NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING - A SUMMARY

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

NEW TECHNOLOGIES
Seismic isolation

Location in structure (above foundation) Types of hardware Sample applications Location in structure (over height of structure) Types of hardware Sample applications Controllable fluids and controllable solids
UB CSEE

Passive energy dissipation

Smart materials and semi-active control

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

SEISMIC ISOLATION
Period lengthening
isolator flexibility period shift fixed base period isolated period force reduction displacement increase

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

SEISMIC ISOLATION
Displacements
isolator flexibility period shift isolator displacement energy dissipation building displacement damage reduction

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

SEISMIC ISOLATION
Energy dissipation
hysteretic high-damping rubber yielding of lead friction external hardware hybrid systems viscous high-damping rubber external hardware
CIE 423 SPRING 2001 UB CSEE

ISOLATION HARDWARE
Two classes in USA

Elastomeric
Low-damping natural rubber (NR) High-damping rubber Lead-rubber (LR) Friction Pendulum (FP) FIP Industriale (FIP)

Sliding

Isolation of bridges

Maximize energy dissipation

LR bearings FP bearings NR bearings with dampers

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

ISOLATION HARDWARE
LR bearing

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

ISOLATION HARDWARE
FP bearing

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

FULL-SCALE DYNAMIC TESTING

Large-size hardware

Mission-critical
Buildings Bridges Infrastructure

Unknown reliability Velocity-dependent mechanical characteristics Degradation in response with repeated cycling due
Damage Heating

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

FULL-SCALE DYNAMIC TESTING

SRMD Test Machine

Horizontal capacity
4500 kN per actuator 2500 mm stroke 1.8 metres/sec 19.3m3/min servovalves 72 MN

Vertical capacity

Construction

Mission-critical hardware
Cyclic behavior Degradation of response at high speeds Construction quality

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

FULL-SCALE DYNAMIC TESTING

FP bearing test data

Benecia-Martinez bridge Largest seismic isolators Full-scale dynamic verification

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

IMPLEMENTATION OF ISOLATORS IN INFRASTRUCTURE

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

IMPLEMENTATION OF ISOLATORS IN INFRASTRUCTURE

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

IMPLEMENTATION OF ISOLATORS IN BRIDGES

Benecia-Martinez Bridge San Francisco Bay Area

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

IMPLEMENTATION OF ISOLATORS IN BRIDGES

Kodiak, Alaska Cold temperature application

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

IMPLEMENTATION OF ISOLATORS IN BRIDGES

Rio Hondo Bridge Los Angeles, California

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

ISOLATION IMPLEMENTATION HISTORIC BUILDINGS

San Francisco City Hall

Court of Appeals Building

San Francisco LR bearings

San Francisco FP bearings

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

IMPLEMENTATION OF ISOLATORS IN BUILDINGS

Ataturk Airport

AboveNet

Istanbul, Turkey FP bearings Fluid viscous dampers

San Francisco FP bearings

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES

Classification of damping hardware
Force Force

1. Displacement
Displacement Displacement

1a. Metallic-yielding damper

Force

1b. Friction damper

Force

2. Velocity
Displacement Displacement

2a. Viscoelastic damper

2b. Viscous damper

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

PASSIVE ENERGY DISSIPATION DEVICES

Function of energy dissipation devices

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

METALLIC YIELDING DAMPERS

Added Damping and Stiffness (ADAS)

1980s US technology concept based on work of Skinner and Kelly variant on ADAS patented in Taiwan but widely available 1980s Japanese technology patented by Nippon Steel
UB CSEE

Triangular ADAS (TADAS)

Unbonded braces

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

ADAS DAMPERS

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

TADAS DAMPERS

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

UNBONDED BRACES

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

UNBONDED BRACES

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

VISCOELASTIC DAMPERS
Solid viscoelastic (VE) dampers

1960s technology for wind applications extended for seismic applications by Kelly, 3M, et al viscous damping walls developed in Japan in 1980s and 1990s most popular in the United States at this time extension of DOD and DOE technologies
UB CSEE

Fluid viscoelastic dampers

Fluid viscous dampers

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

SOLID VE DAMPERS

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

FLUID VE DAMPERS

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

FLUID VISCOUS DAMPERS

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL
MR fluid damper

Large force at small or zero velocity is possible

Notre Dame
Any arbitrary curve within operational envelope is possible

Extension

Maximum current Constant current operating curve Zero current

& x
& ) + c px & F = (u) sgn( x
Compression

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL
3-Stage Piston

200 kN prototype damper

MR Fluid Thermal Expansion Accumulator 3-Stage Piston

LORD RheoneticTM Seismic Damper MR-9000

Diameter: 20 cm Stroke: 16 cm Diameter: 20 cm Stroke: Power: 16 cm < 50 watts, 22 volts

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE

FINISHED

CIE 423 SPRING 2001

UB CSEE