Chapter #13: The Rise of a Mass Democracy Big Picture Themes 1.

. Andrew Jackson felt hed been robbed the presidency in 1824. This motivated the regular folks to political action. He vowed to win for the peoples sake, and did so. 2. A conflict started to brew between the north and the south. The issue was the tariff (import tax) and whether the south had the right to nullify or wipe it out. The trouble was worked out, but it foreshadowed bigger trouble to come, over slavery. 3. Jackson distrusted bankshe thought they were tools for the rich to milk money off the poor. He killed the National Bank and threw the whole banking system into chaos. 4. By the time William Henry Harrison ran for president in 1840, popular, mass politics had grown into the circus-like monster that its known as today. IDENTIFICATIONS: American System American System was proposed by Senator Henry Clay to unite the nation economically and politically. It included a strong bank, or the Second Bank of the United States, a protective tariff, and increased and improved transportation. Clay wanted to build roads and canals to connect the large nation. Corrupt Bargain Corrupt Bargain was a supposed deal made between Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. During the election of 1824, Andrew Jackson received more votes than rest of the candidates, however he didnt have majority of the votes. Henry Clay gave John Quincy Adams all of his electoral votes so that Adams could win presidency over Andrew Jackson Tariff of Abominations Tariff of Abominations was a tariff proposed by Jackonites. It was expected to be defeated and it was intended to hurt President Adams. However the tariff was passed and Southerners, as heavy consumers of manufactured goods with little manufacturing industry of their own, regarded the high rate tariff as tariff of abominations.

Nullification Nullification was an act of defiance by South Carolina against Jacksons tariff of abomination. Southerners, as heavy consumers of manufactured goods with little manufacturing industry of their own, were hostile to tariffs and they decided to have a state convention in Columbia. There they nullified the tariff of abomination within South Carolina and threatened the Congress that they would secede from the Union.

Force Bill Force Bill, or known among Carolinians as the Bloody Bill was a bill passed by Congress. It authorized the president to use the army and navy, if necessary, to collect federal tariff duties.

Five Civilized Tribes Five Civilized Tribes were Indian tribes that included Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Seminole Indians. They were known for their civilized and distinctive life styles. They were also the original land owners of the vast United States territories.

Trail of Tears Trail of Tears was a journey of the Five Civilized Tribes, who were forced to move to the new Indian establishment over the Mississippi River. They were forced to leave their territory, because of Jacksons policy and the Congress Indian Removal Act of 1830.

Nicholas Biddle Nicholas Biddle was the president of the Bank of the United States, who held an immense and to many unconstitutional amount of power over the nations financial affairs. Enemies of the bank called him Czar Nicolas I.

Democrats vs. Whigs After Jacksons presidential term, new political parties began to form. By 1828, the Jacksonians used the name Democrats, and Jacksons opponents formed the Whigs, which was chosen purposefully to recollect the 18th century British and Revolutionary American opposition to the monarchy.

South Carolina Exposition and Protest South Carolina Exposition and Protest was written by John C. Calhoun. It asserted that the Tariff of 1828 was unconstitutional and that the states nullify the tariffs. He also argued that government was made to help the people, and the power of the government is from the governed, so therefore the states can secede if the government is not helping the people. Martin Van Buren Martin Van Buren was the vice president of Andrew Jackson, and Jacksons choice for appointment as his successor in 1836. Because Van Buren was more of a yes-man, Jackson made sure that the Jacksonians voted for Van Buren in the next presidential election.

Specie Circular Specie Circular was issued by President Jackson. Without a sober central bank in control, the pet banks and smaller wildcat banks flooded country with paper money. However, the wildcat money

became so unreliable, especially in the West. So Jackson had to issue a Specie Circular, a decree that required all public lands to be purchased with hard, or metallic, money. Hayne-Webster Debate Hayne-Webster Debate was a debate between Daniel Webster and Senator Robert Hayne over the issue states rights vs. national power. This debate originated from the Tariff of 1828. Webster asserted that Hayne was a challenge to the integrity of the nation, and Hayne defended with the theory of nullification.

The Alamo The Alamo was the place where 200 Texans got trapped by Santa Annas tropped after Texas declared it independence. After Texans were severely defeated, war cries like Remember the Alamo! spread the Americans to aid their Texan neighbors in revenge. GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The "Corrupt Bargain or 1824 Know: Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, King Caucus, Corrupt Bargain 1. What was unusual about John Quincy Adams's victory in the presidential election of 1824? During the election of 1824, Andrew Jackson received the most electoral votes. However, he did not have majority of the votes. According to the Constitution, House of Representative had to choose one of the candidates among the candidates holding the top three votes. Henry Clay, who had the least amount of electoral votes, was out of the election. However, Henry Clay had enough votes to give to John Quincy Adams so that he can win the presidency. This was later called Corrupt Bargain. A Yankee Misfit in the White House Know: John Quincy Adams 2. Was John Quincy Adams well suited to be president? Explain. John Quincy Adams was more austere than his presidential father, John Adams. He was irritable, sarcastic, and tactless even though he was successful in dealing with foreign affairs. Due to this reason, he ranks as one of the most successful secretaries of state, yet one of the least successful presidents. He did not possess many of the usual arts of the politician and scorned those who did. He had achieved high office by commanding respect rather than by courting popularity. Going "Whole Hog" for Jackson in 1828 Know: Old Hickory, Mudslinging, Rachel Robards 3. Describe the tone and tactics used in the 1828 election. The tactic used in 1828 election was usually mudslinging. The overall tone of the election was a never ending dispute between Adams National Democrats and Jacksons Republican Democrats. Adams backers described Jacksons mother as a prostitute and his wife as an adulteress. They printed black bordered handbills shaped like coffins, recounting Jacksons numerous duels and brawls and trumpeting his hanging of six mutinous militiamen. Jacksons supporters bad mouthed

Adams for buying a billiard table and a set of chessmen with his own money, calling them a gaming table and gambling furniture. Old Hickory as President Know: Inaugural Brawl, King Mob 4. What was there about Andrew Jackson which made him a man of the people? Jackson was born in the Carolinas and early orphaned. He was more talented in fighting than studying and reading. In Tennessee, Jackson became a judge through his native intelligence, force of personality, and power of leadership. He was one of the presidents that got elected without a college education. These shortcomings showed Jackson as a common man, instead of previous hard-to-approach aristocratic presidents. The Spoils System Know: Spoils System, Rotation in Office 5. Defend Andrew Jackson's use of the Spoils System. Under Jackson the spoils system, rewarding political supporters with public office, was introduced into the federal government on a large scale. Jackson defended the spoils system on democratic grounds. He quoted Every man is as good as his neighbor, perhaps equally better. He believed that it was better to bring in new blood and he argued that each generation deserved its turn at the public trough. The Tricky Tariff of Abominations Know: Tariff of Abominations (of 1828), Denmark Vesey 6. What circumstances led to the passage of the Tariff of Abominations? In 1824, Congress had increased the general tariff significantly, but wool manufacturers bleated for still-higher barriers. Ardent Jacksonites now played a cynical political game. They promoted a hightariff bill, expecting to be defeated, which would harm President Adams. However, the tariff passed in 1828 and Southerners, as heavy consumers of manufactured goods with little manufacturing industry, found this tariff abominable. "Nullies" in South Carolina Know: Nullies, Henry Clay, Tariff of 1833, Force Bill 5. Describe the nullification crisis. Nullifiers, or nullies, called for a special convention in Columbia and declared the existing tariff to be null and void within South Carolina. As a further act of defiance, the convention threatened to take South Carolina out of the Union if Washington attempted to collect the customs duties by force. However, as a former cantankerous general, Andrew Jackson, disapproved of this and prepared military force to strike South Carolina. In order to avoid a civil war, Henry Clay had to come up with a compromise, which lowered the tariff. As the compromise Tariff of 1833 was passed, Congress passed the Force Bill, which allowed the president to use the army and navy, if necessary, to collect federal tariff duties. Faced with civil war within and invasion from without, the Columbia

convention met again and repealed the ordinance of nullification and Congress nullified the Force Bill in response. The Trail of Tears Know: Cherokees, Five Civilized Tribes, Indian Removal Act, Trail of Tears, Indian Territory, The Bureau of Indian Affairs, Seminoles 8. What was particularly unfair about the treatment of the Cherokee Tribe?

In 1828 the Georgia legislature declared the Cherokee tribal council illegal and asserted its own jurisdiction over Indian affairs and Indian lands. The Cherokees appealed this move to the Supreme Court, which thrice upheld the rights of the Indians, but President Jackson, who clearly wanted to open Indian lands to white settlement, refused to recognize the Courts decisions. Also, Jacksons policy led to the forced uprooting of more than 100,000 Indians. In 1830 Congress pass the Indian Removal Act, providing for the transplanting of all Indian tribes. In the ensuing decade, countless Indians died on forced marches to the newly established Indian Territory, where they were to be permanently free of white encroachments. However this promise of permanent ended up being only about 15 years. The Bank War Know: Bank of the United States, Nicholas Biddle 9. Do you agree or disagree with Nicholas Biddles nickname, Czar Nicholas I? Explain. I agree with Nicholas Biddles nickname, Czar Nicholas I. Nicholas Biddle was the president of the Bank of the United States, who held an immense and to many unconstitutional amount of power over the nations financial affairs. This disposition of the bank made it seem to sin against the egalitarian credo of American democracy. The conviction formed the deepest source of Jacksons opposition. The Bank also foreclosed on many western farms and drained tribute into eastern coffers. "Old Hickory" Wallops Clay in 1832 Know: Anti-Masonic Party 10. What two things were unique about the election of 1832? For the first time, a third party entered the field, the newborn Anti-Masonic party, which opposed the influence and fearsome secrecy of the Masonic order. The Anti-Masons appealed to longstanding American suspicions of secret societies, which they condemned as citadels of privilege and monopoly. A further novelty of the presidential contest in 1832 was the calling of national nominating conventions to name candidates.

Burying Biddles Bank Know: Mandate, Pet Banks, Specie Circular

11.

"Andrew Jackson's killing of the BUS forced him to issue the Specie Circular." Assess.

The death of the Bank of the United States left a financial vacuum in the American economy and kicked off a lurching cycle of booms and busts. Surplus federal funds were placed in several dozen state institutions, or pet banks. Without a sober central bank in control, the pet banks and smaller wildcat banks flooded country with paper money. However, the wildcat money became so unreliable, especially in the West. So Jackson had to issue a Specie Circular, a decree that required all public lands to be purchased with hard, or metallic, money. The Birth of the Whigs Know: Democrats, Whigs 12. What is so alluring about being associated with the common man? Throughout the history, political leaders were allured to be associated with the common man. The reason is because of the number of people grouped in the common man. As a democratic nation, the decisions are made by the people. And the biggest group that contained this people was the common man. By gaining favors of the common man, the political leaders were able to enforce necessary reforms easier. The Election of 1836 Know: Favorite Son, William Henry Harrison, Martin Van Buren 13. Describe the development of the second party system from 1828-1836. During the period of 1828-1836, few political parties emerged. John Quincy Adams National Democrats and Andrew Jacksons Republican Democrats were the two major parties during their election and terms of presidency. The third party, Anti-Masonian party, emerged during this period also. They were anti-Jacksonians and allied with the National Democrats. Big Woes for the "Little Magician" Know: Martin Van Buren 14. Why was Martin Van Buren unpopular? Van Burens four years overflowed with toil and trouble. A rebellion in Canada in 1837 stirred up ugly incidents along the northern frontier and threatened to trigger war with Britain. The presidents attempt to play a neutral game led to the wail. Worst of all, Jackson bequeathed to Van Buren the makings of a searing depression. Hard times ordinarily blight the reputation of a president, and Van Buren was no exception.

Depression Doldrums and the Independent Treasury Know: Panic of 1837, Speculation, Divorce Bill, Independent Treasury 15. What caused the Panic of 1837 and what was done by the president to try and end it?

The basic cause of the Panic of 1837 was rampant speculation prompted by a mania of get-richquickism. Gamblers in western lands were doing a land-office business on borrowed capital, much of it in the shaky currency of wildcat banks. The speculative craze spread to canals, roads, railroads, and slaves. Jacksonian finance, including the Bank War and the Specie Circular, gave an additional jolt to an already teetering structure. Van Buren passed Divorce Bill to remedy the economy, which divorced the government from banking altogether. Gone to Texas Know: Stephen Austin, Davy Crockett 16. What made Texas so appealing to Americans? Texas was appealing to Americans because Americans were greedy for land. However, the authority to the territory was in Spains hand, until Mexico gained its independence. A new regime in Mexico City thereupon concluded arrangements in 1823 for granting a huge tract of land to Stephen Austin, with the understanding that he would bring into Texas three hundred American families. The Lone Star Rebellion Know: Sam Houston, Santa Anna, Alamo, W. B. Travis, Goliad, Lone Star Republic, San Jacinto 17. How did Texas, a part of Mexico settled by Americans, become independent of both? Early in 1836 the Texans declared their independence and named Sam Houston commander in chief. Santa Anna, at the head of about six thousand men, swept ferociously into Texas Trapping a band of nearly two hundred pugnacious Texans at the Alamo in San Antonio. In San Jacinto, Texans and American helpers destroyed Mexican army and captured Santa Anna alive. Texas became independent.

Makers of America: Mexican or Texan? Know: Moses Austin, Stephen Austin, Anglos 18. Did Texans ever really intend to become Mexican citizens, or did they feign allegiance to get land? Texans never really intended to become Mexican citizens; they only feigned allegiance to get more land. Because of the abundance of cheap land in Texas, many American citizens pledged to become a Mexican citizen to acquire land and escape from the law. The Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840 Know: Log Cabin, Hard Cider, "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" 19. What does the election of 1840 tell you about politics and voters in America at that time? The election of 1840 demonstrates the view of the voters in America at that time. The Whigs presented William Henry Harrison as a poor westerner, growing up in a log cabin with a

barrel of hard cider. Voters in America at the time liked Harrison who represented the common man, not Van Buren, the aristocrat. The Two-Party System 20. Who were the Democrats and what did they believe? The Whigs? Jacksonian Democrats glorified the liberty of the individual and were fiercely on guard against the inroads of privilege into government. Whigs trumpeted the natural harmony of society and the value of community, and were willing to use government to realize their objectives. Democrats clung to states rights and federal restraint in social and economic affairs as their basic doctrines. Whigs tended to favor a renewed national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements, public schools, and moral reforms such as the prohibition of liquor and eventually the abolition of slavery.