Preface This book is a continuation Mathematical Olympiads 1995-1996: Olympiad Problems from Around the World, published by the

American Mathematics Competitions. It contains solutions to the problems from 25 national and regional contests featured in the earlier pamphlet, together with selected problems (without solutions) from national and regional contests given during 1997. This collection is intended as practice for the serious student who wishes to improve his or her performance on the USAMO. Some of the problems are comparable to the USAMO in that they came from national contests. Others are harder, as some countries rst have a national olympiad, and later one or more exams to select a team for the IMO. And some problems come from regional international contests (\mini-IMOs"). Di erent nations have dierent mathematical cultures, so you will nd some of these problems extremely hard and some rather easy. We have tried to present a wide variety of problems, especially from those countries that have often done well at the IMO. Each contest has its own time limit. We have not furnished this information, because we have not always included complete contests. As a rule of thumb, most contests allow a time limit ranging between one-half to one full hour per problem. Thanks to Walter Mientka for his continuing support of this project, and to the students of the 1997 Mathematical Olympiad Summer Program for their help in preparing solutions. The problems in this publication are copyrighted. Requests for reproduction permissions should be directed to: Dr. Walter Mientka Secretary, IMO Advisory Broad 1740 Vine Street Lincoln, NE 68588-0658, USA. Contents 1 1996 National Contests: Problems and Solutions 3 1.1 Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1.2 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.4 Czech and Slovak Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.5 France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 1.6 Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1.7 Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 1.8 Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 1.9 Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 1.10 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 1.11 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 1.12 Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 1.13 Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 1.14 Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 1.15 Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 1.16 Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 1.17 United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 1.18 United States of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 1.19 Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 2 1996 Regional Contests: Problems and Solutions 100 2.1 Asian Pacic Mathematics Olympiad . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 2.2 Austrian-Polish Mathematics Competition . . . . . . . . . . 103

2.3 Balkan Mathematical Olympiad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 2.4 Czech-Slovak Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 2.5 Iberoamerican Olympiad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 2.6 St. Petersburg City Mathematical Olympiad . . . . . . . . 118 3 1997 National Contests: Problems 131 3.1 Austria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 3.2 Bulgaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 3.3 Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 3.4 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 1 3.5 Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 3.6 Czech and Slovak Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 3.7 France . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 3.8 Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 3.9 Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 3.10 Hungary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 3.11 Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 3.12 Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 3.13 Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 3.14 Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 3.15 Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 3.16 Poland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 3.17 Romania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 3.18 Russia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 3.19 South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 3.20 Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 3.21 Taiwan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 3.22 Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 3.23 Ukraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 3.24 United Kingdom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 3.25 United States of America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 3.26 Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 4 1997 Regional Contests: Problems 170 4.1 Asian Pacic Mathematics Olympiad . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 4.2 Austrian-Polish Mathematical Competition . . . . . . . . . 171 4.3 Czech-Slovak Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 4.4 Hungary-Israel Mathematics Competition . . . . . . . . . . 174 4.5 Iberoamerican Mathematical Olympiad . . . . . . . . . . . 175 4.6 Nordic Mathematical Contest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 4.7 Rio Plata Mathematical Olympiad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 4.8 St. Petersburg City Mathematical Olympiad (Russia) . . . 179 2 1 1996 National Contests: Problems and Solutions 1.1 Bulgaria 1. Prove that for all natural numbers n 3 there exist odd natural numbers xn; yn such that 7x2 n + y2n = 2n. Solution: For n = 3 we have x3 = y3 = 1. Now suppose that for a given natural number n we have odd natural numbers xn; yn such that 7x2 n + y2n = 2n; we shall exhibit a pair (X; Y ) such that

7X2 + Y 2 = 2n+1. In fact, 7xn yn 2 2 + 7xn yn 2 2 = 2(7x2 n + y2n ) = 2n+1: One of (xn +yn)=2 and jxn ynj=2 is odd (as their sum is the larger of xn and yn, which is odd), giving the desired pair. 2. The circles k1 and k2 with respective centers O1 and O2 are externally tangent at the point C, while the circle k with center O is externally tangent to k1 and k2. Let ` be the common tangent of k1 and k2 at the point C and let AB be the diameter of k perpendicular to `. Assume that O and A lie on the same side of `. Show that the lines AO2;BO1; ` have a common point. Solution: Let r; r1; r2 be the respective radii of k; k1; k2. Also let M and N be the intersections of AC and BC with k. Since AMB is a right triangle, the triangle AMO is isosceles and \AMO = \OAM = \O1CM = \CMO1: Therefore O;M;O1 are collinear and AM=MC = OM=MO1 = r=r1. Similarly O;N;O2 are collinear and BN=NC = ON=NO2 = r=r2. Let P be the intersection of ` with AB; the lines AN;BM;CP concur at the orthocenter of ABC, so by Ceva's theorem, AP=PB = (AM=MC)(CN=NB) = r2=r1. Now let D1 and D2 be the intersections of ` with BO1 and AO2. Then CD1=D1P = O1C=PB = r1=PB, and similarly CD2=D2P = r2=PA. Thus CD1=D1P = CD2=D2P and D1 = D2, and so AO2;BO1; ` have a common point. 3