Compression and G hi Graphics

COMP370 IntrotoComputerArchitecture

Pictures
Vector Picturesaredrawnasaseriesof lines.Thehardwaredrawsalinefromp pointA topointB. Raster Picturesarerepresentedasamatrix ofpictureelementsorpixels.

PictureSizeandResolution
Screenresolutionismeasuredinhorizontal andverticalp pixelsper p inch. Agoodmonitorcandisplayabout90pixels perinch inch. Agoodprintercanprintabout600to1200 pixelsperinch. Truesizeofapicturedependsonthenumber ofpixelsandthedevice.

Pixel
Eachpixelhasacolor. Monochromepictureshaveonlytwocolors. Thecolorisusuallyrepresentedasthree numbers b that h arethe h intensity i i of fthe h three h primarycolors,Red,GreenandBlue(RGB) Thepixelrepresentsboththecolorandthe intensityordarknessofthepixel pixel.

Bits/Pixel
Thenumberofbitsittakestorepresentapixel depends p onthenumberofp possiblecolors. Blackandwhiterequiresonly1bitsperpixel. Full llcolor l pictures i require i 24bi bitsperpixel i l Simple p g graphics p canuse4or8bitsper p pixel p

GraphicsFormats
Therearemanyformatsforgraphicaldata

BMP JPEG GIF TIFF PNG etc.

BitMappedFile
BMPisaverysimpleformatforgraphics. UsedfrequentlybyMicrosoftsystem. Eachpixelisstoredasanumber.Thenumber of fbi bitsperpixel i l i isd determined i d b bythe h number b ofdifferentcolors.

BMPformat
Storesgeneralinformation BMPFileHeader abouttheBMPfile. Bitmap Storesdetailedinformation Information (DIB aboutthebitmapimage. header) h d definition fi i i of fthe h Storesthe colorsbeingusedforindexed ColorPalette colorbitmaps. Storestheactualimage, image pixel BitmapData bypixel.

BMPEfficiency
EachpixelinaBMPfileisrepresentedbya number. Thereisnocompression. It I d doesnotmatterh how complex l the h image, i thefilesizeisdeterminedbythenumberof pixelsorthesizeofthepicture.

JPEGfiles
TheJPEGformatwascreatedbytheJoint PhotographicExpertsGroup JPEGisacommonlyusedmethodof compression p forphotographic p g p images g JPEGuseslossycompression.Someimage qualityislost. lost Youcancontrolthelevelofcompressionand thereforetheimagequality. JPEGusesaDiscretecosinetransformfor compression.

JPEGExample
Q=100 81.3KB 219,726bytes ifBMP 37%ofBMP

JPEGExample
Q=50 14.7KB 18%ofQ100 6.7%ofBMP

JPEGExample
Q=25 9.32KB 11.5%ofQ100 4.2%ofBMP

JPEGExample
Q=10 4.67KB 5.7%ofQ100 2.1%ofBMP

JPEGExample
Q=1 1.48KB 1.8%ofQ100 0.67%ofBMP

JPEGArtifacts

Recommendations
BMPfilesarenotdistortedinanyway,but they yarelarge. g JPEGworkswellforphotographs GIF GI works k well llf fordi diagramsorcharts. h

TextCompressionMethods
Reducethenumberofbitspercharacter Createatableofusedcharacters.Thedatais representedasindexesintothetable. Store S repeating i characters h asaspecial i lmarker k andarunlength. LempelZivWelch(LZW)compression.

LZWCompression
LempelZivWelch(LZW)isauniversallossless datacompression p algorithm g createdby y AbrahamLempel,JacobZiv,andTerryWelch in1984 Itcreatesatableofstrings Eachtimeanewstringisfounditisenteredin thetable. Dataisrepresentedasindexesintothetable.

LZWAlgorithm
w=NIL; NIL addallpossiblecharcodes tothedictionary for(everycharactercintheuncompresseddata)do if((w+c)existsinthedictionary)then w=w+c; else add(w+c)tothedictionary; addthedictionarycodeforwtooutput; w=c; endif done addthedictionarycodeforwtooutput; displayoutput;