James I

Finance Causes of James finance When James succeeded to the throne in 1603 he had some problems: He had 100,000 debt from war that Elizabeth had left He also had to pay for other costs such as Elizabeths funeral, his coronation and living costs Subsidies were not increasing in revenue Rents from the crown lands were not enough Inflation made the crown poorer This caused a troublesome situation for James as it made it very difficult for him to get out of this financial situation as he had debts building up. However, James did cause some of his own financial problems: His attempts to revise customs duties contributed to James; financial problems... Impositions were extra custom duties that contributed to the Kings revenue. James imposed extra duties on goods. This caused growing discontent amongst the people of England. An example of this is the Bates case in 160; John Bates refused to pay duty on the import of currents this case was taken to court. The crown won and a new set of impositions could be set on imports. Parliament objected to these impositions as they saw this as a tax that they had no control over. Extravagance contributed to his financial situation

James saw England as a land of milk and honey with inexhaustible wealth in comparison to Scotland which was a lot poorer than England. James had a very lavish lifestyle spending from 64,000 in 1603 to 114,000 a year by 1610. As a result James spent a lot of money not only on himself but on gifts for his family, friends and favourites giving away between 60,000 - 80,000 a year.

Lack of trust between James and parliament James needed money from parliament to pay off his increasing debts. Robert Cecil came up with the idea that the king would give up his wardship and purveyance in order for a fixed sum per year. However, parliament did not trust James due to his extravagant spending this made them reluctant to give money - 3 subsidies. As a result relations with parliament and the king deteriorated causing him to dismiss parliament and not gaining the money needed to pay off the debt.

Religion Religious problems When James began to reign there was the proposed union of Catholics and Protestants however the conference held at Hampton Court in 1604 between bishops and Puritans. The threat to the bishops worried him as James believed in no Bishop, no King. As a result James agreed to minor reforms but refused to promote Laudianism. This caused discontent amongst the Puritans. Furthermore, in 1611 Bancroft canons was issued but Archbishop Bancroft which regulated aspects of the church life this was aimed at extreme puritans. For example, accept king was head of C of E, accept the prayer book etc.. As a result some puritans did not agree and about 100 left c of e. This caused distrust

The Gunpowder Plot in 1605 did not help James preferred policy of tolerance as although it was the work of a small minority it increased dislike towards Catholics in general and made it harder for James to enforce recusancy laws Foreign policy and marriage negotiations will also merit mention as that did much to exacerbate the problems. Puritans believed that he did not do enough to support Protestantism in Europe which was under threat, particularly during the Thirty Years War. His policy was seen as too conciliatory towards the Catholic powers. This was exacerbated by Charles marriage negotiations with Spain as England appeared to be getting closer to Catholicism. When James did finally enter the Thirty Years War it was too late to save him from criticism. However, there was one success.. The appointing of Archbishop of Canterbury in 1611 who reduced the anger of puritans however the book of sports alienated them

Foreign Policy Relations with parliament Deteriorated.. Parliament wanted England to intervene in the 30 years war. They saw Protestantism as under threat and believed James would help defend it But James did not want to get involved as it jeopardised relations with Spain and the union between Catholics and Protestant. The potential marriage between Charles and the Spanish Infanta caused James to ignore the plea of parliament and England as he was reluctant to offend Spain led to unpopular developments causing growing discontent between Parliament and James. The Treaty of London in 1604 ended the 30 years war this caused disgruntle and was unpopular especially with people who made money from the war.

James believed that foreign policy was a part of his royal prerogative. The Spanish Match appeared to be bringing England and Catholics close this put Protestants under threat. The match went against everything the parliament wanted as they were in support of protestant powers. BUT.. James tried to maintain balance between Protestant and Catholic powers by marrying his daughter to Frederick of the Palatinate in an attempt to establish good relations with Spain.

Charles I

Personal Rule

Unsuccessful and destability.. Religious policies and opposition against Laud arouse due to the introduction of the prayer book in Scotland. This resulted in the bishops War which ended Personal Rule. Thorough; there was a lot of resentment against Wentworths policies Ireland. Success and stability Managed to last 11 years financially by enforcing Ship Money, Forest Laws etc. Thorough allowed Strafford to gain control of Ireland Thorough

Effective.. Raised new revenue Secured financial independence through the sale of monopolies, forest laws, Ship money, policies in Ireland, feudal levies Efficiency and uniformity of the government

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