Chapter #13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy IDENTIFICATIONS: American System The American System was a plan pioneered

by Henry Clay that focused on economic reform and the stabilization of the country. It called for a protective tariff, a new Bank of the United States, and internal improvements within the federal government. Corrupt Bargain The Corrupt Bargain was the idea that John Quincy Adams gained the support and vote of Henry Clay, and then gave him the position of Secretary of State. This was controversial because at the time, the Secretary of State was most likely to become the next President and was basically guaranteed a future in the White House. Tariff of Abominations The Tariff of Abominations was passed by Congress in 1828 in order to protect American industries, yet it also hurt those who exported goods such as people in the South. This was an example of how sectionalism, once again, threatened to break the Union apart. Nullification Nullification was the idea that states could declare any law passed by the federal government void and "null." This was a main contention of South Carolina in its fight against the Tariff of Abominations. This was an important ideal that played an important part in sectionalism. Force Bill The Force Bill authorized Jackson and his use of the army and navy in order to enforce collection of taxes listed on the Tariff of 1832 and the Tariff of Abominations. However, the Force Bill proved to be useless because the Compromise Tariff of 1833 was passed by Congress on the same day and South Carolina applied nullification. Five Civilized Tribes The Five Civilized Tribes consisted of the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole. They were notable for their adaptation of the colonists' customs during the colonial period and were able to maintain somewhat amiable relations. The Indian Removal Act forced their relocation to other areas. Trail of Tears The Trail of Tears refers to the relocation of members of the Five Civilized Tribes as a result of the Indian Removal Act. It has been seen as genocide due to the many deaths on the way and horrible conditions.

Nicholas Biddle Biddle was the president of the Second Bank of the United States and compared to Czar Nicholas I for his immense and unconstitutional power in his control over the bank.

Democrats vs. Whigs The Democrats vs. Whigs marked the second two-party system, and these two parties faced off against each other in multiple elections. The Democrats were more dependent on tradition and looked away from reform, while the Whigs liked innovation and were mostly reformers. South Carolina Exposition and Protest This was a pamphlet published by the South Carolina legislature that went against the Tariff of Abominations and advocated nullification. The author, Calhoun, hoped to prevent succession through nullification and list the grievances of the radically sectionalist Southerners. Martin Van Buren Van Buren was a Vice President and Secretary of State who played an integral role in the Democratic Party. Specie Circular The Specie Circular was an executive order issued by Jackson and enforced by Van Buren that required payment for government land to be in gold and silver. Hayne-Webster Debate This debate was famous for its talk over protective tariffs and resulted arbitrarily from the suggestion of a senator calling for suspension of land surveying until all the land of the market was sold. The Alamo The Alamo was a crucial event in the Texas Revolution in which Mexican troops launched an attack on the Alamo Mission, and the Texan forces were annihilated. The result of this battle led to a desire for revenge and the defeat of the Mexican Army in a later battle. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The "Corrupt Bargain or 1824 Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain 1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824? The election of John Quincy Adams was not so much unusual as it was suspicious. Although Henry Clay would have supported Adams regardless of whether there was bribe or not because Clay hated Jackson and saw Crawford as too ill to become president, the

appointment of Clay as the Secretary of State elevated suspicions of many people. Many thought that Adams had bribed Clay with the position of Secretary of State in order to be elected as President over Jackson, even though Jackson was the people's first choice. A Yankee Misfit in the White House Know: John Quincy Adams 2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain. John Quincy Adams was not well suited to be president, especially in an era where sectionalism and states' rights had been prominent. He was firmly nationalist, evident in his efforts to pursue the construction of roads and canals and advocate a national university. The people saw these actions as useless and harmful, while Adam's land policy only hurt him more. He was not effective as a politician and failed to communicate well with the people. Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828 Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards 3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election. In the 1828 election, political hyperbole and "mudslinging" reached an all-time low, as the National Republicans and Democratic-Republicans faced off against each other. Each candidate's party was willing to exaggerate what little truths had been revealed and tell astonishing lies in order to persuade the people to vote for another candidate. Old Hickory as President Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob 4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people? Andrew Jackson had achieved success as one of the masses, although he shared almost nothing with them apart from their prejudices. Even though he was brought up in a more aristocratic environment, his appeal to the people was evident in the Inaugural Brawl in which people flooded the White House and the referral of his election as the rise of "King Mob." The Spoils System Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office 5. Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System. Andrew Jackson, being suspicious of the federal government as most Democrats were, made use of the Spoils System in order to reward those who were loyal to Jackson or had contributed in some way to Jackson's presidency. Jackson also saw the Spoils System as a democratic notion in which every man was equal or equally better than his or her neighbor. It also allowed Jackson to find some rotation in office, as many officeholders were still in place from Washington's presidency. The Tricky Tariff of Abominations Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey 6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations? Tariffs were seen as necessary to protect still-developing American industries from European manufactured goods, but it raised prices for Americans greatly and called for retaliatory tariffs on American agricultural exports. In an effort to embarrass President

Adams and leaning towards failure, supporters of Jackson passed the Tariff of Abominations, not knowing that it would pass. "Nullies" in South Carolina Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill 5. Describe the nullification crisis. The nullification crises involved a showdown of the federal government and state governments in which the state governments attempted to assert its power of nullification over the Tariff of Abominations. South Carolina, at the head of the nullification charge for the states, threatened succession while Jackson threatened use of the army to quell the uprising. Once again, Henry Clay was able to come up with the Force Bill that would ease tensions, for the time being. The Trail of Tears Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles 8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe? Although the Cherokee Tribe made an effort to conform to the society introduced by the advancing whites, they were still mistreated by Jackson and his constant effort to remove various tribes from lands to the west. The Indian Removal Act and the Trail of Tears serve as ample evidence to the mistreatment of the Cherokee Tribe. The Bank War Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle 9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddles nickname, Czar Nicholas I? Explain. I agree with nicknaming Nicholas Biddle "Czar Nicholas I" in light of the tremendous power that he held as president of the Bank of the United States. What makes the nickname more suitable is the fact that most of the immense power that he held was unconstitutional, making him similar to the repressive Czar Nicholas I. "Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832 Know: Anti-Masonic Party 10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832? The Election of 1832 saw the introduction of a third major political party in the AntiMasonic Party. It was also the first time that there was a call of national nominating conventions to name presidential candidates. Burying Biddles Bank Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular 11. "Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Assess. Jackson vetoed the re-charter of the Bank of the United States due to his personal opposition and ideals. Therefore, he was indirectly stopping the flow of metal money, therefore introducing the Specie Circular. This forced the purchase of government lands to be in gold and silver, solving the problem of metal money.

The Birth of the Whigs Know: Democrats, Whigs 12. What is so alluring about being associated with the common man? The Democrats and Whigs, in the multiple elections in which they faced off, found themselves needing the support of the common man, much like Jackson had. It also showed the individualism of the American people. The Election of 1836 Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren 13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836. The second party system was developed with the emergence of the Democrats and Whigs as the dominant two parties. The Whigs failed to show any organization and used a "favorite son" in order to force the election into a draw, yet Van Buren won the election. Big Woes for the "Little Magician" Know: Martin Van Buren 14. Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular? Van Buren, unlike Jackson, lacked the amiable personality and failed to connect with the people as Jackson did. Such a rough transition tanked his presidency. Anti-slavery groups were beginning to voice their disposition with the situation in Texas, and the economic situation was not looking up. Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury 15. What caused the Panic of 1837, and what was done by the president to try and end it? The Panic of 1837 was caused by uncontrolled overspeculation, and President van Buren passed the Divorce Bill in an effort to prevent the government from banking by establishing an independent treasury. Gone to Texas Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett 16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans? Texas was appealing to Americans because Americans were naturally greedy for land and it represented a continuation of the ideal of Manifest Destiny in which it was American's destiny to move westward. It represented a different environment from the other states and had a free-spirited feeling. The Lone Star Rebellion Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, San Jacinto 17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both?

Texas gained the support of Americans and followed with a revolution. The revolution, of which the most important battle was the Alamo, ended in Texan freedom, yet it could not immediately become a state of the United States. The issue of slavery delayed its annexation. Makers of America: Mexican or Texan? Know: Moses Austin, Stephen Austin, Anglos 18. Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land? The Texans never really intended to become Mexican citizens and most of them were greedy landowners who saw as Texas as open real estate. There were also those who were escaping the law. The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840 Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" 19. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time? The Election of 1840 showed that democracy was now a form of government that commanded just as much respect as other forms did. Voters were not open to the influence of banners, posters, and flags. Instead of individual choice, most people gathered in large crowds to show support for a certain political party or candidate. The Two-Party System 20. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs? Both were branches of the Democratic-Republicans. The Democrats were supporters of the American Revolution who supported states' rights and advocated little federal involvement. The Whigs valued community and favored a stronger federal government.