8.

1 THEORIES OF ACIDS AND BASES

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. C is incorrect as acids do not produce a pH greater than 7 but lower than 7 C because sulphuric acid loses two hydrogen ions making it diprotic B acts as a base as it accepts a hydrogen ion C The conjugate base for HSO3- is SO32D because it is a negative ion therefore it can accept the positive hydrogen ion a. i. Cl1. Conjugate acid: HCl ii. PO431. Conjugate acid: HPO42iii. C5H5N 1. Conjugate acid: C5H5NH+ iv. H3NNH2+ 1. Conjugate acid: H3NNH32+ v. OOCCOO1. Conjugate acid: -OOCCOOH b. i. HNO3 1. Conjugate base: NO3ii. HI 1. Conjugate base: Iiii. HSO41. Conjugate base: SO42iv. NH4+ 1. Conjugate base: NH3 v. NONH3+ 1. Conjugate base: NONH2 c. C5H5N and HSO4- can be amphiprotic as they can dissociate and it can both accept and give hydrogen ions therefore can act as both a base and an acid. d. H2O, conjugate base: OH- , conjugate acid: H3O+ 7. a. i. Bronsted-Lowry definition of an acid: is a substance that acts as donor of a hydrogen ion(s). ii. Bronsted-Lowry definition of a base: is a substance that accepts a hydrogen ion(s). b. HNO3 + H2SO4 H2NO3- + SO4+

c. HNO3 (base)+ H2SO4 (acid) H2NO3- (conjugate acid) + SO4+ (conjugate base) d. The use of the term conjugate is the relationship between the acid/base and the product created which act as the opposite of the reactant therefore an acids product is a conjugate base as it can bond with a hydrogen ion while a bases product is a conjugate acid as it can donate a hydrogen ion. 8. a. Diprotic: A substance which donates two hydrogen ion. b. Amphiprotic: A substance which can act as both a base and an acid as it can both accept and donate hydrogen ions. HCO3- can be an acid by donating hydrogen in order to form CO32-. It can also act as a base by accepting another hydrogen ion and forming H2CO3. c. Water is also amphiprotic. H2O OH- + H+ this can than produce the additional produce H2O + H+ H3O 9. a. Lewis acid: a species that accepts a pair of electrons to form a dative bond. b.

c. It is a dative bond as the electron pair is provided by one of the atoms in this case the chlorine ion. d. i. AlCl3 would be a trigonal planar with a bond angel of 120 degrees ii. AlCl4- would be a tetrahedral with a bond angel of 109.5 degrees 10. a. PH3 i. This will be a lewis base as P has a lone pair that it can donate. b. BCl3 i. This will be a lewis acid as the B has an incomplete shell and can accept the electron pair. c. H2S

i. This will be a lewis base as the S has a lone pair of electrons that it can donate. d. SF4 i. This will be a lewis base as the S has a lone pair of electrons that it can donate. e. Cu2+ i. This will be a lewis acid as it has incomplete orbitals in which it can accept electrons.