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TMP 9055
TMP 9055
Abstract In this work bound states for the Aharonov-Casher free electrons, can influence the interference pattern. Con-
problem are considered. According to Hagen’s work on the sidering a charged particle which propagates in a region with
exact equivalence between spin-1/2 Aharonov-Bohm and Aharonov- no external magnetic field (force-free region), it is verified
Casher effects, is known that the ∇ · E term cannot be ne- that the corresponding wave function n may developo a quan-
glected in the Hamiltonian if the spin of particle is consid- tum phase: hb|aiinA = hb|aiA=0 exp(iq ab A · dl) , which
R
ered. This term leads to the existence of a singular potential describes the real behavior of the electrons propagation.
at the origin. By modeling the problem by boundary condi-
tions at the origin which arises by the self-adjoint extension Topological effects in quantum mechanics are phenom-
of the Hamiltonian, we derive for the first time an expression ena that present no classical counterparts, being associated
for the bound state energy of the Aharonov-Casher problem. with physical systems defined on a multiply connected space-
As an application, we consider the Aharonov-Casher plus time [1]. This issue has received considerable attention since
a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator. We derive the ex- the pioneering work by Aharonov and Bohm [2], where they
pression for the harmonic oscillator energies and compare it demonstrated that the vector potential may induce measur-
with the expression obtained in the case without singularity. able physical quantum phases even in a force-free region,
At the end, an approach for determination of the self-adjoint which constitutes the essence of a topological effect. The in-
extension parameter is given. In our approach, the parameter duced phase does not depend on the specific path described
is obtained essentially in terms of physics of the problem. by the particle nor on its velocity (non-dispersiveness). In-
stead, it is intrinsically related to the non-simply connected
nature of the space-time and to the associated winding num-
1 Introduction ber. This is a first example of generation of a topological
phase, the so called Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect. Many years
Physical processes which exhibit a cyclic evolution play an later, Aharonov and Casher [3] argued that a quantum phase
important role in the description of quantum systems in a also appears in the wave function of a spin-1/2 neutral parti-
periodically changing environment. The system can present cle with anomalous magnetic moment, µ, subject to an elec-
a classical description, such as a magnetic dipole precession tric field arising from a charged wire. This is the well-known
around an external magnetic field, or quantum behavior such Aharonov-Casher (AC) effect, which is related to the AB
as the electron in a condensate, produced by collective mo- effect by a duality operation [4]. This phase is well estab-
tion of atoms. In this context, the role played by the elec- lished if the wire penetrates perpendicularly to the plane of
tromagnetic vector potential is remarkable. The presence of the neutral particle motion. The AC phase and analogous
a vector potential in a region where it does not produces effects have been studied in several branches of physics in
an electric or a magnetic field in the configuration space of recent years (see for example the Refs. [5–7, 7–17]).
a e-mail: edilbertoo@gmail.com
In order to study the quantum dynamics of these sys-
b e-mail: fmandrade@uepg.br tems we must consider the full Hamiltonian (including the
c e-mail: cleversonfilgueiras@yahoo.com.br electromagnetic field sources). For example, when we are
d e-mail: belichjr@gmail.com studying the nonrelativistic dynamics of a spin-1/2 charged
2
where
2 The equation of motion for the AC problem
ϕ̂ 2 ησ3 δ (r)
1 1
In order to study the dynamics of a neutral particle with a ĤNR = ∇ + sη + , (10)
2M i r 2M r
magnetic moment µ in a flat space-time we start with the
1 In
where
particular electric (magnetic) field generated by an infinitely long,
infinitesimally thin line of charge (or solenoids) which we are inter- µλ
ested here. η= . (11)
2πε0
3
are called deficiency indices of H0 . A necessary and suffi- a choice for the boundary condition in the region around
cient condition for H0 to be self-adjoint is that n+ = n− = 0. r = r0 and describes the coupling between U short (r) and the
On the other hand, if n+ = n− ≥ 1 then H0 has an infinite wave function. As we shall see below, the physics of the
number of self-adjoint extensions parametrized by a unitary problem determines such parameter without ambiguity.
n × n matrix, where n = n+ = n− . To find a fitting for ρ compatible with U short (r), we write
The potential in this case is purely radial and we decom- Eqs. (14) and (20) for E = 0 [29],
pose the Hilbert space H = L2 (R2 ) with respect to the angu- 2
ξ2
lar momentum H = Hr ⊗ Hϕ , where Hr = L2 (R+ , rdr) and d 1 d
+ − +U short f0 = 0, (26)
Hϕ = L2 (S1 , dϕ), with S1 denoting the unit sphere in R2 . dr2 r dr r2
The operator −∂ 2 /∂ ϕ 2 is essentially self-adjoint in Hϕ [28]
and we obtain the operator H0 in each angular momentum
d2 ξ2
1 d
sector. We have to pay special attention for the radial eigen- + − fρ,0 = 0, (27)
functions, due to the singularity at r = 0. dr2 r dr r2
Next, we substitute the problem in Eq. (14) by implying the zero-energy solutions f0 and fρ,0 , and we re-
H0 fρ,E = E fρ,E , (20) quire the continuity for the logarithmic derivative [29]
with fρ,E labeled by a parameter ρ which is related to the f˙0 (r0 ) f˙ρ,0 (r0 )
r0 = r0 . (28)
behavior of the wave function in the limit r → r0 . But we f0 (r0 ) fρ,0 (r0 )
cannot impose any boundary condition (e.g. f = 0 at r = 0)
The left-hand side of Eq. (28) is achieved integrating Eq.
without discovering which boundary conditions are allowed
(26) from 0 to r0 ,
to H0 .
In order to find the full domain of H0 in L2 (R+ , rdr), we
Z r0 Z r0
1 d d f0 (r) δ (r − r0 )
(r )rdr = η f0 (r) rdr
have to find its deficiency subspaces. To do this, we solve 0 r dr dr 0 r
the eigenvalue equation Z r0
f0 (r)
+ξ2 rdr. (29)
0 r2
H0† f± = ±ik0 f± , (21)
From (26), the behavior of f0 as r → 0 is f0 ∼ r|ξ | , so we
where H0† is given by Eq. (16) and k0 ∈ R is introduced for
find
dimensional reasons. The only square-integrable functions
Z r0 Z r0
which are solutions of Eq. (21) are the modified Bessel func- f0 (r)
rdr ≈ r|ξ |−1 dr → 0. (30)
tions 0 r2 0
√
f± (r) = const. Kξ (r ∓ε), (22) So, we arrive at
Substituting (31) and (33) in (28) we have In polar coordinates (r, ϕ) it can be written as
Ω̇ρ (r0 ) 1
= η, (35) V̂HO = Mω 2 r2 , (41)
Ωρ (r0 ) 2
where we considered ωx = ωy = ω.
which determines the parameter ρ in terms of the physics of
Let us now include the potential of the oscillator (41)
the problem, i.e., the correct behavior of the wave functions
into the AC Hamiltonian (10), which leads to the following
for r → r0 .
eigenvalue equation
Next, we will find the bound states of the Hamiltonian
H0 and using (35), the spectrum of H will be determined ĤHO Φ = i∂t Φ, (42)
without any arbitrary parameter. Then, from Eq. (20) we
achieve the modified Bessel equation (κ 2 = −2ME , E < 0) where
degree n [46]. This condition guarantees that the hypergeo- Since H00† = H00 and, from (52), the square integrable solu-
metric function is regular at origin, which is essential for the tion to above equation is given by
treatment of the physical system since the region of inter-
γr2
est is that around the charge filament. Therefore, the series φ± (r) = rξ e− 2 U(d± , 1 + ξ , γr2 ), (54)
in (48) must converge if we consider that d = −n, where
n ∈ Z∗ , Z∗ denoting the set of nonnegative integers, n = where d± = (1 + ξ )/2 ∓ ik0 /2γ. Let us now consider the
0, 1, 2, 3, .... This condition also guarantees the normalizabil- asymptotic behavior of U(d± , 1 + ξ , γr2 ) as r → 0 [45],
ity of the wave function. So, using this condition, we obtain " #
(ξ )(γr) −ξ (−ξ )r ξ
the discrete values for the energy whose expression is given Γ Γ
U(d± , 1 + ξ , γr2 ) ∼ + . (55)
by Γ (d± ) Γ (d± − ξ )
E 0 = (2n + 1 + |ξ |)ω, n ∈ Z∗ . (49) Working with the expression, let us find under which condi-
tion
The energy eigenfunction is given by Z
1+|ξ | |φ± (r)|2 rdr, (56)
|ξ | − 21 γr2 2
φE 0 (r) = Cξ γ 2 r e M(−n, 1 + |ξ |, γr ), (50)
has a finite contribution from the near origin region. Taking
where Cξ is a normalization constant. Notice that in Eq.
(54) and (55) into account, we have
(49), |ξ | can assume any noninteger value. However, we will
see that this condition is no longer satisfied when we include
h i
lim |φ± (r)|2 r1+2ξ −→ A1 r1+2ξ + A2 r1−2ξ , (57)
the ∇ · E term. To study the dynamics of the particle in all r→0
space, including the r = 0 region, we invoke the self-adjoint
where A1 and A2 are constants. The equation above shows
extension of symmetric operators. The procedure used here
that φ± (r) is square integrable only for ξ ∈ (−1, 1). In this
to derive the result of Eq. (49) is found in many articles in
case, since N+ is expanded by φ+ (r) only, we find that its
the literature, where the authors simply ignore the term in-
dimension n+ = 1. The same applies to N− and φ− (r) re-
volving the singularity. As we will show in the next section,
sulting in n− = 1. Then, H00 possesses self-adjoint exten-
this procedure reflects directly in the energy spectrum of the
sions parametrized by a unitary matrix U(1) = eiϑ , with
system.
ϑ ∈ [0, 2π). Therefore, the domain D(H00† ) in L2 (R+ , rdr)
is given by
4.2 Solution including the r = 0 region 0 0
D(H0† ) = D(H0 ) ⊕ N+ ⊕ N− . (58)
Now, the dynamics includes the U short term. So, let us follow
So, to extend the domain D(H00 ) to match D(H00† ) and there-
the same procedure as in Sec. 3 to find the bound states for
fore make H00 self-adjoint, we get
the Hamiltonian H 0 . Like before we need to find all the self-
adjoint extension for the operator H00 . The relevant eigen- 0
D(H0,ϑ ) = D(H00† ) = D(H00 ) ⊕ N+ ⊕ N− , (59)
value equation is
we mean that, for each ϑ , we have a possible domain for
H00 φϑ ,E 0 (r) = E 0 φϑ ,E 0 (r), (51) D(H0,ϑ
0 ). But will be the physical situation which will deter-
mine the value of ϑ . The Hilbert space (59), for both cases
with φϑ ,E 0 labeled by a parameter ϑ which is related to the
of Eq. (23), contains functions of the form
behavior of the wave function in the limit r → r0 . The so-
lutions of this equation are given in (48). However, the only h γ r2
square integrable function is U(d, 1 + ξ , γr2 ). Then, this im- φϑ ,E 0 (r) = φ|ξ | (r) +C r|ξ | e− U(d+ , 1 + |ξ |, γr2 )
2
of (60) and, using (55), after equating the coefficients of the The right-hand side of Eq. (67) is calculated using the asymp-
same power in r, we have totic behavior of φ± (r) (see Eq. (55)) into Eq. (60), and it
take the form
eiϑ
A 1
=C + , (61) φ̇ϑ ,0 (r0 ) Ω̇ϑ0 (r0 )
Γ (d) Γ (d+ ) Γ (d− ) r0 = , (70)
φϑ ,0 (r0 ) Ωϑ0 (r0 )
and
where
eiϑ
A 1
=C + , (62)
" #
Γ (d − |ξ |) Γ (d+ − |ξ |) Γ (d− − |ξ |) Γ (|ξ |)(γr)−|ξ | Γ (−|ξ |)r|ξ |
Ωϑ0 (r) = +
Γ (d+ ) Γ (d+ − ξ )
whose quotient leads to " #
−|ξ | Γ (−|ξ |)r|ξ |
iϑ Γ (|ξ |)(γr)
1 iϑ
+ Γ e(d− ) +e + , (71)
Γ (d − |ξ |) Γ (d+ ) Γ (d− ) Γ (d− − |ξ |)
= iϑ
. (63)
Γ (d) 1
+ Γ (d−e −|ξ |)
Γ (d+ −|ξ |) Replacing (69) and (70) in (67) we arrive at
The left-hand side of this equation is a function of the energy Ω̇ϑ0 (r0 )
E 0 while its right-hand side is a constant (even though it = η. (72)
Ωϑ0 (r0 )
depends on the extension parameter ϑ which is fixed by the
physics of the problem). Then we have the equation With this relation we select an approximated value for pa-
rameter ϑ in terms of the physics of the problem. The solu-
| ME 0
Γ 1−|ξ 2 − 2γ tions for (51) are given by (52) and since this function be-
= const. (64) longs to D(H0,ϑ
0 ), it is of the form (60) for some ϑ selected
1+|ξ | ME 0
Γ 2 − 2γ from the physics of the problem at r = r0 . So, using (52) in
(60) we have
Therefore we have achieved the energy levels with an arbi-
trary parameter ϑ , and we get inequivalent quantizations to 2|ξ |
φ̇ϑ ,E 0 (r0 ) |ξ |[r0 γ |ξ |Γ (d) +Θξ Γ (d − |ξ |)]
different values of it [48]. Each physical problem selects a r0 = 2|ξ |
φϑ ,E 0 (r0 ) r0 γ |ξ |Γ (d) −Θξ Γ (d − |ξ |)
specific ϑ .
Next, we replace problem H 0 = H00 + U short , by H00 plus Ω̇ϑ0 (r0 )
self-adjoint extensions. So, consider the static solutions (E 0 = = . (73)
Ωϑ0 (r0 )
0) φ0 (r) and φϑ ,0 (r) for the equations
0 Using Eq. (72) into the above equation we obtain
H0 +U short φ0 (r) = 0, (65) 0
|
Γ ( 1+|ξ ME
2 − 2γ )
1 η + |ξ | Γ (1 + |ξ |)
=− . (74)
| ME 0 2|ξ | η − |ξ | Γ (1 − |ξ |)
Γ ( 1−|ξ
2 − 2γ ) γ |ξ | r0
H00 φϑ ,0 (r) = 0. (66)
Eq. (74) is too complicated to evaluate the bound state en-
Now, to find the value of ϑ , the continuity of logarithmic ergy explicitly, but its limiting features are interesting. If we
derivative is required take the limit r0 → 0 in this expression, the bound state en-
ergy is determined by the poles of the gamma functions, i.e.,
φ̇0 (r0 ) φ̇ϑ ,0 (r0 )
r0 = r0 . (67)
φ0 (r0 ) φϑ ,0 (r0 )
(2n + 1 − |ξ |)ω, for −1 < ξ < 0,
E0 = (75)
The left-hand side of Eq. (67) is obtained by integration of (2n + 1 + |ξ |)ω, for 0 < ξ < 1,
Eq. (65) from 0 to r0 . Since the integration of the harmonic or
term
Z r0 Z r0 E 0 = (2n + 1 ± |ξ |)ω, (76)
2 2 1+2|ξ | 2 2 1+2|ξ |
γ r r φ0 (r)dr ≈ φ0 (r = r0 ) γ r r dr → 0,
0 0 where n ∈ Z∗ . The + (−) sign refers to solutions which are
(68) regular (singular) at the origin. This result coincides with
the study done by Blum et al. [49]. It should be noted that in
as r0 → 0, the result is the same as in (31). Then, we arrive
the absence of spin (i.e., when ∇ · E is absent), like showed
at
in Sec. 4.1, we always have a regular solution it is the plus
φ̇0 (r0 ) sign which must be used in (76). In the next section we will
r0 = η. (69) confirm this using another approach.
φ0 (r0 )
8
Another interesting case is that of vanishing harmonic extensions H0,α 0 of H00 are parametrized by the boundary
ξ
oscillator potential. This is achieved using the asymptotic condition at the origin,
behavior of the ratio of gamma functions for γ → 0 [45],
1 |ξ | 1
lim r|ξ | g(r) = αξ lim |ξ | g(r) − lim r0 g(r0 ) |ξ | ,
|
Γ 1+|ξ 2 − ME
2γ
−ME |ξ |
r→0+ r→0+ r r0 →0+ r
∼ , (77) (80)
Γ 1−|ξ | − ME
2 2γ
2γ
where αξ is the self-adjoint extension parameter. In [32] is
showed that there is a relation between the self-adjoint ex-
which holds for E < 0 and this condition is necessary for the
tension parameter αξ used here, and the parameters ρ and
usual AC system to have a bound state. Using this limit in
ϑ used in the previous sections. The parameters ρ and ϑ ,
Eq. (74) one finds
which are associated with the mapping of deficiency sub-
−ME
|ξ |
1
η + |ξ |
Γ (1 + |ξ |) spaces, that extend the domain of operator to make it self-
=− 2|ξ |
. (78) adjoint, are mathematical parameters. The self-adjoint ex-
2γ γ |ξ | r0 η − |ξ | Γ (1 − |ξ |)
tension parameter αξ has a physical interpretation, it repre-
sents the scattering length [55] of H0,αξ [32]. For αξ = 0
Then, by solving Eq. (78) for E , we obtain
we have the free Hamiltonian (without the δ function) with
2
η + |ξ |
Γ (1 + |ξ |)
1/|ξ | regular wave functions at origin and for αξ 6= 0 the bound-
E =− 2 . (79) ary condition in (80) permit a r−|ξ | singularity in the wave
Mr0 η − |ξ | Γ (1 − |ξ |)
functions at origin.
which agrees with the result obtained in Eq. (39). Thus, in For our intent, it is more convenient to write the solu-
the limit of vanishing harmonic oscillator, we recover the tions for (45) for r 6= 0, taking into account both cases in
usual AC problem. (23) simultaneously, as
Now we have to remark that this result contains a sub- 1+|ξ | γr2
tlety that must be interpreted as follows: the presence of the φE 0 (r) = Aξ γ 2 e− 2 r|ξ | M(d, 1 + |ξ |, γr2 )
singularity restricts the range of ξ given by ξ ∈ (−1, 1). If 1−|ξ | γr2
+ Bξ γ 2 e− 2 r−|ξ | M(d − |ξ |, 1 − |ξ |, γr2 ),
we ignore the singularity and impose that the wave function
(81)
be regular at the origin (φ (0) ≡ φ̇ (0) ≡ 0), we achieve an
incomplete answer to spectrum (76), because only the plus where Aξ , Bξ are the coefficients of the regular and singular
sign is present in the equation and ξ can have any noninte- solutions, respectively. By implementing Eq. (81) into the
ger value. [50–52]. In this sense, the self-adjoint extension boundary condition (80), we derive the following relation
approach prevents us from obtaining a spectrum incompati- between the coefficients Aξ and Bξ :
ble with the singular nature of the Hamiltonian at hand when αξ0 E 0
we have (19) [42, 53]. We must to take into account that the αξ0 Aξ γ |ξ | = Bξ 1 − lim r2−2|ξ | , (82)
4(1 − |ξ |) r→0+
true boundary condition is that the wave function must be
square integrable through all space and it does not matter if where αξ0 is the self-adjoint extension parameter for the AC
it is singular or not at the origin [29, 42]. plus HO system. In the above equation, the coefficient of
Bξ diverges as limr→0+ r2−2|ξ | , if |ξ | > 1. Thus, Bξ must be
zero for |ξ | > 1, and the condition for the occurrence of a
5 Determination of self-adjoint extension parameter singular solution is |ξ | < 1. So, the presence of an irregular
solution stems from the fact the operator is not self-adjoint
Following the procedure describe in [35], here we determine for |ξ | < 1, recasting the condition of non-self-adjointness
the so called self-adjoint extension parameter for the AC of the previews sections, and this irregular solution is associ-
problem plus a harmonic oscillator and for the usual AC sys- ated with a self-adjoint extension of the operator H00 [56, 57].
tem. The approach used in the previous sections gives us the In other words, the self-adjoint extension essentially consists
energy spectrum in terms of the physics of the problem, but in including irregular solutions in D(H00 ) to match D(H00† ),
is not appropriate for dealing with scattering problems. Fur- which allows us to select an appropriate boundary condition
thermore, it selects the values to parameters ρ and ϑ . On the for the problem.
other hand, the approach in [54] is suitable to address both In order to Eq. (81) to be a bound state, φξ ,E 0 (r) must
bound and scattering scenarios, with the disadvantage of al- vanish for large values of r, i.e., must be normalizable at
lowing arbitrary self-adjoint extension parameters. By com- large r. By using the asymptotic representation of M(a, b, z)
paring the results of these two approaches for bound states, for z → ∞,
the self-adjoint extension parameter can be determined in Γ (b) z a−b Γ (b)
terms of the physics of the problem. Here, all self-adjoint M(a, b, z) → ez + (−z)−a , (83)
Γ (a) Γ (b − a)
9
the normalizability condition yields the relation for the relation of the self-adjoint extension parameter and
the physics of the problem for usual AC system. Then, the
1+|ξ | E0
Γ (1 + |ξ |) Γ 2 − 2γ relation between the self-adjoint extension parameter and
Bξ = − A . (84)
Γ (1 − |ξ |) Γ 1−|ξ | − E 0 ξ the physics of the problem for the usual AC has the same
2 2γ
mathematical structure as for the AC plus HO. However,
From Eq. (82), for |ξ | < 1 we have Bξ = αξ0 γ |ξ | Aξ and by we must observe that the self-adjoint extension parameter
using Eq. (84), the bound state energy is implicitly deter- is negative for the usual AC, confirming the restriction of
mined by the equation negative values of the self-adjoint extension made in [58],
in such way we have an attractive δ function. It is a neces-
| ME 0
Γ 1+|ξ2 − 2γ 1 Γ (1 + |ξ |) sary condition to have a bound state in the usual AC system.
=− 0 . (85) It should be mentioned that some relations involving the
Γ 1−|ξ | − ME
0
αξ γ |ξ | Γ (1 − |ξ |)
2 2γ self-adjoint extension parameter and the δ function coupling
By comparing Eq. (85) with Eq. (74), we find constant (here represented by η) were previously obtained
by using Green’s function in [58] and renormalization tech-
1 2 η + |ξ | nique in [59], both, however, lacking a clear physical inter-
= . (86)
αξ0 2|ξ |
r0 η − |ξ | pretation.
We have thus attained a relation between the self-adjoint ex-
tension parameter and the physical parameters of the prob-
lem. Eq. (85) coincides with Eq. (53) of Ref. [58] for the
6 Conclusions
AB system with the exact equivalence condition between
the vector potential and electric field [4], i.e.,
By modeling the problem by boundary conditions at origin
eAi = µsεi j E j . (87) which arises by the self-adjoint extension of the nonrela-
tivistic Hamiltonian, we have presented, for the first time,
The limiting features of Eq. (86) are interesting. For αξ → 0 an expression for the energy spectrum of a spin-1/2 neutral
or ∞, from the poles of gamma function, we have particle with a magnetic moment µ moving in a plane sub-
(
(2n + 1 + |ξ |)ω, for αξ0 = 0, ject to an electric field, i.e., for the usual AC system taking
0
E = (88) into account the ∇ · E term, which features a point interac-
(2n + 1 − |ξ |)ω, for αξ0 = ∞.
tion between the particle and the charged line. The presence
These bound states energies coincide with those regular and of the ∇ · E term, which gives rise to an attractive δ function
irregular solutions given in Eq. (76) of the previous section. for λ < 0, ensures that we have at least one bound state.
From relation (86) the regular wave function, when αξ0 = 0 As an application, we also addressed the AC problem
and the ∇ · E is absent, is associated with 0 < ξ < 1, and the plus a two-dimensional harmonic oscillator located at the
irregular wave function, when αξ0 = ∞, is associated with origin of a polar coordinate system by including the term
−1 < ξ < 0. Mω 2 r2 /2 in the nonrelativistic Hamiltonian. Two cases were
Like before, another interesting limit is that of the van- considered: (i) without and (ii) with the inclusion of ∇ · E
ishing oscillator potential. So, using the limit (57) in (85), in the nonrelativistic Hamiltonian. Even though we have ob-
we have tained an equivalent mathematical expression for both cases,
it has been shown that in (i) ξ can assume any value while
−ME |ξ |
1 1 Γ (1 + |ξ |) in (ii) it is in the range ξ ∈ (−1, 1). In the first case, it is
=− , (89)
2|ξ | γ αξ γ |ξ | Γ (1 − |ξ |) reasonable to impose that the wave function vanish at the
with αξ the self-adjoint extension for the usual AC system. origin. However, this condition does not give a correct de-
From this equation we have the spectrum for the usual AC scription of the problem in the r = 0 region. Therefore, the
system in terms of the self-adjoint extension parameter, energy spectrum obtained in the second case is physically
acceptable.
1 Γ (1 + |ξ |) 1/|ξ |
2 Finally, we determine the self-adjoint extension parame-
E =− − . (90)
M αξ Γ (1 − |ξ |) ter for the AC plus HO and for the usual AC problem based
This result also coincides with Eq. (3.13) of Ref. [21] for on the physics of the problem. Like showed in [35] this self-
the AB system, with the exact equivalence cited above. By adjoint extension parameter can be used to study scattering.
comparing this equation with (79) we arrive at The scattering in the AC system was studied in [4, 24, 60]
using other methods than self-adjoint extension. Results in
1 2 η + |ξ | this subject using self-adjoint extensions will be reported
= − 2|ξ | , (91)
αξ r0 η − |ξ | elsewhere.
10
Acknowledgements 21. D.K. Park, J.G. Oh, Phys. Rev. D 50(12), 7715 (1994).
DOI 10.1103/PhysRevD.50.7715
The authors would like to thank F. Moraes for their critical 22. C.R. de Oliveira, M. Pereira, J. Stat. Phys. 133(6), 1175
reading of the manuscript, and for helpful discussions. E. (2008). DOI 10.1007/s10955-008-9631-y
O. Silva acknowledges research grants by CNPq-(Universal) 23. C.R. de Oliveira, M. Pereira, J. Phys. A 43(35), 354011
project No. 484959/2011-5, H. Belich and C. Filgueiras ac- (2010). DOI 10.1088/1751-8113/43/35/354011
knowledges research grants by CNPq (Brazilian agencies). 24. M.S. Shikakhwa, E. Al-Qaq, J. Phys. A 43(35), 354008
(2010). DOI 10.1088/1751-8113/43/35/354008
25. T. Ihn, Semiconductor Nanostructures: Quantum states
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