Hydrogen can degrade metals by: - hydrogen blistering; - hydrogen embrittlement; - decarburization. Hydrogen attack occurs when hydrogen enters the lattice of a metal and creates high internal stresses. Hydrogen blistering may occur during exposure to hydrocarbon; - electroplating solutions; - chemical process streams; pickling solutions.
Hydrogen can degrade metals by: - hydrogen blistering; - hydrogen embrittlement; - decarburization. Hydrogen attack occurs when hydrogen enters the lattice of a metal and creates high internal stresses. Hydrogen blistering may occur during exposure to hydrocarbon; - electroplating solutions; - chemical process streams; pickling solutions.
Hydrogen can degrade metals by: - hydrogen blistering; - hydrogen embrittlement; - decarburization. Hydrogen attack occurs when hydrogen enters the lattice of a metal and creates high internal stresses. Hydrogen blistering may occur during exposure to hydrocarbon; - electroplating solutions; - chemical process streams; pickling solutions.
Corrosion for Engineers Chapter 11: HYDROGEN EFFECTS
Dr. Derek H. Lister page 11 - 1
HYDROGEN EFFECTS Hydrogen can degrade metals by: - hydrogen blistering; - hydrogen embrittlement; - decarburization; - hydrogen attack. Blistering Hydrogen enters the Lattice of a metal diffuses to voids, creates high internal stresses ~ blisters . .. Blistering may occur during exposure to: - hydrocarbon; - electroplating solutions; - chemical process streams; pickling solutions; - H-containing contaminants during welding; - general corrosive environments. Cross section of a carbon steel plate removed from a petroleum process stream showing a large hydrogen blister. Exposure time: 2 years. Universify of New Brunswick, Canada Chulalongkom Universify, Thailand Corrosion for Engineers Dr. Derek H. Lister Chapter 11: HYDROGEN EFFECTS page 11 - 2 Embrittlement Similar to blistering . .. hydrogen enters metal lattice . .. BUT . .. interaction with metal lattice different. High-strength (and more brittle) steels are susceptible. H-embrittlement different from see in nature of cracks . .. stress-corrosion cracks usually propagate anodically; hydrogen-embrittled cracks occur under cathodic conditions . .. ~ Oirection of Odvoncin; croekinQ into metal t Reqion of hydrogen embfittlement Cathodic current 2s+2H+-2H o Anodic current M-M+++2s ReQion of anodic stre,s corrosion crocking _v ." + " , +J I ~ AnOdic stress corrosion C(OCkinQ v_ Hydrogen embrilliement Schematic differentiation of anodic cracking and cathodically sensitive embrittlement. University of New Brunswick, Canada Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Corrosion for Engineers Dr. Derek H. Lister Chapter 11: HYDROGEN EFFECTS page11-3 Hydride-forming metal are susceptible to H- embrittlement ... e.g., Zr-alloy pressur tubes (in CANOUs) and fuel sheathing (in all water- cooled reactors) pick up hydrogen (or deuterium in heavy water) by general corrosion. The hydrogen (0) migrates through the metal lattice to cool regions and to regions of high tensile stress - can precipitate as separate phase - zirconium hydride. These hydrides are themselves brittle, and crack, and the crack can propagate through the material, with more hydride progressively precipitating at the crack tip. - N.B. Enough hydride can precipitate to form a "hydride" blister ... c.f. "hydrog,gn" blister. University of New Brunswick, Canada Representation of tbe Growtb of a Failure of Zirconium Hydride tbat PreCIpitates at Crack Tips Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Corrosion for Engineers Dr. Derek H. Lister Chapter 11: HYDROGEN EFFECTS page 11-4 N.B. The mechanism of hydrogen uptake by metals must involve Electrolyte H+ H+ t + H .... H2.-H H H e H ~ ~ H _e ./ + + Schematic illustration showing d ~ H 2 6 b the mechanism of hydrogen H H blistering. + + Void H-H 2 -H Air BUT ... remember that molecular hydrogen may absorb and dissociate on metal surfaces. University of New Brunswick, Canada Chulalongkom University, Thailand Corrosion for Engineers Dr. Derek H. Lister Chapter 11: HYDROGEN EFFECTS page 11 - 5 Decarburization and Hydrogen Attakk High temperature process - C or carbide in steels can react with gaseous hydrogen ... C + 2H 2 -+ CH 4 Note that the reaction con occur with atomic H in the metal lattice ... C + 4H -+ CH 4 May crack the steel from high internal pressure. May cause loss of strength as C disappears. University of New Brunswick. Canada Chulalongkorn University, Thailand Corrosion for Engineers Dr. Derek H. Lister Chapter 11: HYDROGEN EFFECTS page 11- 6 PREVENTION Blistering Use steels with few or no voids; Use coatings; Use inhibitors; Remove impurities that can promote hydrogen evoution ... S-2 (particularly bad), As, CN", ect. Use different materials (Ni-base alloys have low diffusion rates for hydrogen). EmbrittJement Reduce corrosion rate (inhibitors, coatings, ect.); Change electroplating process to minimize H effects (voltage, current dens.ity, bath composition, ect.); Bake material to remove H; Minimize residual stresses;. Use less susceptible material; Maintain clean conditions during welding. University of New Brunswick, Canada Chufafongkorn University, Thailand
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