹tzGJŒ
tpnf;ay:wGifoufa&mufaom olwdk‹.-oZmonf ra&rwGufEdkifavmufaomvlwdk‹xH
odk‹ qifhyGm;oufa&mufoGm;ayonf? olwdk‹. urBmhtjrifudk vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;trsm;qkH;
tydkif;tay:Y jy@mef;owfrSwfay;EdkifpGrf;&Sd-uayonf? Oyrm/ tausmf-um;qkH;wuU
odkvfygarmuQrsm;/ emrnfausmf-um;onfh &kyf&Sif'g&dkufwmtrsm;pk/ urBmhausmf-um;
vlodrsm;aom pmayxkwfa0&mXme/ owif;pmESifh r*~Zif;t,f'Dwmrsm;onf trsm;tm;
jzifh tDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Drsm;/ bmomt,l0g'uif;rJholrsm;jzpf-uonf? xdk‹a-umifh Tuwf
oD;uwfowfEdkifaomtawG;tac:rsm;udk vufcHonfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;xGufay:vmjcif; jzpf
ayonf?
urBmhtDAdkvl;&Sif;0g'Drsm;teuf a&SŒwef;ajy;aeol [m;AwfwuUodkvfrS ZD0aA'
yg&*l tm;ef ar,mu vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;wGif tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Du ,lxm;aomae&mudk
atmufygtwdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
'g0if.acwfrSpwifI/ urBmay:wGif ynmtenf;i,f&Sdolwdkif;onf vlom;onf arsmuf0HrS
qif;oufvmonf[k odayonf?==tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Donf vlwdk‹.awG;ac:&m tydkif;wdkif;
jzpfonfh vlwdk‹.tawG;tac:/ vlwdk‹.,kH-unfr+/ vlwdk‹.udk,fusifhw&m; ponfwdk‹
131
tm;vkH;wGif -oZmoufa&mufayonf?
'g0if0g'Dwdk‹. us,fjyef‹aom-oZmanmif;jcif;onf/ vlwdk‹.b0wpfckvkH;wGif
“r+dif;rd”xm;ouJhodk‹jzpfaeayonf? b0tawG‹t-uHKenf;ao;ojzifh/ urBmhtjrifwGif
jynfhpkHvkHavmufpGm jyDjyDjyifjyif rawG;awmwwfao;ol vli,frsm;onf TuJhodk‹aom
jrLqG,fr+wGif tvG,fulqkH;r+dif;rdEdkif-uayonf? TuJhodk‹aomvli,frsm;udk r*~Zif;
pmapmifrsm;/ &kyf&SifZmwfvrf;rsm;/ Zmwfvrf;wdkrsm;ESifh aw;oDcsif;rsm;rSwqifh olwdk‹
vdk&modk‹jrLqG,f qJGoGif;&ef tifrwefvG,fulayonf? txl;ojzifh vli,frsm;oif,l-u
&onfh ausmif;oifcef;pmynma&;onf ta&;-uD;qkH;jzpfayonf? xdk‹a-umifh tDAdkvl;
&Sif;oDtdk&Donf ody`Hqefqef oufaotaxmuftxm;twkrsm;jzifh vdrfvnfvSnfhjzm;
cJhaomfvnf; ESpfaygif; 150avmuf vltrsm;u rSefuefonf[k,kH-unfvmcJh-ujcif;
jzpfayonf? trSefrSm xdkoufaotaxmuftxm;rsm;onf vlwdk‹udk vdrfvnfvSnfh

152
jzm;&ef oufoufxGifxm;onfh odyH`enf;vkH;0rusaom taxmuftxm;rsm;omv#if
jzpfayonf?
,QKacwfwGif bmomt,l0g'qef‹usifa&;0g'jzef‹r+rsm;onf wdkuf&dkufqef‹usif
jcif;r&Sd-ua-umif;udk owdxm;rd-uygvdrfhrnf? rnfolur# bmoma&;udk r,kH-unf
oifha-umif;(a±S;uGefjrLepf0g'acwfpm;aecsdefuJhodk‹)yGifhyGifhvif;vif;rajym-uawmhacs?
yxrydkif;wGif owdrxm;oabmraygufEdkifonfh cdk;a-umifcdk;0Suf oG,f0dkufaomenf;
rsm;udk tokH;jyK-uayonf? bmomt,l0g'rsm;/ bmoma&;qdkif&mbmom&yfrsm;/ t
rsm;-unfndKaom bmoma&;qdkif&myk*~dKvfrsm; ponfwdk‹udk ysuf&,fjyK-uonf? aw;
oDcsif;rsm;/ 0wˆKZmwfvrf;rsm;/ &kyf&SifxJwGif Zmwfaumifrsm;ajymqdkaompum;rsm;/
owif;pmacgif;pOfrsm;/ [mopmayrsm;/ umwGef;pmayrsm; ponfwdk‹wGif bmoma&;ESifh
rdrdwdk‹. uH-urRmudk r,kHr-unfypfy,faponfh tokH;tE+ef;rsm;udk rodromxnfhoGif;
xm;-ujcif;onf enf;vrf;tcsdKΠjzpf.?
'g0if0g'bmom&yfonf/ bmomt,l0g'rsm;udk qef‹usifonfhvufeufrsm;wGif
trsm;qkH;tokH;jyKaom vufeufjzpfayonf? tcsdKŒrqDrqdkifudpPrsm;wGifyif vlom;wdk‹
qif;oufvmcJhaom bdk;ab;rsm;onf arsmufESifharsmuf0Hrsm;jzpfa-umif; tav;xm;I
xnfhoGif;az:jyavh&Sd-uonf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.wifjycsufrsm;udk vlom;rsm;ESifhouf
qdkifonfhpdwfynmpmayESifhtcsuftvufrsm;wGifyif rodromxnfhoGif;xm;onfh 0gus
rsm;udk awG‹Edkifayonf? Todk‹jzifh/ tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudkwu,fwef;,kH-unfjcif;&Sdr&Sd
ar;jref;aomtcg/ bk&m;ociftv†m[ft&SifjrwfESifh bmomt,l0g'wGif,kH-unfygonf
[kajz-um;aomfvnf;/ bmomt,l0g'/ aemifwrvGefb0ESifh vl‹usifh0wfudk apmifhxdef;
&efwm0ef&Sdjcif;rsm;udk ayghayghwefwef,lqI/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf &Sda-umif;ESifh tv†m[f
±Sifjrwfudk a-umuf&GHŒ&dkao&rnfhta-umif;rsm;udk OD;aESmufY xnfhpOf;pm;jcif;rjyK-u
onfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm; ay:xGef;vmjcif;jzpfayonf? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwfudk ,kH-unfjcif;
r&SdI a-umuf&GHŒ&dkaojcif;r&Sdolwdk‹onf rnfonfhudpPwGifrqdk tuef‹towfudkrod-ubJ
rdrdwdk‹. bdk;ab;rsm;onf wd&pm>efrsm;jzpfonf[k ,kH-unf-uojzifh b0wpfckvkH;
wGifvnf; wd&pm>efuJhodk‹om aevdk-uayonf?
Oyrm/ tv†m[ft±Sifjrwfudk a-umuf&GHŒjcif;r&Sdolwdk‹onf olwdk‹.um,uH 0ZD
uHwdk‹udk apmifhxdef;I pif-u,fvdrfhrnf[k ar#mfvifhIr&Edkifacs? olwdk‹wGif apmifhxdef;
&rnfhtuef‹towf[lIr&Sdacs? tjcm;olrawG‹rjrifygu rnfuJhodk‹yif ,kwfnHhodrfzsif;I
udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;jcif;udkrqdk jyKusifh&ef tqifoifh&Sd-uayonf? u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwf
wGif/ txl;ojzifh vli,frsm;ESifh oD;jcm;pDjzpfonfhvl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;Y/ uef‹oef‹r+ &Sd-u
&efwdkufwGef;csufrsm;ESifh tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf.trdef‹awmftwdkif; udk,fusifhw&m;rsm;udk
apmifhxdef;-u&ef E+d;aqmfcsufrsm;onf t&mra&mufawmhacs? ,if;onfum; 'g0if0g'
u bmomt,l0g'rS uif;uGmatmifoifay;aejcif;. &vm'fyifjzpfayonf? rdrdudk,f
udk vuf0Jorm;[kowfrSwfxm;olwdk‹onf olwdk‹vkyf-uHjyKusifhaomtjypfrsm;udk rnfol‹
xHr# tajzay;ae&ef rvdktyf[k ,kH-unf-uojzifh xdef;a-umif;r+vkH;0r&Sd-uacs? ae‹pOf
ESifhtr# tokH;tjzKef;ydkrdk-uD;-uD;jzifh udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;r+rsm;udk az:jyae-uay
onf? vli,fvl&G,f/ rdef;ra,mufsm;ra&G;wdk‹onf olwdk‹.umr&m*qdkif&mb0ESifh ywf
oufI/ owif;pmrsm;tm; tao;pdwfajymjy0ef‹-u.? owif;pmrsm;uvnf; xdkuJhodk‹
aomrzG,fr&m [d&d-ooyw&m;uif;rJhonfhudpPrsm;udk tao;pdwfa&;om;az:jy-ujyef
onf? odk‹aomfvnf; vlxku rnfodk‹r#trSm;rxif-uacs? rD'D,mowif;avmu wGif

153
tdrfaxmifa&;azgufjyefaemufrD;vif;jcif;ta-umif;udk txl;tav;xm; ajr‡mufyifhI
tao;pdwfaz:xkwf-uonf? xdkuJhodk‹jyKusifh-u&efyif jrLqG,fa&;om;-uao;onf?
TuJhodk‹aom a&;om;r+udkvnf; vlwdk‹twGuf &dk;aeavjyD? rnfolur# txl;tqef;r
xif-uawmhacs? tao;pdwfppfaq;qef;ppf-unfhygu/ vlowfr+rsm;/ jynfhwefqmvkyf
ief;rsm;/ vdrfvnfr+rsdK;pkH/ vmbfay;vmbf,ljcif;/ ponfh udk,fusifhw&m;ysufjym;r+ 'kp
&dkuftm;vkH;.tajccHrSm bmomt,l0g'uif;rJhjcif; jzpfayonf? xdkuJhodk‹ bmomt
,l0g'uif;rJhaponfh t"duta-umif;&if;rSm “vlom;onf rawmfwq-uHKIjzpfay:vm
onf” [laom 'g0if.vdrfvnfjcif;udk t-urf;zufI ysHESH‹apjcif;a-umifhjzpfayonf?
The Lie: Evolution (vdrfvnfr+=tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D) [laompmtkyfudka&;om;
ol uif; [Jrfu 'g0if0g'ESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; a&;om;xm;ayonf?
tu,fI bk&m;ocifae&mwGif rawmfwqjzpfjcif;ESifh -udK;-um;ay:aygufjcif;jzpfpOf [l
onfh,kH-unfr+udk tpm;xdk;vdkufonfESifhwjydKifwnf;/ trSm;trSefudkcGJjcm;rnfhtajccHrl[lI
r&Sdawmhacs? pnf;urf;pnf;rsOf;wdk‹onf oifxkwfcsifovdkxkwfEdkifavjyD? tajccHtjzpf qkyf
udkifxm;rnfh y&rwfw&m;/ rl0g'[lI r&Sdawmhay? vlwdk‹onf olwdk‹vdkufemvdkonfh pnf;
132
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. tajccHrljzpfonfh “obm0.a&G;cs,fr+”tawG;tac:onf/ vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;.udk,f
usifhw&m;ysufjym;r+udk qkwf,kwfysufjym;apa-umif; oabmwlayonf?
obm0.a&G;cs,fr+tawG;tac:onf/ twWudk,fusdK;udkom-unfhjcif;/ b0wGifaysmf&$ifr+udk
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ESifh tkyfpkvdkufqef‹usifjcif; odk‹r[kwf wm;jrpfjcif;jyKvkyfI/ ‚if;t*Fg&yfrsm;ESifhqef‹bufudk
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olwyg;.aumif;usdK;twGufvnf;aumif;/ wdkif;jynfESifhvlrsdK;.aumif;usdK;twGufvnf;
aumif;/ vlom;avmuwpfckvkH;.aumif;usdK;twGufvnf;aumif;/ udk,fusdK;pGef‹jcif;rsm;
133
udk qef‹usifypfy,f-uavonf?
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udk,fusifhw&m; ,dk,Gif;ysufjym;jcif;rsm;wGif 'g0if0g'a-umifh ay:aygufvmonfh ajc
&mvuf&mrsm;udk csufcsif;awG‹jrifEdkifayonf? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;rsm;udk/ vlwdk‹tcsif;csif;
,dkif;yif;jcif;/ tcsif;csif;qufpyfr+r&SdbJ uif;uif;uGmuGmaexdkifjcif;/ wpfOD;ESifhwpfOD;
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acwftawG;tac:jzifh twif;&dkufoGif;vsuf&Sdaeayonf? xdkuJhodk‹aomb0udk xkwf
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ESifh ,Ofaus;r+acwf tvsOf;r[kwfacs?
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0dnmOf ponfwdk‹tjynfhtpkHay;xm;I oD;jcm;zefqif;xm;aom a0ae,sjzpfojzifh/ t
jcm;owW0grsm;ESifh rGefjrwfr+t&vnf;aumif;/ t&nftcsif;t&vnf;aumif;/ t&nf
taoG;t&vnf;aumif;/ rwlnDuGmjcm;ayonf? odk‹aomfvnf; 'g0if0g'ESifh&kyf0g'
udk,fusifhw&m;wdk‹. r+dif;rdoGm;aomvlom;wdk‹onf/ ,if;t&nftcsif; t&nftaoG;

154
rsm;udk arhavsmhxm;vdkufjyD;/ rdrdudk,fudk wd&pm>efrsm;wGifyif rawG‹&onfh ,kwfnHhodrf
zsif;jcif;/ udk,fusifhw&m;uif;rJhjcif;/ todw&m;uif;rJhjcif; tqifhodk‹ESdrfhcs,lvdkuf
ayonf? “usKyfwdk‹u wd&pm>efuaeqif;oufvmw,fqdkawmh/ b,fvdkbJjzpfjzpf wd&
pm>efrsdK;ADZudkawmh qufcHxm;-urSmygbJ?”[k ajym-uI/ rdrd. todw&m;uif;rJhjcif;ESifh
vl‹pdwf"gwftiftm;qkwf,kwfr+twGuf odyH`tajccHudk &Sm-uHjyifqif -uavawmhonf?
'g0if0g'D=tjyKtrlqdkif&modyH`ynm&Sifrsm;onf/ olwdk‹.tawG;tac:rsm;udk T
tcsufrS pwif-uI/ vlom;wdk‹. &mZ0wfjypfr+usL;vGefvdkpdwfonf wd&pm>efbdk;ab;
rsm;rS qufcHcJhjcif;jzpfonf[k tqdkjyK-uayonf? Ttqdkudk ausmf-um;aomtDAdkvl;&Sif;
0g'D pwDzif a*s a*gvfu tDwvDvlrsdK; &lyaA'ynm±Sif avmrfb&dkqdk.t-uHay;csuft
&/ ol. Ever Since Darwin ('g0ifrSpI aemufydkif;) [laompmtkyf. pum;OD;wGif
atmufygtwdkif; tqdkwifoGif;xm;ayonf?
&mZ0wfjypfr+usL;vGefjcif;ESifhywfoufonfh ZD0aA'oDtdk&Drsm;rSm tifrwef&Sm;yg;vSay
onf? odk‹aomfvnf; avmrfb&dkqdku tDAdkvl;&Sif;vSnfhuGufjzifh Zmwfvrf;yrmaqG;aEG;xm;
ayonf? arG;&myg &mZ0wfaumifrsm;onf pdwWZa&m*gjzpfjcif;ESifhpdwfrESH‹jcif;omr[kwfay?
olwdk‹. vGefcJhjyD;aom tDAdkvl;&Sif;tqifhodk‹ jyefa&mufoGm;-ujcif;jzpfayonf? urBmOD;acwf
ESifharsmuf0Hrsm;jzpfaom bdk;ab;rsm;.t*Fg&yfrsm;yg&Sdaom rsdK;ADZrsm;udkqufcHvmcJhjcif;
jzpfonf? uHqdk;oltcsdKŒrSm arG;vmpuwnf;u xdkrsdK;ADZqufcHvmjcif;Y tajrmuftjrm;
usef&Sdae-uayonf? olwdk‹.trltusifhrsm;rSm a&S;,Qif &dkif;pdkif;aeao;onfhacwfumvwGif
vdkufzufoifhavsmfrnfjzpfaomfvnf;/ ,ae‹u|Ekfyfwdk‹.acwfwGif olwdk‹udk 'kp&dkuf&mZ0wf
aumifrsm;tjzpfowfrSwf-uayonf? ol‹udk,fol rnfodk‹r#xdef;odrf;Edkifjcif;r&Sdojzifh oem;
134
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jcif;/ cdk;0Sufjcif;ESifh&efjzpfwdkufcdkuf-ujcif;onf/ arsmuf0Hbdk;ab;rsm;rS rsdK;ADZt& quf
cHvmcJh&jcif;jzpfonf[k qdkvdkayonf? xdk‹a-umifh xdkjypfr+'kp&dkufonf jypfr+usL;vGefol
ESifhroufqdkifaoma-umifh xdkoludk cGifhv$wfoifhonf[k qdkvdkjcif;jzpfonf?
Twifjycsufudk qufIokH;oyf-unfhygu/ vlom;wdk‹onf usKd;a-umif;qifjcif
wkHw&m;ESifh taumif;tqkd;wdk‹udk cGJjcm;qkH;jzwfEdkifonfh todw&m;ESifhpdwf"gwftiftm;
rsm;onf t&mra&mufawmhbJ wd&pm>efrsm;uJhodk‹ todw&m;uif;rJhI rdrdwdk‹.pdwfaZmt
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cHjcif;[laomaumif;jrwfjcif;udkrodouJhodk‹/ vlom;onfvnf; xdkenf;twdkif;jyKusifh
onf[k qdkvdk&if;jzpf.? xdkuJhodk‹aomtawG;tac: tjrif&Sdolrsm;udk cdkvkHcGifhay;xm;
onfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;onf rnfodk‹r# at;csrf;om,mr+ESifh vkHjcKHr+&Sdrnfr[kwfonfhtjyif/
pnf;urf;ysufjym; z±dkz&Jjzpfjcif;/ tqufrjywfaomyËdyuQ&Sdjcif;/ wdkufcdkufae-ujcif;
rsm;jzifh jynfheufaeonfh vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;jzpfrnfrSm xif&Sm;aeayonf?
'g0if0g'u vl‹avmuodk‹wifjyonfh
qdk;,kwf&ufpufonfhvlaer+ykHpH
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onf z±dkz&Jjzpfjcif;ESifh-uHK-udKufwdkufqdkifr+rsm;omjzpfonf[k qdk.? vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;t
wGif; Ttjrif.-oZmanmif;r+ rsm;jym;vmonfESifhtr#/ rdrdwdk‹tay: rnfonfh xdef;
ausmif;uef‹owfr+r# r±Sd[k ,kH-unfonfh wm0efrJholwdk‹ay:aygufvmavonf?

155
 &nfrSef;csufuif;rJholwpfa,mufonf/ rdrdudk,fudkzGH‹jzdK;wdk;wufatmifvkyfrnfh
&nf&G,fcsuf&Sdrnfr[kwfay? xdkolonf/ rnfonfhudpPudkr#*±krpdkufjcif;/ t&m&mudkysuf
&,fomjyKjcif;/ cHpm;r+uif;rJhjcif;/ ol.todw&m;udk tokH;rjyKwwfjcif;/ pnf;urf;
pnf;rsOf;tuef‹towfrsm;udk todtrSwfrjyKjcif;/ ponfwdk‹jzifhjynfheufaevdrfhrnf? xdk
ol‹wGif olawmfaumif;w&m;ESifh aumif;rGefonfhvuQ%m&Sdrnfr[kwfay? xdkolonf/ zGH‹
jzdK;vmaom wd&pm>efwpfaumifjzpfonf[laom ol.ravsmfuefonfhtjrift&/ tjcm;
ouf&SdowW0grsm;uJhodk‹ tpm;tpm&Sdjcif;ESifhrsdK;yGm;&efomaqmif&GufI/ olvdktyfonfudk
&&Sdonfhtcg/ aysmfjrL;r+udktwwfEdkifqkH;&SmazGI aoqkH;rnfh&ufudkom apmifhar#mfaevdrfh
rnf? vltrsm;pkwdk‹onf 'g0if0g'udk tao;pdwfrod-uaomfvnf; olwdk‹onf vl‹avm
utwGuf 'g0if0g'u -udKwifjrifxm;aomb0twdkif; aexdkif-uonfudk awG‹jrifEdkifay
onf?
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vufydk‹ay;&efwm0efomv#if&Sdonf[k a':uifpfu tqdkjyK.? a':uifpf.tjrift&/ vl
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vl‹oufwef;ESifhywfoufonfhtcsufrsm;onf tqdk;jrifoabmyg&SdI rnfr#txd xdcdkuf
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awGu 'Dpmtkyfa&;jyD;aemufeHeufrSm Edk;vmonfhtcg tb,hfa-umifhcHEdkifygoenf;[k ar;
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uGJae&onf[k rsuf&nfrsufcGufESifhvmajyma-umif; pma&;vmygonf? xdkausmif;oluJhodk‹

156
 xyfIrjzpfapvdkojzifh xdkpmtkyfudk tjcm;oli,fcsif;rsm;tm; ray;zwf&efn$ef-um;vdkuf
onf[kqdkygonf? a,bk,stm;jzifh ody`HynmESifhywfoufI tusdK;r&Sdonfhted@m&kHrsm;
omjzpfonf/ 0rf;omp&mr&Sdonfhpum;awGomjzpfonf ponfjzifh pGyfpGJavh&Sd-u.? odyH`
ynm&Sifwdk‹uvnf; olwdk‹udk vG,fulpGmajz&Sif;Edkif-uayonf? u|Ekfyf. a,mif;,if;jzpfol
yDwm tufuifu olpwifa&;om;aeaom The Second Law (1984)pmtkyfwGif TudpP
ESifhywfoufI atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jyxm;ygonf?
u|Efkyfwdk‹onf z&dkz&Jjzpfjcif;.om;orD;rsm;jzpf-uygonf? ajymif;vJjcif;.teufeJqkH;ykHpH
rSm aqG;ajrŒoGm;jcif;jzpf.? ysufpD;,dk,Gif;azgufjyefjcif;ESifh wm;jrpfIr&Edkifaom z&dkz&Jjzpf
jcif;onf ‚if;.Zpfjrpfjzpfayonf? &nf&G,fcsuf &nfrSef;csufvnf;uif;rJh.? OD;wnf&m
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135
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rmefvlrsdK; 'g0if0g'DtawG;tac:&Sif epfZfacsu vl‹b0udk tqdk;jrifoabmjzifh rnfodk‹
r#t&mra&muf[k wifjyxm;ayonf? ol.tawG;tac:udk “bk&m;w&m;rJhewˆdu0g'”
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t&ma&mufonfudk odxm;ayonf? xdkolonf/ tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. cspfcifESpfoufr+
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vifhcsufuif;rJhjcif;ESifh tqdk;jrifb0rS vGwfajrmufrnfjzpf.?

157
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eDe,fcsJŒpepf/ *smrmefemZD0g'ESifh qdkAD,ufjynfaxmifpk ponfwdk‹onf twdwfumv
wGif usef&pfcJhavjyD? odk‹aomfvnf; ,if;wdk‹. tajccHrl0g'jzpfonfh 'g0if0g'=&kyf0g'
tawG;tac:udkrl/ tcsdKŒtodkif;t0dkif;rS jyif;jyif;xefxefumuG,fae-uao;ojzifh/ ‚if;
a-umifhxdcdkufepfemonfhtcsufrsm;udkvnf; wurBmvkH;u qufvufcHpm;ae-u&ay
onf?
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0g'a-umifh vl‹avmuwGifysufpD;,dk,Gif;r+rnfr#oufa&mufapcJhonfudk atmufygt
wdkif; az:jyxm;ayonf?
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wdk‹,SOfjyKdifwdkufcdkuf-ujcif;onf b0.obm0w&m;jzpfonf/ ‚if;jyif tiftm;-uD;olonf
tm;enf;oludkazsmufzsufypfjcif;onf b0.obm0w&m;jzpfonf[k ,lqaom &ufpuf
onfh qdk&S,f(vlr+a&;)tawG;tac:. wefZmcHrsm;jzpf-uayonf? obm0ua&G;cs,fjcif;ed
,mronf odyH`ynmr[kwf[k u|EkfyfucH,lygonf? ‚if;onf tawG;tac:wpfckomjzpfI/
136
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aomfvnf; T-udKwifumuG,fr+rsm;onf xdktawG;tac:rsm;u ay;aqmifcJhaom'%f&m
rsm;udk ukpm;jcif;omjzpfayvdrfhrnf? tpOftjrJxm0&twGufajz±Sif;enf;rSm ,Ofaus;r+
ESifh odyH`enf;ukpm;r+omv#ifjzpfayonf?
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r#/ ‚if;udktajccHIxGufvmaomtawG;tac:rsm;onfvnf; aysmufuG,foGm;rnfjzpf.?
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ajrmufoGm;jcif;yif jzpfayonf?
xdk‹a-umifh todw&m;&SdolESifh bk&m;w&m;wGif,kH-unfr+&Sdolwdk‹wGif -uD;av;aom
wm0efusa&mufaeayonf? urBmay:odk‹ 'g0if0g'u ,laqmifvmcJhaom ysufpD;,dk,Gif;
r+rsm;udk ao;i,fonf[ktxifrao;oifhyg? txl;ojzifh vGefcJhonfh&mpkESpftwGif;wGif
vl‹tzGJ‹tpnf;u cHpm;jzwfoef;cJh&aom 'kuQrsm;udk vpfvsL±+jcif;rjyKoifhyg? ESpfaygif;
150wdkifwdkif -umjrifhcJhaom Tvdrfvnfr+-uD;udk tjyD;ydkifokwfoif&Sif;vif;ypf&ef

159
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aus;r+t& rdrdwdk‹wwfEdkifonfhtwdkif;twmjzifh wdkufyGJqifEGJ-u&efvdktyfygonf?
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csrf;pGmaexdkifEdkifrnfhtajccHrludk &&SdEdkifrnfhajz&Sif;enf;rSm/ uk&ftmefusrf;awmfjrwf&Sd
udk,fusifhw&m;twdkif; aexdkifjcif;yifjzpfayonf? vlom;wdk‹onf bmomt,l0g'odk‹
rsufESmjyefvSnfh-uygu/ xdkysufpD;,dk,Gif;r+rsm;onfvnf; &yfwef‹oGm;rnfjzpfayonf?
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cspfcif-uifemjcif;/ w&m;r#wjcif;/ opPm&Sdjcif;/ tcsif;csif;,dkif;yif;ulnDjcif;/ onf;cH
jcif; ponfwdk‹ESifhjynfhpkHrnfjzpf.? tv†m[ft&Sifjrwf. trdef‹&Sdawmfrlonfhtwdkif;/
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jyif trSm;onf aysmufuG,foGm;cJhacsjyD? {uefrvGJ trSm;onf uG,faysmufrnfh
t&myif jzpfcJhayownf;? (pl&m beDtpP&mtDvf 17;81)

160
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onf? tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&Dudk urBmhodyH`ynmavmuwGif a&mufoGm;aponfh ta&;-uD;qkH;
tcsufrSm/ 1859ckESpfwGif xkwfa0onfh csm;vfpf'g0ifa&;om;aom The Origin of
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162
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nm ydkrdkwdk;wufvmaomtcsdefwGif topftopfaomawG‹&Sdcsufrsm;u xyfrHtiftm;
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I/ odyH`ynmwdk;wufr+wdkif;u tDAdkvl;&Sif;oDtdk&D.tajccHwifjycsufwpfckpDonf tajc
tjrpfr&Sda-umif;udkom az:xkwfvsuf&Sdayonf?
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rnfodk‹ay:aygufvmcJhonfudk r±Sif;jyEdkifacs?
2? ToDtdk&Duwifjyaom “tDAdkvl;&Sif;,EW&m;rsm;”onf/ tDAdkvl;&Sif;jzpfpOfY
rnfodk‹aomoufa&mufr+r# r±Sdacs?
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qef;ppfygrnf?
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163
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167
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168
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146
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147
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148
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169
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170
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153
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154
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171
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om&Sdaeayonf?

172
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173
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174
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155
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175
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176