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Intelligence Power and Personality 1000812749 PDF
Intelligence Power and Personality 1000812749 PDF
Intelligence Power and Personality 1000812749 PDF
Power
and
Jrersonalif
by George Crile
Author
of
"
The
and
"
EDITED
BY
GRACE
CRILE
New
McG
York
RAW-H
ILL
llesej
BOOK
HoUlSe
COMPANY,
London
INC.
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
AND
PERSONALITY
Copyright,
1941,
by
the
McGRAW-HiLL
BOOK
COMPANY,
not
INC.
This form
book,
without
or
parts
thereof, may
be
reproduced
in any
PUBLISHED A
division of the
BY
WHITTLESEY Book
HOUSE
McGraw-Hill
Company,
Inc.
Printed
in the
United
States
of
America
by
The
Maple
Press
Co., York,
Pa.
Introduction
PAGE
THE
PROBLEM
THE
QUEST
PART
CHAPTER
1.
I.
Energy
15 28
ANIMAL
ANIMAL
ENERGY
2.
BEHAVIOR
PART
II.
Comparative
with
DANIEL
Anatomy
P.
and
PH.D.
Physiology
QUIRING,
3.
THE
AFRICAN
MOTO
FRONT
39
4.
MAJI
CAMP
BUFFALO
42
5. 6.
RHINOCEROS
AND
47
EAGLE
AND
VULTURE COLD-BLOODED
REPTILE
52
7. 8.
WARM-BLOODED
INTELLIGENCE
VERSUS
56
64 69
73
OF
BIRD
AND
9.
THE
GIRAFFE
10.
THE
HIPPOPOTAMUS
11.
THE
MERCY
SHOT
FAMILY
78
82 ITS ENEMIES
12.
THE
THE
CAT
HERD
13.
AND
89
99
14.
THE
TECHNIQUE
OF
HUNTING
15. 16.
ELEPHANT
AND
MOUSE
102
FISH
in
17.
THE
HORSE
FAMILY
126 DOMESTICATION
18.
INFLUENCE
OF
CAPTIVITY
AND
150
19.
20.
THE THE
PRIMATES
162
SUBARCTIC
OF
EXPEDITION COLD
ENERGY
165
170
21.
INFLUENCE
MAN THE
IN
THE
22.
SCALE
RELEASE: MORAL THE CODE "LIFE LINE"
185
207 216
23.
24.
LAW
OF
ENERGY
AND
THINKING
BRAIN
PART
III.
Civilized
Man
25.
26.
AND
EDUCATION
OF
223
UPON
INFLUENCE
HAZARDS
OF
CLIMATE
MAN
234 251
27.
LIFE
PART
IV.
Summary
and
Discussion
269
28.
TEN
BIOLOGIC
PRINCIPLES
Appendix
A RECORD
OF THE OF
BODY 3,734
WEIGHT
ANIMALS
AND
CERTAIN
ORGAN
AND
GLAND
281
WEIGHTS
GEORGE
DANIEL
ADDENDUM
CRILE
and PH.D.
P.
QUIRING,
331
INDEX
333
VI
Intelligence,
and Power
Personality
THE
PROBLEM
of the
ONEcivilized
attack animals. These
human certain
appear
race
diseases in wild
rarely
primitive man
and
domestic
disorders, Raynaud's exophthalmic goiter,neurocirculatory asthenia,disease, diabetes, peptic ulcer, essential hypertension, and
various
nervous
and
mental
coronary
disease.
Each
of these It would
to
diseases
appear
is related
to
the
that
the
mechanism
and
animals. certain
organs
that
only
and
tissues
trol con-
expenditure of energy in all animals, including man. the brain, the heart and the blood, the thyroid These are glands, the celiac ganglia, and the gland, the adrenal sympathetic system. I postulated that
compare
if of and
we
were
to
analyze,
and then
measure,
and in the
the
organs
this
energy-controlling system
compare
mammals
of the
heat
of the
tropicsand
"
the
size of these
organs
most
heat
struggle varying
different be able that for
and
survival
"
being
should
the
potent
to
fluences in-
we
be and
able
account
personality
races
among
and
the
of
man.
We
find and
for
man
an
energy
formula
distinct
wild
domestic
man.
animals This
and, further,an
our
formula
for civilized
became
quest.
THE
While
two
our
QUEST
Mrs. Crile well and I
were
hunting
hunters
in Africa
in 1927, excited
phenomena
attention. The first
was
known
to
of
big
game
that
an
antelope,
lion, or
any 3
high-
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
powered animal,
that
may
or
when
of
at
shot the
through
blood
the
heart
in such
way
the
circulation
to
run
is
for
a
immediately
distance This of
a
arrested,
hundred
continue
more
top
he
speed
yards
before
my
fact
challenged
found
credulity,for, from
that the death heart results in
man.
in war,
I had shot
instantlyfrom
comparable
through
of the
The
second
seen
phenomenon
was
the the
explosive
outburst and
in the
impala
in escape
of the if an
observed in the
move
that
animal
high
never
brachial
plexus
the
column, it will
it may
run a
hundred
so
attack;
the
if shot
that
of the
"
bullet
"
suspends
animal,
away
or
momentarily
animal
its
a
the action
may
of the brain
creases
the
complete
When
fall,then charge.
was
jump
made
a
up,
and
bound
comparison
brain of
a
of
the
an
effect
of
shot the
through
effect of
a
the
a
zebra,
the
lion,or
of
a
elephant
In
with
shot
a
through
great death
was
brain
was
or turtle,a crocodile,
python,
there
difference
noted.
the
blooded warm-
group group
was
instantaneous.
or
In the cold-blooded
more
activityfor varying
up
to
several
animal
behaves
like itself
high
gear,
exhausting
another therefore
energy,
and
gear,
behaves
like
low-powered
motor,
set
in low
at
a
and
moderate This
enigma.
Crude
became
dissections had
with
disclosed
made
in
the
in the size of
energy-controlling organs
It
was
animals. evolution
therefore
energy
or
of the
AND
PERSONALITY
namely, the brain, the heart and blood volume, the thyroid glia gland, the adrenal-sympatheticsystem, and the celiac ganin their wild state in the various species of animals in the intelligence, for the variation power, might account
"
and
personalityof
energy
a
animals
and in
man.
perhaps elucidate
To that end and the
we
the
nature
of certain
on
diseases in
embarked
research the
course
comparative
of which
we
physiology
trolling energy-con-
during
world. The
organs
of
3,734
animals
parts
of the
was
made
in 1931
by
the
Crile-
Crile colRobert lected expedition to Arizona,1 when preserved the thyroid and adrenal glands and the size of the brains of animals ranging from
to
rodents
the
lion.
preponderance
energy,
constant
over
govern governs
the that
level of
were
energy,
shown
in all the
animals
This
that
in
pursuing animal, such as a coyote, such a as deer, the weight of the weight
adrenal of the adrenal
more glands are nearly equal, the glands being but slightlyheavier than the thyroid
gland.
The adrenal Ohio and research
was
extended wild
to
include and
the birds
thyroid
in and
and
glands
from taken the
from
animals
northern
of
various from
animals showed
animals
presence
large
proportion
We
next
of the studied
Cumberland
and where
Island,
off
Georgia,
is
no
goiter
are
Florida alligators,
1
deer,
Ohio
turtles
of the
abundant.
and
No.
CRILE, ROBERT,
in Wild
"The
Comparative
Anatomy
Thyroid
Adrenal
Glands
Animals,"
I, 1937.
Through
afforded
organs
the
to
courtesy collect
of
Mr.
on
was
Carnegie,
Island
to
the
was
opportunity
us.
animals
This
research
bulls
include collected
to
the
in
of
eighteen
and
steers
Jacksonville, Florida.
from
These
animals
found
in the
be
free
state
goiter and
were
more
nearly
wild have
than
the
domestic
animals
that
we
also
Clark, director
sent
a
of the
Gorgas
Memorial of material
Laboratories and
on
Panama,
to
large
amount
data 525
from
Panama
Cleveland, including
small
was
memoranda and
many
monkeys,
animals. of the Daniel
sloths,tapirs, armadillos,
well
as on
ant-eaters
collared domestic
peccaries, as
This
rodents
in the
and
material
studied
Research
Laboratories with of
Cleveland P.
Clinic
Foundation director
in collaboration
Quiring, Ph.D.,
researches
of the
sion Divi-
Anatomy.
course
In the
to
of these
there
were
brought
and
alive
the
chimpanzees, imported
It
was
from
zoological gardens
that of the
others
directly.
because
we
source man
of the
many
so-called
"energy
that
civilized
lay
in
the
sector
energy-controlling system, in brain" designated the "abdominal sympathetic system expedition to Africa
"
"power
station"
"
of the
an
that
is,the
celiac
ganglia
members Mr.
"
that
was
organized
Daniel
P. of
in 1935. The
of
Arthur
this B.
expedition
Fuller, Dr. Crile, and
I.
were
Dr. Harrison
Quiring, England
W.
Carr,
guest,
Mrs.
Hewlett, our hunter, and Captain J. Raymond established Mr. in the Rift Bryan Cooper, a laboratory was Valley, in Tanganyika, at a latitude 2" south of the equator.
Through
Here than
perhaps
in any
greater known
concentration
of wild
other
region of
the
earth, and
AND
PERSONALITY
field
we
weighed
but and the
not
only
organ
each
of the
220
animals and
that sometimes
we
studied the
also every
of each
animal
skins
skeletons.
brought largest were field laboratory, where into weighed. The they were our of the body were skin and every weighed separately. organ had be weighed in sections, an that to In large animals Routinely,
all animals
except
the
allowance instances
of
we
per
cent
was
for
the
blood.
In
all
pituitary gland, the the glands, the celiac thyroid gland, the adrenal eyes, ganglia and sympathetic complex, the heart, the kidneys,
collected the often lungs, the liver,the genitalia, section of the larynx and trachea. In the
case
the
the
spleen, and
of
large
animals
such
as
the
buffalo, the
the
elephant,
the tions dissecfield laboratory.
to
set
on
up
we
carried
out
plan
of the
in the
necessary
In the
elephant
course
weigh
176
to
different
parcelsin
the entire of
the
dissection
in order
determine In the
weight
14,640 pounds.
and
Museum
Power, Intelligence,
Foundation the whole them
are
Personality
of have of these been their
of
the
Cleveland
Clinic
some
the
heads
animals
and,
and
in
cases,
animals models
mounted,
grouped
about
between
the
energy
release
blooded warm-
alligatoror
the
was same
crocodile
and
the
tiger of
bird
we
set
up
laboratory in
cabana
on
Key West, Florida. varieties Here, besides studying many mammals, Dr. Quiring, Mrs. Crile, and
species of fish,those
that
prey
beach
small
various
and
those shark We
preyed
blooded warm-
upon.
We
contrasted
the
porpoise
weight.
discussed
the
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
needs
of such
cold-blooded
in the
water
animal
in
a
as I
the
per
shark,
which
breathes
as
cent
tion, concentra-
with
the
needs
a 20
of the
per
cent
porpoise,which
concentration.
animal
breathes
The
porpoise was
studied
to
only
warm-blooded
man,
that
we
had
that
time,
save
in which
the
normal
notably largerthan thyroid gland was arose as Naturally the question next
systems Professor for
some
the adrenal
to
glands.
the energy-controlling
of other K.
cetacea.
E. M. has
of Ceiling,
years
been
at
the
whales courtesy L.
Queen
Charlotte of
to
one
Islands.
of
and
cooperation
we
his the
Robbins,
of
a
were
able
secure
total whale, whose be 122,000 pounds. collections had been Since our made largelyin tropical Africa or America, where the subtropical and temperate effect of habitat temperature alone could not be estimated, next we organized an expedition to the subarctic regions. In Churchill,on Hudson and Bay, at 58" North latitude, around Chesterfield Inlet, at 63" North latitude, at the we compared the effect of cold edge of the Arctic Circle, the size of the energy-controlling of se per upon organs
blue
the This
warm-blooded
animals
on
the
land
and
in
the
sea.
expedition consisted of Dr. Quiring, Mr. Fuller, Mrs. Crile,and me. and shown Interest by Mr. W. E. cooperation were
the
manager
Brown,
Hudson's
of the
Nelson
River
of district,
the
Bay Company, Mr. R. H. Cook, manager .Hudson's Bay post at Churchill, and Dr. Alvin The in charge of the small hospital at Churchill.
the
at
of the
Cohen,
office of beach
small
over
house
to
us
situated
to
serve
was as
on
a
the
laboratory
medical of the
and health
Dr.
Thomas
Melling
Inlet. He
was
the
in
Chesterfield
charge
AND
PERSONALITY
district wide
not
of
Keewatin,
Northwest the
walrus
a
Territory,
Dr. for and and
us
and Mrs.
had
had
Eskimos.
in cache
Melling
turned for
young into
but
had
their
our
storehouse
laboratory
had
arranged
studies and
quarters
On this
with
them.
subarctic
expedition,besides
also made studies
making
of the
of
the
energy-controllingsystems
animals,
we
of cold-blooded
blooded warm-
metabolism the
of
of
the
Cree
and Dr.
Chippewyan Melling, we
of Eskimos. of metabolism altitudes and the
cooperation of
the metabolism studies These the
able
to
make
studies
led
upon
to
further the
inquiriesinto
ingly, Accordundertaken metabolism temala, Gua-
effect of of in
varying
animals
an
energy-controlling
of
was man.
systems
metabolism Guatemala
me
1938,
expeditionto
Crile Indian of and
by
Dr.
to
study
at
the
of the
soldiers
Totonicapan,
of Indian
800
altitude coffee
laborers
serving on
the sea.2 aid For medical
plantation
studies
Samayac,
much
feet
above
in these
we
are
indebted
to
our
Galvez, dean of the Medical colleaguesDr. Ramiro School of the Mario Dr. University of Guatemala; J. Mariano Wunderlich; Dr. Julio Bianchi; Dr. LopezHerrarte; Dr. Ezequiel Soza; and, in particular, to Dr. Estevez, Goubaud,
At
Colonel the who minister of
to
Mr.
Antonio
assisted
in
our
work.
the efficient Totonicapan, under organization of posal, disCipriani, every facilitywas placed at our and
we
found
the of
most
cordial
interest
in the in
study
that
of
the
metabolism
the
Maya-Quiche
soldiers
district.
DANIEL
P. QUIRING,
"Indian
10, 1939.
and
Eskimo
lisms," Metabo-
18,
No. P.
4, Oct.
DANIEL
QUIRING,
"A
Study of
the
Metabolism
10, 1939.
of the
Maya-Quiche
4, Oct.
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER, of the
an
Since
we
wished
upon
to
make
further
we
study
made Nils P.
to
influence
the Islands
races
of man,
expeditionto
has
we are
in 1939.
In Dr.
Larsen, who
of man,
we
made
a
valuable
contributions
the To
study
found
most
cooperativecollaborator.
valuable in the human subarctic
we
indebted In the
our
material
were
Hawaii.
volume
in
with blood
and the
smaller
volume
tropics.
observations
These
suggested to
study of
the potential
gradientsof the brain and the blood under the influence A long series of experiments conof the thyroid hormone. ducted by Otto Glasser,Ph.D., director of the Department Clinic of Biophysics of the Cleveland Foundation, Dr. that the thyroid hormone cally specifiQuiring, and me, showed the potentialgradients,that is to say, the increases of oxidation olism metabthe rate increases or thyroid hormone and is a fundamental adaptation against cold. animals in the tropics, As a corollary, as an adaptation the smallest thyroid glands. against heatstroke, possess results of this research The were reported by me, in and Dr. Quiring, before the with Dr. Glasser collaboration
American Association for the Advancement found and
was
of Science
we
in
we June, 1940. In 1941, when the manatee unique animal expedition to Florida
that
lacked
that
certain made.
fish, a
mentary supple-
expeditions,as presented in and that the intelligence, show the followingpages, power, indicated by the absolute and are personality of animals blood and volume, relative size of the brain, the heart the adrenal-sympathetic system. the thyroid gland, and in the land, or in the air; whether in the sea, on Whether
The data from
our
various
the
tropicsor
10
in the
arctic;whether
warm-blooded
or
cold-
AND
PERSONALITY
blooded,
energy
it would
or
appear
that
each
animal
has
its
own
formula
pattern.
should be made of the collaboration of
Special mention
Mrs.
Crile in these
She attended to the infinite expeditions. details of preparation.She kept the field notes, weighed all for shipment, and has specimens, and prepared them assumed a large part in the preparation of the material for publication.
II
ANIMAL
ENERGY
/-|-VHE earth and its atmosphere are constantly subjected A to two universal forces,gravitation and radiant and
the sun. from electric energy the water part of the earth
"
Gravitation
"
great
as a
oceans.
brought
radiant life.
the
ocean
basis upon
sun
electric energy
from
the
produced organic
is the
so on
constant,
are same
land
ground. This
a
factor
universal force,
and
animals bodies
of the
at
raise
their
against gravity
force essential
to
speeds.
second of universal the
genesis and
energy
upon
Solar
terrestrial
passing through
a
continual The
of fixed
intensityof the energy put into the nitrogen fraction the nitrogen fraction with the highest by lightning endows tion known; hence, generally speaking,the nitrogen fracenergy positiveelement, and the carbon fraction becomes the in the negative element synthesis of life. These nitrogen and carbon fractions with their positiveand negative signs of charge are continuously coalescing in part of the earth, on the land, in the air,and in the every plant and each animal growing in accordance sea, each
with its
use
becomes
the
of energy.
Each
form it and it
rises then
as
far
as
will carry
energy
breaks
down
that
received, thus
entering
death. 15
source
of of
all the
plant
sun,
or
energy
energy
the
radiant
as
and
into
fuel
and
there
energy
as
oxidized held
burned the
or
solar animal
within
plant, when
burned
food,
the build
is oxidized
quanta capture
reradiate the
within and
billions
up
of cells of animals.
energy;
plants
animals from
solar
furnaces of energy
solar energy; of
the reradiation
burning
the
within This
from
a man.
oxidation
universal cells
fuel in the
the
burning
enables
of
in the
brain the
radiant
which
think. and
billions
of the
voluntary
warmth and
involuntary
action.
provides body
muscular
The
Plants
Energy
the
Control
of the
Living
equivalent of a bony skeleton in their and fasciae. cellulose. Plants have the equivalent of tendons They have a skin,they have lungs (leaves) and circulation
have of
sap,
and
the
protoplasm
of
plants
animals
is
analogous
to
the
protoplasm
In
one can
of animals.
fundamental
respect
alter the and
plants:
in their of this
or
animals
various energy in
adaptively
and in
one
speed
organs
tissues of
a
increase
speed
and
output
number
organs
of organs and
tissues That
combinations
can run or
of
these
or
tissues.
is,
animals In the
senses.
walk
swim; and
are
animals
the
specialsenses
and
a
Venus's-flytrap
The
to
a
few
other
special
release of
specialsenses
promote
their metabolism. is
facilitate the
energy
Animals
have and
basic
basic
animals
required to
searched
structure.
evolved 16
and
protection against
AND
PERSONALITY
enemies, better
demands
demands
To
of
the
The the
not
constant.
control
special the heart,the the brain and communicating nerves, senses, blood volume, the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, and These the sympathetic system. energy-controlling organs is released and the means in tissues are whereby energy of muscles this or that gland and in this or that combination and the animal enable to to to secure food, to escape,
in
evolved
animals.
the
procreate.
transmitting system of animals includes the sensory tary of the organism, the nerves that control the volunnerves that supply the muscles, and the sympathetic nerves of blood vessels,which, in turn, are supplied great network
The
to
each
of the
hundreds the
of millions
liver,the
energy-
digestive system.
a
network of the
vast
and removed
so
tissues
body
mechanisms,
as
a
there
would
remain
an
effigyof
work all
body
all
whole.
accelerators
these controllers,
mechanisms
would
day,
of prey
vary
to
an
in the presence of mates but would their speed and Little benefit power.
or
or a zebra,if, lion, having a for generating and distributing ity, electricperfectmechanism mechanism it had no by which speed could be adapwould altered. Man be able to adapt his mechanism not tively his changing requirements. The lion would be able to not as a
animal
such
man,
to
rush
its prey.
The
zebra for
would
not
be able animals be
to
meet
the exist
a as
energy
at
a
requirements
constant
escape.
All
would
energy
operated at
would 17 be
given speed.
The
energy
animals
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
the
energy
of the
protoplasm
with
every
of
tree.
The
would be
no
be identical
other
to
season.
would
rhythms
if every
or
of
adaptation
had the
cold
same
and
for
reproduction.Thus,
energy
animal basic
metabolism,
There would be predictable. oxidation,not adaptive oxidation. The ovaries, the testes, the mammary glands, the hypophysis, the muscles, the tissues of none bones, the tendous, the fat,the connective of basic oxidation of itself change the rate these can or The brain can metabolism. supply the spark that produces
"
would
oxidation, but
blood system, and
it cannot,
without
the
heart
and
the
red
cells,the
the of oxidation.
speed
The
brain-heart-thyroid-adrenal-sympathetic system, then, is the distinguishingfeature of higher animals. The the adrenalbrain, the heart, the thyroid gland, and adaptively control muscular action, sympathetic system emotional glandular secretion, and expression, thereby and generating and controlling the intelligence, power, should to personalityof the animal. Therefore, we expect find variations in the size of the brain,the heart,the volume adrenal of the blood, the thyroid and glands, the celiac in warm-blooded ganglia, and the sympathetic system cold-blooded animals. in contrast the animals to Among
warm-blooded animals
we
should
expect
to
find variations
and in the size of the brain, the characteristics in energy heart, the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, the celiac
ganglia,and the sympathetic system in such animals as the protected group, on the one hand, which possess carapace, sting, barb, and color protection, and the pure-energy the other hand, which on depend solelyupon their group, and the of attack such the tiger and as power escape, antelope.In these two groups there are intermittent energy requirements.
18
AND
PERSONALITY
The and
in the sea animals consists of the master third group is characterized the land. This group by the sion on possesis than in other level of of a higher seen activity any
group.
The
warm-blooded
continued
to
are sea
the but
of the
master
the land No
is
man.
possesses
any
organ
or
any
power
have
survival
value.
Evolution that
an
is
Therefore, we
on a
should
expect
mal ani-
depends
carapace,
poison
smaller
would
possess
smaller
thyroid gland, and a more celiac glanglia than and animal without such an system protectivedevices. animal an If, on the other hand, in attack or escape, such as the long distances depends upon high speed over the antelope or caribou wild dog or the wolf that pursues would one expect to find a thyroid gland nearly as large as and the pursued, the adrenal glands in both the pursuers be maintained since a high rate of oxidation must over long
" "
periodsof
If do
an
time.
animal members
depends
of the
upon
cat
sudden
rushing attack, as
would family, one expect the adrenal glands to be larger than the thyroid gland, and, that the smaller cats as a corollary,the animals rush, be endowed with correspondnamely, the rodents, would ingly large adrenal glands. Since the greatest energy requirement in warm-blooded animals should is the maintenance
to
the
of the
warm-blooded
state,
we
of brain, the heart, the volume blood, and the thyroid gland larger in the cold arctic than in the warm It is constant tropics. expenditure, energy outburst not expenditure, that constitutes adaptation energy cold. should Therefore, we against expect to find the
expect
find
the
19
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
to
glands of
to
animals
in
the
north
be
smaller
in of
the
in the the
than
the
adrenal
glands
warm-blooded
animals
owe
their
law, that with of temperature the speed of chemical 10 why per cent, the question arises, the warm-blooded animals evolved not to a still higher were ? The is that be answer protoplasm would temperature heatstroke. or destroyed by detonation
Heatstroke
Since the the brain controls the oxidation of the animal and
glands control the oxidation of the not larger brains,larger hearts, greater blood volume, and largerthyroid and adrenal glands been evolved? has not the elephant a brain bearing the Why relation to its body weight as the brain of the mouse ? same of 98.6" as a normal Why, instead of a temperature ture temperaand did for man evolution establish not a animals, of 120"* as a normal, thereby greatlyincreasing temperature and the intelligence, personality of animals ? To power, these questions it is necessary consider to answer again the and some of the propertiesof protoplasm. nature As previouslystated,the universal base of protoplasm is its nitrogen and its carbohydrate fractions. These fractions the base of nitroexplosives. also constitute Thus plasm protoand the nitroexplosives certain properties possess in common. Both of constant are normally in the state The of disintegrationis accelerated rate disintegration. by heat. The relation of chemical disintegration specifically of nitroexplosives is expressed by the mathematical tion equaof Berthelot.
are
adrenal
This
law
expresses
the
fact
that
explosives nitroare
at
It has n6"F.
been
reported
bird
may
reach
20
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
plasm that is exquisitelysensitive to all stimuli, is easily stroke disintegrated by heat, and is the mechanism by which heatis Animals
energy
produced.
take into of their bodies food
a or
large
the
amounts
of
in the This
form
plant
thus
flesh of other
well
as
an
energy
constitutes
as liability
asset,
for the of
nitro fraction
taken
in the food
is the
fraction
decomposition that the heat produced by this leads to to is that produced by the oxidacontinuous tion disintegration induced by the brain and controlled by the thyroid adrenal and glands. It is clear,then, that each animal could be provided with only as large a brain,heart,volume of blood, thyroid gland, and adrenal-sympathetic system the body temperature would maintain safe level at as a protoplasm
below The heatstroke. level of
the chemical
heatstroke,however, is not dependent alone the size of the brain, the heart, the volume of blood, upon the adrenal-sympathetic system, the thyroid gland, and metabolism. that is, it is not It is dependent solelyupon the facility for cooling,which, in turn, also dependent upon of sweat depends on the size of the animal, the presence of the skin, and glands, fur, thickness and vascularization the size of the lungs. The ratio of the surface of a small animal to its weight is greater than the ratio of the surface of a large animal to its and the elephant. The the mouse mouse weight. Consider and the elephant exist at different levels of oxidation only does the relative per unit of surface. Therefore, not
size of the organs
two
that
control
the
rate
of oxidation
in these
animals
excess
under
rapid disintegrationof protoplasm heat, but also and equally it controls the coolingthe animal. In animals, just as in motors,
prevent
combustion but essential, in animals of the
so
also is the is
cooling
system.
Since
surface,the greater
22
ratio
AND
PERSONALITY
for cooling,and the greater weight the greater the facility for heat the facility dissipation the greater the bodily The endure. can activity a given animal great activity of an insect would quickly destroy an elephant. An examination shows of of insects
to
with the
respect
to
heat
tion elimina-
the insect
to
body
surface
consideration
the
tubules respiratory Add this the constant for heat elimination. to facility and we flow of air from the wings and from flight, see insect the most perfectof cooling mechanisms. That the metabolism from of the muscles the fact that in
a
advantage of a large ratio If,in addition,we take into body mass. for cooling in the added surface area there is a greatly of the insect, increased
have swift in the
of insects
is
at
level is obvious
may
move
the
19,800 times
to
minute.
be able
increase
as
the
metabolism
as an
high housefly
a
it ventilated
completely
insect.
heat of
an
elimination
occurs were
only
lungs and
in such
a
on manner
the
animal, animals
evolved of heat
the
maximum
elimination
could
be
effected.
evolved We in the process. the see Many expedientswere long legs and the slender bodies of monkeys and of 'man. took the direction of cooling, Evolution not only by means and colder air,but of the absorption of heat by colder water by the cooling device of equally by evaporation of water evolution set by which sweating. In man up a mechanism much shifted of the blood from the
warmer
internal
part could
be
by dilation of the blood vessels in the skin, thus further facilitating the loss of heat, and in certain hunting seized animals, such as the dog and the wolf, evolution and upon the large moist surface of rapid respiration upon
the tongue heat. So fundamental
energy
as
an
additional
means
for
the facilitating
loss of
between that
the
production of
and of
the
of heat much
evolution in the
adapted
water,
23
animals
larger size
spend
time
in
POWER,
on
of all
sides. inhabitants
In
Throughout
or
the
animals
have
been
the
of swamps warm-blooded
of the animals
in the
sea
there
was
no
Instead, the problem in the cold problem of heatstroke. that of too much heat loss. Thus, in the was polar seas of heat, such as adaptation to the cold sea, nonconductors evolved. The warm-blooded land blubber, and fat,were oil, prevention of the loss of heat and death from freezingas fur,feathers, wool, and fat, all of which are inert,insulatingmaterials. In the tropicsthe temperature of the air may daily rise that causes of higher than the temperature disintegration If the animals in the tropics protoplasm, or heatstroke.
were
animals
such
devices
for the
ensheathed would
in
they
cause
acquire
heatstroke.
against the loss of heat is water. The composition of animals is approximately three-fourths exhibits the highest known Since water water. heat, specific water gives the greatest protection against the adverse effect of rapid changes in temperature. well as frozen. It is as Protoplasm may be disintegrated in the tropics are fact that the animals as a significant with hair for protection against too completely covered
The
greatest protector
much with
heat
as
the
animals
in the north
are
covered heat.
as
protectionagainst too
serves
little external
contents
A
as
Thermos hot.
bottle
to
keep
its
cold
well
beest, the zebra, the kongoni,the wildeeland, the giraffe, the oryx, the impala, the Thomson's gazelle,the dik-dik,the reedbuck, and the steinbok of the tropicsare the the musk So also are all high-speed Herbivora. ox, of the north. the elk,and the moose caribou,the reindeer, All are covered with hair,and when they run their internal heat mounts rapidly as to threaten heatstroke. so The
24
AND
PERSONALITY
attacking animals, the Carnivora, such as the lion, leopard,the cheetah, the wild dog, the wolf, the fox, lion,have a lightcovering of hair. coyote, the mountain in a their protoplasm, whether maintain these animals
or
cold
climate, at
a as
animals, such
are
is
be
have hairless,
or
skin
as
of hair of which
a
wool.
It is
if
produced
ensheathed
compounds
in
hair is made
and
of hair layer of plastics in hair itself. This rather than great envelope of plastic of hair has the same property of being as low a conductor the elephant, the rhinoceros, hair. So, in reality, heat as encased in a comparatively and the hippopotamus are hair. These animals increase their heatprooflayer of plastic their backs, as in the heat loss by spraying water over of the elephant, or by seeking the damp of the cool case and streams. jungle and wallowing in the swamps It would then, that heatstroke is a fundamental appear, and personality fact in determining the intelligence, power, and that the size of the brain,the heart and the of animals blood volume, the thyroid gland, and the adrenal glands is then related It
to
the
surface
area
of the
animal
and
to
its
mass.
might be suggested that instead of the size of the brain, the heart, the thyroid gland, and the adrenalsympathetic system being limited by the tolerance of protoplasm of a given to heat, the size of the energy system the muscles. animal is related to the supply of oxygen to of this suggestion might be cited the so-called In support the result of vigorous as "oxygen deficit" that occurs such as running and fighting. muscular exercise, facts, (i) Each We two must, however, take into account has the highest of the heart, which fiber of the muscle of the body, is supplied metabolism the muscles among in close apposition to it so as to prevent with capillaries deficit in that fiber as it performs its maximum oxygen
25
INTELLIGENCE
work.
(2) The
voluntary
than
muscles
have
capillarysupply
muscle. muscles
in deficiency
cause
of
voluntary
brain, then
process
would
of blood
case
the
great
mass
in the If
a
of the due of
to
whale.
an
fever
infection
temperature
There
since
approximately
in bed.
kind has reached of any a 108",heatstroke will develop. muscles the of such
a
is
no
oxygen
deficit in the We of
patient,
of the and
he is relaxed horse
to at
took
a
temperature
in
winning
found
may
race
the
end
it be
be
104".It
July speed
oxygen
deficit
of
race a
coincident
with
the in
a
horse.
Considering
of the
oxygen
fact that
rose
short
the
temperature
that from
this
horse
to
a
probable
death
deficit is
heatstroke.
If in this horse
more
supplying capillaries
muscle, the oxidation
of heat and track would have this
oxygen
nutrition hence
us
the
in the been
muscles
the
increased, let
say,
4" further,
died
on
winning
have
the
It is the
temperature
the
when the
the
source
of heat
to to
is
of
patient
returns
the
originallevel.
heat The stroke brain
occurs.
If the
temperature
the
is increased
108.5"
most
contains nitro
greatest
of the
percentage
This
fact
to
of the
compounds. point
explains why
succumb
are
first
organism
to
heatstroke.
confusion of the detonation. 26
of heatstroke
mental
brain Thus
be
so
the chemical
the disintegraor tion by coma; abrupt as to be equivalent to pictureis in accord with our
AND
PERSONALITY
postulate. When
animal
has risen
the
to
a
internal certain
of
be heat cannot protoplasm is so accelerated that the excess accumulates until eliminated, and internal temperature stroke the universal ceilingof heat tolerance is reached. Heatfollowed then occurs, by the death of the plant or animal.
27
ANIMAL
o
BEHAVIOR
OXIDATION among
oxidation. While attack such
enzymes
we were
is the
only
source
of animal
energy.
gle" "Strugof
rates
animals
is
of
hunting
swiftness and
in
rush
in
of the
lion in
and
the
of the
power
escape
exhibited
action
to account
lightning speed
and
the
feeble
of
catalystsseemed
this the
inadequate
energy.
genesis of
us
fulminating
compare
represent
different
the
positive
and
nucleus strain
and
the
maintain
their
electric
through
rate
controlled
by
enzymes
of
being higher in
in in
is maintained
between
nucleus
cytoplasm, cytoplasm
difference
that establishes concentration a electrolytic is adequate for the low electric potential.This level of the that
to
constant
basic
energy
of the of the
amoeba. amoeba of
would
suppose
formula
apply equally
animals. nucleated
energy
cells in the
organs
higher
In the
a
cells in the
organs
of the
higher
of the
animals cells
are
similar
pattern
and
is
seen.
These
structures
nucleated
found tract,
in the the
organs
in the
digestive
genito-urinary tract, the pulmonary tract, the the spleen, the skeleton, the skin, the liver,the pancreas, adrenal the thyroid and lymph glands, the bone marrow, glands, and
The the brain.
cells
nucleated of the
organs
take
the
energy
pattern
minor
amoeba,
nucleated
as
cells form
mass
the
as
to
and
to
by
of
fibrous the
tissue.
This
indicates
unit
that
the
universal
pattern is the
nerve-muscle
nucleus-cytoplasm
There pattern could of the death
have
interruption
the pattern have would
between the
the
unicellular and
and
animals, or
dissolution of the
higher followed,thus
unicellulars
of
progress
evolution
of the
it
although
descendant
it has
not
been nucleus
of
a
the
cell is the
of the
ancestral be
unicellular
view, it would
distance
nerve
this point organism. From understandable why the brain cells from
send
electric thus
impulses
maintain
over
the
communicating
and the
tural struc-
fibers and
the
function
of the muscle fibers. This would indicate that integrity of the not only the function but also the physical structure impulses from the brain voluntary muscle depends upon and catalysts. and not enzymes upon Of equal fundamental is the fact that both significance oxidation of the whose and muscular contraction of the severed and the maintenance muscle fiber
structure
voluntary
can
has
been
be maintained
by
the red
cells of and
to
body,
blood
higher
cells
are
possess
as are
nucleus.
essential
are
life
the
brain
being there
no
about
twenty-five trillion
Although
by means powerful
an
these
red blood
cells generate
electric strain
carry
as
of
oxidation
within
as
themselves, they
do the brain cells is derived
electric
charge
of the
charge
each
brain
cell. The
electrically powerful
the red blood
what
does
cell derive
its
high
al-
negative
30
electric
charge? Logically
it would
appear,
AND
PERSONALITY
though
the
it has
not
been
proved, that
whose
like cell,
voluntary muscle
at
is a descendant cell,
the ancestral
was lated accumu-
unicellular
cytoplasm
negative charge
my
its surface.
problem of Hugo Fricke, in the biophysics the determination was laboratory of the Cleveland Clinic Foundation, that the
The firstfact that
emerged from
study of
this
the in
red blood
cell is
on
the
order
of
or thickness,
about
the thickness
molecule endows
of oil
thinness
This extreme of 30 carbon atoms. the red blood cell with a high capacity for
or
friction,increases
order
to account
the
shape peculiar biconcave is ideally adapted for tumbling of its covering surface area
the electric
membrane.
charge-up of the being, we twenty-fivetrillion red blood cells in the human turned the well-known to electrophysical principlethat a moving in air or in fluid takes on static charge,the particle of friction. of charge being related to the intensity amount which in the air This is the principle on particles floating through friction take on negativeor static charge and, being of like sign of charge, repeleach other and float as dust. I postulated that this electrophysical principle could red blood be applied to the originof the electric charge on since the heart, with its powerful contraction, causes cells, the red blood cells that the such violent agitationamong become red blood cells would charged with static electricity and repeleach other and not agglutinate.
In
for the
In collaboration P.
with
me,
Dr.
Otto
Glasser
and
Dr.
D.
Quiring, of
red
Study
at
the
Research
Laboratories
of the
Cleveland
'Clinic of the
1
through
Gradients
before the
the
action
and
of the
the
heart
and
"A
of the Potential
of the Blood
Organs
of Certain and of
paper
presented meeting
Society
for
Experimental Biology
for the Advancement
the
of the
American To be
Association
Seattle, June
20, 1940.
published. 31
highestcharge on the red blood cell is in the is most where left ventricle, violent. We found that agitation in the course the speed of the red blood cell decreases of as its slow circulation each red blood through the capillaries, its electric charge on cell contributes certain electrostatic of oxidation, thus in the area collectors building up a
voltage. The
considered
energy
a
found
that
the
and
the
arterial
tree
may
be
that contributes
the
negative
of the the
perceivesa lion by sight, smell, or sound, the brain cells flare in oxidation,at once increasing the positive potential.Instantly impulses pass the motor from the brain over the running musto nerves cles; the two instantlyimpulses pass from the brain over trunks, namely, the major, minor, and sympathetic nerve
lesser trunks
When
high-tempered
zebra
splanchnicnerves.
divide into
two
At
their terminal
one
these
two
nerve
suppliesthe adrenal medulla, stimulating the output of adrenalin,and the other lating supplies the celiac ganglion and plexus, stimuof sympathin. These the two hormones, output instantaneous increase an sympathin and adrenalin,cause
in the
hence power
branches,
of which
of the
heartbeat
and
circulation
of the
blood,
negative potential. the celiac ganglion and From plexus, the sympathetic fibers pass along the arterial blood vessels down nerve to the capillaries, deliveringpositive electric charges to the blood-vessel walls. The negative charge is supplied by cells within the arteries and capillaries. the red blood The involuntary muscle fibers of the arterial wall lie between the positive charge delivered by the sympathetic nerve fibers and the negative charge delivered by the red blood
cells. with its continuous single capillary of negatively charged red blood cells may stream serve both as a negative pole to the sympathetic nerve fiber on its wall and as the negative pole to the positive end plate of fibers. the voluntary muscle
a
raise the
It is
clear,then, that
32
AND
PERSONALITY
Thus,
brain
in
man
the
62,000
not
miles
of
positiveelectric
but
stimulation the
only
from
brain,namely, the When the adrenal medulla, the celiac ganglia and plexuses. the abdominal thinking brain is asleepor under anesthesia,
also from abdominal brain We amoeba continues
can
now
to
control
the vascular
in the
can
we
Equally
the animals.
elements
amoeba
in Kofoid akin
higher animals. glimpse the homologue of the cytoplasm of the muscles, glands, and blood of the higher
system
has
to
a
of the
illustrated
nervous
this in the in
a
appearance
of
system
unicellular
diplo-
dinium.
in the
cellular dominating positivenucleus of the unievolved smell to to was see, to hear, to touch, and tive higher animals, that is,the forces that give the posiThus the
charge to the nucleus of the unicellulars also determined similar positive charge in the eye, the ear, the touch a of the higher animals. corpuscle,and the nose that the thyroid these simple principles From we see gland, whose hormone, acting as a catalyst,increases the
rate
of oxidation
in the
billions of brain
cells and
in the
sympathetic system, produces electric charges only, hence influences the activityof the brain in training and in maintaining the warm-blooded and education state.
cells of the The the the increase
in the
rate
of oxidation
cells and
not
in
cells of the
sympathetic system
but the the
increased
of muscles
and This
in
man
thus
warm-blooded
state
or
against cold.
metabolic
arc
constitutes and
as
Just
universal universal
amoeba
was
the is the
higher animals
constant
stimulation
for muscular
work,
33
INTELLIGENCE,
intellectual crisis energy.
POWER,
work,
In
the
brain
is
equally
the
executive
for
combating an infection with a fever,in from in the expressionof the an fightingor fleeing enemy, emotions, the adrenal glands and the sympathetic system brain and violentlystimulate inhibit the thinking or new brain that executes the old or energy fighting, escaping and
emotion. Thus In the brain
two
types
the is the
each
of energy be discerned can In brain is the executive. and the adrenal brain
among
one
mals. ani-
executive
of outburst
energy,
oxidation.
The heart
the
pounding
the
increases red
potentialof
trillions of
blood
and the entire is accelerated, respiration for executing violence is mobilized. adrenal The glands play a lesser role
of
constant
energy
mechanism
in the mobilization
necessary for
energy.
The
constant
energy
muscular work, such as is adaptation to cold or to constant required for a long migration, a long chase or by the porpoise for rising and the whale at frequent intervals day and in his breathe to or by man night to the surface of water dailytask,is established by a synthesisof the brain and the thyroid gland, the heart and the blood volume. centered in muscular of the higher animals Evolution is controlled by the joint action of Muscular power power. the side of the metabolic the positive arc, the brain, and
negative side of
blood The cells.
constant
the
metabolic
arc,
the heart
and
the
red
tempo
of the
brain
and
the
is
trolled con-
by gland. The
controlled medulla the The
the hormone
emergency
thyroxin,the product
tempo
of the brain
thyroid
heart
is
and
by
of the
the
product of
energy
adrenalin,the product of the adrenal sympathin, gland, and the hormone the celiac ganglia and sympathetic plexuses.
hormone
is derived
arcs
of the whole
from
oxidation the
that animal.
pletes com-
within
AND
PERSONALITY
Basal
metabolism
includes
not
only
and
the
metabolism
of
tissues of the
maintain the
warm-blooded
response
body required to
is outburst
oxidation in
from
to
energy
From
in the would
expressionof
seem
the emotions.
man
that
in
and control of
there oxidation.
two
kinds
of mechanism
possesses
One
in
system
the
amoeba,
cells in
which
oxidation
is controlled
by
enzymes
This catalysts.
man
system
appliesequally to
which is constructed furnishes the
all the
nucleated
and
animals.
In the other
system,
lamp,
blood
the brain
principle positivecharge,
on
the
cells,through the
of the
mechanical
energy
heart, supply the negative tions are provided the quick and powerful variacular speed of oxidation,hence in the speed of muscontraction from
a mere
muscle zebra.
tone
to
the
rush
of
the
escape
of the
and personality of man intelligence, power, the absolute and animals would to be dependent on seem relative sizes of the brain, the heart and blood volume, thyroid gland, and the adrenal-sympathetic system. the
35
3.
THE
AFRICAN
FRONT
INthe
man
THE
world
the
that
great natural
the
made
by
man.
of attempted an interpretation in France1 at war man rich, beautiful France, for ages modified by a brilliant, industrious,artistic people, a land of terraced vineyards and trained trees, a land of metaled
"
First World
the cycle of villages,a land where highways and model sowing, reaping, and fertilizing fertilizing, again keeps a
part of the
It that
was
surface this
of the
earth
in ceaseless
an
rotation.
from
at territory,
intensely human
masses
stage,
I viewed
the Great
War.
On
this land
of
French,
land, Zeawere
German,
crowded
English, Italian, American, Australian, New East Indian, Canadian, and Portuguese troops
in dense concentration. On this land
was
also the
mechanisms There ever massing of human seen. were mules, horses, dogs and pigeons, bred and trained by There such nonliving mechanisms of energy man. were as and tanks motor balloons, cars, tractors, airplanes and bombs shells and bullets, and mines, firebrands and poison graph, bayonets and trench mortars, radio and telegas; there were
greatest
Red In that
our
Cross
nurses,
surgeons,
expeditionsto
man
civilized
as
has
as
and oaths. priests, prayers, equatorial Africa I visited a front not dominated; a front in many French front of the First World front and
events
respects
intensive
the
War,
civilized from
one
the
elements; a equatorialsun
greatest
of the
that
some
of its rich
from the
of the
in rift
formation
great
Africa
and
View
Asia.
of War and
"A
Mechanistic
1915.
Peace,"
The
Macmillan
Company,
New
York,
39
INTELLIGENCE, In
was
POWER,
War On
the
struggleamong
front the On the French the African of the
rival nations
the African
prey.
struggleis for
front there front
young
food
were are
against a
women
natural
and
children. each
On
born
and
and raised,
member
family spends
see
his life On
"
struggleon
French
no
the
gun,
casual
nearer
observer the
could
nothing
the
on.
no
soldier. The
front fighting
no
more
peaceful and
likewise
every
quiet it
the of grass.
seemed
when front.
was
It is
is in
with
African
The
water
front
blade
every
It is in the
or
in the
air. It is
behind the
rock. It is in the
In
France front
the
front
African
began
raids
when front
were
began.
On
war
As
many
populated
the
no
animals
common.
the African
French
the African
night passes
In Africa
arrow,
are
without
are
In Africa
animals each
camouflage camouflaged.
is utilized.
day
poison
natives
spear,
by day, also, lions, leopards, cheetahs, civet cats, jackals, tards ostriches, secretary birds, and the greater and lesser buskill thousands of mammals, pions. birds,snakes, and scorBirds kill kill thousands of
killed
kills many animals with of or trap, and each day a number poison fangs, teeth, or claws. Each
native
insects,and
insects,in turn,
myriads of birds and animals; and the countless billions of living thingsrevealed only by the microscope the greater take the largest toll. world of bacteria in constant world Not struggle in only is the animal wider front, plant warfare is extended. Africa, but, on an even Many animals attack plants,and plants,in turn, defend themselves againstthe animals by thorns,by poison, by bitter acrid taste, by climbing heights,by delving into relentless and by forming jungles. Just as the most swamps, is animal warfare of animals against animal, and just as
" "
40
AND
PERSONALITY
man's
against
most
man
is
the
most
bitter,
is for draw insect for subsidize seeds. that
so
in of
the
plant against
for
relentless
warfare
plant
and
mals. ani-
plant.
and
to
plant
this of and
fights
bitter flowers To the
for
sunshine, plants
the
moisture,
many
to
soil,
The
struggle
entices
exact
nectar
fertilize the
distant which
plants
bears
trees.
payment
trees
fruit,
animals
energy
to
animals,
their kills billions born the
to
spread
Thus the
their
kind
by
sustains the
carrying
and
plant
kills and
the of
animal animals
sustains
and
plant;
are
are
killed,
millions
every
age-long
a
struggle;
countless
in
fact,
day
on
African countless
front
day
less count-
of
deaths,
and
countless countless
births,
defeats.
conflicts,
victories,
MAJI
MOTO
CAMP
A^
past
MAJI
MOTO 2"
were
CAMP south of
in
the
Rift
Valley, Tanganyika,
and theoretically Here titanic
Africa,
and
the
equator,
we practically
engulfed nonliving
in energy. and
forces,
present,
during geologic ages, Our in the midst of a dense was regressing. tropical camp of forest that hugged the base of the high west escarpment Rift Valley and was from the East African only a mile away
Lake
was
Manyara.
green
The in
little rains
had
just
ended. the
The the
grass
sun
and
day
poured
A
down
short
the
was
Maji
the Mount Meru. the
Moto
hot
of
springs.
all African and south
was
In
the
distance, to
the miles
the
east,
highest
jaro, KilimanTo
mountains,
a
snow-covered
away
was
hundred the
Mount
the of
beautiful
west
was
Oldonyo-lengai,
the
enormous
Mountain
God,
and
and
to
the
crater
one
Ngorongoro.
19,000
Besides
more
size,down
progeny.
these
towering
also volcanoes
as
feet
of lesser its
if every
giant had
The
It
great
of
Ngorongoro
rim
or
is
12
miles
in diameter. feet
by
crater
escarpment
a
1,500
high.
The the
affords
deep
a
produce
about and
of
clover. wildebeest of
This
supports
50,000
this
animals,
mass
the
unbelievable numbers of
Herbivora,
supports
vultures. For
energy
large
clover,
of
soil
again.
constant
stream
innumerable
AND
PERSONALITY
insects, flowers, scorpions, spiders, snakes, birds, ants, Herbivora, predatory animals, and
all
return to
native
men
go
in
"
and
it
again!
cycle of change, life has moved on, as a as sometimes a as flower,sometimes hyena, sometimes man as a livingthing has once a snake, sometimes every the to been something else;every livingthing will return Through
this endless
"
universe
in
some
other
form.
energy
energizes the clover,in the clover, and all all that is under them and cytoplasm of the identical nucleus the clover above identical identical water; identical electrolytes; livingcell; sunlight;in fact,in all essentials life is identical. It is the the many forms of life only colors, forms, the many many Obviously, it is identical
"
"
that
creates
and
"
sizes
romance
"
that
appear
to
could
be written
born in the endless abyss of that was one singleelectron, earth perhaps of the great fire mist from which our space, life today was old, yet beginning its new condensed, aeons in the body of a young just born in the clover fields gazelle of Ngorongoro! How of the that the structure significant island of life remains livingcells in this sequesteredtreasure the
ocean
same or
as
that
of the is
in the
their
dynamic
or
pattern
clover! This
whether
wildebeest
constancy
of
of the
livingform
the
nature
is due
to
the constancy
is constructed
When interplay.
beam
of
by light is
the
nature
discovered,we
nature
shall know
atom
the
nature
of all
of
one
is
we discovered,
shall know
one
of
all matter;
we
when
the
nature nature
of
livingcell
greatest
covered, is dis-
shall know
the
It
was
this theater
of Vulcan there
earth's
surface,where
exists the
largestaggregation
43
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
in the world
as
well
as
aggregation
rift and
the ?
be the relation
abundant
animal
a
this
rift,probably
rock that
and
of tumbled
still generate
millions
Hot ples springs and earthquakes exampoints of contact. of injury and repairof the earth are frequent in this region. of upheaved rock causes The friction in this pile a melting and vaporization of rocks, and the eruption of volcanoes, of square thousands small, spreads ash over great and of
"
volcanic
ash
is
mixture
a
of all the
elements
in formly uni-
Chemically,
enters
it is
perfectlymixed
and
roots
soil,so
pulverizedthat
that oxygen in any out that Thus and direction,
rain is absorbed
held, so
may
light
supports
abundant
camp
life.
Maji
water,
Moto
ample
kind of
great
swamps,
vegetation from grass and the trees mimosa and dense were jungles. Among supported the long-necked giraffe,dense acacia, which and open bush plains where the rhino roamed, enormous of coarse forests in which elephants fed, swamps grass that hid buffalo,and impenetrable marsh, the habitat of the
settingof plentiful grass, forests yielding every vast and flowers to scrub growth
hippopotamus. In plains near eland, kongoni, impala, giraffe, by were gerenuk, hartebeest, kudu, zebra, wildebeest,oryx, steinand Grant's dik-dik,and wartgazelles, bok, Thomson's the plainslike sanitarypolice were ostriches, hog. Patrolling all of which greater and lesser bustards,and crested cranes, derived their living from toads, and the locusts, lizards, found the plains. small animals on many varieties of ducks, On the shores of the lake fed many marabou,
44
and
European
storks
and
the
beautiful
pink
POWER
As
sound
and
odor of
constantly
ears
pervade
nostrils and and
the
air
that
passes
through hearing
of thousands Masai
myriads
and
and
as
the with
senses
of
smelling
animals of here
by
day
and and
night
our
vary camp
ments move-
there,
little
was
to
our
great herds
neighbors
These
each animal.
and
to
native
with and
native
their
of
all
cattle.
animals,
well.
meat
eaters
grass
eaters, Masai he is
know
other
In
the
top
a
cooperation
can
with
men,
can
spear
lion. his
He hut. their
trap
of food.
leopard
other
build
boma do
to
protect
than
None
the The
can
more
secure
grass
eaters
merely killing
life the the from
crop grass
the
grass.
meat
eaters
secure
food take
by
their
eaters.
grass
water
the
trees
the of
soil this
and
sun.
All
parts
are
living
of
picture
energy.
"
insects,
Masai
animals,
native of them
is
plants
most
mechanisms
The mechanism
"
highly
specialized
energy
5.
RHINOCEROS
AND
BUFFALO
EFE
in Africa
eaters
an
posted on
antelope
stationed
he
Among sensitivelybalanced. is cooperation for defense. A there sentinel for herds a serves as anthill,
is zebra.
a
the
grass
kongoni,
of
and
When
sees
a a
baboon
or
small
grazing monkey,
animals
high in will,through
tree,
own
his
crocodile,
to
beautiful buff-backed and egrets coming to drink. The from the high reeds and dense white herons, suddenly rising the near-by elephant and buffalo to be wary. cause papyrus, Lake trekked As we out to one Manyara morning, we rhinoceros in the high grass at the edge of the a solitary saw of him, we fifty yards downwind sandy beach. Passing some noticed small brown birds from his back. rising and, catching the within
once
Immediately
scent, of
us,
sensing danger, he whirled in our direction; but when suddenly stopped, circled
into
started he
as
50
feet
or
twice,
then
trotted
off
the
The of
of the rhinoceros to ears insignificant testify The show that sight is not enemies. pigl'ike eyes factor
in his survival.
mount paraupon
to
rhinoceros
depends
his
the
serve
small,
as a
red-beaked
birds
perch
these
upon
back
him,
in
the
associates
are
fly from
rhinoceros
rhinoceros
cooperation. Although the eyesight of the elephant and the hippopotamus is poor also,the elephant, the hippopotamus, and the of sight and buffalo,having used their senses hearing to detect a danger, have evolved intricacy of action greater
patterns
than the rhinoceros.
Wearing a heavy armored skin, the rhinoceros pushes the shrubs and noisilyalong among bush, through thorns and high grass, crushing everything before him. He sees
47
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
little until
reason,
he
eats.
bumps
Had best
into
it. Whatever
no
he foe
meets,
to
within
contest
he him
worthy
and
to
a
with would
for the
to
heavy
grass
bush,
carry
he
need
have and
to
only
sufficient
muscle
his
ample paunch
he could
procreate; But
and, being
table.
peace
vegetarian, though
same
always
eat
from
same
apparently at it does not follow that they do not area, rhinoceros The has a powerful muscular and has a peculiar belly-tearing horn
are
powerful
beasts
in the
fight each
machine evolved but
is
a a
the
first
scent
of
possible enemy,
animals. the
same
sense
he
his time
in
His
defense
mechanism,
the of
passive
more
and
time. of his
rhinoceros value It
noisily,his
in the of in the when bush smell dense
hearing, sight,is
the of
not. can-
although
not
him
sense
adequate.
of his
serve
is his
approach
smell
can
rivals,and
the
rhinoceros
his eyes
ears
Since
the and
body
since
of the his
rhinoceros horns
are
is massive
and
near
the the
to
ground
make
poised vertically on
it is
to
platform
a
of his sudden
extended
mass
snout,
his
advantage
his
attack
before
giving
opponents
opportunity to maneuver. has no for Clearly, this great bush mechanism pattern jumping or for long-distance running. The rhinoceros is not geared for a long chase. His effort is always a short attack.
His mechanism
is
patterned
like could
heavy
be
seen
tractor.
near
Each
at
near
near
be
seen
rollingin
skins
lake
of ticks
and
enjoy
the
sunshine
for
an
our
Museum
male
of that
adult
AND
PERSONALITY
weighed 1,683 pounds. Raising a tarpaulin over suspending our 6oo-pound scales on a limb, we
dissection where he fell. that the distribution Dissection the rhinoceros showed differs
him made
and
our
of the muscles
of
greatly from that found in antelopes in the lion. There five principal of muscles: were or masses and for the powerful head for each of the four one one The muscles of the back were not stocky legs. comparable those of the antelope or of the horse family.The to rest of the body exhibited but relatively little muscle, which suggested a mechanism adapted to straightforwardprogression with powerful action of the head and little or no power of jumping.
The bones much ribs which those The
apex grams.
were
of the blood
vertebral and
column
were
tained con-
cancellous
the
exceedingly hard, and operated the great horn, which operated the legs.
dimensions of the heart
were
muscles
more
neck,
than
12
inches heart
was 2
from
base
to
and The
inches wall
weighed 4,800
inches thick.
was
left ventricle in
The
aorta
inches
diameter, and
was
so
its wall
%6
inch
coronary
artery
large that
it
forefinger. The brain weighed 655 grams little less than or a oneseventh of the weight of the heart. The convolutions of the brain were small as compared with those of the brain of an antelope. The olfactorylobes were especiallyprominent, in bony cavities leading toward being projectedforward
the and alligator crocodile. The pituitarygland was relatively large. The the eyes of a eyes of the rhino weighed 22.56 grams; 55-pound Thomson's gazelleweighed 26.9 grams. The major, minor, and lesser splanchnic nerves pathetic (symwith those of man, system), contrasted were and the heavy, sympathetic complexes and celiac ganglia snout,
as
case
admitted
somewhat
in the
of the
49
INTELLIGENCE,
were
POWER, is
equipped
for
explosiveattack.
The
grams.
medulla
elongated. They weighed 88 glands were found adrenal that the gland, we Incising one of the was approximately half the total volume
the medulla is one-tenth the total volume of
thyroidgland was
There
was no
dissection of
a
showed
the
armored mechanism high-powered, flexibly adapted to bush life. Through the high development of the adrenal-sympathetic system and the heavy muscles massed and oxygenated by a large and vascularized in five areas heart, a large vascular tree, and largelungs,this old-world beast is geared for powerful attack. This dissection showed mechanism that the rhinoceros a adapted for possesses As indicated of energy. mobilization instantaneous by the prominent development in the brain of the olfactorylobe it is and lesser development of the ophthalmic area, a that rhinoceros obvious a apprehends danger primarily
equipment
through
of the order
the
sense
of
smell.
Since
the
rhinoceros association
is
predictable un-
and brain of
tract
was,
expected,small, indicatinga
the
low the
but intelligence;
high development
an
of
adrenal-sympathetic system
The rhinoceros attack. and curiosity
indicated
unstable
ment. temperaor
exhibits
and curiosity
indifference
small brain of the relatively By reason to the relatively and the small thyroid gland, in contrast able it is inconceivlarge brain and large thyroid gland of man, this great that pachyderm could either develop
exophthalmic goiteror intelligence. there are many Inasmuch as conflicting opinionsas to the the African and of the rhinoceros buffalo,it is prowess of the energy-controlling interestingto compare organs
these
two
animals.
The
table
that
follows
shows
that,
50
AND
PERSONALITY
although
collected
the
the
male of
rhinoceros
and
the
male
that brain of
we
were
approximately
was
equal
heavier the the rhinoceros
weight,
than
of the
i%
times of of
buffalo,
times
glands
those
were
nearly
the
i%
buffalo,
times
and heavier
thyroid
than the
gland
thyroid
was
i^i
gland
buffalo.
The
weights
great
a
of
the
energy-controlling
to
organs
of
these
two
animals
seem
indicate immediate
that
the
rhinoceros than
can
execute
more
formidable
attack
the
buffalo.
60
EAGLE
AND
VULTURE
WHETHER of
sense
the smell
soaring
or
vulture
sense
locates of
one
carrion
the the
sight is
almost
is
often
never
by the subject
sees
of
During speculation.
in Africa
day
an
vulture then
except
when
animal
drop from the sky in apparently from long distances,with the if they had been spread above as
The collaboration of vultures is
a
vultures
net.
Were
example of cooperation, of one animal since the carcass provides food for many. there no fare badly because cooperation, vultures would of the rapid disintegration of the dead. By soaring in
fine
could form of vultures air,spaced apart, a network of the land in Africa. air patrol over most an valiant The eagle does not thus organize, for he kills no vidualist. alone. The animal eat larger than he can eagle is an indiSpeed with him is a prime necessity.He must the ground. Vultures and eagles reprework fast and near sent two principles in nature, the cooperative and the the cool
.
individualistic. of cooperation the vulture spends little energy By reason for finding his food, since the telltale actions of those that the signal to those still stationed as descending serve are and little energy is used in the actual process of in the skies, gorging.Thus the vulture is operated at a lower kilowatt cost than the
eagle,and
the
as
vulture
to
cooperation and
support
more
economy
of operation
enable Inasmuch
land
eagle is adapted to to flyingvigorously and the vulture passively and is not adapted to flyingvigorously,we expect the vulture and the eagle to exhibit a distinct and in the in their adrenal-thyroid relation
their brains. The
the
vultures
than
eagle
52
must
first overtake
its prey,
then
seize
and
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
largely insectivorous. They follow the herds of buffalo and elephant through the dense of reeds and often lightingon feathery papyrus, swamps of these large animals. the backs Their habit of darting after swift-flying insects,taking them on the wing, as the elephants and buffalo force their way through the thick and larvae the feet of reeds, or searching out worms as them in the marshy ground suggest these animals uncover that the egret bird possesses a preponderance of adrenal glands over thyroid gland, as compared with the ratio found in birds in the passively soaring vulture such or the stately crested that as crane quietly pick up their food while they walk on the veldt. adrenal The glands in the African yellow-billedegret the thyroid gland of 14 to 7, showed a preponderance over
egrets
are
The
beautiful
and
crane
in the the
great
white
egret, of
30
21
to
preponderance was
to
to
26
29.
The
greatest
found
preponderance
of flash energy the birds in
over
energy,
among
Africa,was
of
between
adjutant
makes
marabou
its
migration
locusts
Northern
at
Valley,where
would exhibits The Like and
an
drop
its feet.
energy.
necessitate
sustained
European stork Europe to the Rift Such a long migration The European stork
a
the
adrenal-thyroidenergy
stork of Africa
a
pattern
is
not
marabou the
of 49
to
vultures, it is
incredible
scavenger.
Its the
flightis powerful
marabou stork
is
reaches
heights.But
the kill. The the vultures at pugnacious. It dominates than three stork are adrenal more glands of the marabou times largerthan the thyroidgland. feeds on of the goose tribe,lazily The pink flamingo,one and seems make to no specialenergy aquatic invertebrates 54
AND
PERSONALITY
into its capacious bill bending its neck to scoop filter the brackish its head to small Crustacea, then tilting water through the lamellae of its lower jaw. brackish leave The one flamingoes in thousands may food in another. One lake to search out volcanic night in effort in
Maji
their
Moto
we
heard
saw
the them
whir
of the
untold
numbers in
of
and the
a
not
would and
from
easy
are
adrenal
in size
thyroidglandsof
flamingo
(0.51 to 0.50). The Egyptian goose, in contrast, has to search out its and pools and small lakes,where food. It frequents streams animal life. In contrast it feeds on grass, algae,and minute to the flamingo, the Egyptian goose is "quarrelsome." It bears an adrenal-thyroidpattern of 42 to 34.
55
7.
WARM-BLOODED COLD-BLOODED
VERSUS
Two the
animals. The the that the This In
great
energy
divisions
of the and
animal the
kingdom
are
warm-blooded
animals
cold-blooded
energy
advantage
state
of the
warm-blooded
state
over
law expressed by van't HofFs with each degree centigrade of rise in temperature cent. 10 activity is increased speed of chemical per law appliesequally to livingand to nonliving systems. accordance with such
a
cold-blooded
is
law
it would
follow
that
cold-blooded be
of 22"C. would having a temperature mal aniat a disadvantage in a fight with a warm-blooded of 37"C., for the warm-blooded having a temperature animal
warmer
than
a
the
cold-blooded
animal,
be
endowed
speed
of the
activity 150
animal.
greater
Cold-blooded
power,
animals, with
devices
to
their low
a
and
personality,occupy
protect
earth.
Many
had
them
keener, more
have
alert,and
Snakes
were
powerful
to
warm-blooded
a
accept
resort to
a
life
on
their
obliged to
to
color
protection,as
as
of
certain The
or lizards,
carapace,
in the
case
turtle.
Since they and crocodile took to the swamps. alligator nisms build up mechafor them to are armored, it is unnecessary for Like biologictraps, they lie in wait for fighting. and their prey require but slighteffort to find their food, them while is supplied to directly through their energy
carapaces
as
It may
be
bank.
as
same
the
the alligator,
its
20
crocodile,and
per
cent
air, with
the
of available
oxygen,
lion and
porpoise
56
AND
PERSONALITY
trie
lower
level than
some
or
the
crocodile
must
be
other
than
oxygen
tension
that
mines deter-
the
organs
relativelysmall
the low
size of
the
and
level of the
energy
kind
of habitat
in which In the
an
animal
always a
swamps
for consideration.
still waters
oxygen
tension,we find cold-blooded sluggish fish,sluggish turtles,and sluggish In such waters hunting is not necessary. reptiles. The animals is territoryavailable to the warm-blooded the greater part of the earth's surface. The lion,the hawk, and the fox employ their keen eyes, ears, and noses their of chemical cent 1 50 per higher power activityin hunting. Should the Herbivora be decimated, the Carnivora would
starve.
and
with sluggishrivers,
their low
The
Carnivora
could
never
exterminate would
the
grass
and
Carnivora
or
be exterminated
eat
grass
about
the
midst
of
oxygen,
no
cold-blooded.
adaptation
with
secure
safety,with
with
a
power
needed of food
to
minimum
are
reptiles protects
are
supply, and
any
they
so
formidable
they
further
can
destroy
other
food-competing animal,
supply. the alligator and
with keen
eyes
protecting
the
crocodile
and
warm-blooded,
with
a
and
ears,
empowered
vigorous nervous system on the order of that of the porpoise, their own food supply. they would quickly exterminate Thus the competition among reptilesis toward tivity, negaand the struggle among warm-blooded animals is toward Competition for negativity takes the positivity.
57
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
armor,
form
most
of the
development
of the
most
effective
the
effective sting and concealment, the most and the crocodile we have poison.In the case of the alligator a negativityof the greatest degree, a negativitybelow that of the cold-blooded This fish.
effective
be illustrated by a comparison between point may an captured in Florida,weighing 450 pounds, and alligator white whale a captured in the subarctic,weighing 472 pounds. The white whale, a warm-blooded was mammal,
an
a
occupant
sea.
The
white
whale
requires
state to
large amount
to
to
maintain
to
its wartn-blooded
and
enable
the
surface
once
minute
in the behavior
characteristics
of these
two
approximately equal weight is seen in the striking difference in their energy-controlling The brain of organs. whale the brain of the the white weighed 2,390 grams; The heart of the white alligatorweighed 14.08 grams. the heart of the alligator, whale weighed 1,370 grams; 318 the adrenal The in weight between contrast glands grams. of the white whale (19.13grams) and those of the alligator but the contrast in weight negligible, (11.96 grams) was the thyroid gland of the white whale between (65.32 grams) and the thyroid gland of the alligator (13.32 grams) is a of constant strikingexample of the mechanism energy, which is controlled by the brain and the thyroid gland and not by the adrenal glands. Compared with the white whale, the alligatorpossesses and an extremely low level of intelligence, power, personality. researches of our In the course we brought alive to the Clinic Foundation alligators, laboratory of the Cleveland lethal doses crocodiles,lions, and tigersand administered ether. The of chloroform or contrastingspeed, power, and alertness were strikingly different in the alligatorand When crocodile as compared with the lion and tiger. roped,
58
of
AND
PERSONALITY
feet long, n alligatorand a crocodile,each about were easily weighing 450 and 295 pounds, respectively, and mud ment, environheld by hand. Separatedfrom their water In contrast less helpless creatures. more or they were of the lion and the tiger as it was the fearful power was revealed while they were being chloroformed. partially and crocIn contrastinglions and tigerswith alligators odiles, of muscle we are consideringanimals equal in mass and in length of but wholly unequal in muscular power live a hundred life.An alligator or or a crocodile more may a lion or tigerin the wild seldom attains an years, whereas At first one wonders why evolution age of fifteen years. could not have made crocodile as powerful an or alligator is that evolution The lion- or tiger. a as answer exploited for animals constructed of power the all the possibilities on cold-blooded principle. Warm-blooded animals, cold-blooded animals, fish, tiles, repand leaf eaters are birds, carnivores,grass eaters, be. Since growth, each as large and as powerful as they can function,and work relate solelyto energy, it is clear that of evolution the fundamental is the play of energy. principle the organs the centers on Evolution, therefore, controlling of oxidation,namely, the brain, the heart, the blood rate volume, the thyroid gland, and the adrenal-sympathetic
an
nervous
system.
to
This
energy
system
animals
in
animals
has
the
power
endow
with A
kilograms (450 pounds) has a brain and a metabolism only approximately equal to that of a hare weighing 2 kilograms (4.41pounds).Thus the comparative size of the brain, the thyroid gland, the adrenalof sympathetic nervous system, the heart and the volume the blood, in relation to the weight of the animal, tells the of energy in the various story of the evolution species.
The difference animal in energy
as an
level of heatstroke.
cold-blooded
characteristics
between does
not
such have 59
somnolent
which alligator,
to
LION
ALLIGATOR
Brain
"
14.08
grams.
Thyroid gland
"
22.52
grams.
Thyroid gland
"
13.32
grams
Adrenal
glands
"
34.64
grams
Adrenal
glands
"
11.96 grams.
Heart
"
1,175
grams.
Heart
FIG.
2.
"
318.4
grams.
60
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER
The but
not
habitat
too
"
of the
python
is the
swamp
"
and
a
thick, forest.
a
The
mechanism
living rope,
LION
the
strong
ALLIGATOR
FIG. 3.
"
The
adrenal-sympathetic complexes of
two
the
lion and
of the
alligator.
one
end
and
strong hooks
chest
at
the
other,has
been
so
evolved
to
as
encircle
to
the
of its warm-blooded
victims
tightly
small The python possesses a deprive them of oxygen. brain, a small heart, small thyroid and adrenal glands and of food. How is this low-power mechanism requiresa minimum of the python is to proact adapted to kill ? The special duce animals endowed with are asphyxia. Warm-blooded ance powerful and sensitive energy systems and requirean abund-
of oxygen
to
maintain
their warm-blooded
state.
Under
danger they rush into a raging metabolism accordingly a greater respiratoryexchange. the viewpoint of a fair fight or From a evolved in the python to have nature seems
62
and
require
technique
AND
PERSONALITY
of
killingat
its
worst.
But
from
the
viewpoint
around death the
needs of its
mum maxi-
of the victim
leaves
of its prey. Why should suffer in this adrenal soft and vessels the
not
the
python
itself ? The
are
deadly
of
embrace
glands
in the
easilycrushed.
adrenal
are
blood and
as
glands
almost Yet
gland
tissue itself
as
vulnerable
brain
pressure
tissue.
on
the
python puts
of his
own
every
part
body
terms
in
his
ropelike
coil. In adrenal
the
of the in
most
spherical
blooded warm-
glands found
crushed
as
would
adrenal
glands
victim.
easily as
adrenal the
are
the
body
of his of the of
away
a
The
glands
pattern
tucked
pressure
python
follow and
shoestring
the
of
to
feed in
FIG.
4.
"
The of
a
adrenal
glands
continuously
maintain lies in feed
a
python. gorges,
state.
The
python
then that it
until
a
hunger requires
again. A comparison
grams
of
cold-blooded
sparrow
6,140
grams
with that
warm-blooded the
shows
weight
As
of
the
brain
python
of the
exceeds
a
the
weight
(1.031 grams).
of the
sparrow
corollary,the python
production
that of the
metabolism
cold-blooded
are
warm-blooded
approximately equal.
OF
BIRD
characteristics
of the
the
ostrich, as
one
veldt,
is
that like
are
developed
at
to
an
neck,
that of eyes.
may
seems
larger than
stand
as or
to
pair
and
The
high
more.
5 feet
at
the
shoulder
weigh
foil his
pounds
The
ostrich whose
is
enemies, mammals,
the
tower
whose that
kick of the
open
can
fleetest of
whose
is
exclusively the
eyes,
plains or
a
bare
desert, and
placed high
and difficult
in
to
watch-
wary
approach.
such
as
in of
old cock
with
his harem
or
groups,
one
sees
larger
the that
as
groups
of twenty is
more
males
Although
of birds and lizards
ostrich
omnivorous, it belongs to the group diligently police the veldt, picking up snakes
as
well
berries
us
and
all birds
to
see
how,
its
without
of
it the
can
successfullymeet
most
competitors
the and
its
enemies,
as
powerful
Carnivora,
the serval The
the
lion,the
and
with a eye-controlled mechanism simple pattern of action. The ostrich needs only to see, to to to brood, to eat. The long, heavily court, to mate, run, muscled legs provide stable support, a long stride, and a legs and wings that are not powerful kick. Having but two adapted for flight,the ostrich requires less brain than a of the same mammal weight. ostrich is
an
On
the
Kiteti
Plains
we
collected
cock
ostrich
that
64
AND
PERSONALITY
weighed
272
pounds. The
brain
that
directed
that
nism mecha-
contrastingbehavior ingly strikcharacteristics antelope were illustrated by the fact that the brain of a 295-pound day weighed 275 grams. kongoni that we collected the same almost brain of the ostrich consisted The entirelyof the There was only optic and auditory lobes and thalamus. tion development of the olfactorylobe and of the associaslight the auditory and olfactory areas as centers, whereas in the kongoni are well as the optic and association centers it is not well developed.Since the ostrich is eye-controlled, than the brain surprisingthat a singleeye weighed more that the two or were equal in weight to the eyes of eyes a zebra, whose body weight was twice that of the ostrich. weighed only
The the and adrenal long,stringlike of the adrenal
glandsof
the ostrich
followed
pattern
and
glands found in the crocodile The bell dumbthe alligator. thyroid gland of the ostrich, in the chest, was similar in pattern in form, located positionto the thyroid gland of the crocodile and the
the ostrich hence aid
were
adherent
to
the
rib,which
bird
runs
pattern;
is
an
ostrich
equipped
overcome
the flapping of the wings when Were the ostrich to respiration. lift himself in flight, he would be
Birds
cousins
the
reptilesprovide
of the
to
clear-cut
examples
and the
of the
influences differing
state
cold-blooded
with
respect
the
thyroid and
that 295
the
adrenal
compare
an
ostrich
crocodile that
that about
weighed
75
per is used
fact
cent to
of the
intake
animals
state
a
warm-blooded actual
energy
and,
as
of
warm-blooded
state
is used
for the
65
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
contrasting the animals, let us keep in mind force of an ostrich compared mating.
of
a
In
energy
systems
of
these
two
Let
us
high speed and kicking the lethargy and somnolence the large,bright eye of
of the crocodile. of the tion Dissecto
small, dull
showed of the
"
the
weight
brain
be
15.6 grams.
ostrich the
was
weight
grams
brain
of the
times
warm-blooded the
nearly three
consisted
weight
of
brain
of the
crocodile. crocodile
largelyof olfactory and optic lobes. It is principally through smelling that the crocodile its prey. senses "Thinking" plays little part in Whereas the ostrich appears this great reptile. be eyeto controlled,studies of the brains of both crocodiles and show the crocodile and the alligator be largely to alligators
smell-controlled brain of both mechanisms. the crocodile The and
The
brain
of the
consists of alligator and the olfactory olfactory receptors, olfactory nerves, lobe. Therefore, in both the crocodile and the alligator we of that is largely driven have mechanism a by the sense bird has little or of smell, and smell. The its no sense of smell is developed. The sense olfactorylobes are slightly highly important to the crocodile but practically tant unimporto
the
bird.
nature
we
frequently see compensation. If such as the eye is very highly developed, as it is in an organ the is accordingly of the bird, the sense of smell case diminished. of smell is If, on the other hand, the sense the sense highly developed,as it is in the case of the reptile, of sight is diminished. the sense In evolution having the Throughout
greatest The survival
most
value
is paramount.
important characteristic of the brains of these tion is the almost largereptiles complete absence of the associathe tracts or "thinking brain." To a certain extent simple pattern of the brain found in the crocodile and the is seen in all the reptiles. The being coldalligator reptile,
66
AND
PERSONALITY
blooded,
more
has than
correspondingly
the
is the swamp
lack
of energy
for
ing performreptile
energy
simplest acts
or
Since
its habitat
long
grass,
the The
depends largelyupon
equipment shows the reptiles,
association
up
centers.
concealment
of
the
ostrich, like
the
small
snakes
the
wide
plain. Were
acts to reptilewarm-blooded, it could perform many its advantage, but to perform such acts the reptilewould of brain for "thinking." require a corresponding mass
the
Since, by
smaller
virtue
of the the
can
large ratio
its
a
of surface
to
mass,
the
the
a
animal
greater
sparrow
support
as
112"
without
heatstroke.
Were
attain
such The
temperature
higher
the
than
that
of the
ostrich
can
is that
in its mental
per
cent
muscular than
actions ostrich.
the
sparrow
be
120
quicker
and
Between
the
the
sparrow
the
low
the
intervenes mechanism
of intelligence be discussed
or a
the ostrich. in
a
later
chapter.
the for is
more
"
of
a
robin
crow,
like
brain
of
sparrow,
well be
developed mechanism
in the bird
awareness
What
to
instinct
of
on a
an
end
or
leaves
tree
in the and
robin
flits from
limb
to
to
limb, looking
its
nest.
this way
until it decides
must
where
build
The
robin,meantime,
prevision the leaves that have not yet appeared. It must perform an accurate job of engineering in placing the in a safe position with nest regard to the wind and storm, and marauding land animals, and to its enemies to snakes of
the air. This
accurate
piece
of
engineering
is done
by
the
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
its sight,the impulses of which fall upon 'thinking" brain, where they are sorted and sifted until This is the same decision is made. by which a human process lism, being locates his house. The bird, with its high metaboits highlyorganized"thinking" of brain,its keen sense sight,thinks through its intricate problems in relation to the day, to rain and to storm, the seasons, to the night and in regard to food supply, in regard to placing its nest in a safe position, in regard to combating other birds, and in and migrating in the regard to bringing up its young robin's
sense
4
of
autumn.
In
all these
acts, makes
it would decisions.
seem
that other
the
bird the
surveys,
judges,and
of the but bird which
an
In
words,
destiny
exercise of its
is determined
by
what
is called
"
stinct" "in-
might
case
be
considered
"thinking" the
protoplasm
of
inherited in the
mechanism of
man.
fixed in the
as species,
68
exist
only
of the
in Africa.
In
our
of African
was
animals in size
the
to
weight
that the
of this
tallest of
next
has hippopotamus and the elephant. The giraffe unique advantage of browsing on the foliageand young of the
trees
seem
shoots these
scattered
to
mimosa
and the
acacia
trees.
In and
height,
needs. the
fit
exactly they
size giraffe's
Since
these
trees
so
large
and
a
ruminants since
browse
may
exclusively on
18 feet in
cannot
tops of the
reach
they
since fail
to
have
wide
vision
that
they
be
height, lost,and
cannot
a
they
see
remain their
voice
would giraffe
survival
value. and
giraffeis
animals. It is said
among
most
are
peaceful
the that
harmless
of
Its enemies
to
or
be
seldom
is attacked giraffe
at
killed
by
lion
or
times
off of
is able to beat usually the mother with her powerful forelegs. The enemies greatest problem be the physical process the giraffe, of to then, seems
are
victims, but
one
tree
to
the
of its
the
caution
of
of the
legs being
similar
to
that
of the
camel.
Living
type
of country
in which
there
giraffe possesses
states, short
"by
reason
running, the only other gaitthe a lumbering gallop,which, as Maxwell1 of their long legs and comparatively
in
a
body,
results in
characteristic
seen
flourishingof
the
rear,
the
so
limbs, although
little effort do
to
realitywhen
great
the veldt." of the
from
move
with
seem
these
ruminants
that
they
due
be The
sailingover
extreme
wariness
is probably giraffe it
a
to
the
fact that
1
its watchtower
MARIUS,
a
position affords
Big Game
African
with
an
opportunity
in
MAXWELL,
with
"Stalking
on
Camera William
Equatorial Heinemann,
Africa,"
monograph
The
Elephant,
Ltd., London,
1925.
70
AND
PERSONALITY
to
apprehend danger.
When
herd, with seeming concerted makes its If taken by surpriseat close quarters, the giraffe its neck and head in an apparentlyeffortless gallop, escape
extended
back. and its tail twisted like
a
corkscrew
little basis one can see Theoretically, of fear,worry, anxiety,or anger in this great animal. hunted was ruthlessly by the native Formerly the giraffe exceeds that of any other animal in for his hide, which in Tanganyika, Now, protectedas he is from man durability. searches the giraffe inquiringlywith his gentle gaze
as
to
the
reason
The
big bull
of which and
pounds
stomach
approach. collected weighed 2,689 pounds,340 we skin;501 pounds, carcass; 285 pounds,
The fore and hind
intestine.
almost appearing unequal in length, were heart and weighed nearly weight. The shoulder neck the
and
head
neck
were
muscles
more
held
erect
and
than
those
lion,
hippopotamus.
looks
up
The
small,but, viewed from an airplaneor from the ground, the head exhibits its great beast is lying on the horns to the tip of the nose, large relative size. From the face of our was specimen measured 3 feet. The forehead beautifullysymmetrical.The eyes were nent large and promiand bore a gentleexpression. The mobile ears delicate, 6 inches the were long and flexible; long. The lips were covered with thick bristles. prehensileupper lipwas The trachea was The larynx gave no evidence 8 feet long. of vocal cords, but above the larynx the hyoid bone and other bony structure completely protectedthe larynx and pharyngeal space, forming a framework, as it were, for the soft tissue that is related to swallowing and breathing.The 18 inches in length and, over rough thornlike tongue was like the upper With this grasping tongue was lip, prehensile.
71
INTELLIGENCE.,
POWER,
lipsthe giraffe plucks his meals from the thorny The of the tongue made mimosa. currycomb appearance us if it is cleaning the body of offensive dust or debris wonder that makes lickingeach other a pastime with these animals. of the giraffe, The energy-controlling compared organs small. The adrenal with its body weight, were glands were only 20 per cent larger than the thyroid gland, about the that is found in most of the antelopes. same relationship
and mobile In the horns giraffe,
even are
present
of the
in both
sexes
and
are
make
before
the
bones the
in later
united
with
skull and
invested
with
see can no Although one present-dayuse for horns in the considers his long phylogeny,an adequate when one giraffe, is explanation for his keen eyes, keen ears, and keen nose
seen;
a
so
when possibly,
the
was giraffe
smaller
now
animal
appear
with
to
that value.
be
72
THE
HIPPOPOTAMUS
the
to
the
first
family belongs
organs energy
of
to
the these
ninth
family, "cousins,"
comparison
their
throw is
a
of
the
energy
of
with
many
contrasting
our
characteristics,may
The
lightupon
streamlined
to
hippopotamus
of
not
animal
own
advantage
and
water
having
are
bear
its and
weight
the
in the mud
a
that has
its
habitat,
its
own
is giraffe
land
animal The
that
to
support
hippopotamus
land. He
floats in the
during much
of his time amidst
to
of his
amount
foraging
luxuriant Since
man
the
lives in
tropicalswamp
table
no
vegetation, and
habitat is mud
floats
him.
save
his
proaches ap-
land is
no
animal
water
him,
lakes
not
and
open
except
and
in the fish do
and
stretches his
Nile,
crocodiles
share
may
to
surroundings,for although the hippopotamus the grassy marshes of the lake, he is adapted
rather than of the
to
the
water
or
the is
land.
the
weight
hippopotamus
and the buoyancy of the water than the giraffe, hippopotamus requires less energy and, like the rhinoceros and the elephant,has little to fear save Even when the hippopotamus moves of his swamp man. out habitat the land, he does not need to carry to forage on his
by
the
entire
weight, as
the fresh
do land
water
animals, for
runways
along
leading into
the
chooses
legsneed only slide him along on his great belly. Often between the footprints of these great beasts be seen the groove that their huge bulk has may rubbed is the hippopotamus to along the ground. So averse obstacle that a slight an stepping over impediment is often
sufficient
to
cause
his short
this
lethargicanimal
to
change
its
course.
73
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
Since made
up
the
of the
swamp
is
largelyof water, the energy value of the food of of intake the hippopotamus per mass is low. The potamus hippotake in a vast must, therefore, quantity of fodder for growth, reoroduction, and to produce enough energy the securing of food. Since the hippopotamus must provide for an enormous for rough food and since he must be streamlined storage space in order to maneuver sufficiently through the mud to have his food, he would be such an animal to secure as, lives in a houseboat, figuratively by its speaking, propelled
own
motor.
the grass eaters important competitors among his vegetarian diet and share to having no carnivorous him for his flesh, the hippopotamus fights enemies to attack kind. Therefore, this self-building, only his own ing self-repairhouseboat of signalsor requiresonly a limited number
Having
no
to
guide him.
expect
that the brain that of the of the would
should be
hippopotamus
As giraffe. be the
most
simplerin
pattern
sense
than
in
marsh
animals, the
of smell
In the giraffe, in the buffalo and as highly developed sense. of hearing,sight,and smell would the antelope,the senses such be fairlyequal. Having vast a receptacle for fuel buoyancy storage, the hippopotamus, in order to maintain in his swamp habitat,would have a bony skeleton that is in contrast not to the long tibias of the giraffe, compact, hard and dense as ivory. which are as The hippopotamus that Dr. Quiring and Captain Hewlett collected was She weighed 2,978 pounds and was a female. which stillnursing her mtoto, or calf, weighed 1,200 pounds. The giraffe weighed 2,689 pounds. The thyroid gland of the the thyroid nursing hippopotamus weighed 118.79 grams; weighed only 64.70 grams. gland of the bull giraffe is the most Since the hippopotamus placid and least should have pachyderms, we aggressive of the African 74
AND
PERSONALITY
expected
have
a
bull
hippopotamus,
we a
collected
one,
to
smaller the
same
thyroid gland
weight. On
the
environment body heat by water the But body temperature. thyroid gland to maintain is a work phenomenon, and nursing a i,2OO-pound mtoto since the thyroid gland of animals enlarges during pregnancy and with the productionof milk, it was not surprising to find the weight of the thyroidgland of the nursing hippopotamus much greater than that of the bull giraffe. of
Of
milk
fact
that
the
standard-bred
such show
Guernsey,
The
grams,
adrenal whereas
grams.
Jersey, the Holstein, and the adrenal glands. a largerthyroidgland than glands of the hippopotamus weighed 61.10 the adrenal glands of the giraffe weighed
as
the
78.12
in
The
adrenal
expresses
comparison
The fact and
with
that the
of the of
that
heart of the
4,990
hippopotamus 4,536 grams may be ascribed to the greater amount of energy required by the his weight againstgravity in comparison to maintain giraffe with the hippopotamus, whose weight is partly sustained by the buoyancy of his part-water medium. In the tropics, the size of the energy-controlling organs, the brain, and the thyroid gland, in particular, is limited of heatstroke. by the ceiling
grams
the heart
Because
warm-bloodedness
increases
the
speed of
ical chem-
animals have activity, the warm-blooded a great the cold-blooded animals. Since heat advantage over elimination is at the surface, the larger the animal the less is its for heat loss. facility the warm-blooded animals as Through natural selection, became the size of their brains and thyroid glands, larger, relative to their body weights, became smaller. Therefore, it is not surprising in the case of the giraffe and the to find,
75
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER, grams
small hippopotamus, relatively for the the and giraffe 723 has
grams
no
Since little
hippopotamus
enemy
in provision
hearing,but the hippopotamus, and water in its swamp environment, would find of smell important. Therefore, as we the sense expected, the olfactoryregion of the brain was more prominent in the hippopotamus than the ophthalmic or acoustic region. Of such little biologicvalue is sight to this placidpachyderm of the hippopotamus weighed only that the eyes is less than the weight of the eyes in a which 42.70 grams, weighed 127 grams. 94-pound impala. The eyes of the giraffe in having for comparison with fortunate We our are female hippopotamus a warm-blooded i,2OO-pound young
the brain for animal In from the the cold arctic
sea.
sight and
arctic the
walrus in the
has
the
same
relative the
status
as
the
hippopotamus
to
hippopotamus
It does
not
the walrus
spends much
its
of its time
water.
weight against gravity and therefore Like the hippopotamus the walrus has no needs less energy. has Like the hippopotamus the walrus enemies. formidable
need support
stationaryfood
chase
and
engages
neither
in the
hunt
nor
in the
These have
one
two
animals, with
factor in The
so
many
factors
in common,
important
hippopotamus in the tropicsrequires at for maintaining its body temperature little oxidation The walrus, in the cold of the arctic, requiresa large 98.6".
temperature.
76
THE
MERCY
SHOT
Lion
at crater
196
Yards.
"I
dropped
dawn
zebra
as
in
small
volcanic
next
bait. The
gun,
before
loaded
at
the
stony
look He
ground
over was
the
edge
of the
and
could
maned
and At
was
lion filled my
near
eye.
the I
zebra
shot
upon
feeding.
a
196 yards,
I
that
times
Sauer
Mauser
ing dissectThe
organ.
animal A cubs of
killed
at
by
traumatic "I
was
shock."
Lion when
iS
Feet.
tracking
lioness
a
and
two
the bush.
track
turned
I
abruptly
came
into
dense
growth
thorn
Suddenly
of
upon
them
a
thicket
away.
a a
Making
based
'the
my shoulder did
not
dissection shot'
move,
lion the
with
nor
lioness
sound.
of the
The
soft-nosed
bullet
had
entered
large shoulder,
of the of the
just below
great
nerve
spinalcolumn,
within concussion
trunks
and
spinal cord."1
Of all the animals shot and in this
manner one
in
our
collecting
expeditionsin
The brain of the in escape
every
or
1927
in 1935,
not
escaped wounded.
control drives
every every
ment move-
and
the
nervous
system
that
muscle
to
battery,
the The
brain
is wired of
a
muscle that
gland
a
of the
power
body.
brain
to
lion
is
to
what of is
the
plant
is
the
electric
lighting system
entire animal the
through
1
brain
city.If the brain is hit the power of the off. Therefore, a shot instantly turned death. The instant spinal cord is causes
diary, 1927.
Excerpt from
78
AND
PERSONALITY
cable
that trunks
carries thousands
are
of
nerve
lesser cables. A of
a
in
nerve
trunk those
leg will
but
at
connecting wires,and the shot in the spinal cord or once paralyze the muscles
not
suppliedby
shoulder
nerves
will
kill the
animal.
The
shot
a is,in effect,
nerve
shot,for
sever
passing through
the concussion The
nerve nerve
the
shoulder
or
will
brain
extensions,the
The delicate structures known. the most are fibers, cell is 1/2,500,000centimeter membrane surrounding a nerve of oil: it is thick,only the thickness of I molecule much thinner,for instance,than the film of a soap bubble. The films surrounding these cells hold electric charges.The of jellylike brain is a semisolid mass consistency.It is 85 in it is so securely encased Little wonder water. per cent bone.
easily of a highdisturbed. A blow on the head or the concussion the neighborhood of these infinitely striking velocitybullet, such violent agitationas to delicate nerve cause cells, may suspend their function temporarily.Therefore, a shot that does not penetrate the brain or the spinal cord but that vibration sends into it an overwhelming molecular may If an animal drops temporarily suspend its function. the first shot it is impossible to say at instantly when concussion. whether it is dead or only in temporary moment A high-powered bullet merely grazing the base of a horn or
It is obvious that
structures
are
these
delicate
the
lead the unwary top of the skull may delivered a fatal shot, for the animal may the
to
think
he
has
instantlydrop;
for a sometimes animal, immobile be charging or escaping the next moment. long moment, may Contrasting the impotence of the nine long-distance but shots with bullets steel-jacketed the from
a
apparentlydead
Sauer
a
Mauser
at
rifle
18
.30-06 with
feet with
we a a
overwhelming
effect of
a
singleshot
"
soft-nosed
bullet from
Holland mechanics
Holland of
have
'striking example
of the
.465, by killing
79
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
shooting. In
neither
instance
did
the
bullet
penetrate
of the lion. vital organ of the first In the case of nine shots of
were
effects lion,the total concussion required to discharge completely the of brain feet the cells. The second lion
was
hundreds killed
millions
instantly at 18 that spread from waves spinal cord to the completely detonating
cells. Above
so
by
the
powerful
nerves
concussion the
shoulder and
and
nervous
cent adjabrain
brain the
entire of
system,
of
hundreds
millions
all the
things,the
animal
cannot
hunter
endeavors wounded.
to
that
escape
of the shoulder,just below the level high in the center of the spinalcolumn, is the "mercy shot." The vigorous activityof an animal after the circulation arrested of the blood has been by a heart shot has an scientific aspect. Mr. Leslie Tarlton, a famous interesting that the vigor of the big-game hunter in Africa, told me the vigor of the charge, after the destruction or getaway his mind, explained largely by the of the heart, was, to shot animal's
state
when
animal
was
little when
the the
away.
In
but if readily, or frightened, chased, he might bound alert, of a lion, however, he might charge case
heart
down
vigorously.
Mr.
a
Tarlton
was
made
practiceof
toward
not
lion that
coming
rifle
him.
at to
freeze made
and,
with
pointed,to
he
wait
lion had
Then,
intention
shot.
important, (i) The complete heart shot be followed will not in an unsuspecting quiet animal by the the vigorous charge of the animal violent bounding away or anithen shot. (2) When that is first roused or startled, an
facts
80
AND
PERSONALITY
mal
has he
made is
decision
may
as
to
running
out
away
before
shot, he
carry
that been
charging decision,even
or
though
same
the
true
complete
of the of
heart
shot
has
delivered.
The
is the
boa
constrictor.
If its action
pattern
at
moment
then
the headless
body
action
motor
could been
were
had
car
decapitation is to coil and crush a man, less body will continue that intent. The headalter the intent, since the pattern of not established. It is just as if the gear of a
and
car
shifted the
motor not
then would
the
driver
met
neous instanta-
death;
action, and mechanism,
this last
execute
the
pattern
of
it could
change
of which is the
that
pattern
of action.
The with
by
means
is endowed
output
power
of
renalin ad-
the the
of the
system.
81
12.
THE
CAT
FAMILY
FOR
energy
the
tigerexhibit
known
greater
burst out-
other the
animals.
Taking
gorge
their food
fresh,the
of and kill the lion
to
tigerderive
their
content
flesh of
kill. After
the them
tiger sleep and loaf until hunger again (Fig. 5). must being dependent upon flesh, tiger,
intervals
most
or
starve.
Therefore,
has
the
carnivore the
one
powerful, that
best food becomes
most
stealthy stalk,the
will survive when
calculated
spring
The the
is the less
that
scarce.
by
hyenas; the
by
and
the number
tigers hand,
are
is tigers in a given area of Herbivora, the stock of which constantly improving through
elimination On from
of the
the other
only
the
of its enemy
line breeding herd, through perfect fittest male, is continuallyraising the qualities Thus by starving the less fit lions and tigers. is established
a
between
the
herd
up
and
to
a
carnivores, resulting in
of
gradual stepping
maximum If
our
physicalfitness
of the
in all.
conception
find that
respective roles
lion and
are
of the
brainthen
heart-thyroid-adrenal-sympathetic system
we
is correct,
should
in the
in the
not
effort of both
energy
tiger, all the available circulatingthrough the oxidation not only in the entire sympathetic nervous
82
is mobilized. stream,
causes
Adrenalin,
a
blood
flash
of
millions
of brain The
cells but
in the
system.
celiac
ganglia and
AND
PERSONALITY
the
are
celiac
plexuses of
the
sympathetic nervous
to
system
stimulated coincidentally
simultaneous stimulation
their
maximum adrenal
This
of the
I
IBH
FIG. 5.
"
Rasha, Tanganyika.
(Courtesy of Frank
and
Anderson.)
celiac
nervous
ganglia
and
plexuses, and the entire sympathetic causes a powerful beat of the heart, a
of the
blood,a
mobilization
and
of the sugar from the liver to the blood stream, The result is a stupendous speedingof the respiration. for attack
a
output
that
more
nearly resembles
a
an vulsion con-
On
adrenal
this
premise,
we
should
expect
to
find
that
the
bear glands, celiac ganglia and plexuses would in the tiger a higherratio to the body weight in the lion and than in any other animal, wild or domestic, of comparable
size. Let
us now
turn
to
the
record.
in the
dog
there
are
two
celiac
tigerthere are clusters of celiac ganglia.In the lion and the tigerthe celiac ganglia equal the weight of the adrenal glands.This does not occur in any
other animal
that
we
have
dissected. On
each
side there
are
83
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
fibers between the eighty-two inter-communicating nerve medulla of the adrenal gland and the celiac ganglia and in the tiger. In no plexusesin the lion and an equal number the whale, porpoise, other animal elephant,buffalo, wolf, the 3,734 caribou,zebra, or thoroughbred horse among
"
animals and
that
we
have of this
dissected
"
have
to
we
found
the
size
to
complexity
mechanism the
be
comparable
that found
tiger.
most
Another
have
pointof
of
interest is that
formidable
various but
types
mechanism
and, therefore,have built up mechanisms muscular for running away, the tiger, oped having no enemies, have develfor running away. Their equipment is
enemies animals could be
for attack
only. It is inconceivable that these two that possess only an explosiveenergy mechanism adapted to a long pursuit.
Let
us see
if there
is
difference the
we
between
the
energy
equipment
Of the
tiger. studied,nine
were
bred
in
and six were collected in the wild state. This gives captivity the opportunity of comparing the brain-heart-thyroidus with adrenal-sympathetic system of a lion bred in captivity the exception of the that of a lion in the wild state. With lions taken in the wild state, all the lions that we studied, whether William bred in
a
semiwild
state,
as
in
one
from
Mr.
in a or Randolph Hearst's lion farm in California, This fact alone throws lightupon the goiter. zoo, showed effect of captivity. born in Zoo, was Prince, a lion from the Philadelphia adult middle-aged an captivityin 1917. The Bengal tiger, the largest tigerin America. It was jungle-bred, male, was imported when young, and, aside from an injury to an eye, all in excellent condition,although, like practically was Prince's dissection revealed a goiter. animals in captivity, goiterweighed 2 pounds. On the basis of their energy-controlling can we organs, of attack of the and mode throw lighton the personalities
84
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
Bearing on the high incidence of heart disease in civilized there is the man compared with that in primitive man, the size of the heart in a significant comparison between
"civilized"
Garden and lion taken from the
PhiladelphiaZoological
state.
another
lion taken
in the wild
This
suggests
upon
to
the the
effect heart
irritations
of
comparable
on
the
effect of the
and
irritations
the
heart
muscle
in civilized
power
If the the
size and
of the the
term
implied in qualities
in the world of
in his
animals
comparable
be chosen.
term
heart
seem
"lion-hearted"
have is due to lion,which, as we seen, the size and complexity of its adrenal-sympathetic system. be The however, cannot adrenal-sympathetic system, counted to furnish bravery in all animals, because the upon and the quality of the action adrenal-sympathetic system
patterns
away
as
brain
energy
or
"mind" attack.
furnishes
energy
to
run
to
is
nothing
in the lion
as
size of the
and other
in the
size of the
compared
?" by "lion-hearted animals,what, then, is meant mechanism The possessedby the lion,which has endowed "lion-hearted" the qualitiesthat the lion with implies, of action patterns in the brain, which, is the mechanism mals, the anithrough millions of years of supremacy among has 86
characterized
the
demeanor
of the lion.
AND
PERSONALITY
The
The
Smaller
Cats
leopard
his prey and
is
seeking
rush animals native's
stealthy and cunning hunter, usually alone at night. A careful stalk,a lightning
a
spring
that he and
the
of attack. and
The the
baboon,
he kill,
dog,
are
the
smaller
antelopes
and
to
ostrich
chicks. takes
too
large
for the
leopard
in size the of
the
Africa is the
for
a can
swift
outrun
200
yards
cheetah cheetah
the ostrich
mammal.
leopard.
the
cat
it resembles and
dog family
open
family
The
cats. at
frequents
cat
plains.
of the stands
or
serval It
is the
to
handsomest
smaller about
African
18 inches
weighs
shoulder.
up
24
nests
are
pounds
small
spur
and
the
It
in anthills
in the and
dense such
bush,
game
its favorite
as
food fowl
mammals
guinea
puma
next
or
and
fowl.
cougar,
popularly
New Like
called the
cats,
"mountain
lion,"is
the and
upon
to
the
largestof
World
resembling
stalks
can
female rushes
the
leopard,it
and
spring
most
it from
The
strongest,
the the
cats,
is
resembling
not
a
leopard
feeder.
spotted
skin. The
comes
jaguar
its way.
fastidious
It takes The
whatever
in the following table shows significantcontrasts size of the energy-controlling of an impala from organs Africa with a member of the cat and dog family,namely, a
jaguar and
The
timber
wolf.
on a
that attack in the cat family depends principle largeadrenal-sympatheticsystem for crisis energy and there is less need for
constant
that for
energy,
hence
less need
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
trated clearly illusof the adrenal gland in the rushing in the supremacy jaguar as compared with the smaller adrenal gland in the long-distance-running impala and timber wolf. Note the small heart of the rushing jaguar in comparison with the wolf and antelope. large heart of the long-distance-running wolf Note, also, the slightlylarger brain of the timber taken in the and cold the north
as
high-sustained activity of
the
heart
is here
contrasted in the
with
the
brain
of the
impala
jaguar
collected
tropics.
family the energy equipment is centered upon in order that energy the brain-adrenal-sympatheticsystem be mobilized quickly for a rush attack. This requires may a large brain and a large adrenal-sympathetic system. the In the dog family, for example, the wolf and, among and grass eaters, for example, the impala, both the pursuers
In the
cat
the
pursued
their
meet
their
fate
in the be
one
run
of
equipment
energy.
must
that
continued
a
This
lesser
sized adrenal
gland.
the
state
of blueprints of the
cat
in the wild
eaters
the
and
the leaf
eaters.
88
15.
THE
HERD
AND
ITS
ENEMIES
THE animals,
and flesh At tend closer
eaters
grass
eaters
are
and
the the
leaf
most
eaters,
numerous.
being primary
The food
grass
naturally
in
the
leaf
eaters,
turn,
constitute
the
for
the
eaters.
first
to
thought,
seem
that and
the
flesh
eaters
would but
on
exterminate
grass
the
leaf
eaters,
analysis we
to
that
most eaters
the
flesh
eaters
help
of
the
grass
survive. Are
to
the
foe
all animals
is the
exterminate be
? do
Just
little
opposite
against
carnivores
animals
in
vigorous
enfeebled
bacteria, the
the herd in
kill the
we
keep
in the
see
benevolence
of the the
destruction
by
not
the But
carnivores
of the
menace
weak.
why
the and
do
the
lions,the wolves,
the of the members
leopards,the
the leaf
are
foxes ?
completely
weaker the
exterminate
grass
and
eaters
Since
grass
at
herds
leaf eaters,
by breeding from
of energy,
the
making
and is
to
no
wolves,
the
the
lions,the leopards,
fleet-footed dole for him.
and food. He
the As
dogs
or
to
a
keen-sensed
ages,
lion
dog
the
there
hyena
grass
attends
eaters
survive,
live
The
up
would
perish. Even
that males herd. than shorter the herd the
the
newborn
are
keep
the
herd. Those
for fit,
multiply
compete,
not
only
to
fit but
for the
often
death,
post of leader
an
of the less
or
In this final
antagonist
bit weaker
perfectly brave,
or a
horn
least
no
bit
more
brittle, may
the herd
progeny.
Thus
is afforded the
protection
is
a
ablest
member,
and
leadershipin
function
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
intelligence, power,
herd.
and
personalityfor
herd the
the
benefit of the
Why
there influence the his
is the
not
a
leader matriarch
one
of the of
always
male? female
may
Why
is
could
but
entire
nate impregcrucible
superior powers
tested
of battle. male breeding from one brings line breeding.If there be no are physical faults,no physical faults can magnified by a blood relation. Line breeding means a that the members of the herd are perfect strain. It means equal to each other and that in seeing, smelling, and endurance they can act as a unit. The fate of the herd can be left in the hands of a dull sentinel, for the herd is never a multiple animal, coordinated by a unison reaction. Herd
The
Correlation and
of the Muscle
Senses Special
The
grass
on
eaters,
leaf eaters,
to
and
flesh
wholly
their
their
specialsenses
for
control
or
depend by triggeraction
eaters
muscle
mechanisms
attack
escape.
The
vast
are
perfectdevelopment of the ear, the eyes, and the nose, as, for instance,in the zebra, the wildebeest,or in the antelopes or deer family is repregenerally,this development of the specialsenses sented by a correspondingly large brain, heart, thyroid out gland, and adrenal-sympatheticsystem. We found throughopment develdissections that the conspicuous and perfect our
a
preponderance of animals belong to the most highly muscled of all the If in a given animal there is seen
these
classes. These
animals.
of the
eye,
the
ear,
and
the
nose
carried
with
it
pathetic highly developed brain, thyroid gland, and adrenal-symsystem, a well-developed heart and arterial tree, and capacious lungs.
90
AND
PERSONALITY
In
our
dissections
we
of these found
running animals,
the middle of muscles
the
spinal
growing
wider
as
the
This the rump. superb muscle over passed down the most is adapted to make powerful and the most mass ward forcomplete contractions,thereby propellingthe animal with a high speed. airplane,battleship,or motor Just as a perfectlymade
car
will exhibit
to
harmony
whole
of
relations
of each
so
part
that
sense-
contributes
the
mechanism,
was
in
these
a
exhibited
to
a
harmony
muscles.
and studies
energy
organs
in
relation
the
of herd
animals
also revealed
adrenal-thyroid pattern
state
throughout
found that the of the
to
and,
In
as
we corollary,
of the herd.
herd
analogous
of the
are
line-bred
animals
phylogeny
inherited from their
ontogeny
have
this wild
identical ancestors,
to
adrenal-thyroid
but
serve man
pattern
this
has
modified
pattern
to
although
the
of
the
animals.
Thomson's
The
Gazelle
behavior in in the
young
fact that
with
to
recapitulationof
that of the adult
is in
identical
contrast
line-bred
young
animals,
African
the
helplessnessof picture of
which
a
the
of man,
is well
by
baby
by struggleand
gazelle in
three-weeks-old
had
selection
stepped
to
the
a
brain-heart-thyroid-adrenal-sympathetic system
Tommie able
to
such
point of perfection that this little unaided gazelle), by its mother, was
carnivorous
was
son's (Thomescape
from
the
enemies
of the
to
young
and
toddling antelope
presented
Crile.
Though
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
to
old, it
had
been
able
keep
up
with
face
of
this
little Tommie.
The
FIG. 6.
"
The
sensitive face of
young
Thomson's
gazelle. nostrils
an are
large
eyes,
the
wide-open
an
ears,
the
dilated
evidence
that
such
animal the
is
an
escaping,not
of its
ing attackis
animal, and
heatstroke. As
we
that
limit
speed
of energy
approached, this
of its
little Tommie
its limit of herd, until, reached in exhaustion,we found it,terrified and trembling, in the long grass. Mrs. Crile took it to her hut, warmed it,fed it milk, cared for it, worried about its diet, whether cold it was too it would too or hot, whether sleep better under her bed or
knowledge
out
in the open,
92
whether
the milk
should
be diluted
some-
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
weeks-old
of
rapid development of the simple brain of the Tommie and the long period development required in the complicated brain of the
are
native
baby
examples
of the
child.
The
The
Senses
extraordinary development of seeing,hearing, and baffles civilized man. animals No animal smelling among in such a competitive world as tropicalAfrica could exist unless its senses were acutely attuned. Native who mingles in the vast menagerie of freely man, powerful, fleet, cunning, and poisonous animals, could not without the possessionof keen senses. survive bering Large, lumanimals like the elephant, the rhinoceros,and the hippopotamus, protectedby strength and by thickness of hide, have no further use for eyesight than seeing their and the surface of the ground; yet the food, their fellows, of all herd animals senses are more highly developed than
in native The the each the
man.
must
kill
to
to
and live,
must
the
escape.
prey
of
order
live with
Thus that
speciessees, hears,and
these
senses
smells has
the
acuteness
afforded
sense
its
species.In
and
comparison
hears Africa and and
to
has lost
of smell
visitor
collect animals
as
outclassed
coming to by natives
fleetness of
animals such
to
the
limb,
the
natural
weapons
claws, passive
of the
sun,
defenses
against heat
endure
to
and
the
fierce rays
and
to ability
we
thirst and
camp
hunger.
dissections
were
As
Rift
returned
after belated
in the
Valley,our
at
amazed
the
lanterns
always
grass,
the
the
high
in the
bush
about
eye
must
and
the
trees.
To
possess
survival
value, the
collect sufficient
more
brain.
94
The
dim
the
form the
images
animal
AND
PERSONALITY
prominent with the night feature of a fish is the largeeye. So is it, also, and small the owls, the night herons animals, especially that derive their livingat night (Fig.8). lemurs
lives the
more
prominent
the
eye.
The
most
FIG. 8.
"
Comparison
of eye
Python Elephant
"
1. 1 2
"
grams.
116.15 grams.
Lemur
"
3.70 grams.
largesensitive eyes of the line-bred animals, the antelopes,and the small eyes of a crocodile, especially or a venomous a snake, a turtle, porcupine,animals protected barb. In the latter or by size,poison, carapace, that they are the eyes are so hardly dull,so insignificant, noticed,and the small size of the optic lobe in the brain of sight of such animals indicates the low biologicvalue
Consider
the
to
them.
Thus
one
sees
the
development
of
sense
organs
"
95
INTELLIGENCE,
"
POWER,
to
seeing,smelling,and hearing and brain and muscle degree of perfection required to effect survival.
In dissections
as
that
the it is
to
eyes
are
accustomed
the the
dim
night prowlers. In
brain of and the that
even more was
often
weigh
a
more
the times In
was a
liver. In that
mackerel heart
we
weight
five
eyes
of the
times the
of
the of
that that
weight
brain. In
nerve
dissections and
we
have
found
eye
that
most
the
size of the
optic
size
in
warm-blooded in the
animals the
optic lobe
the ratio entire the
of the brain
sense
of the
the
upon
indicate of
of. the
In the
sight
survival.
a
found a elephant we correspondingly small optic lobe with the fact that the
small in the
elephant
scarcely
fiftyyards. of the brain of an animal The composition and contour or dile, crocodependent on a single sense, such as an alligator the composition and contour is entirelydifferent from of an animal of the brain dependent on an almost equal development
brains of these
as
of
sight, hearing,
and all the
and
smell,
and of leaf
such
eaters.
a
as
the The
grass
showing
of
lobulation,
ray,
in the
the
and
the lobes
are
shark,
and
a
composed
number and
and
great
of
association
tracts.
brains small
rounded
symmetrical
of the
with
elongated primates
value the
man
brains shark in
man
the and
the
senses.
selective In
progressive loss of the special of these triggermechanisms of smell has deteriorated. Hearing sense
"
AND
PERSONALITY
is not
acute,
and
the
in the
eagleor
work.
the The
of
opticmechanism, includingthe
Thomson's
cerebral
Crocodile
15.60 grams.
African
540
buffalo
grams.
Tiger
107.5
shark grams.
Comparison
of brain
weights.
the
brain
that of any
relatively
table shows the body-weight-to-eye ratios following the brain-to-eye ratios in seven animals of comparable
species:
97
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
is
significant
the of the the
eyes eye eye
to
that
in
the
highly
protected
the the low
and
are
smallest,
them in fish and
indicating
contrast to
high
of
to
the
the
bird.
THE
TECHNIQUE
OF
HUNTING
members
of the The
dog family
members is
as
well
cat
as
those
of the
cat
of the
to
family
his prey
stalk and
greyhound
is
equipped
the
take
through
eye.
sole
guidance
that domestic the
of the
totallydifferent
and the and wild
from and
of the
wolf,
greyhound
the The
is constructed
race
energized on
of of
pattern
thoroughbred
horse.
pursuit
or on
of
the fox
pack
is that
wild
a
dogs,
of
wolves,
of is
coyotes,
based The
of the
the
exhaustion of the
of their
prey.
advantage
on
pack
and their
is that
rest,
relay, and
of the of
strategy,
the
one
hand,
to
the natural
herd. This
tendency
to
pursued
the
upon grass
to
circle back
back circling
eater
chance
close in
the
fatiguedvictim.
hunting dog, the wolf, the fox all hunt small animals but if they as mice, rabbits, squirrelsindividually, cient in packs or pairs the prey must supply a meal suffito
serve run
the down
pack. It
a
would More
involve
energy
economic would be
pack
the
to
rabbit.
by
"pack than
to outrun
is contained did
a a
in the make
or an
rabbit.
a
Since
evolution
not
enough
theoretic
zebra number
dog
into
of smaller in
namely,
the
are
pack.
Of
preeminent. A lion returning from his kill will often be the grazing spot of antelopes, but the appearance near
wild The Success evolution
seen
of
dogs
cat
or
in
district
is
failure stakes
is
instantaneous.
on
In
the
cat
family
this
burst out-
everything
is the
the of
of energy
opposite
of
99
pursuit
INTELLIGENCE,
to
POWER,
dog family, theoretically, would of one expect to find in the cat family the organs that is, the adrenal outburst glands,celiac ganglia, energy, and plexuses,relatively larger than the thyroid gland, the
organ
exhaustion
employed
by
the
of
constant
energy;
was
and
so
we
found
among
the coyote, the wolf, the dog family,namely, the jackal, husky, with the sole exception of the greyhound, we found the adrenal glands only slightlylarger than the thyroid the fourteen in the dogs studied, whether gland. Among
tropicsor in the temperate zone, we found no domesticated dog except the racing greyhound that possessed adrenal largerthan the thyroid gland. glands strikingly The greyhound, like the cat family, is set for outburst Like the thoroughbred horse, the greyhound has energy. The been evolved as a racing greyhound and the sprinter. racing thoroughbred horse share honors in a record of speed all animals. that is unique among illustrated by the fact that in the Our thesis is beautifully
greyhound
cat
the and
pattern
the
same race
of the horse.
energy
system
is that
of the
family
In other
speciesvariation in the relative sizes of for by variation is accounted energy and plexuses. celiac ganglia, the thyroidand adrenal glands, of fear is the integration Keeping in mind that the emotion of the organism to flight or fightand that the millions cells of the deer or antelope are of brain and nerve instantly the apprehension of the wolf or the flared in oxidation at and is augmented wild dog, that oxidation by adrenalin of the body that are not sympathin, that all the processes needed in making the escape are completely inhibited,it understand is easy to why a thumping heart, trembling comprise the state limbs,staringeyes, a raging metabolism animals under the fear of the of these fleeing of integration pack. of the cat As the members family and the dog family
members in the
100
15.
ELEPHANT
AND
MOUSE
The
Hunt
MAJI Mrs.
today
with the
MOTO
CAMP,
December
26,
1935.
[Extract
from
Crile's
for
"We had planned to go to Ngaruka diary.]1 in python, but last night the native boys came
that the
news
heavy
meant
rain that
seen
fresh
out
elephant
spoor.
washed
a
in the
evening
herd
and
leadingto our camp into the forest along the Rift wall. "Long before dawn they started and Captain Hewlett, with
Quiring, Mr.
at
crossed
the trail
going
north
"
the three
Chief
(my
and
band) husDr.
were
trackers.
Fuller,and
The word
I had
breakfast
work
in the
laboratory when
was
native Tembo'
boys returned,
and that the
we moments, of the lake. On
much
*
excited.
Doctor5
a
Cutting
few
scurried
shore
were
off for
four-mile
along
we
the
the very
we
in
waiting. other man with a "Slowly, in singlefile, big gun, every trails through the thick thorn, followed the sandy game the and around large clumps of bush, around huge
outskirt
found
the trackers
gnarledbranches
of which
reached
at
least 75
over direction, giant logs,with birds screaming chattering, buffalo tracks everywhere, overhead, baboons
until rhino
finallya
country,
behind
at
snort too.
us our now a
...
and
scuffle warned
us
that
it
was
"Just
of which bank and
rose
the
was
escarpment
a
with
thick
forest;just
was
feet
deep karonga,
down
dry. We
few loose
scrambled
over
and a turn, rocks, then mounted of this sandy river bed, like a the black
mass
of the
W.
elephant.
"
"Skyways
to
Jungle Laboratory," W.
Norton
pany, Com-
York, 1936.
AND
PERSONALITY
"The
was
Chief told
me
later that
to
watch
out
Captain Hewlett
was
like
a
not
work the
Captain
examine:
FIG.
10.
"
The
elephant.
the
age
of the
spoor,
as
shown
by
the
of configuration
as
the
when the grass was footprint; this tree was its dryness;when
branch show If he would
was
last trodden
evidenced
by
that
were
scraped against,when that broken; whether or not any of these happenings him. old Tembo following. suspectedthey were said,he suspiciousof them, Captain Hewlett
rip bark
from the
trees
or
branches, he moved browse but instead would as along. noiselessly suspicious "Captain Hewlett felt that the elephant was but was he not of them as only always kept down-wind continually going deeper into the forest where his tracks would finally mingle with those of the buffalo. a "Once, while penetrating deep bush, they disturbed huge buffalo which, just in time, changed his mind about coming in their direction. A little further on, they heard the rumbling of the elephant's arresting and unmistakable
not
break
off
intestines.
the
exact
one
Captain
Hewlett
sent
native and
to
tracker the
to
locate
sat
down;
Hewlett
a
Chief
tree
watch. 103
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
turning. hurriedly re-
"Shortly, they
Old Tembo
saw was
the
barefoot located.
tracker With
rifles loaded
and
safetycatches off,the men tiptoed cautiouslythrough the head-high thick bush, Captain Hewlett constantly testing the wind by dusting ashes from his little bag. Across a dry river-bed, through heavy forest, over big logs,they made
last,standing at right angles to them, his great gray head facing the stream, was Tembo. He had down from the a just come precipitously steep dirt bank Rift wall, breaking a tree as his foot slipped,and was on
at
their way
until
his way
to
cross
the the
dry river-bed
Chief and
at
not
more
than Hewlett
beyond.
him,
it neither
When
was
Captain
the
spied
as
like
looking
top
of
black
wall,
the hind
quarters
nor
the head
of the
elephant was
exposed. "On tiptoesthey crept to within thirtyyards of the big a shot, but the long distance for a finishing pachyderm thick cover the risk of losing in too to run elephant was this distance the entire elephant could him. Even from
"
was
the
the
top
clearly
to
there
two
has
been
discussion of
as we an
as
to
how
elephant.The
shot and the the and the the heart
fatal shots
heart it
was
shot, but
necessary
to
an
find
other
shot. As
at
have
impact
four
or
of 5,000
pounds
in
five shots
quick
in the shoulder big nerves and they did. should kill by shock alone "From beginning to end, it lasted only a couple of minutes and, from beginning to end, the elephant did not twice his own length. In majesty and dignity the move succession in the
region of
"
great beast
wits with
made
his exit. It
was
as
if he had and
matched had
his
Hewlett
accepted
AND
PERSONALITY
Dissection
The skin of the
of the
Elephant
beautifullyreticulated. It elephant was in color and blended soft slate-gray curiouslyinto the was and the rock. the dead foliage, landscape the green foliage, Looking closelyat the surface of the skin,one could see a These little grooves. of depressions beautiful interlacing or in bending. perhaps are for giving spaces for elasticity
"
A the skin
few
scattered
hairs
on
the
ancient
was
phylogeny
there
was
of this great
a
pachyderm.
about white
an a
When inch
the and
a
cut
darkish
into
area
half in
faded
stance. sub-
bloodless.
The the
weight
knees
skin,
the
except
was tail,
that
of the
legs from
down
2,005
ears were
pounds.
enormous.
The
They
tusks
measured
3 feet
1 1
inches
by 5
entire where
feet
weighed 85 pounds. Their length was 67 inches, the length from the point spicuous inconthey emerged being 43 inches. The eyes were of the elephant,small. and, related to the mass
10
inches.
The
contribute nothing to the Obviously, better vision would present securityof the elephant.But the elephant would for especially would have little use an good vision. What elephantdo with the eye of an eagle? The elephantdoes not search for distant food or danger. His food is immediately before him. His enemies are only other elephants and man. On the other hand, the elephant has a most oped highly develsense
of smell
and
good
sense
of
hearing.
The front The
great foot
see
Grecian
60 inches inches
columns.
in circumference. in circumference.
on
elongated,57
as
One
his foot
could
the
that
the
foot would
would
in the
mud
the him
foot
to
it out, thus
allowing
extricate The
easily.
the indescribably adaptable and flexible,
trunk
105
INTELLIGENCE,
numerous
POWER,
in
mass
being placed along the axis,increasing thus giving the beautiful conical, skull,
were
symmetrical shape of the great head. of muscle As in the rhino, the masses
in five
areas
of the those
body
"
that
which
moved
jaws and
muscular
was a narrow
which
moved
over
each
of the four
sheath
extended
the sides
stripof
around
muscle
were
The
to
abdominal
viscera
place ropes boys might pullon them in unison until we dissected them free. At the point of freeing the stomach from the esophagus, found was no specialmechanism by which the animal introduced could have his proboscis to suck out water to himself when stated. The weight hot, as is sometimes spray and with their contents, of the stomach was intestines,
2,034 The and about
the segments
in order
the native
pounds. diaphragm
the
a
was
great
Around surprise.
up
a
the
sides of
at
base
of
attachment, running
distance
of muscle a mass that, at the point foot,there was of its attachment, was just over 3 inches thick. The chest capacity, compared with that of the rhinoceros, much the lungs weighed 306 pounds. was larger; line. It The heart lay low in the chest, in the median and measured in circumference weighed 57M 51 inches pounds. The wall of the aorta was extremely heavy and, in
comparison,
thin. I thrust For
vena
cava
seemed
exceptionally
cancellous and skull. dense
to
into the
aorta.
the
most
part, the
was
bony
skeleton
was
and light,
The and the bones
very
this
that difficult
was
with firm
an
ax.
The
was
muscle
necessary
attached
to
periosteum
a
that
it
chop
it
off with
weight of the trunk, or proboscis, the skin,was without 264 pounds. The head alone,without skin of the and skin,weighed 625 pounds. The the trunk
hatchet. The 106
AND
PERSONALITY
head
entire
and
ears
and
trunk
weighed
510
weight of the head to 1,399 and fat,weighed The total weight of the muscles,fascia, in sections, was 4,365 pounds. This does not include the
weight of
The the four
legs from
235
the
knee
down.
pounds; the kidneys,40 pounds; section of the trachea, includingthe larynx, 16 small a pounds; and the salivaryglands,nearly 18 pounds. of the penisweighed 44 pounds ; the The pendulousportion internal portion, 25 pounds; and the testes, nearly 20 pounds. into the chest as followed the splanchnicnerve We up
liver
weighed
far
as
the
a
fourth small
at
rib,but
vertebra
better The
dissection
might
have
carried
film further.
splanchnicnerve
way
additions
each
at
all the
down
through
diaphragm,
a
which
sheet
about
out point the splanchnic widened it entered ij-^ inches in width, where
celiac The
complex.
thyroid gland
in the
case
was
fused
and
lay
in
the
thoracic
opening, as
fat. African animal that
of the
we
hippopotamus.
collected little be
or no
In this entire
dissection
only
to
26
pounds
the
a
of
animals would
exhibit
neutral show
fat. The
most
quence consecrave
perhaps
lions of
we
inclined
fat is the
zebra. The
showed
little fat. As
natives
constantly present,
organs
however,
the base wild
locations
in certain fat
of all
at
We
and
have
at
distributed
the
of the
distribution
fat, like
brain, is
brain The muscles The In
are
not
a
consumed
beginning of the aorta. This the special fats constitutingthe The of the in starvation. lipoids
therefore brain lose
are
the
vital structure,
constant.
heart of
and
unlike
all other
weight
that the
in starvation.
heart
our
is
found
pathetic adrenal-symglands,
complex
adrenal 107
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
is
enveloped
is also
a
in
animals
encases
trunks and
and behind
the
around
site oppo-
the
eye,
constant.
Fat
It is also cold
reservoir
of
surplus and,
In
mer sum-
potential energy.
under the skin
the
accumulated cold
in
of energy.
In
this
sense
fat
is
regulator. the specialfat that covers the brain, But, theoretically, the spinalcord, and nerve trunks of the splanchnic nerves and adrenal the retina,and, in glands, the fat behind the fat in which the celiac ganglia and plexuses particular, embedded electric insulation. are as might serve the Against this,it might be pointed out that around base of the urinary bladder, at the base of the gallbladder, at the base of the intestines, at the hilus of the kidney, and covered not by the peritoneum, there is a white fat, not
the
specialized type
situations
of fat found is
in the
nervous
system.
In
certainly little or no genesis of but these radioelectric positions are chemically energy, The fat found vulnerable. in these mals positions in all anicould serve a as physiologicprotection against the chemical penetration and infiltration of bile,urine, and
these intestinal What the size
contents.
there
does of
show
as
to
the
relation
between
brain-heart-thyroid-adrenal-sympatheti
behavior characteristics of the
elephant? brain of the elephant weighed 12.59 pounds and, The with the exception of the brain of the blue whale, is the largestanimal brain in the world. The brain of the elephant and the intelligence, personality of the power, expresses elephant.
system
1
and
08
POWER,
gland weighed 2.07 pounds; the thyroid gland weighed 1.89 pounds. Except in of the arctic, larger adrenal glands than thyroidgland is the pattern of the leaf
and the
grass
eaters
the world
over.
elephant needs
the
swamp
and
crisis energy for extricating himself for climbing the mountain side in
"
words,
energy
for
meeting
the
mechanical
vicissitudes
of his
daily life.
The involved principle shall
mouse see more
in the
mechanism
of the
elephant we
of the the adrenal
clearly by comparing
that of the times
as
with
elephant.In
large as the thyroid gland. This is a pattern of insecurity. Although the mouse is a well-adapted animal, it lives a very precarious life. The mouse represents the highest degree of adrenalism gland
known. Because of the of the
is nine
largesurface
rate
in relation
to
the
body weight
is many cooling in the mouse that in the elephant. Relatively, the times greater than brain of the mouse is much larger than the brain of the and 1:1164 elephant, the ratio being 1:33 in the mouse stroke the elephant. In the elephant it is the principleof heatthat limits the size of the brain-heart-thyroidmouse,
'm
the
of
mouse
is
two
quick.The
in the
difference
to
tension
of these
per
animals
mass mass
is due
mouse
the
high
The
rate
of metabolism
rate
unit
of
and
the low
of metabolism is
mouse
difference
elephant. for due primarily to the great facility for cooling in the and the low facility
per
unit of
in the
Comparing
of 300
movements
per
with its heartbeat high-tensioned mouse, with its nearly glacial minute, and the elephant,
the an'd its heartbeat of the from
mouse
of
28
per
two
minute,
years,
we
find that
that
is about
and
of the
elephant
no
FISH
KEY
WEST,
as our
Florida, the
held
first cabana
on
the
beach
served
laboratory. Benches
our
inside and
this
provised im-
small
eaves.
scales On the
supplies.Our
stood
two
over
the
porch
on
formalin
solution, and
and
the
smooth
sands As
8-foot
out
we
looked
upon
beheld
vivid
ning lightstream
pierce the sea and contemplated the constant and the land and of electrons striking the sea the clear sky, the tropicalsunlight,with observed
rays,
we
when
we
visualized
the
untold
numbers
fixations showers of
as
Just
nitrates Sea the
as
the in the
of
plant
life and
Azotobacter
sea
utilize the
in the
water
contains
sea
in solution
all the
metals
is soil in
fixed The
as
nitrogen
nitrates food
form
organic molecules
These ultra-
basic
ultramicroscopic
forms.
life would then be microscopic units of plant and animal subject to struggle and survival, building up living units of increasing size and of increasing power until such a unit would be largeenough to be classed as a "lowest" form. The varieties
as are
of
plants
and
animals
would
seem
to
be
as
inevitable
the
physicaldifferences
and
to
seem
in the of
variables the
energyas
of
temperature
and
moisture,
would and bones its
evolution be hair it is
as
controlling organs
evolution When
power
a
inevitable and
the
of teeth
and
special senses.
the
prise sur-
river overflows
banks,
of
gravity
fills every
sunlightand lightningfillsevery
in
energy
POWER,
living. Therefore, it
many
should
be
no
variations
heart, the
system there blanket the land. of oxygen
I
or
thyroid gland,
the
wave
adrenaland
on
sympathetic
the
in
in
are
animals
in and
land the
sea
as
lengths
falls
chemical
units
great and
amount to
of
life that
continuously upon
fish in the
water
sea pared com-
the
The limited
available
cent
to
the
is
the the
per
of oxygen of oxygen
in the in the
with
to
20 on
per
cent
air available
the The
animals
the
a
water.
over
Therefore, the
land animals their in
own
the
land
animals
must
carry
weight,
of
the
weight
In
consequence,
primarily for
the
power
and
not
for the
state.
fish is limited
we
by
the
amount to
of find
a
available
water,
should
expect
small
development of the heart and blood of the capillaries size in fish. The especially,
vary
vessels of the
of
and,
brain
muscular neuro-
should
in
accordance that
with
the
number with
is,in accordance
the great
the
activity
of the
animal.
jewfish is
not
found
on
highways
the
It is found
down
the blind
Like alleys.
lobster,the
turtle, the
rather than
alligator,the
a
crocodile, the
His build the
hunter; he is
an
stillfisherman. active
life. Therefore
ratio of the
brain
weight of the inactive jewfish to its body weight would be that of an active, aggressive, expected to be far below hunting shark. of a the energy-controlling mechanism Let us compare jewfish with that of a sand shark of approximately the
112
AND
PERSONALITY
same
weight,
We
as
the
ratios
express
the
energy
characteristics
of each.
see
in the
brain
in the
in the
jewfish
as
strikingas
two
the
difference
in the
behavior
characteristics
of these
animals.
The and head floats The and that hence has the
green
turtle
armor
of
the
sea
is
protected by
withdraw which the
complete
and lives
efficient and
to
it food
can on
great
advantage
that
that the
the
turtle has
has
over
the
shark air
"
jewfish is
a
turtle
lungs
with has
and
breathes the
has the
high
blood
concentration
"
of oxygen.
When
oxygen,
to
lungs
turtle
on
"
saturated
a
the
greater
power oxygen
fish that
water.
depend
of the
the
attenuated
The
muscles
turtle,
the
therefore,exhibit
muscles The turtle of
a
greater
than
large
are an
of
power
blood
or
in
the
adaptation
of the
to
for the
maintenance
stores
but
for
of oxygen of food. A
turtle
while
he is the
in search evidence:
This
turtle
brain
5.81
had
a
grams,
whereas
sand
grams.
shark
weighing
to
brain
weighing
unlimited
50.03
oxygen
a
Though
has been
is available minimum
use
it, the
evolved
toward
of oxygen.
against other
reptilesand
against the
warm-blooded
INTELLIGENCE, mammals
POWER,
of inaccessibility and a minimum by means food maintains supply, the reptile only a pilotlightof energy. The fact that reptiles evolved for negativityand fish are for positivityis shown in the following table, in which reptilesand fish of approximately the same weight are contrasted.
Although
in the world
fish and
are
the
most
numerous
vertebrate of the
to
animals
occupy
three-fourths
earth, in their
I
struggle for
cent
existence tension
to
they
in
are
limited
to
20
from
cent
to
per
sion ten-
oxygen
contrast
per
oxygen
available because
warm-blooded
at
land
animals.
Therefore,
its
disposalfar
we
animal,
should the
brain, the
than fact in
a
heart, and
warm-blooded
thyroid gland
of the
on same
fish
smaller This
animal table
weight.
are
a
is illustrated of
in the
page
115, which
presents
fish and In
comparisons
a
two
groups,
same
in each
of which
mammal
of
nearly the
body weight.
is the universal animals, heatstroke that limits the size of the brain, the heart, the blood ceiling warm-blooded
volume, and
114
the
thyroid gland.
AND
PERSONALITY
In The
are
the
fish gill-breathing
size of the
brain, the
on
ceilingis just the opposite. heart, the thyroid gland of the fish
the of oxygen
as
dependent
is
no
the
in the
water.
There
water
problem
heat
to
heatstroke,
faster
because air of
abstracts
same
twenty-seven
times
than
the
temperature.
is
a
There than
organs
are
greater
concentration
of oxygen
in cold
water
in
warm
therefore, the
power
energy-controlling
the
warm
of the
and
personality of
arctic than beaches in the
stream
fish
greater of the
in the Gulf
water
on
of the the
oxygen
in the
water
Stream;
holds
more
shallow than
where
the
bubbling
of the
water
marsh;
blow
in the in in
rapid
water
over
the
constant
trade of these
water
outside
influence
habitat
trout
is the that
the
wings, whose
stream,
water
beaches, in the
and fanned
is found that
in the swims
tumbling
near
in the
tarpon
the
by
a
winds, one would expect to find largerheart, a largerthyroid gland, and one
chromaffin Increased
the trade
larger brain,
may suppose
more
tissue,the forerunner
and oxidation.
glands.
in the confers
concentration
constancy Increased
water
give increased
electric increased
increased
executes
potential. Increased
nervous
potential
hence
a
and
muscular
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
quicker strike,a more powerful rush, a better game therefore a higher ratio of energy-controlling organs
be found
trout
fish;
should
in the salmon
cold
north
and
in the
mountain
and
in the
the
carp.
The
marine
on
eye retina
deals
with the
light,which
of the
eye,
amount
is
trated concen-
the
by
the
to
characteristic
which is
is
set
the
pupil prominently so
The
most
wide
and
as
large size
catch
sense
greatest
of
light.
in
outstanding
in fish may
in fish is that
the
rest
olfactorylobe
size,and
This the
approach
are
the
largest nerves
the that
in fish.
upon
is
easily understood
animals, except
in terrestrial is
the
case
in all the
large mammals,
The
smell
ungulates,
emanations
are
the
carnivores.
sense
chemical
in
the in the
to
of
the
water
alleven
pervading,
greater
scent
air, and
it is
more
the
to
sense
of smell
on
is of
value
animals
the
land,
since
permeates the
evenly than
it does
Like
scent.
dogs, pursuing
that is the
this
fish follow
The
excreta
chemical
basis
of
smell is the
is the
tion secre-
animals
substance
no
fish have
sweat
or
oil,
the
only
scent.
the
excreta
and and
intestinal
tract
glands about
the outside
give
the With
The
internal
ear
of the
appearance
fish is within of
a
the
skull,near
more
small in
ear
a
removing this
an
stone
cavity of
116
the
and
replacing it by
exact
counter-
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
well To
as
to
the
connective
tissue
that
divides that
are
the
emerge
nerve
plates.
from muscle
94 plates are supplied 94 nerves the spinalcord. Thus, in the ray, there
these
188
I Brctchictf | plexus
Vertebral
column
Spinal
nerves
FIG.
12.
"
Nerve
mechanisms,
each
with
an
organ,
driving brain,
energize
a
and if
an
the
eagle
of the
to
each the
feather
of the
special nervewing.
rays
that
brains relation
sting
that
we
lected col-
largerin
their
brains 500
not
only
gross 118
power
but
also
to
finesse in the
of many
AND
PERSONALITY
muscles
to
in the
execution
content
of coordinated
on
action shallow
as
well
as
the oxygen
the
beaches.
The
to
flapperof
of the
of the trunk of of
ninety-fourpairs of fingerson each hand would be an equivalent in man. action muscles Numerous require numerous patterns action : numerous necessitate, (brain patterns) patterns accordingly,a larger brain, for the size of the brain, like
the size of but
a
muscles,
can
in any
direction.
The
comptometer,
to
is related
not
alone
acts
to
gross
energy
also
the
number
of separate
as one
performed.
expect
needed
The from
to
thyroid gland
the size of the
of the
sting ray,
and the
would
energy
brain
constant
action of the ninety-four pairs of supply the constant muscles, is also large in comparison with the thyroid gland of other fish.
The
A
Electric
Ray
and
the
Sting Ray
comparison of the sting ray with the electric ray is The stingray, as we have stated, has ninety-four significant. pairs of nerves leading to the ninety-four muscular ments segof the flappers. The electric ray also has ninety-four of the pairs of nerves leading to the different segments difference and between the sting ray the flappers.The electric ray is that, in addition muscular to contraction,
the neuromuscular electric energy. muscles in the mechanism This of the electric ray generates electric energy is transmitted the to
The electric ray, instead of escaping flappers. its electric by swimming or by hiding in the sand, uses mechanism as a defense by giving electric shocks to energy the animal that attacks it,for the speed of the electricity generated in the electric ray is greater than the speed of action of the muscles that close the jaws of the attacking Therefore, the discharge of electricity instantly enemy. disarms the attack. This circumstance is in harmony with
119
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
the
electric in conception that all animals are essentially the sting ray could not not have so nature, for if they were converted brain from
a
muscular
to
an
of the
in the
brain.
For
the
reason,
muscles
own
of the electric ray is large, for each of the been converted into an electric cell has its in the brain. The
was 1
mechanism
ratio of
1209;
body weight
to
brain
ray
weight
was
in the The
sting ray
need the
that
of the electric
1:441.
to
of
constant
energy
maintain the
sting ray
ray
to
and
maintain ratios of
ray,
1 :
electric
is shown
thyroid gland
sting
richly
11897 f"r the electric ray. where Thus, on the shallow beaches
with
water
is
mixed the
air, evolution
raised
the
and
increased
The batlike ray, energy-controlling organs. living at the shallow edge of the sea, where the trade winds blow and the waves mix the rich oxygen content ceaselessly has been of the air with the water, adapted to a greater than is possessed by other fish. The supply of oxygen of the tide and the trade winds brings about a constancy constancy constant,
in
size of the
of foam
water
waves
and
foam.
The
trade
winds
being
is constant,
is
increased and
the
constant, of the
higher
muscular
metabolism
sting
ray,
Thus the tides and the constant. activity,are trade winds are for the exceptionally largebrain, responsible large heart, large thyroid gland, and rich blood supply of the sting ray as compared to other fish. have two mals aniIn the sting ray and Thomson's we gazelle animal far removed from each other a gill-breathing and a animal and a lung-breathing animal, a cold-blooded warm-blooded animal. The sting ray in his foamy habitat that of oxygen has such an exceptionally high concentration
"
120
AND
PERSONALITY
it is able
to
operate
mechanism
almost
as
complicated as
by
the the fact
two
This is evidenced gazelle. also the thyroid glands that the brains and in of nearly equal weight, as shown animals are
of these
following
comparison:
thyroid gland of the sting ray and Thomson's gazelle are of nearly equal weight, the work they do is of unequal value, through the operation of van't HofFs law, that with every degree centigrade of rise the speed of chemical in temperature activityis increased Although
the brain and the
10
per
cent.
were
We
fortunate
in
the swifttropics of the same sloth is one of The flowing Restigouche River in Canada. the most it occupies negative of all animals. For inactivity about the same scale as the place in the warm-blooded does in the cold-blooded scale. It is not alligator possible the intelligence of the warm-blooded sloth and to compare Nor the cold-blooded salmon. is it possibleto estimate the brain of the sloth that is required to portion of the 23-gram its warm-blooded spark the oxidation needed to maintain
state
American
and
its limited
and intelligence
to
muscular the
It activity.
is the
reasonable, however,
think
that
greater
to
part
of the
maintain
the
salmon
we
the
primary
sustain
121
role
is
to
maintain electric
the
body
temperature,
to
muscular the
and
the
strain
necessary
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER
the
body.
This
point could
of the
two
be clarified
animals.
basal
metabolism
of the porpoise and a tiger shark, two occupants Ocean Atlantic having approximately the same weight, we found of an example of the influence of the concentration the size of the brain,the heart, the volume of the on oxygen blood, and the thyroid gland. In
a
These
two
animals
state
represent in the
sea.
the
warm-blooded The
and
the
porpoise, a lunganimal, although livingin the sea breathing,warm-blooded of slower in the midst ously. swimming creatures, lives dangerIn constant danger of drowning, the porpoise brings its young into the world, suckles them, and protects them the piratesof the sea. of sharks in the presence Immediately after the death of the porpoise we made an
"
cold-blooded
incision
in the It
smooth
skin
and
inserted
clinical thermometer.
of human registeredthe normal temperature 98.6". The layer of pure white blubber varying from % Q recalled the thick inch in places to 2^-2 inches in thickness the in the rhinoceros, the hippopotamus, and skin found
elephant.
In the
to
case
serves
insulate
"
against external
animal
to
of the
sea
"
porpoise
the medium
warm-blooded
serves
livingin
the
the
cold heat
thick
skin colder
as
preserve
internal
in
than
water
Inasmuch faster
to
than
sea
mammal
a
the
equipped
with
larger brain,
larger
122
AND
PERSONALITY
Shark
Porpoise
Brain
1735.69
grams
Heart
291.5
grams
Heart
737.5
grams
Thyroid gland
12.73
grams
Thyroid gland
18.29
grams
Adrenal
10.41 "Fie. 13.
"
glands
grams
of
shark
and
porpoise.
123
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
greater
volume
of blood
mammal
abstraction
use
such
corresponding size on the land. It is of heat by water that enables the porpoise without high degree of constant energy
of the
of
porpoise it
of
a
was
at
once
evident
those
mammal.
In from
vascularity
those and of
a
in color
they
color of the
richer zebra.
darker
of the muscles
lion
thyroid glands lay in the usual mammalian position and were connected by a slender isthmus. The weight of the Not until we the saw thyroid glands was 18.29 grams. adrenal did we glands, which weighed only 10.41 grams, tain to mainfullyappreciatethe continuous activitynecessary the high level of mammalian oxidation in a cold sea. Outbursts of activity would benefit the porpoise. The not porpoise requires an exceedingly high level of constant oxidation. Therefore, activity, supplemented by emergency the porpoise needs a large brain, a large heart and blood smaller volume, a large thyroid gland, and, as in man adrenal glands. Dissecting out the brain and the pituitarygland in the the brain out of almost difficult as chiseling as porpoise was its bony case brain of the porpoise in the elephant. The It was strikinglylarger than the weighed 1,735 grams. of 1 185, human brain and had a ratio of brain-to-body-weight approaching the ratio of the brain-to-body-weight of man. The energy requirements of the porpoise are above those
bird or fish,since the land animals land animal of any or and the birds and the fish do not have to travel to get their breath. In order the
to
secure
its prey,
the
porpoise
must
compete
aeons
with
shark, the
been
to
For
the
to
porpoise has
surface
the
lungs. It is
as
if
the
porpoise ran
124
uphillall its
THE
.
HORSE
FAMILY
WE
animals
HAVE some as
now
completed
which
are
our
studies
ancestors
of the
of
wild such
animals,
domestic
of the
the
fowl, which,
modified
man,
tion. muta-
through breeding by
we man.
domestication,
influence of
have
as
been
In these
to most
domesticated the
animals,
in civilized
expect The
find
hybridization and
of the
seen
outstanding examples
and mutation
are
of in
hybridization
civilized The
cattle
man.
in the
antelope, the
possess
deer
family, and
of
the
the
wild
ancestors
of
horns
sole
carnivores.
speed.
So
effective that he
been
speed
most
and
of
of the
horse
In
spread
the
grazing world.
goes
record
of
the
back
about
is the
that
to
us
man
has
our
bred
It therefore
occurred
in
energy-controlling systems
modification the
in
of
animals
long-time
the
intelligence,power, by
man
horse, effected
means
through
for man,
unique
we
of
testing our
horse,
may
expect
mam
that
it will hold
especiallyfor
civilized The
are
types
ass,
of horse
or
bred
and
adapted
the mule.
for
carrying burdens
type type and of horse of horse
the
the
burro, and
The
The saddle
trotting
ion compan-
and in war,
of The
in
in the
desert
and
horse.
horse
contrast
or
bred
with
race
for centuries
for short-distance
is
a
long-distance endurance,
The Shetland
pony,
horse.
of the
126
AND
PERSONALITY
cold, wet
exists
Shetland
Islands,is
runner,
used
as
circus the
horse.
The
mingling with
lions and
antelopes,
Carnivora
numbers
among
other
that
always
seek the
Because
fair
test
of
the
we thesis,
turned
of the
trolling energy-con-
types
of horses. To
were
that
end
burros, mules, work horses, hunters, saddle horses,polo horses, western tucky stallions,Kenponies, zebras, Arabian ponies, Shetland foals,and fetuses. thoroughbreds, newborn
23 For
was an our
studied
horses.
Among
these
purpose,
we
to
see
whether
there
energy
formula bred
for
carrying a pack;
as
another
for horses
such
the
horse; another
as
mobile
energy,
the
saddle
hunter; another
for horses
another
as
the
such as the Arabian; gentledisposition, for horses with great speed or explosiveenergy, thoroughbred. these various
types of horses
the the Shetland influence
pony
with
the
hot
of the
of climate
of years
horse
has
been
developed
through breeding selection. Breeding selection by man partlysuspends the law of natural selection in the wild, such as is effected in the lion, the tiger,the leopard in fact, in all the carnivores, the rodents, and the hoofed
"
by
imposed by the carnivores upon nation always been involved the extermiin muscle and the least fit leaves
most
weakest
in
the
special
with the
senses;
therefore,natural
senses,
selection
those
keenest
to
the
fleetest
feet,the
minds intelligent
reproduce
their kind.
the
carnivores, unlike
man,
did the
was
not
impose
future.
selection
as
calculated
advantage
the
for
long
The
immediate
food.
breeding
calculated needs
horse,
man
imposed
contribute
on more
the
to
horse man's
tions condiown
in effect
to
to
future
than
necessity. Therefore, in
bred the horse
not
his selective
alone
to
breeding
but
to
horse, man
kinds
for energy
man
for the
of energy
most
calculated
help
In
survive.
state
the
as
wild the of
horse
evolved
the
same
way
deer
years
and of
antelope. During
known took existence
forty-two
the the
millions the
man.
horse,
rise of
greatest
change
in its fate
place
the
man
The
and
hand
of
man
are
unique
all animals.
The
rise of
appears
to
be
an
example of the principle of orthogenesis applied to the thinking brain and the thyroid gland. This principle,as a explained by Eimer, is that when species begins to vary
in any direction definitely its own is tending toward
it
cannot
reverse
itself, even
As
if it
destruction.
man intelligent,
made
over
man
increasinglymore
of
the energy
plants and
coal.
animals found
as
well
of the
wind,
the
waterfall, and
could in be
Man
that
own
the
two
four
feet of the
horse and
substituted and
feet in
was
traveling
carrying burdens
the horse
of
particular
early
him
man
show
a
that horse
at
very carry
own
found
that
in
legs of
or
could his
and
longer
retreat
than
man
legs.
By
riding,he
the horse
could
his fellow
in
case
by
a
combined
bat, com-
man-and-horse
attack,
would
a
of fresh
hand-to-hand for
deliver
was
him
In
fact, such
in
art
we
man
and the
his
that beast
realized half
man.
concept
half horse
128
AND
PERSONALITY
As
man's
brain
those
courage
horses and
that that
with
vicissitudes
must
of food
and
climate. the
that
early day
He
glimpsed
that the that slow
inheritance.
must
have their
of principle horses of highest and inefficient of the brain and ance endur-
speed reproduced
horses of
man
kind
reproduced their
carried of the with horse.
kind. Thus
it the advance
speed
naturallyfollow
occur
that the
the greater
advance
of the
people who depended most those who represented high completely on it,in particular This would be among the desert people who intelligence. had to fightfor the water hole and travel long distances for
among
pasture.
The
desert
belt
runs
across
North
Africa
and
of the
was
plains and could have human north need not produced as much for the highly developed horse as was provided by the breeding.
fertile desert.
Thus, with
until the British
the
rise of
man
came
the
were
rise of the
the finally
desert-bred
stallions
were
horse, transported to
native
mares
Isles. Here
they
blood of
bred
with and
whose
volume,
the in size. in his
advanced
study of the thoroughbred, cites evidence that the thoroughbred horse owed an important debt to the native English mares. The Shetland is an example of a horse whose pony has been modified by cold. The ratio of the system energy weight of the brain and the thyroid gland to the body collected was that we weight of a Shetland pony 1:294; the ratio of the weight of the brain and thyroid gland to the body weight of Equipoise, the famous thoroughbred, was J. Stewart McKay,
129
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
weight of the brain and thyroid gland to the body weight of Nureddin, the famous
Arabian In
our we
1:619, and
the
ratio of the
was stallion,
1:694.
the subarctic ratio of the the
to expedition
region
energy
studied
to
the
the
body weight of caribou, the wolf,the husky dog, hare, the fox, the lemming, the
system
as
the
mouse,
well
as
of
to
the
Eskimo
himself. in the
man
We cold
wished north
wild
and
require a greater
to
of oxidation
maintain
the
warm-blooded
state, the
as
shown
by
to
higher ratio
and
of
of the
thyroid gland
than is shown animals
body weight,
and
ble compara-
in
in the temperate
and
to
the
be
zones. tropical
This
we
found
the
case.
It would
seem,
the
by
a
the
heart, a greater volume of blood and a larger thyroid gland than were
such by the desert stallion, possessed the Arab, the Barb, and the Turk, as
to
which
were
mares
in Britain
Dr. rather
new
McKay
abrupt
type of
has
shown
that of
seen
the
appearance
this
in
horse
was
Matchem,
Herod, and
from
period ranging
130
AND
PERSONALITY
and
he
states
that it is certain
can
"
. .
.
that back
to
all the
important
Herod,
or
horses
of
today
in
a
be traced
Matchem,
the because
Eclipse;but
we
dealing with
wider other and view
the
origin of
before
thoroughbred
we
must
take
were
know
that the
there
horses the
Darley
some
Arabian credit
Godolphin
Barb, who
the
deserved of the
for their
contributions
thoroughbred.
we
mares
"While Eastern
out
must
Eastern
must at
some
time
bring
importance
of the contributions
it was fact,
derived
bination com-
from
In
the
happy
country,
sires and
a
the that
English
no
native
mares
that
brought
and
into existence
horse
to
other
but
Britain Eastern
Ireland,
with
was
able
produce by
to
the that
sires
mares
indigenous
in the
no
crossing of particular
the the
rapid change
native
was
speed and
change
or was
size of this
seen
new
thoroughbred,
or
in
the
in
or
Barb
any
native
seen
Turk in the
stock
Nor
advance in the
speed
or
native
British
Isles
was
in due Dr.
Scandinavia
to
in France. northern
only
with
advance the
made
blending
the
desert the
stock.
McKay
mutation the
logicallyaccounts
as
by
principleof
considers and the stocks
by
De
Vries.
Dr.
McKay species"
these
two
desert
"elementary Crossing
in the
English
would
mare,
"mongrel."
variations line. This
produce great
to
a new
offspring and
The
might
result
give rise
was
actually occurred.
bred in the Shetland
Endurance
the The
tropics under
pony.
ditions con-
those
for the
The
and
quick
Staying
McK.AY,
of the
W.
Race
J. STEWART, Horse,"
"Evolution
"
of the
Speed
1932.
Power
Hutchinson
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
power
master
of the in the
was
zebra world
"
was
"bred"
by
the the of
most
the
of the wild
zebra the
"bred"
of the zebra daily life-and-death races keep him in a continual Derby. The Shetland pony, on the other hand, is bred by the rigorous discipline of cold and In either case the energy-controlling have storm. organs been "bred," that is, stepped up over long periods of
state
the
how
the
energy compare
systems with
two
of the cold
race
horse
family
up
alone of
steps
the
energy
organs
higher than
destiny,we should expect that the Shetland would have a higher ratio of the combined weights of pony the brain and thyroid and adrenal glands to its body weight ratio of the weight of the brain the zebra. The than and thyroid and adrenal glands to the body weight in the case Shetland which of our weighed 150.35 kilograms pony, of the zebra,which tne case (331.52 pounds) was 1:285; weighed 254.37 kilograms (560.88 pounds) the ratio of the weight of the brain and, thyroid and adrenal glands to the body weight was 1:432. the weight of the brain and Let us the now compare thyroid and adrenal glands to the body weight of a wild zebra collected on the plainsof Tanganyika, the American stallion thoroughbred stallion Equipoise, and the Arabian
'm
132
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
The adrenal
combined
values
on
of
the
brain
and
the
are
thyroid and
as
glands, based
the power
formula,
VALUE
follows:
BRAIN-THYROID-ADRENAL
Nureddin
Zebra
1.721
i
.
745
Equipoise
Shetland
pony
1
.
764
004
2
.
In Dr.
McKay's
note two
account
of the
rise of the
thoroughbred
Barb
with the
a
horse, we
1.
component
facts:
In the
mares
native
north, there
is
appeared occasionally
mutation.
superiorhorse.
2.
typicalof
mutants
As
these
superior
of the
stallion with
in
this
Eclipse, which
In other the
pinnacle of
to
transformation.
words, according
of the
the
power
cold-adapted energy-controlling system Shetland shows a degree of development 1.15 times pony that of the thoroughbred American stallion greater than Equipoise. the offspring It would that further crossing between seem would of Eclipse and the Arabian, the Barb, and the Turk would advance the present thoroughbred, nor not crossing the advance with the native mares thoroughbred. The of its own career to have seem a thoroughbred would now of Matchem, that began with the appearance Herod, and Eclipse. advance If there has been further no by the crossing
(from
time
to
formula,
desert-bred
we
stallions
and
the
northern in these
mares,
account
years
thoroughbred
height?
the second
has
advanced
to
speed,
conformation,
This
account
brings us
of 134 Dr.
McKay,
AND
PERSONALITY
through
great
We
can
selective
line
breeding
from
foundation
account
stallions
Matchem,
the
oughbred thor-
only one namely, through way, When of the law of orthogenesis. or a a horse a progressiveincrease in the size of an organ until this progression may continue organs,
in
operation
exhibits
group
of
offspring affect the line unfavorably. exhibits such extremes to as In man, the brain, the heart, the thyroid gland, and the sympathetic system have been increased in activityby the of his operation of the law of orthogenesis to the ceiling In some the activityof man's cases possibilities. energy is so extreme that he is impaired energy-controlling organs and destroyed by exophthalmic goiter,by hypertension, by diabetes, and by nervous, mental, and heart diseases. Therefore, we may expect that some day the thoroughbred horse, in which the brain, the heart, and the adrenal-sympathetic have undergone an increase in size and system reach the pinnacle, and this achievement will,as in man, power, will be expressed by an increasingincidence of sterility, and energy diseases not nervous instability, yet well defined. Examples of such instability in Brown seen are Eyes and Roxana. The of Katy of the out thoroughbred Brown Eyes was West, by Caughkill, and the sire of Katy of the West was a an Spendthrift, outstanding race horse. Brown Eyes was horse of high promise; her owners believed that if she could
be started her in
a race
the
be
winner.
But
because
of Her size
she excitability
was
be
properly
the
started.
behavior of the
clarified when
we
found
abnormal
in any glands,the largestthat we have seen horse. These adrenal the glands weighed 60.78 grams; ratio to the body weight was contrasted with the 1 19030 as adrenal-to-body-weight ratio in Equipoise of 1:11187. Brown
adrenal
Eyes
is
as
an
a
example
race
of
mutation
so
great
as
to
her disqualify
horse. 135
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER
interest in relation to point of fundamental Brown Eyes is the weight of the brain. The brain of Brown should be compared with Eyes, which weighed 650 grams, One other
Brown 1.18
FIG. 14.
"
Eyes
Grams
Roxcma
Ky.Mares
1.4!
per
Ky.Geld ings
1.53
Equipoise
1.54
various
1.32
of brain
horses.
Roxcma 0.0468
FIG. 15.
"
Brown
Eyes
Ky.Mares.
0.0573
per
Ky.Geldings Equipoise
0.0665
0.0484
of
0.0735
in various horses.
Grams
thyroid gland
the
Equipoise, which weighed 808.5 grams. 1:840. Eyes was brain-body weight ratio in Brown 1:645. brain-body weight ratio in Equipoise was
brain of
The The
136
AND
PERSONALITY
Another
example
yieldinga bizarre behavior is seen in Roxana, a thoroughbred saddle be restive, temperamental horse could not
of mutation
Ky.Geldings
0.0683
FIG.
1
Roxana
Ky.Mares
0.1002
Equipoise
0.1028
of
Brown
Eyes
horses.
0.0970
of adrenal
0.1112
in various
6.
"
Grams
body weight
Roxana 7.01
FIG. 17.
"
Brown
Eyes
per
Ky.Mares
8.25
Ky.Geldings
8.40
Equipoise
10.56
horses.
8.12
Grams of heart
in various
showed Eyes, investigation in Roxana size of the adrenal gland, the adrenala striking body weight ratio being 1:8507, as compared with 1:11187 for Equipoise. In both Brown have we Eyes and Roxana unbalanced an control, the adrenal glands being energy in the
case
trained. As
of Brown
137
INTE
LLIGENCE,
developed in
horse. system.
to
excess
of the brain-adrenal
pattern
of
able dependenergy
In
Equipoise
seen
we
see
well-balanced
These
mutations
seen
in the horse
family are
similar
mutations
in the human
family.
Generations
The
Arab
Through
Arabian
the
Ohio,
of studying privilege
stud, breeding stallion Nureddin, bred at Crabbet England (sire,Rijm by Ibu Mahruss, out of the famous Rose of Sharon, dam, mare Narghileh, by Champion
as
Mesaoud)
well
as
his
famous
white
Arabian
stallion
Ajuz, of the Anazeh; dam, A. Mirage (sire,A. Kehilan Seglaw ieh Jedran, of Dalia). Through the interest of Major Beard, of the Whitney stables, and Dr. Dimock, of the University of Kentucky, we were given the opportunity in Lexington to study Pennant, the famous twenty-seven-year-oldthoroughbred and an stallion, eight-months-old colt. The sire of Pennant Peter Pan of imported Andirella; the dam, Royal out was Rose by Royal Hampton. Through the cooperationof Major Beard of the Whitney stables, Dr. Fred Rankin, of Lexington, Kentucky, Dr. Dimock, and Dr. Errington,the brain-thyroid-sympathetic and heart of the famous horse race Equipoise, system sired by Pennant, out of Swinging,were to the Cleveland sent Clinic Laboratories for study on the night that he died. This gave the unique opportunity of comparing three us generations of thoroughbreds Pennant, Equipoise, and of imported Air the young colt sired by Equipoise out Fleet grandfather, father, and son, with Nureddin, the stallion. tallest known pure-bred Arabian A comparison of the size of the brain, the heart, and the thyroid and adrenal glands of these three thoroughbreds
" "
with
those
of
138
AND
PERSONALITY
consideration,it will be noted that the brains of the thoroughbreds Pennant, Equipoise, and the Equipoise colt are all larger than the brain of Nureddin, the Arabian. weights
are
If the
relative
taken
into
It will the
be
noted
in
the
Arabian
horse
Nureddin
that
thyroid gland is largerthan the adrenal glands,showing the adaptation of the Arabian for long-distancetraveling. In the colt of Equipoise, also,the thyroid gland was larger than the adrenal glands, showing that the energy organs
had
not
yet assumed In
the adult
pattern
characteristic
of the
thoroughbred.
is the pattern
of
thoroughbreds, this is the pattern that obtained. Pennant, a retired thoroughbred, twenty-seven years old, showed pathologicchanges in the heart and thyroid gland; these organs could not be used for comparison. so Of significance is the fact that of a total of eighty-seven fetuses and newborn foals of thoroughbreds examined by followed the Arabian in which the pattern us, eighty-three thyroid gland is largerthan the adrenal glands.In one grade
foal and
in
twenty
saddle-bred
and
in
two
standard-bred
was
foals,a
would
state
similar
appear
thyroid-gland
that the
energy
dominance
organs in
found. the
It
prenatal
of the
have
the
pattern
of
the
Arabian
ancestors
or
race
horse,is
the
under
the control
of
control
that allows
POWER
gland, and
remarkable chase with
so
the
adrenal-sympathetic system
these
race
to
increase
to
size. Were
horses the
subjected to a thoroughbred,
to
its effort
escape,
increase
its internal
temperature
that
it would
be
come over-
by
No
so
heatstroke. such
as
animal
the
zebra
or
the
oryx
possesses
as
energy-controlling system
this connection
it is
save man
the
in
to
be borne that of
sweats
is the
only
animal the
Sweating
in
facilitates
elimination
internal
permits the development of a larger brain, larger heart, larger thyroid gland, larger adrenal glands,and larger celiac ganglia and plexuses, with diminished danger of heatstroke.
consequence
and
The
endowments
of the
man,
Arabian
horse
that
make
him
of food, requiringa small amount capable of enduring long-distancetravel but not equipped the thoroughbred, for as high a speed of outburst as energy are expressed in a brain and adrenal glands smaller than balanced of the the thoroughbred's. The system energy Arabian horse is comparable to the balanced system energy Thus it is this unique energy of Oriental formula, man. it with horse, that endows possessed only by the Arabian its unequaled endurance, coupled with high intelligence
gentle companion of
and
gentleness.
Pattern
of the
does
Draft
not
or
or
Work
Horse
of energy, as draft horse. The
The would
draft the
horse
requireoutbursts
the
running
kind member
from
self him-
family was
man
carrying a
horse draft
himself.
draft
need
outbursts
energy.
Therefore, the
140
POWER,
brain
is the
master
organ.
Throughout
adult
life it does
not
change
in
weight.
and
The
the
Shetland
Pony
freight to its back, man selected an animal and breeding,possessed that, by nature the very opposite of those of the thorougha characteristic bred, needed animal that an namely, dependability.Man not was easily frightened,that had less temperament lower relative of adrenal-sympathetic hence amount a than the excitable tissue thoroughbred. Therefore, man bred the ass and the mule for carrying the load. The koulan wild ass of the Mongols and the onager of or held by many authorities the ancients to be the same are Wishing
"
"
valuable
animal
as are are
the
koulan
still found
on
the
steppes
of Asia. and
So
so
highly
skillful wolves The
these
animals in
endowed off
with with
energy
they
not
warding
the
are
danger
their hoofs
that
do
attack
vigorous koulans.
in Africa
and,
the
ass,
which the
is
the
Asiatic and
and
zebra.
ass
the koulan
ass run
the
Somal
of the
plainsand
each herd
twenty,
ass guarded by the leader, a stallion. The shy and wary domesticated of the plains has been from earliest time, wild tain specimens having been continually used to mainthe vigor of the breed. Of all the asses of Arabia, bred in of the plains, the asses Jemen, are the most superior.One type is large and well adapted to the use of the saddle; the other is small and adapted to carrying burdens. The drier the soil and the more frugal the food, the
the
ass.
The
desert
not
ass,
like the
a
desert
horse
and
camel, does
animals
requiresuch
regions
large amount
food
of food
do
those
142
in
in which
is abundant.
AND
PERSONALITY
Although
warm
the
ass
has
for
long
energy
time
been
adapted
of the
ass
to
system of
has of
not
heat
case
adapted to maintaining
Shetland
the the
production
warm-blooded
large amounts
state,
as
in
the
of the
horse
much size.
Therefore, this low-geared pack like the burro, requires of the tropicsand subtropics, Shetland less food than the northern of equal pony
pony.
to
Relevant the
master
this statement,
it must
be borne
in mind
that
spondingly lazy ass is correspondinglylazy and correthe master of the requires less food, whereas is subject to the same active Shetland adaptation pony and, therefore, against cold as the Shetland requires pony of food. The cold Shetland a correspondinglylargeramount of course, and his vigorous master perform a can, pony the warm, of service than amount can lethargic greater and his lethargic master. ass The subarctic-adaptedShetland pony and the subtropicof the horse family adapted ass are not the only members of the energy-controlling at our disposalfor analysis system. member of the horse been has The not remaining family This animal is the African zebra. modified by man.
of the
The
The The zebra zebra is
Zebra
the
senses
adapted
keen
to
tropicsand
and great
possesses
the
has found it difficult to tame. high-tempered that man An analysisof the energy-controlling systems of the ass, the Shetland of their
pony,
and
the
zebra, with
respect adrenal
to
the sizes
brains, hearts,and
thyroid
and
glands, is
given below.
143
INTELLIGENCE, The
POWER,
combined
and
the
thyroid
glands
the
body weight
are:
pony
i :
285
i : 43 1 i :
505
According
to
the power
are
as
follows
Animal
Sex
Brain
Thyroid
Adrenal
Heart
Ass Zebra
(burro, Panama)
Male Stallion
0.4357
0.2498
0.2764
0.4740
0.3269
0.4885
0.6431
0.7850
0.6285 0.6907
Shetland
pony
Stallion
0.5289
0.5469
The
combined
values
of
the
to
brain the
power
and
thyroid
formula,
0.9619
i
.
and
are:
adrenal
Ass
Zebra.
glands, according
7456
0046
Shetland
pony
2
.
values
pony 2.08
show
to
the be
energy-controlling system
times than greater the
ass.
of
the
1.14
than
that
of the
and
times
greater the
In the
Shetland
pony
gland, and the vigorous temperamental personality show an adaptation to cold. In the zebra, which is tropically adapted, there is also a large brain, large thyroid and adrenal glands, and a highly temperamental personality.
The the
energy
system
of the
ass
seems
to
be far below
that
of
and the lion and cold-climate-adapted Shetland pony wild-dog-adapted zebra. the high-energy equipment is norIn the Shetland mal pony, the highfor the subarctic to region and conforms
energy
the
blooded warm-
Sea,
found
well
as
for the
All these
animals
AND
PERSONALITY
high-energy equipment
state
in order
to to
maintain exercise
their their
blooded warm-
and
to
enable
them
ability
in
securing food.
Then what of the We
may
high-tempered
as
zebra
that
lives in the
hot
tropics?
wildebeest
well
ask
what the
of the
highly
the
gized ener-
lion, the
the
"
leaping leopard,
in
fact, the
entire
wild
dog,
tropics.
The
answer
for the
dog
To
is that catch
they
rush
are
obliged spring
the
to
chase
high-tempered
the carnivores in order
to
food.
must
such
themselves
pursue
live.
water-
So,
but
too, the
must
antelopes, the
zebra
great
eland,
not
the
buck,
For
wildebeest, and
the
be bred
for climate
for escape.
aeons
horses, has
been
bred
energy
by
the
system
escape.
but
to
But
what
save
of the
in
ass
? True
asses
the
zebra,
the
ass
their
coats.
Whether
Africa lion's
or
Asia,
from
has
been
long subjected
the
as
the
rush, the
pack. Judging
its
must
system
alone,
by
ass
ratios,it is evident
have been bred mountain
more
somewhere in the
along
food
the
with
the
sheep
of food it
goats,
where
scarce,
or
in the
istic individual-
background
was
of the
water
ass
deserts,where
holes become far
the
supply
thus
meager
and the
apart,
to
making
possible for
and drink. ratio The
to
adapted
brain with
restricted
food
of the
weight
of the
of the
ass
to
his
body
the
compared
power
1:645
the
for
poise. Equifor
as
formula,
for
values
are
compared
with
those
Equipoise,
follows
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
These
power-formula
But the
values
place Equipoise
and
rest
on
higher
that
of
to
personality than
of the
energy
ratios of the
system
body weight place the ass in the low-energy from the rushing and pursuing canivores.
group,
away
is such there
are
habitat?
many
as
In
the
desert
and
in the
high
highgoats,
was
carnivores,such
? remain
so
lions,wolves, and
two
Where, then,
There
a
or a
desert
barren level
as
could
animals.
find But
a
as
no
low
sustenance
other
tenance sus-
animal
to
live
at
such
to
low
Apparently
the the
man
stems
back
neither
the
nor
barren
ass
desert.
a
this leaves
without found
man
family tree.
ass
The the
second
ass
was
alternative
is that
the
when
a
highly energized,when
of of
himself
had
difficult
survival,and
that
by
the
joining of forces
of the
intelligenceof
ass
and
profitedboth
that
and
In
ass.
the and
absence the
of
facts, let
ass
us
suppose
struggling
the
man
struggling
found
each
other
on
high
146
AND
PERSONALITY
steppes
suppose
or
at
the the
edge of, or
ass,
even
in, the
desert. of
Let
us
that
from
the
energy
point
view,
was
had man highly energized animal. Let us suppose of man already found the sheep. The greater intelligence and the sheep to the green lead the ass and would pastures of man, which The superiorintelligence had the stillwaters. invented the spear and developed the tribe to give effective, lead watchful care against the wolf or the leopard, would and the sheep to a land of greater plenty in order the ass with the sheep and the goat that, by the association of man in larger numbers than if and the ass, each could survive Thus the ass, the sheep, the its separate each went way. find better pastures, and, in turn, man would goat would find food and clothing from the goat and the sheep and transportationfrom the ass. The sheep and the goat were once wild,just as the ass was wild and just as man wild. Man could have was once once bred the sheep and goats only from the sheep and the goats be least likelyto run from the fold. Man that would did breed from the lost sheep.The lost sheep were not prevented from being man-bred by the wolf that took the lost sheep for the good of the wolf. So, too, with the goat; so too with then
a
the
ass.
of man encircled the sheep and the goat intelligence and the ass restraint,benefitingall three by a benevolent of the sheep,the swine, partners; but the protectionby man the cattle has taken from them the necessity for high speed
or
The
endurance.
Wild
asses,
wild
goats,
wild
boars
"
all these
animals, when
On and horse the other
domesticated, have
hand, the
constant
changed
their
energy
low-energy mechanisms. adaptation by breeding work horse, the cavalry that they are systems
cow.,
of the entirelydifferent from the energy systems sheep, the goat, and the swine. The bred for docilityand ass was strength so could
carry
the
that Had
he the
his burden
with
the minimum
of food. H7
INTELLIGENCE,
ass
POWER,
been
as
bred
is the
a
by
the
intelligenceof
man
for for
sport, for
thoroughbred
have
in the
horse, or
drawing
ass
human system
of
stepped
work horse loose
up
or
the
energy
it did had
in the
thoroughbred.
exposed to the lion or would have the wolf, either the ass perished as a species it would have matched the lion and the wolf through the or breeding of energy-for-survival characteristics, as in the
case
If the
been
turned
and
of the The
zebra.
This
the
wild
a
ass
did. animal
or
question arises,could
man
domestic arctic
as
be
bred
by
the
zone
intelligence of
to
as
in the
in the of the
temperate
ass
low
an
energy
level
ass
that
? We
believe
as a
the
is
warm-blooded,
of is
as
species
state.
an
demands The
the
maintenance
state
warm-blooded
own
maintained
man
solelyby
and and would Shetland Eskimo.
warms
animal's animals.
oxidation, except
the
to
ass
Had
been
bred
in the
been
left unsheltered
take
the
penetrating cold,
have
developed the high-energy equipment of the husky dog, the wolf, the caribou, and pony,
we
the
the
Therefore,
could except
not
may
that
in the
energy
tropics the
of the
ass
have
taken
of low
tropics
of man's protecting intelligence. by the encirclement element of the Man's protecting intelligence allowed demobilize the thyroid gland and the to tropicalwarmth feature that was adrenal stepped glands of the ass. The one could that which most was by the intelligenceof man up of man. advance the progress Therefore, the ass effectively that was most trustworthy and could best carry the heavy kick his load survived by being bred. An ass that would
master
or
buck
him
or
run
away
would
not
receive less
and, therefore, would approval of its master likelyto multiply and replenishits kind.
the
be
.
148
OF
CAPTIVITY
To
and
must
DOMESTICATE
animals
must must
Not
only
the
life of the be
be
will
protected, but
promote and health
living conditions
provided
animal
that
the
eggs,
must
must
thrive
good
the
good
have
or
leather, good
meat, the
man;
good milk;
or
adequate
hunt for man, will fail.
in the
strength
or
even
plow
cajole
the the
fields
carry
pack
otherwise
our
In
study
relation animals
between
and the
personality of
in rich
through
and
of
animals
a
tic domesare
offered
investigation. We
cited
in
only
also Mr.
to
to
those
already
Hancock
the of
preceding
Louisville,
but
Mrs. A. B.
Henning
Chambers,
and Mrs. and
Kentucky,
Edwards,
Ogden
Mr.
on
M.
Jr., of
We
Lexington,
also
Kentucky,
Mr.
J. M.
of
bred thoroughSwett,
Mr.
indebted
to
W.
on
W.
of Animal and
Industry,
the
for data
cattle, to
of in which
Hearst,
the have
zoological gardens
for various animals and the
Cleveland,
we
Detroit, and
observed We of
Philadelphia
effects found in of
of domestication
captivity.
data
on
special interest
in
the such
effect
keeping
of
captivity
as
zoological gardens
and
powered
birds It would
animals
prey, appear is the
the
lion
tiger,the
highleopard, bears,
and in seals.
gorillas,chimpanzees,
that
a
monkeys,
of the
common
effect of restraint of
parks
bred of the Metro
in
production
fame
goiter.One
of
roars
great the
the
zoological garden
that
Philadelphia,
at
lion of movie
the
beginning of the
in
our
Goldwyn
Mayer
film, was
examined
labora-
AND
PERSONALITY
tory. In
were one our
He
had,
to
our
surprise,
we
an
exceptionallylarge goiter.
eleven lions
or
laboratory
obtained
dissected
and
tigersthat Every
cases
from
zoologicalgardens
the the fact with food. from
circuses. in
some
had
goiter,in spite of
been and
no
that
iodine
had
given
Likewise,
animals
in
bears,
chimpanzees
had
the
monkeys
case
taken
zoological gardens
taken wild in the suffer
goiters.In
wild have
did
corresponding
animals
goiters.Although
not
from and
privation,uncertain
live
supply,
porters, imas
signment con-
Even
goiters. directly
Such when that and the them that from animals the
animals
evident. examined
chimpanzees, baboons,
arrived, had
of
instead
capturing
Asia
were
the
animals the
the
delivering
animals in
in
immediately,
or
importer
who had Thus
secured held
seem
from
natives
captivity
fact of the
they
of
young.
more
it would in
the
captivity place
For
is
important
captivity.
reasons we
were
these
compelled
None of the
secure
animals
so
ourselves had
in the
wild
state.
animals
taken
goiter.
us
Let the
take
state
as
an
example
of
for
comparison
In
between Research
we
wild
that
captivity.
Clinic of chloroform One of these
the
Laboratory
killed studied
near
of
Cleveland
means
Foundation
have
nine them
sea
lions
by
anesthesia, and
lions the
was
immediately.
at
bred of Mr.
the R.
San
Simeon, California, on
the
a
ranch
W.
Hearst, under
lion had wild
state
a
most
nearly perfect
African
possible. This
taken and in the 1935
of the
on
expeditions in
is the other
showed
goiter. Not
only
but
thyroid gland
organs
profoundly
tissues
as
affected
are
by
captivity
and
well
affected.
INTELLIGENCE, In
POWER,
the
wild, the
lion
must
starve
or
exist
by capturing
the
in
it
high-powered antelope or zebra. The food of the lion the zoologicalgarden is given him at regular intervals; is regular as to selection,bone, vitamins, and, in some
iodine, for the "zoo"
as
cases,
lion
man
eats
from from
man,
a
prepared
for
him, just
The
texture
civilized
eats
prepared
teeth,
of
for him.
poor bone.
"zoo" of
lion,like civilized
and
poor
hair
skin, and
impaired strength
in
as our a
the
no
six wild
African whole
"
goiterbut
"
higher state of physical perfection than those of the lions in captivity.These the glory and the romance of the characteristics go with
organs
were
and
wild
state.
thyroid gland, two other organs show between wild and the contrast captive life. The heart of the lion the from was Philadelphia Zoological Garden hypertrophied, probably as the result of the long years of and daily frettingin a cage, just as the heart frustration and of civilized man is affected profoundly by the frettings
In addition
to
the
in the
web
created. showed
hearts
of the
African
hypertrophy. Not only did the thyroid gland, the heart, of the zoologicallions and the bony skeleton
from
organ
the show
most
skin,
portant imin
teriorat de-
captivity but
showed
a
another
contrast
and
marked those
seem
in the state,
lions
with would
so
in the wild
to
namely,
be of
cance especialsignifi-
the the
any
with than
markedly contrasting in the wild that expresses of captivityis the organ state and the personality the power other organ
organ
of the would
known tissue
"
lion. One be
in
seen romance
might
in the
as
suppose
that the
the heart
greatest
of the
the
change
animal
nerve
brain
or
ganglia, celiac
plexuses,
AND
PERSONALITY
sympathetic
the brain
nerves
never
become
enlarged by
system do
not
use,
and
and
the
sympathetic
shrink
through
On in size and
disuse.
the other
adrenal
glands vary
power,
well as of the lion as captivity, in the wild state, are expressed primarily by the adrenalsympathetic system and since this is the only system that should we provides the intensityof the flash of energy, find that the adrenal to glands of the wild lion expect and absolutelythan the adrenal be largerrelatively would glands of the lion in captivity. adrenal found We glands of the lions just that! The taken in the wild state were larger than the 25 per cent of civilized adrenal glands of the nine "house guests man."
at the large size of the was surprise goiter in the great Bengal tiger that had often been exhibited his eye a as performer in Beatty's Circus. Because able to secure had been injured we this adult animal were As we in prime condition. have already stated,the celiac branches and are largerand the plexuses ganglia have more are complex in the lion and in the tiger larger and more than in any other animal of comparable size. This significant fact is correlated with another fact, equally significant other animal of comparable size can namely, that no execute an equal outburst of energy. In this connection it is significant that that great primate, defends the gorilla, which itself and its family by sheer againstthe lion and the leopard,possesses so violent power and so great an a equipment for outburst temper energy that only few survive and it is captivity, rarely that a gorilla bred in captivity lives to adult age. Through the kindness of Dr. William K. Gregory and C. Dr. Henry Raven Museum of the American of Natural History, Dr. of the Quiring and I were permitted to take measurements
Perhaps
our
greatest
153
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER, Dr.
the
collected by gorilla
Henry
Raven.1
were
measurements
of the various
dimensions
was
made,
3 5 grams
body weight estimated between at was 375 and 400 pounds. effect of captivity In contrast the highly to the adverse on gators, energized animals, the low-powered animals such as alliand crocodiles,snakes, turtles,
to
glands
6 grams.
estimated
at
The
fish
seem
indifferent
we
captivity.In breeding
variable effects
upon
and the
find
organs.
Effect
of
the
The
mechanism
of the
bull, the
male
bullock, the
members
ram,
the herds
an
other
of the
grass-eatinganimals
of the
male
exhibits that
in
many
of the is the
characteristics that
opposite to
of the of
of the female.
is greater, young
Inasmuch
as
contribution work
female
because
uterus
of the
and
metabolic of
producing
the
in her
the helpless over fabricatingmilk to carry the young tion period, her functions represent a very important adaptais the male The for the perpetuation of the species. protector of the
upon
of the female
or
as
well
as
members
herd chance
flock.
Therefore, natural
endowed
selection,seizing
the male with
a
mutations, has
powerful muscles, and better developed he protects the and more powerful horns. In consequence, and the young female against the carnivores. He fightsoff He the less fit males. impregnates the females, securing the male Thus thereby the highest fitness in the offspring. well as is endowed with as greater intelligence greater and bravery, a larger heart and a size, physical power,
larger brain, more larger blood
1
volume
than
the female.
H. C. RAVEN, "In
Darwin Quest of Gorillas,"
GREGORY,
WILLIAM
KING, and
1937.
Press, New
Bedford, Mass.,
154
AND
PERSONALITY
In the
more
young
males
castration
prevents
the
development
of
namely, the largerbrain, typicallymale characteristics, powerful muscles, largerblood volume, and the mental
of
we
characteristics
pugnacity.
may presume
Therefore,
hormone
reaches
to
the
brain
cells the
the blood
thyroid
stream
as
and
continues
influence
long
the
thyroid gland
reaches the
to
brain
stream
as
influence
long
the of
a
testes
function If the
then every
normally.
billions brain of brain cells take
gray
matter
up
sex
hormones,
bull is
matter
a
cell in the
great white
bull there
the
brain
are
patterns.
of is
Thus
may
we
account
behavior male
at
bulls, boars,
no
rams,
at
stallions.
age,
a
castrated,
the
matter
change
the of
once;
masculine
are
characteristics,
the and tion mobilizaand
ing, mat-
physical,mental,
In female the
and there
emotional,
is
an
lost. between
analogy
in
thyroid
hormone
summer
winter
the
mobilization
of the
thyroid hormone
and
in the
cyclesof
In the
fertilization, pregnancy,
the
lactation.
neuroglandular
up
mechanism
governing reproduction
which,
in turn,
stepped
As
by
act
the
thyroid hormone,
of the
metabolism of
body.
is
so
fight or
from
grated inteand
as
it is directed
the such
one
purpose
only,
is withdrawn
diverse
mechanisms
eating and
digestion,until
the
fight or
powerful integration
of fear
the
integration reproduction.
breeding, on
man
the
one
hand, and
domestic
desexing,on
the other
hand,
has
"invented"
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
breeding of breeding and as care as domestication varies with the needs and taste and fancy of The influence of man the energy-controlling man. on organs of the Jersey cow, the Holstein the the hen, pig, the cow, these animals horse has caused reach a point somewhat to the limit of their physicalsafety. near The aims of breeding vary according to the desired end. of the thoroughbred horse and the racing greyIn the case hound, for short distance the a high speed aim, man being takes advantage of the mutations and breeds for a large brain, a largeheart,and a largeadrenal-sympathetic system but not for a largethyroid gland. breeds for endurance On the other hand, when and man of the Arabian horse, he companionship, as in the case breeds for a largerthyroid gland and a smaller brain,heart, and adrenal-sympathetic system.
term
"domestication"
includes
and
The training.
influence
When
a
man
desires
greater
largeramount
and
of fat from
hen,
chops
greater for
from
amount
sheep, a largerfleece
of milk from the temperament.
smaller
wool,
he
or
richness
cow,
breeds
To and
produce tranquila
brain
more
smaller
more
adrenal-
produce
toward
eggs,
fat,beef,
wool, and
order hence Let
to
more
us
milk, he breeds
maintain
eggs
a
high
more
"
and
an
take, for
mind
example,
of
man
Jersey cow.
altered the
breeding, the
that she in
now
a
has
finds great
amount
herself of
taking
of fodder into roaming the prodigious amount lion or a pack of wolves, or fields, escaping from a mountain and other pastures; to other scenes journeying in adventure not knowing the thrill of being hungry and thirsty and findingfood and drink; not being permitted to be cold and this
156
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
The
foregoing tables
as
indicate
the
influence deteriorating
of domestication.
Just
but
the
use
Jersey
cow
has
so
survival hen
not
for the
a
into such
value
high
of man, level of
the
been
only
milk, the
is bred
steer
production that of man. use Just as meat, the pig for fat
for eggs and meat. by man But just as carrying a heavy pack is hard work, so, too, is the production of milk and eggs hard work. It is significant how the thyroid gland of the hen is stepped up to see as compared with that of the fightingcockerel. Her fame is in egg-laying contests, and the organ that contributes is the thyroid gland. the egg-laying marathon most to
We cockerel
should
to
expect
the fact
the
adrenal those
glands
brain
of
the of
fighting
eagle
be
largerthan
surprising
is significance collected
that
the
tawny
largerthan the brain of a leghorn hen of comparable body weight. The large brain, the large heart, and the large adrenal istic individualof a bird of prey. The glands are the formula eagle is the "lion" of the air. Although the cockerel be a fighting to bird, a comparison of the size of his seems brain, heart, and adrenal glands with the size of the brain, eagle establishes heart, and adrenal glands of the tawny of the cockerel in this respect. the inferiority
in Africa is four "times Since
eggs,
meat
are
produced by 158
energy
analogous
to
that
required
AND
PERSONALITY
growth, the animals supplying these products require of the thyroid gland rather than the the specialfunction The ical biochemof the adrenal-sympathetic system. function required to produce a steak, an omelet, or a energy tion thick growth of wool, is the product primarilyof collaboraof the brain and the thyroid gland to provide a high
for level of
constant
energy.
produced by adrenalin, such as would interfere with manifested in fright or anger, and quiet growth of the lazy sheep, the idling cow,
Outburst
energy,
is the the
man
animals
energy
every
be
not
meat
and
eggs
and
or running or fright. by fighting The sensitive cona trol adrenal-sympathetic system exerts of animals. Note the psychic serenity the digestion over in a milk-producing contest. that is desirable for the cow is the brain-adrenal-sympatheticsystem So sensitive that of a quiet visitor or the during milk trials the presence change of clothing of attendants change the milk may production. In the domestic ing dog we have a further example of breedin the case and of true training. This is particularly all dogs that hunt the greyhound. Whereas by scent have the wolf pattern of brain-heart-thyroid-adrenal glands, the but not runs greyhound, which by scent by sight, has of breeding and trainingby man, a developed, over years
race-horse overtake
pattern
organs
that
empowers organs
him
to
rush. The of
a
energy
of the
pattern
short
sprint at racing
with Wolf
high
hound grey-
speed.
Note the from adrenal
predominance
Tennessee,
in the
in in
the
contrast
the from
pursuing
a
Timber in the
Cold
is
factor
size of the
thyroid gland.
159
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
Just
system work in the
as
we a
found
higher development
horse than
of the
energy
or
in horse
thoroughbred
and in the
the than
cold-adapted
tropic-adaptedass, so we found a higher development of the brain-heart-thyroid-adrenal-sympathetic in system a racing grey-hound than in a petted house dog. With the exception of the thoroughbred horse and the greyhound, all the domestic animals, as well as all members of the grass- and leaf-eating are families, geared to run the of destiny, whether it be the chase, the escape, or course the long pullof producing milk or meat for man. The or eggs the pursued, and the wild animals bred by man pursuers, be domestic drones in order to make the long-continued to of energy, have thyroid and adrenal glands that are output more nearly balanced. It is interesting to compare the means by which cattle and with the sheep are bred for domestication by man for speed means by which antelopes and zebras are "bred" by the lion and other carnivores. of the By taking for his food the slowest-goingmembers does for the herd what man herd, the carnivore is effecting The kills animals. carnivore in the breeding of domestic
the less
fit; man
influence
breeds of
man
from
were
the
most
fit.
If the the
withdrawn
overnight
from
world, what would be the effect on the domestic animals and form has been adapted whose body formula of energy for food they could not have found in the wild state? The well as the brain and the heart of domestic as special senses,
animals, have
from the
1 so
deteriorated of
that wolves
the
chance be
of
escape
pack
dogs
and
would
seriously
60
AND
PERSONALITY
diminished.
run
How and
to
down
the
pack
of wolves animals
or
dogs
are
domestic The
that
unadapted
would the
the
size of the
trolling energy-con-
would
domestic
animals
to
the
state
of those
of
their
wild
ancestors.
In made
the of
breeding
mutations animal.
and
to
domestication
of
animals,
use
is the is
mal ania
domestic carried
may
to
When
the be
so
extreme,
is desired in develop what line breeding of these mutations the physiologicbalance of the
up
occur
stepped
may
in
one
organ
or
system
or
that systems.
serious
unbalance
seen
in other this
organs
It will be
a
later that
principalof
diseases
mutation
plays
man.
role in the
genesis of
certain
in civilized
161
19.
THE
PRIMATES
INmightprimates expect
THE
apes,
one
find
the
pattern
of
the
human the
being
with and
respect adrenal
a
to
the relative
and
thyroid
that
we
in any
domestic
to
of
comparable
the
size,but
the
thyroid
did
not
glands
primates
other
to
follow
man.
relation
thyroid
require
glands primates
in
in the wild
state
in their
tree
life that
an
mobilization
man.
of
walking,
their
thinking
long
for
extreme
arms
The
and
legs, endows
the
them
exceptional facilities
their
eliminating
has the had would
internal
activity. only
enemy
to
One
consider of the
the
stealthy, tree-climbing
to
leopard, primates
man
primates,
realize
that
if the
the be such
they
too
slow
to
escape
the the
leopard. In
energy
pattern
of
walking, thinking
small adrenal
with
his
glands, would
have
progeny.
The
physical
that of the of his
a
prowess
of and
the
superior to
to
of
man
other
that
lion. The
size of the
gorilla,the
degree
and that
to
walk
upright
fact
is
ferocious adrenal
the been
"
further
the
glands
as
of the the
gorilla have
of the
human
estimated the
"
be five times
large as
of
thyroid gland
formula suggest
of the the
adrenal-thyroid relation
man.
fetus
apelike ancestor
162
AND
PERSONALITY
Budonga forest in Uganda, in the midst of a vegetation in which the trees tower tropical 150 feet or more the undergrowth is so thick that the only in height and Dr. of penetration is to follow the elephant trails, means
In the great
Quiring
adult
and
Mr.
Fuller
collected
an
adult
male
and
an
chimpanzee. Pulling themselves up into these from bough to bough, giant trees, leaping fantastically in the sunshine,and tending their young, chattering, lolling as screaming, bickering, these great anthropoids looked in the dimly sunlit forest. large as men brain of the II 5-pound male The chimpanzee weighed the brain-to-body-weight ratio being 1 : 129. The 440 grams, female, which weighed 97 pounds, had a brain that weighed the brain-to-body-weight ratio being 1:135. 325 grams, formula, the size of the brain for According to the power the male chimpanzee was 1.179 an"^ f"r tne female, 0.8978. A comparison of the chimpanzee with an African antelope of approximately the same in the weight shows, as seen followingtable,that the chimpanzee has a largerbrain and the thyroid glands in the larger adrenal glands, whereas
female the same in size. The adrenal relatively glands in the chimpanzee are twice the weight of the thyroid adrenal the thyroid and glands, whereas glands in the
two
animals
are
fact antelope are nearly balanced in weight. The significant in this comparison is the unique size of the brain in the ligence chimpanzee, indicatinggreater intelligence. Superior intelin the chimpanzee is associated with large adrenal in man, glands, whereas superior intelligenceis associated with a large thyroid gland.
163
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
man
What
so
were
under
which
departed
primates in the relative size adrenal the chimof panzee, glands? The gorilla, the baboon, and the monkeys have adrenal glands three times largerthan the thyroid gland, for all of two or these need for outburst tree-dwelling anthropoids have in their the leopard and other enemies to escape energy and long legs active tree existence. Although the long arms his final upright posture, and his manipulative hand of man, evolved during his tree life,the brain and the thyroid could have been evolved not during that gland of man in the tree would be an period. Walking, thinking man misfit. Nor did the tree life equip man his to escape energy enemies by running. Man's adaptation was the evolution of of strategy, namely, a thinking brain. The the organ early underwent their gradual evolution from a of man ancestors the ground, with a slow assumplife in the trees to a life on tion of an upright posture, as exemplified by the gorilla today.
Thus the
trees
we
may
suppose
that
dawn
man
came
down food In
to
from the
in the
tropics,followed
a
hunter
nomad.
quence, conse-
and
half times
glands, through natural the thyroid gland evoluted, finally whose modern thyroid gland man, the size of the adrenal glands.
adrenal
164
there in the
is
greater of the is
are
amount
of life in the
northern the
seas
seas
equatorial region. In
the
most
arctic,
the also but
the
sunshine
sea
least
abundant,
in the
not
numerous source
be
some
of energy
in the Since
since
can
southward. generate
sunlight
cannot
protoplasm
Azotobacter and
and
alone
base in the
of
protoplasm,
zone
since in the
there
warmer
is less
and
rain
arctic
than
less terrestrial
and electricity,
protoplasm,
than solar
source
other electric
aurora
energy.
overwhelming
borealis.
any
as
phenomenon
borealis is
as
in the
north
The
stupendously
temperate than
or
than
electric
enormous
phenomenon
blue
or
in the
tropic zones
other This
to
the
whale
is greater
zones.
any
animal
one
in the
temperate the
tropic
aurora
form
of energy,
borealis, is peculiar
toward the the
same
the
area
arctic
equator,
manner
the that
way
of strongest
sunlight, in
trees, and
areas
much
sunlight, rain,
toward
most
plants fade
of least northern Baffin
in the
opposite
band
the
poles,the
aurora
sunlight.The
of the
across
intense
passes
Russia, Siberia,
northern Newfoundland
Canada,
at
and about
along
60"
Land, Greenland,
this electric in the world. of telephone,
and
latitude, and
phenomenon Accompanying
As the
is the it is
most
a
colossal
spectacle
violent
electric
disturbance
radio, and
telegraph through
into the
systems.
they
gases
pass
ionize
are
in the pass
atmosphere,
space,
set
free, as they
tion of the northern
air
by
the
free
electrons
expressed
in
lights.
166
AND
PERSONALITY
When
at
these
free
electrons
are
come
into
the
magnetic
the
field the
deflected
not
so
southward. around
Therefore,
magnetic
there band this
pole
seems
as
they
to
are a
at
about of
latitude, where
earth and is
at
be
band
highest intensity.From
upon
southward,
the
impact
its force
the
increasingly
the
eauator
oblique;
there As is the
hence
is
diminished,
none. crow
is in Boothia
peninsula, throughout
that which
is
miles
north
of
Churchill;
yet
Hudson
ships are
turbed disare so Bay the ships' compasses obliged to carry a gyroscopic compass,
is uninfluenced
by
the
proximity
bombarded that
magnetic pole.
same manner
If the
arctic
region were
and
by by
the
the
radiant
up
the
aurora
tropicregions are
that makes
up
bombarded terrestrial
electric energy
gravitate
as
in occur lightning,nitrogen fixation would the fixed nitrogen would in the frigid zones, the sea, and be formed, just plankton would units
on
the
"
smallest
are
the
land
"
the
Azotobacter
of the
soil
accounted the
for
genesis of
and
energy
since is
at
intensity of
of the of band there
so
radiation
bombardment
measure
intensity of
aurora
borealis, then
it would
appear
sea
the that
greatest be
found
greatest The
massing of
sea
life;and
it all the and
sea
holds of
within
elements
needed
formation this
vegetable
both the
animal is
life. In accordance
nitrates.
soil and
ultramicroscopic and
energy
visible forms
ing emerg-
units
giant whales
other marine
formed. for
In the
hearing
committee whales
representing the
and
council
conservation
of
majnmals
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
resources
before United
special committee
States
on
wild-life
of the would
the
mate esti-
Senate, Mr.
year
Lewis
alone
Radcliffe
42,000
gave
that
in the
1931
whales
be
oil.
killed,yielding at
If each
least
150
million
gallons of whale
of the 42,000 in
whales would
pounds
whales
But
weight,
that
taken
annually, of about
of the total
1,450,000,000 whale
what
42,000
percentage
population
these In
whales, taken
annually?
pounds, the weight of the whales taken annually would equal that of 14,500,000 sheep, averaging 100 pounds each fat steers, averaging 1,000 pounds in weight, or 1,450,000 of good pasturage each in weight. If one two acre supports of land to support sheep, it would require 7,250,000 acres of sheep that equal in weight the number the number of
whales of
seas.
taken
green
in 1931.
This in
gives
the
some
idea of the
vastness
the
pastures
the
dark
depths
of
the
polar
with handicap of far less sunlight, and with only a desert level of rainfall, little or no lightning, that there is produced in the sea it is estimated 2% times that is produced in I acre of land in the the food value fertile Mississippi Valley. From the arctic
In the
with arctic,
regions toward
the
equator
there
is
of of the fading out fading out of plankton, just the reverse sunlight from the equator to the poles,of the fading out the equator the poles, and of the of plant life from to fading out of trees from the equator to the poles.Therefore, basic energy contribute the building up of must to some life in the Arctic and Antarctic
oceans
that is and
not
found
in
tropic zones.
noon
in the brilliant
sunshine
one
Churchill,
on
the
Hudson
were
Bay,
we
noticed
white
These
on
here
the
white whales, such or belugas, day, in 1782, when the French Prince of Wales and all it
English fought
168
for Fort
AND
PERSONALITY
The
white
were
whale
was
here
before
the
French
English
the
whale from
was
straits. The
a
here
into
the whale
fit,
169
2L
INFLUENCE
OF
COLD
INrises
death
WARM-BLOODED or
animals, when
falls
a
the
or
body temperature
below of the
man
few
degrees
the
above
normal,
rises
to
occurs.
When
heatstroke.
When of
falls from
limited cold
occurs.
number
normal, death
to
the
arctic
region, every
animals
degree
and wide of
men
of
region.The
torrid and heat
swings
summer
and and
profoundly
In the cold
affect
the live
as
domestic
a
animals.
north, animals
oil and of the
if within
Thermos
bottle,
of heat
within
nonconductors without.
many
winter,
fur
are
in the
temperate
may
put
on
thicker
arid
gain
seal
or
fat. In
or
tropics all
are
animals in the
lean.
No
mink
otter
found there
is
hot
hair,
and the
fur.
All
the
seen
hot
noon
of
man
the
tropics;sweating
horse.
over
all the
In
body
is
only
in
is universal truce a day, in the tropics, observed by lions,leopards, foxes, the antelopes,and man. conflict occurs external The only in the cool of night and the elephant, in the early morning. Such as great animals for cooling,are adapted to the with its critically low facility
the
heat
of the
water
and
us
the
now
swamps.
turn
Let
from
considering these
of the heat of and the size
external cold
to
negative
internal
energy-controlling
the
the
blood
blubber.
to
principal
be
a
would
AND
PERSONALITY
brain
of
spondingly uniquely large size, a thyroid gland of correof large size,a large heart, and a large volume
blubber.
It would
seem
that the
the
Thermos is and
livingfurnace
cold north
a
blubber, is
furnace other
not
sufficient in the
to
has
to
intensity;in
maintain furnace the
must
words,
more
to
warm-blooded
state,
internal
Allowing adaptation
be
seen
the
in
weight,
brain in of in
a a a
the
may
to
cold
alone
the
in
contrast
beest
collected
in
weight equatorialAfrica
summer an
of the
hartecaribou
collected of
an
during
the
contrast
African
hare
with
In
Hudson We and
Bay
took found
at
Churchill
we
collected
whales. capture
their them
temperatures
to
eight immediately
as our own
white after
peratures. tem-
be
the
same
The
internal
temperature
of the
whale
and
the
porpoise is
and heat. blubber
the
can
product of all the protection that fat, oil, give to keep out the cold and keep in the
executed hand, the high rate of metabolism by the uniquely large brain, the uniquely large thyroid gland, and the uniquely large heart and blood volume of the whale and the porpoiseproduces a rate of oxidation not 171
On
the other
INTELLIGENCE,
at
POWER,
all
approached by
zone.
any
land
animal
in the
tropic or
the
temperate
Thus the
not
we
find that
the. brain,the
animals
heart,and
in the
the warm-blooded
sea
cold
north
cold
the temperate zones, size of the heart and land The 1217.5 animals
but
we
found
also
an
increase in the
in the
blooded warmsea.
in the volume
of blood and
in the cold
collected whales
weighed
showed
a
white
high
20
oxygen
per
higher than
vessels
vast
numbers
hence
of blood
holding reserve
of blood, supplies
On
family and
the human
? The human analogies family and family exhibit surprising rich oxygen of the the white-whale family breathe the same has a largedevelopment of the brain. Each has a air. Each great thyroidgland.The thyroidgland in its location in the flattened lateral two neck, in its connectingbridge between the same lobes,is of precisely being pattern in the human
as
in the white
whale.
to
Harry C. R. Darling, F.R.C.S., of for the energy-controlling of an Sydney, Australia, organs in the In the brain of this aborigine, Australian aborigine. brain of the white whale, and in the brain of the porpoise
We
are
indebted
there The
are
marked
resemblances
and
marked
differences.
brain-to-bodyweight ratio in the aborigineweighing 1:56; in a porpoise 76.2 kilograms (168 + pounds) was weighing 142 kilograms (313 + pounds) it was 1 182; and in white whale weighing 552.25 kilograms (1,217+ pounds) a it was formula, the values 1:235. According to the power
for the brains
White
whale
were as
follows:
'. .".'.".' ." 2 ".". '.".
. . . ......
'.
301
Porpoise
Australian
.:2 737
.
aborigine
3 080
.
172
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
weighed
kilograms. The animal taken in Kentucky of the most The was one highly energized animals known. forebears of this animal point back forty-two million years. animal from the arctic has a heritage of forty million The the animal from Kentucky and the years. Therefore, both animal from Hudson Bay preceded the animal that rode the or Kentucky thoroughbred Equipoise in his winning race dissected the white whale of the cold north by millions of is credited with a heritageof less man years, for the animal
521.52 than The
a
million
years of the
on
this earth. of
weight
brain
Equipoise, one
was
of the swiftest
warm-blooded
was
animals
known,
808.5
grams.
Equipoise
geared for a high-speed, short dash to exhaustion. The weight of the brain of the white whale that was obliged to keep its protoplasmic fires burning constantly at a high
level in the surface The
process
at
cold short
arctic
sea
and
to
that breathe of
had
was
to
swim 2,355
acts
to
the
intervals
grams.
individual
in
the
infinite number
to
of the
impulses
internal
from
the
at
muscles such
maintain heat
protoplasmic
demanded for
an
fires
intense
stepping
whale
up
of oxidation
of the
brain.
For
the
white
vital. requirement was needed. For Equipoise the opposite was To win the race, adrenal the vital requirement for Equipoise was an gland larger than the thyroid gland. The followingtable shows the marked animals.
contrast
this
in the
energy
requirements of these
two
174
AND
PERSONALITY
These heart.
two
animals
in the from
In
to
the death
whale,
at
race
birth
thoroughbred
the deficit
speed.
heart had
to
In
Equipoise, the
the task
an
of
culating cir-
blood the
crisis need
prevent
oxygen
pinnacle of expenditure of energy in the the task of establishing heart also had The a race. high negative electric potentialto balance the exceedingly high of the brain. Thus the brain and the heart potential positive together form the pinnacle of drivingpower of the muscles in winning the race. The weight of the heart of the white whale was 3,175 and the weight of the heart of Equipoise was 4,455 grams, during
grams.
Thus, in the
upon
energy
formulas has
years,
to
of these lavished
we
two
exalted
animals
whom
evolution million
as
her
giftsfor
of intelligence,
forty
and
forty-two
of and
our
see
still another
corroboration
power,
thesis
the
mechanism
personality. After two days' sail on the Nascopie from Churchill,we Chesterfield anchor at to came Inlet,at the edge of the Arctic Circle. As we stood on deck, waiting to land, four settlements spread out before us : the gray Mission Hospital, the Hudson's Bay post, Dr. and Mrs. Thomas Melling's
littlewhite house with the green
roof,and
were Long-haired, but jolly-lookingEskimos unloading. Their short legsand long bodies showed and great strength, old and young seemed capable of carrying heavy burdens. Through the kindness of Dr. and Mrs. Melling, there had been collected for us seals, a young caribou, and even
walrus. The be
in
thyroid and adrenal glands of the seals we found to of the pursuing dog and wolf pattern nearly balanced weight, and unlike those of the white whale, which have
"
of
man. or
big "oodjuk,"
square
seal,known flipper
to
us
as
the "bearded"
seal,which
Dr.
Melling had
cached 175
for us,
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
weighed
so we
620
pounds.
It
was
too
largeto
or
hoist from
its
tomb,
dissected
it lay.The
is
more
bearded less
seal is the
largest
of all northern
in solitary northern
that
of any
other
by
Eskimos. and
The
bearded The
seal,like the
walrus, feeds
a
mollusks
crustaceans.
ring seal
is
fish
eater.
When
progress.
we
reached
Morso with
Island,
walrus
hunt
was
in
The
Eskimos,
long, curved
the
knives, worked
with In
incredible
contrast
speed.
to
equatorial regions, the mammal walrus, a warm-blooded living in the cold sea, had a thyroid gland much larger than the adrenal glands. of animals studies of the energy-controlling In our organs found in tropicalAfrica and of animals in the arctic,we
definite evidence
upon
animals
in
of the the
influence
of cold
and
of heat
alone
of warmblooded energy-controlling organs animals. Temperature alone in the arctic requiresa larger brain,a largerheart and blood volume, and a larger tain mainthe oxidation to thyroid gland to execute necessary the size of the warm-blooded is secured In
state.
The
case
influence of the
perature temwe
clearlyseen
arctic. of the
in the
in the the
case
rhinoceros
secured
in
equatorial
Africa,the opposite is seen, for, because of the ceiling of is toward heatstroke,the influence of tropicaltemperature smaller brain and a smaller thyroid gland. a second in the comparison of the The basic influence seen 176
AND
PERSONALITY
energy-controlling systems
is that
of the walrus
and
the rhinoceros
always reflected in the hot-tempered, rushing rhinoceros, the adrenal glands are 3.79 times larger than those of the even-tempered, slow-goingwalrus, as indicated by the following comparison:
of energy behavior, which is size of the adrenal glands. In the
POWER
FORMULA
VALUES
In other
young
adult of the
rhinoceros
was
larger
walrus
than
was
walrus, the
times
brain
largerthan the brain adapted rhinoceros,and the thyroid gland of the walrus was 1.49 times largerthan the thyroid gland of the rhinoceros. These of the arctic and the two outstanding animals the tropics illustrate the influence of cold and heat upon size of the brain and thyroid gland. This principleapplies of the races of man. equally to the habitat temperature In a comparison of 28 tropical rodents with 123 subarctic Carnivora with 23 subarctic ones, 14 tropical ones, 15 tropical
ungulates with
8
4 subarctic
ones
and
in
an
examination
of
of the relativeQuiring, by means growth equation, found the degree of brain development to be markedly largerin the subarctic rodents and Carnivora than in the tropicalones. The brain was larger in the 177
white
whales, Dr.
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
ungulates
of the white
any
than whale of
in the
to
tropicalones.
per
cent
He
found
be 300
largerthan
of
of
"
other
the
the
human
examined
among
the 3,734
in this
research. exhibited a aquatic Carnivora degree of brain development 89 per cent higher than that of the tropical land the Carnivora, and subarctic, doglike Carnivora possessed a brain coefficient 26 per cent higher than that of catlike Carnivora. the tropical, In his study of the thyroid glands evaluated the on scale and expressed in terms of the thyroidrelative-growth Dr. Quiring found ization coefficient, that both the subarctic The rodents and than
we
the
subarctic
Carnivora in the
showed
larger coefficient
white
over
those
whales 300
per
that
cent
collected
Carnivora,
difference The
and
the
not
was
great.
expresses
coefficient that
the relative
development, Dr. Quiring found, shows a favoring the subarctic rodents, the Carnivora, and found the ungulates.The heart coefficient of the whales was level as that of the tropical be on the same to ungulates. and differences the tropical between the northern The animals studied, when expressed numerically, Dr. Quiring
found
to
be
as
follows:
178
AND
PERSONALITY
The
influence
explains the
volume animals
forty million years on the larger brain, heart, thyroid gland, and
animals of the
also
of cold for
in the of the
volume
arctic
as
contrasted
with
larger
explainsthe largerbrain,the the higher the larger chest, and and Chippewyan Indians of the of the Eskimo of the tropicsand the compared with the man
It tropics. of blood,
zone.
temperate
the
Through
collaboration
of Dr.
Melling, of
field Chester-
studies were Territory, metabolism made at on level, 63.45" noi"th latitude, sea 63 Eskimos, reading of +22.7 per cent. At Churchill, giving an average studies were Manitoba, 58.44" north latitude, metabolism made on Indians,giving an average reading 13 Chippewyan of Dr. P. of +18.2 Through the collaboration per cent. Kahle, Dr. Quiring made Jorda Kahle and Dr. H. Reichard
Inlet, Keewatin
metabolism
studies
in New
Orleans
and
around
the Mississippi
latitude, on
reading of "14.6 per cent. of the Eskimo In keeping with the high metabolic rate are his livelypersonality,flushed, warm skin, and free perspiration of the brachial and the radial arteries Palpation
average
a
of
a
number
of Eskimos volume.
indicated
low
blood
pressure
and
large blood
This is in
harmony
and that
with the
our
concept
that
the
brain
executes
energy
the
rate to
in the
energy.
In
seen
our
range
and
animals
we
have
comparisons of their adaptation to the heat of the cold of the north the tropics and that heatstroke in the hot tropics and freezingin the cold north have been determining factors in the size of the brain, the thyroid gland, and the blood volume. This, however, does not take into account that part of the brain which we designate the "mind," or "thinking brain," and the manipulative hand.
in the 179
The
rise of these
two
organs
has
as
been
master
an
important
animal.
factor
in the
development
of
man
the
The
A the
master
Energy
animal
zone,
Pattern
must
of the
able
to
Master
survive in the
Animal
in the
be
tropics,
temperate
on
the
Arctic
zone,
desert, in the
the air and
animals
marsh,
plains,or in the mountains. of their breathing the rich oxygen Because of their higher speed of oxidation, the warm-blooded
of the of what and If with that The
no
the
sea,
man
namely,
is
on
the
Cetacea,
No
match
are
in
a
the
sea
something
whale,
the land.
is
a
fish is
match
for the
land
master
animal animal
for able
vast
man.
must
be
to
compete hordes
successfully
of smaller fish
animals. animal
are
all other
are
animals, then
the
eaten
shark the
master
a
master
by
and
the
porpoise
their
masters.
killer whale?
to
Just
in
so
the
large numbers
the
appear
animals,
numbers.
killer whale
has
to
appear
in great
The
salmon,
the
cod,
herring, although
master
they
man,
are
numerous,
cannot
qualify
in the every
animals,
them
sea,
for
vast to
as
well
as
many
animals
sea,
takes
in
up
eliminates The
most
animal
in the of
sea.
perfect example
reentered
calves continue
adaptation
mammals blue
at
that whale
the
measure
Brandt1
more
birth.
at
They
end
to
grow
to
two
inches
day,
whale Brandt blue
1
until
may
the have
of the
a
young
blue
attained
not
220
length
a
of
some
states
that
only while
being suckled
the of
whale
calf
KARL,
gain
"Whale
pounds
An
day,
but
from
Food
BRANDT,
Stanford
Oil:
Economic
Analysis,"
tute, Insti-
University Press,
1940.
80
"
INTELLIGENCE, until it is
a
POWER,
two
weaning
continues
an
at to
about add
seven 200
months
years
old it
at
pounds
it blue
ceases
day
to
to
its
weight until
age
of eleven
states
years
grow.
Brandt of
100
that
a
whales of 150
reach
maximum tons,
or
length
330,693
feet and
weight
their
years
metric
pounds. They
age
reach three
of
two
to
period of gestation is
to
is the whale
life in the
sea
that
has
to
no
need
pursue
for emergency to overcome gravity power food. The great whales take their nourishment
in the form
soup.
no
of
as
it were, The
in
bowl
of
The
whale
in the
water.
whale
needs
of
security.The
whale and
elephant,to pull himself out slipperybank; the whale is in command of the whale family are only enemies
man.
does
the
of
a
fellow
The
killer whale
benefits the
the least fit; just as family by killing antelope by killingthe least fit. Man
among
lion benefits
most
kills the
his fellow
men.
largebrain,the largeheart, the large blood volume, the large thyroid gland, and smaller adrenal glands we see of the arctic. the typicalformula whale The by his size, by his giving birth to but one at a time, by the certaintyof his food supply, by his young nearly perfectadaptation record,and by his most geological
In the is the
most
animal,
save
man.
Having
of animals
neuroendocrine
formula
characteristic
arctic, a formula
family, the
heart
brain, the
and
volume,
and
the
thyroid gland in the whale family an adaptation to cold, both? muscular to or to activity, is not the unique size of these organs That an adaptation the in the comparison between muscular to activityis seen
racing stallion Equipoise and
182
the white
whale.
AND
PERSONALITY
To north found
waters
determine
is
an a
whether
or
not
found the
in the
adaptation
member refer
to
to
cold, we
manatee.
sea
evidence
in
Sirenia that
lives in
tropical
only. I
manatee
The
upon
feeds
its
grass.
Sea
grass
growth.
as
Therefore shallow
to
it
is
climate
and
water.
not
only is limited
is the habitat
its of
opposite
of the enemies.
whale;
it from
shoaly
manatee
protects
we
large and
that have
a
formidable
Therefore,
to
a
expected
would blood
manatee
a
comparable
brain,
smaller
a
a
in size
white
a
whale smaller
smaller
smaller
heart,
volume, and
In
our
subarctic
the
energy-
of whales that varied controllingorgans 764 to 1,217 pounds. Therefore, in. order it
was
weight
make of
a
from
parison, com-
desirable
to
secure
manatee
comparable
weight.
In
the
protected by law, but through interest and cooperation of Mr. S. C. Murray permission was granted by Mr. G. W. Petersen, the conservation
manatee
Florida
the
is
agent,
for
us
to
secure
one
manatee.
Captain Blair of the Goodyear dirigible also granted to Mr. "Reliance," permission was Murray for our of Mrs. Crile,Dr. Quiring,Mr. Al party, consisting Pflueger,Mr. J. H. Kearns, and me, to observe manatees from the air,in order to select one the size that we required. From the able not only to select the Reliance," we were that we manatee wanted, but so slowly does the manatee that we able to return Miami to were and, in a move, boat with the motor guidance of Captain Blair from the air, identify and that we had harpoon the manatee
"
Through
selected. This
manatee
measured with
10
a
feet 3 inches
and white
weighed
935
pounds.
Compared
928-pound
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
weight
as
of the
the
thyroid gland
were
follows:
difference between striking heart, and the thyroid gland of The cold arctic
sea
the the
brain, the
of the
whale
and
the
manatee
of the
being
warm-blooded
and
each
having
of the alone
mammalian
water
that
climate
is
one
of the
potent
This
factors
the
evolution
of warm-blooded evidence
a
animals.
neuroa
comparison
formula and
affords of the
further
that the
endocrine
north, namely,
a
large brain,
large heart
an
blood
volume, and
largethyroid gland, is
power,
personality
an
to
live
an
active
life in the
cold
north
indolent
life in the
tropics.
184
2o
MAN
IN
THE
ENERGY
SCALE
follow that thyroid gland it would work animal that must at a high tempo continuously an fires burning at a high level to and keep its metabolic cold would state against constant protect its warm-blooded active thyroid gland than be equipped with a largeror more
IFgland
THE
constant
tempo the
of the
brain
"
is
governed by
one
only
"
the
warm-blooded
animal.
Such
animals
in the
sea
are
the
animal the
with
such
requirements
animal which
is that works
earth, that
physically,mentally, and emotionally all day and worries civilized man. all night According to the power formula, and other organ of the brain and the thyroid gland no bears a higher ratio to his body weight than is seen in man
" " "
any
other
animal.
to
In addition tempo
the in
the
a
constant
of energy
and
animals, there
energy
is
for emergency
energy.
Emergency
and the
is
provision preeminently
of the
cat
required by family
and the hoofed birds
to
the
lion
other
members
in their
escaping
on
the
land
or
in the
execute
evolved
in
greater
degree
The the
mechanism
in attack
and
in escape. is the
brain,
and teristics charac-
heart, the
the of what
plexuses, and
the emergency
ganglia
the
energy
we
state
result
of
power
the brain and sympathin, each of which the sympathetic system. The of the adrenalactivation affects every cell in the body more sympathetic system than in the lower races of intensivelyin the lower animals of man than in the more intensivelyin the lower races man,
adrenalin
and
185
higher
adults. We
races
of man,
more
intensively in
of
children
than
in
have
stated the
the
power
an
animal
is executed is due
to
solely by produce
outburst of the In
brain.
constant
oxidation
the
not
thyroid influence,
emergency
the
thyroid gland
The the
or
alone
does
energy.
tem, sys-
with in attack
the
escape
and
in the
expression
delicate infinitely
white
matter, of
or
matrix, of the
sions dimen-
paths paths
cells of
microscopic
as
by
electric
charges
they
pass
through
become
currents
the
matrix.
molecular the
of conductance of
gray
organs.
repeated
in the
passage
electric
matter
generated
this network white
matter
the
of
the
which
is stimulated
by
the
sense
Could
of the
of facilitated be detected
pathways by
an
in the
matrix
infinitely powerful
of number a might exhibit microscope, a single brain hookups'* comparable to the telephone wires, exchanges,
"
and
receivers
in
great
city.Could
the therein read that
one
look
with
an
eye
of
infinite of
an
magnification
one
into
recording
the
matrix
of the
brain
its
animal,
could
configuration of
could the read
moment
of action
is,one
from
every
experience
is
or
animal,
of and
of its and
the
memory,
reason,
imagination,
But within
senses
"mind,"
have
animals.
matrix
on
this
plastic and
caused
of
to
passive
be
which
the
of
special by
the
etched
no
this
network
is
conducting
which
pathways
its intricate
gray
action,
can
power
generated
It
is in
system
matter
be
operated.
that the
cells of the
to
of the is
brain
energy
required
Since which the
1
operate
this system
energy
generated.
to
the
only
the
animal
from
is that the
animal
captures
of food
plant
86
AND
PERSONALITY
and solar
since
the
energy
within
the
nitro
plant
group
is
captured
the
from
radiance that
and
the
in
soil, the
memory,
energy
reason,
operates
brain
in
fabricating
is, in fact, the
imagination
electric
energy
like, but
is released
radiant in the
and brain
that
by
"mind"
oxidation
cells and
controlled
by
the
thyroid gland.
or
It would is
not
a
appear,
therefore, that
and
no
intelligence
board switch-
separate of memory,
power.
Intelligenceis the
matter
cause
or
use
of the
reason,
imagination. Intelligenceis
how the
any
present
in
any
animal,
currents
low muscles
in the
scale, whose
to
move
action
away
of that
or
toward
object
of the
to
movement.
This this
kindergarten
of
stage
Between of
a
lowly
there
Newton,
what
every
stage.
the force brain it is
Upon
that
can
is based this
the
most
statement
operate
delicate
the that
"is
electric
energy
energy
? The electric
upon
principal
energy
evidence that
electric mechanism
no
and
alone
operates
this
three
facts, of
(i) Brain
electric
function
generation
(2) When
and
charge by
process
of oxidation.
oxidation
is diminished
or
by
shock, the
the
to
intelligence,power,
reduced. surface its work As
a
personality
of part it that
are
correspondingly
cells of brain
outer
(3)
of the
Electric brain
stimulation
the of the
causes
perform
precisely as
student I
it
performed
with of
naturally.
brilliant He the
surgeon-
worked
that London.
Horsley,
brain brain of
plotted
and
the
of the of the
by noting
cortex
effect of stimulating
chimpanzees
of the
man,
by
lating stimubrain
the electrically
exposed
the
human
during operations
contractions.
centers
and
observing
and
movements
resulting
when
In the
govern
chimpanzee
the
the
were
that
of muscles
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER, eyes,
lated,there
of the
were
was
lips as
such
in
puckering finger.Not
the
only
and
gross
movements
arms,
but
motions
shrugs of the shoulder fingers, toes, and hands duced, proused in were produced as are
"
running. The
pass
question that
brain
to
arises is
did
an
electric
current
contracting muscles ? During the stimulation, the galvanometer indicated the passing of electric currents, in the spinal cord.
In such
our own
from
the
the
researches
constants
on as
animals
we
have
found electric
that
ductivity, con-
physical
temperature, electric
electric the
capacity, and
potential vary
in
livingbrain in the normal state, in the state of excessive and in the state administration of depression.The activity, of thyroxin is followed by an increase in the electric potential, electric conductivity, electric capacity, and ture temperathe followed of brain. Thyroidectomy is by a slow decrease in the electric potential, electric conductivity, of the brain. The electric capacity, and temperature tion injecof adrenalin electric of the
causes
potential,
temperature fall in these In
man,
abrupt rise in the electric conductivity, electric capacity, and brain, followed by an equally abrupt
an
attended
by
ingly correspond-
lowered
level
high
tone
and, if carried
the
to
the
extreme,
excitability
the of
only does
in the
thyroid
nerve
hormone
increase
rate
activity of
nerves
of
entire
equally increases cells constituting the ganglia Not only sympathetic system.
cells but fundamen
thyroxin produce
188
all these
POWER,
sympathetic
nervous
system,
but
it increases
hand, total
of
FIG.
20.
"
The
nervous
system
of the
insect
(grasshopper).
causes
state
of low
metabolism,
this
almost of
upon
adrenalin
has
no
effect
mental
the
blood
pressure,
and
the emotional
In the normal
few
drops
of adrenalin tremors,
increase
sweating, cause injectedhypodermically may dilation of the pupils, weeping, and such an
blood
pressure
in the
190
and
in the
activity of the
AND
PERSONALITY
treatment
may
be
described
the
rate
of oxidation
ganglion Sympathetic
Ventral aorta
Vagus to gills
Vagus to intestines
"
"
Vagus gang/ion
Brachial artery
First spinal
nerve
^
Intercommunication
Dorsal aorta
/fa/77/70spinal nerves
Sympathetic chain
FIG.
21.
"
The
sympathetic
nervous
system
of the
fish
(barracuda).
cells and
sympathetic thyroidectomy
system in
a
case
is
is that severing significance the sympathetic nerve supply to the adrenal glands exophthalmic goiter,the increased vascompletely cures of hyperplasia of the thyroid gland disapcularization pears, of the and of the brain, hence the exalted state normal. to state return metabolism, and the emotional the innervation of between There is a significant contrast of the adrenal glands. the thyroid gland and the innervation The is so slightthat it is not to thyroid innervation easy and find. The innervation of the adrenal glands is abundant and personalityof the complicated according to the power In the alligatorthe adrenal animal. glands, the celiac in ganglia, and the sympathetic system are insignificant; the lion they are large,powerful, and formidable. Figures 19 to 33 illustrate the rise of the sympathetic A
191
fact of fundamental
INTELLIGENCE,
nervous
POWER,
system
from
to
those
most
sympathetic
The
Bucca
systems
role of the
I cavity
adrenal-sympathetic system
Vagus ganglion
Pneumo-gastric
branches
Spinalnerve Lung
Brachial
nerve
Brachial artery
SpinalnerveJ
Spinalco/umn
Stomach Greater sp/ancnnic
"
"
Small
intestine
"*
"
S-6"
Kidney
Largeinfestine
"
Spinal
nerves
7-6-9-10
"Arch i-nephr/cduct
"
Rectum
"
Terminal branches
rectum cloaca jduct,
to
FIG.
22.
"
The
sympathetic
nervous
system
of the
amphibia (bullfrog).
is a minor imagination in man role of the thyroid gland; but one and of high oxidation adrenalin, through its establishment be etched to a deeper action causes high potential, pattern, and a more hence vivid memories highly facilitated pathway. tion are largely a collaboraAlthough trainingand education of the of the brain and thyroid gland, the secretion adrenal glands so reinforces the action patterns that the facilitated pathways are lastingly more quickly and more
ess
192
AND
PERSONALI
TY
made
under
the the
facilitates
state
deepens and action pathetic during the adrenal-sympatterns of fear, anger, love, worry, pity,etc.
drive of emotion. Emotion
T11
Coeliac
ganglion
"
Coeliac artery
T12
Abdominal
sympathetic chain
Aorta
FIG. 23.
"
The
sympathetic
nervous
system
of the reptile(alligator).
In the
our
discussion
of the
adrenal
cortex
gland, we
of the
must
adrenal
of the brain. This fact is integrity due to the unique composition of the adrenal cortex, a lipoidsubstance that possesses many propertiesresembling those of the matrix of the brain and the lipoid films enveloping
essential
the
brain the
cells. Without
the
adrenal
cortex
life ends.
at
or
a
adrenal
is not
medulla
a
life
continues, but
for adrenalin
low
Thyroxin
cortex.
substitute
for the
adrenal When
the
brain
is
for
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
impulses flight,
and from there stimulation
are
sent
to
the is
adrenal-sympathetic system,
sent to
adrenalin the
the
that
brain
and
the
sympathetic
1st. thoracic
gang/ion
Vagus
Double abdominal sympathetic chain
Aorta
Splanchnic
nerve
"
Coe/iac
gang/
ion
Superior mesenteric
Coeliac
Coeliac
artery
plexus
*
^
plexus
artery-
Sup.
Nerve
"
mesenteric
_______
~"
adrenal" to /?.
vena cava
"
Inferior
Testis
Right kidney
External
"?!jP
Left
renal
vein
iliac vein
Separate
kidney
lobe
Caudal
vein
FIG.
24.
"
The
sympathetic
nervous
system
of the
bird
(horned owl).
require.Animals
controlling systems
controls the and The heart
The
are
bipolar
are
mechanisms. into
two
energy-
divided
which
the
that
which
controls
positivepotentialis generated maintained by the brain and the sympathetic system. by the negative potential is generated and maintained
and
the vascular
force the
and
frequency completes
are
with
degree of intensity of
itself the
stimulation
the
as
brain. in the
metabolic and
lamp.
Thus
basic
adaptive
metabolism
AND
PERSONALITY
What
is the
difference and
between
man
and
the
ape
as
to
intelligence, power,
and
apes
the
adrenal
__.
Sympafhef/c
chain
Splanchnic
nerve
Adrenal
q/ctnd
"
Coe/iac
gang/ion
FIG. 25.
"
The
sympathetic
nervous
system
of the
duck
bill
(the lowest
.
order of
mammals).
holds; the thyroid gland is 2^-2 times the size of the adrenal the gland. The gorilla, chimpanzee, and the monkeys have probably reached the of highest level of intelligence possible in the presence preponderating adrenal glands.A thinking,reasoning brain is possibleonly with a high level of thyroid control. made that memory, Upon what basis is the statement and imagination in other words, training and reason,
man
thyroid gland. In
the
reverse
"
195
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
education
"
are
interfered adrenal
with
when
? In
the
thyroid
control
is
superseded by
control
advanced
is
so
exophthalmic
increased that
a
action
of adrenalin
^
Sympatheticchain
-
_________
Jorfa
------
Vagus
nerve
Greater
splanchnic
-
nerve
Coelfac
artery
--
Coeliac
gang/ion
Lesser
splanchnic
4-
Least
splanchnic
"-
x-
-Adrenal
ganglion
FIG.
26.
"
The
sympathetic
nervous
system
of the
ungulate (gazelle).
state state
of
continuous is marked
or
emotionalism
is
established.
memory,
can
In
this
there
interference "mind."
with
we
reason,
and the
imagination,
fundamental of
man
Thus,
a
reason
why
the
is that power
by
the
is below
even
that the
of
The
ape
acquire the
intelligenceof
lowest
aborigine.
The
Missing
missing link
man?
Link
between
Where,
ape
then,
the
is the
the
adrenalized from
an
and
thyroidized
Did
man
arise
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
Greater
splanchnic
Vagus nerve
Greater
splanchnic
Coeliac
artery-
Coeliac L
esser
ganglion ganglion
splanchnic
Sup.
mes
5up.
mes.
artery
"Lesser
-
splanchnic
gland
Adrenal
gland"
Adrenal
Least splanchnic
-\ Leas/ splanchnic
FIG.
28.
"
The
sympathetic
nervous
system
of the
carnivore
(walrus).
Sympathetic trunk
Greater
nerve splanchnic
Lesser
splanchnic
nerve
Coeliac artery
--
Coeliac gang/ion
Superior mesenteric
Least
artery
splanchnicnerve ganglion
-
Adrenal
_
gland
Renal
"
Renal
vein
Renal
artery
"
FIG.
29.
"
The
sympathetic
nervous
system
of the
cetacea
(porpoise).
198
AND
PERSONALITY
the
adrenalized
thyroid gland is about 2)-^ times largerthan of the the evolution glands. This suggests and also interprets ape to the thyroidized man
Greater
splanchnic
"
Renal
ganglion
Renal artery
FIG.
30.
"
The
sympathetic
nervous
system
of the
cetacea
(white whale).
influence
in the behavior
of
infancy,childhood,
adolescence.
Although the followingfact may not greatlyreinforce the of this observation in the fetal life of man, it significance presents an analogy. The between thoroughbred horse is the result of a cross Arabian stallions and In the Arabian lion stalEnglish mares. the thyroid gland is larger than the adrenal glands. In the thoroughbred horse the adrenal glands are larger
199
POWER,
thyroid gland. In the fetus of the thoroughbred, the adrenal however, the thyroid gland is larger than of thirty-four glands, as we have found in an examination
Vagus
Greater
_JLJ
._
-4.
Aorta Greater
splanchnic
splanchnic
^
Lesser splanchnic
gang/ia
'Adrenal
ganglion
Adrenal
gland
Superior mesenteric
ganglion
"
^*
Aortic plexus
-Abdominal
chain
Inferior mesenteric
_
gang/ion
FIG.
31.
"
The
sympathetic
nervous
system
of the
primate (chimpanzee).
thoroughbred
newborn foals. Thus fifty-three of the the fetus thoroughbred betrays its thyroidized the Arabian to assume horse, as we may venture ancestor, the fetus of man betrays its adrenalized ancestor, the ape. of civilized man and the The long period of adolescence that he requires is long period of training and education correlated with a largerbrain, a largerthyroid gland, and in the following be seen adrenal smaller glands, as may comparison of the energy formula of an Australian aborigine and a chimpanzee, taken by us in the wild.
200
fetuses
and
AND
PERSONALITY
The
absolute adrenal
and
relative fixes
size of the
a
and
the
glands
gulf between
thyroidized
the now aborigine and the adrenalized compare ape. Let us glands of the brain, the thyroid gland, and the adrenal Australian aborigine with the brain, the thyroid gland, and of the the adrenal glands of a Scotch laborer. In the case have Australian a laborer, we aborigine and the Scotch two differing thyroidized mechanisms comparison between
only in size. In the comparison between aborigine and the chimpanzee, we see the and the formula thyroidized human
formula.
the
gap
adrenalized
formulas, it would comparing these three energy and that intelligence, personality are due appear power, primarily to the absolute and relative sizes of the brain, the thyroid gland, and the adrenal glands. However, we must consider the contributory system that circulates the blood adaptively, that digests food adaptively, that eliminates waste adaptively,and that transfers glycogen from the liver
In
201
INTELLIGENCE,
Rami communicans
nerve
POWER,
to cervical
/
nerve
"~
"
Ganglion nodosum
Cavernous
Infernal carotid
plexus nerves
3$
JrKr
"
Vagu"
nerve
Superiorcardiac
trunk. Thyro cervical'
" -
Phrenic Middle
nerve
r-gsa:-
cervical ganglion
Inferior cardiac
Anterior
nerve
aortic plexus
ganglion/
Recurrent
nerve
Greater
splanchnic
nerve
Oesophageal plexus
Left vagus stomach to anterior wall
to
Right vagus
stomach
Lesser
poster for
wall
nerve
splanchnic
Coe/iac
ganglion
ftenalp/exus
forticorena/
gang/ion
gang/ion
Lumbar
nerve
Aortic plexus
j [\jjjC
artery
p/exis Hypogastric
To i/iac arfery
Sacral
I
nerve
i
*
A
FIG. 32.
"
i-" PJ
fi
y/p^-f
Branch
to rectum to bladder
Branches
-^Branches
uterus
and
fo
ovary
The
human
sympathetic
nervous
system.
202
AND
PERSONALITY
to
the celiac adaptively, namely, the celiac ganglia, and the sympathetic system. plexuses, As we the celiac plexuses, have shown, the celiac ganglia,
the blood
FIG.
33.
"
The
sympathetic nervous
system
most
highly
the
well the
as
the
energy
of various tends
show
power
that
the
variation
among
in the humans
the
sympathetic
individual. Some
station
indicates
variation
power
and
of the normal
have
celiac
ganglia and
plexuses.
203
INTELLIGENCE
,
POWER,
Just as the inheritance of a unique thinking brain and a itself in a high uniquely large thyroid gland expresses degree of intelligenceand at times in exophthalmic goiter,
50
30
10
2000 6-7mo.
5000 3-6mo.
10,000
20,000
50,000
100,000
Body
cross.
weight,
This relations
grams
The
adrenal-thyroid
years,
chart of the
shows
that and
between
adrenal
birth
age
of twenty-one
the
thyroid
glands
become
reversed.
unique thinking brain,large adrenal glands, celiac ganglia and plexuses, and heart expresses itself in a high degree of intelligence, and, great activity, disease. at times, in essential hypertension and coronary
so
the inheritance
of
It
was
natural
selection
a
that
endowed
man
with is
a no
large
such but
and
in natural that
not
chance
selection
was
glands.It
only by
from
and
survived.
exchange the large adrenal glands for build up the large thyroid gland and, coincidentally, a occurred have thinking brain ? This change could not have first appeared when except for an advantage. It would he found the ground, where some great ape ventured upon food in greater abundance and prospered.Life on the ground
204
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
plants and
the
man
fellow of
man
man.
In
its
mind
as
has
an
invested ancestral
if it
were
the distant that came ancestor today wild man, the protoplasmic bridge, lives within civilized man. over Around this wild man the matrix or thinking brain has of educathe web of religions, of laws, of customs, tion, woven in the exercise of his restrainingand limiting man wild behavior. But civilized
man
Even
is unable
to
sever
himself
of the The
jungle.Man
enemy
has
conquered
man
only
of civilized
is
206
25.
THE
LAW
OF THE
ENERGY
RELEASE:
LIFE
LINE
INthe
domestic
THE
preceding
animals
pages
we
have and
discussed
whether
or
not
intelligence, power,
are
personality in wild
the the work of the
and
created
by
and
brain, the
is
heart, the
system.
is the We
or
thyroid gland,
have found that
adrenal-sympathetic
the animal
blooded warm-
whether the
cold-blooded,
in the
whether
habitat
of the the
animal
sea,
the
air, or
the of
variation the
system
power,
Since, throughout
of the drive brain the muscles
animal
the
kingdom, body
in
the
maintain
temperature and
cent
and
organs
attack
per
escape
and food
animals, 75
of the
required for
searched
of the warm-blooded
fundamental
energy
regularity or
in all animals
general law underlying the release of that would be expressed by the ratio thyroid gland to the gross weight of
but We of the animal. We
no
of the the
weight of the
A
animal.
trend,
ratio
law,
next
was
found. for
a
searched of the
a
law
that
would
to
express
the
weight Again
then of the
adrenal
no
glands
law,
a
the found.
on
weight of the
the ratio of the animal. Once
trend, but
to
was
attempted
brain
no
find
law
based
weight
more
a
to
the
body weight
was
of the
trend, but
ratios
law,
the
found.
The
of
the
combined adrenal
were
weights glands to
tested.
of
the
the
body weights
a
various
animals
next
law,
was
found. the
Finding
that
relationshipof
the
thyroid
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER
the
body weight
anatomy be found
could
to to
not
from could
ology physiexpress
if
fundamental
law
ELEPHANT
"
STEER*
AHORSE
CO
5
"
-J
*
" CHIMPANZEE
"IANT*TURTLE
PYTHON
5
^
"*
RAYLER
* TURTLE
"CAT
EAGLE**
FLAMINGO*
RABBIT.
"
CRANE
I"
WILD LIZARD* RAT GUINEA
*OWL
^*"
ALBINO
PI"
RAT
" PI"EON
CANARY
"
SPARROW
OXIDATION
1
10
100
IN
CALORIES
l
1000
PER
I
DAY
100.000
10,000
FIG.
35.
"
In relation
to
metabolism
the but
not
weight
a
of the
thyroidgland
shows
trenc
law.
the and
between relationship
the
weight
of the
weight of the metabolism, and the weight of the brain and metabolism. We plotted the weights of the thyroid glands against the number of calories (oxidation or metabolism) generated in
metabolism,
the
24
hours
in
the
animals
that
we
had
insects, fish, reptiles, birds, rodents, hoofed carnivores, monkeys, baboons, anthropoids, and
208
AND
PERSONALITY
ratios of the
weights of
the
not
a
the
of the
glands
a
to
metabolism
law.
animals
trend, but
1000
ELEPHANT
"
100
(/)
ALLIGATOR
\CH.MPANZEE
ALLIGATOR
O.ANTTVLE
000 "
"".G60AT
"GS
SHEEP "PELICAN
Z
"
TURILE
-J
""CAT
" CRANE "FLAMINGO
^
LU
RATTLER
EA"LE"
Of
i_
~
GUINEA
?!"" "WILD
RAT
"OWL
"
" ALBINO " PI"EON RAT
MOUSE "
"
SPARROW
OXIDATION
"I
10
IN
I
100
CALORIES
\
1000
PER.
DAY
L_
10.000 100.000
FIG.
36.
"
In
relation
to
metabolism
the but
weight
not
a
of the
adrenal
glands
shows
trend
law.
the relative role of the point it will help to clarify various of the energy-controlling if we recall system organs is the exalted analogue that the brain in the higher animal At this of the and nucleus of the
amoeba;
hence
the
brain
in
is the
an
one
animal. alone
to
brain
the the
oxidation short
or
metabolism of both
of the the
long and
rhythms
body thyroid
209
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
a
adrenal
express
glands, we
the relation and
to
find
law
that
would of
an
weight
animal
of the brain
in 24
animal
the metabolism
of that
hours.
woo
HORSE
"
" STEER HORSE
"
*PIG PIG
"
" SHEEP
" CASSOWARV
OPOSSUM*
"IANT BITTERN* " ^GUINEA SQUIRREL
C^"!E0-W1U"RAT
STARL,N"SJ
TURTL
M"USE
BLUE
RACtR
SUK" "WOOOROACH
WMM
"
"
BULLFROG
" "
OXIDATION
IN
CALORIES
PER
DAY
HORNED
,
FIG.
37.
"
In relation
to
metabolism
the
weight
of the brain
shows
law.
that it embraces insects, law, so fundamental birds,rodents, ungulates,and carnivores,but fish, reptiles, This law is expressedby the ratio not higher apes and man. We found
a
the
weight of the
that
I
brain
of
an
animal
and
the
produced by
gram
that is
animal
in 24
hours.
of brain
required to produce
ratio
calories in 24
to
of the
calories
weight
is
I
production in
metabolism animals
small
law
to
Into
brain those
or
"life
line"
all animals
210
fall except
whose
"think-
AND
PERSONALITY
ing"
of This
brains
enable
to
them aid
to
use
strategy in
or
energy
outside survival.
themselves
them
dividingline brings us this "life and the Why do not man bear in mind that from the line ?" At this point we must animal that exhibits adaptive to the elephant every worm of to a varying degree the mechanism possesses response but the mechanism by which thinking is executed thinking, of thinking consists The mechanism little oxygen. consumes
of patterns of action. the mechanism When of
thinking is
are
advanced
use
to
such
degree that
of survival
the value
possessors
or
able
to
either
strategy
energy
outside
or club,of fire, than the brains of the animals will be larger The higher within themselves. that execute entirely energy the larger is the portionof the brain the order of intelligence and required for thinking, that is, for memory, reason, imagination,or "mind."
Lower
animals
possess
most
little "mind"
and
much
energy.
are
In the lower
to
animals
used
the total energy utilized in 24 hours. In man, a larger part of the brain is required for "mind," and the is comparable to remaining portion of the brain in man
execute
the
simple
energy
brain
of the
to
lower the of
animals.
energy
man
man
Thus, the
of man, unique size. in the
"mind"
brain
of man,
added
brain
to
a
weight
of the brain
constitutes
the "mind"
man
Why,
and
mass
the
domestic
animals of both
matter
of the brain
gray
consists The
or
parts, the
matter
and
white
matter.
gray
consists cells
are
of units
transformation,
these
matter
gray
such
memory,
211
reason,
and and
imagination, working.
matter
the
emotions,
contains
and
such
acts
as
walking
The
a
white
of the
brain is
a
no
it cells; within
is
not
dynamo.
matter
No
driving
of the within
force is the
generated
in the
white
brain
matrix
which, by
gray
charge generated
cells of
matter,
network of conducting pathways of infinitely delicate action is laid down, and, with the passage of each electric
of
conductance,
or
"action
states
that
abstract In
a
metabolism.
on
work
metabolism while
rate
the
and it
was
if there
any
change
in
metabolism,
The of of
slight.
of the and
the the
necessary
are
to
the
brain
cells
included
is called
lism. metabooxidation
metabolism
include
required
The line
to
for
walking
of
man,
and
animals
in the
life
of
increased
or
involving
and brain added value. of the
gray
white
cortex.
evolution
from
many
the
new
of that
of
animals, there
of which had the hind
a
mechanisms,
of
each
survival
The
mechanism
feet,
great
only
also
an
increase in the No
1
but
increase
of the
or
white
domestic
W.,
New "A
animal
Bipolar
possesses
of
so
complicated
The
CRILE,
GEORGE
Mechanism
Living Processes,"
Macmillan
Company,
212
York, 1926.
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
survival
value
awareness
largely to
to
the
mechanism
of
of
seeing, which
and
brings
From there
the
mechanisms
locomotion
manipulation.
the organ
are
of
Corti,the
with of
nerve
mechanism of brain
of
hearing,
stituting con-
communications the
center
millions
in the
a
cells
hearing
cells
cortex
of the
brain. with
each
of these
brain
broadcast
to
the
motor
centers
in the
and, from
these,
glands of the body. A mechanism possessed by no other animal except in of the evolution rudimentary form is the unique giftto man of speech. The speech center, although related to the ear primarily,also consists of millions of brain cells in the of the brain. The brain cells constituting the speech cortex connected fibers with the mechanism center are by nerve of the thinking brain. By this means the work of the thinking brain, or thought, is expressed in spoken or written language. that the mechanism of hearing, it will be seen Upon analysis, of speaking and, to a large extent, like the mechanism mechanisms. sensation common supplement the other Coincidentallywith these mechanisms, as an axis partner, evolved there was a corresponding rise in the expansion of of the brain for thinking that has little or the mechanism
no
the various
muscles
and
counterpart
in the
wild
and of
the
man
domestic is
animals.
a
Thus wide
the brain
order
separated by
from
ape
to
gulf from
In there the is
of the
highest apes.
vast
of the
evolution
man,
of corresponding change in the mechanism and the circulation in the action of the heart respiration, of the kidneys, in the function of the blood, in digestion, and of procreation.These in the mechanism or organs of life itself. By the maintenance tissues are to necessary these
organs
and
tissues basal
metabolism
is effected.
214
AND
PERSONALITY
With between A
grams The
respect
man
to
these
organs
and
tissues
there
is
parity
and
man
the wild
and 150
the domestic
animals.
civilized
weighing
to execute
pounds
or
would
require 135
metabolism. civilized of the
man
of brain
his basal
animal
a
remaining part
appear
to
of the
brain
vast
of such
would
consist and
of the of
a
evolution
special
in the
mechanisms white
memory,
matter
cited
evolution that
of the and
brain
of the
executes
thinking. find that the thinking brain is Thus in civilized man we his simple larger than is essential to execute 780 per cent This 780 per cent basal metabolism. the giftof represents civilized man. It represents evolution the weight of the to in the complicated mechanisms driving cortex or gray of the brain and the of the matter weight infinitely complex of the thinking brain. It represents white matter ence the differbetween the intelligence, and personality of power, civilized man and the intelligence, and personality power, of the wild and domestic animals that obey the life line.
reason,
imagination, or
215
40
THINKING CODE
BRAIN
AND
MORAL
INmade
and of chance
was
THE
nature
more
an
animal
or
plant
survive.
cannot
be
to
uncertain
were
tenure to
himself,
evolved
the
tiptoe
it
partialperiland
man
partialsafety.Since
took
action
man
brain
early
that
that
were
his evolution
place,
his
it
in the
brain
there
means
created which
patterns,
called fellow In
knowledge,
animals. the brain of
by
of
excelled
early
how
to
man
were
included animals
those and
action
denoting
make food It
was
plants,
how
to
these them.
clothing, and
patterns had
These
action
of the
over
enabled
early
animals.
to
secure
advantages
the
were
competing thinking
beset
man.
But
were
in
sensitive down
man
recording dangers
recorded the of
mechanism In the
also of
brain
early
of the In
danger
of the
elephant,
the brain animals
were
fury
early
recorded and
many
injure or good,
some
destroy
were
that, although
that
even
animals
were
bad, and
bad
good
like
animals
sometimes
bad
and
animals
sometimes
man,
good.
man
Thus, early
today,
the
existed
on
the
unstable
on
boundary
breeze that and
convey
of is
chance.
never
Like carried
feather
contact
that
the
beyond
left
on
forces
it,early man,
waves
the
sun
beach reached
time, where,
him
"
alternately, the
twilight
zone
and
the
in
the
of
chance, within
the
reach
of both mutations
safetyand
of his
peril
"
evolved 216
through
the
favorable
AND
PERSO
NALITY
thinking brain
a
amidst
the forces
of
nature
of which
he
was
part.
Early
to
man,
like
fear. An
animal
primitiveman possessingno
have and
and
man
much
fear and It is
of
not
survived.
to
fear
survives
has
quick offspring.
value. in
attack
that
survival
Fear
that
enemies.
Who,
the had
zebra,
animals
or
alert wildebeest
know the
dangerous
enemies
Just
through natural selection, gave to the gazelle its its keen smell, so, through acute hearing,its quick eyesight, natural selection,the dangerous competing animals gave of strategy, the brain. These his organ to peting comearly man
animals
man
for escape
man
as
his
to
fears, as
necessary
to
the
gazelle.
of the forces of
Having
never
of the
domain
found evolution, early man good and evil in everything about him. Since, in the early stages of his evolution, the laid down were by his fellow early man considered animals, his simple mind everything in animal He found that by giving food to the animals that he terms. had domesticated he could control them. He found that by and whether his relatives, giving something to his young it were he could win the food,shelter, a skin, or hospitality, good will and favor of his people. Thus, after he had passed the first stage of worship and action patterns of fear of the natural that forces and animals about
him, it followed
began to worship and fear unseen beings, and, since the most powerful animal for good or for evil in the life of early man his early fellow man, it is was natural that the gods and the devils that he created should have been created in the image of himself. Since man has been evolved of the struggle for existence, the out never word "struggle,"even today, just as in the long yesterday, early man
217
good god
and
bad
and of
life and
death.
"
Thus,
the
"
in
the
phases
a
the
struggle
and
good
have
and been
and
devil, heaven
the with brains the
hell
represented.
In
or
material
and
are
structure
of all
animals, wild
domestic,
in the
identical
brain
of man,
differing
in the
only
matter
organization. Except
brain which
a we
development mind,
within the the
of that of
as a
of the
designate
as
brain
lion, an
the brain brains of
elephant, or
of man, of wild and
dog
in
is
efficient
of
its scope
the
are
control
special senses
the
the brain
animals
far
more
man.
man,
animals
do do
not
not
appear
to
think
error
they
man,
think
are
in
animals
can
not
that
because
their
review
the
past,
they
and
they
parts,
have
imagination,
bodies
of
two
their
spirits. elephant
the would
not
make for
a
such
an
error,
since
he does Could
doubtedly un-
possess
mechanism such
making
the
his
reaction.
the
elephant
be
have
a
man
reaction,
and have
not
god
a
would
luscious
seems
leaf
to
mouse.
Early
reaction.
was
and
primitive
that
similar there
Suppose
a
today
brain
we
did the
was
that the
such and
we
sensitive
structure
as
brain inert
skull
believed
a
that Yet
man
the
of
camel.
not
if the
brain
of
man
it
does,
in his it
might
tasks became
today, then,
his when
too
believe
that
spiritinhabited
him
decisions,directed
inactive
he
that little
it became active
angry,
not
slept, when
it
was
he
dreamed,
it
was
when
pleased diswas
he
became he it
when that
satisfied
he hand it
was
happy?
Might
believe
his
it
taught
his that
its
a
cunning, that
218
guided
footsteps to school,
AND
PERSONALITY
beneficient failed ?
it made
lessons,or
that
when
that
it
was
it erred
a
and
he
good spirit,
was a
brave
truthful
and
a
when liar? He
it
bad
he spirit that
a
coward,
it stood
cheat, and
him
could of
a
believe and
good spiritgave by
and
a
the
love
affection,that
it led
and
found
wife, that
he died it
trials of
bringing
man
family, that
thrift,and
that
when
jungle
that
I have
brain, I would
and attribute it all the movements of my life. to spirit codes of man that in the moral It is significant function no is not assigned to the spirit clearlythe function of the brain. Therefore the idea of the spirit found often among the so beliefs of native faiths and of people is a natural error confusing a functioning brain with a spirit.A functioning brain
accounts
as
for the
as
action the
patterns of
of
an
man
and
animals
just
completely
for the difference animals is in
mechanism
accounts
mathematical between
not
patterns brain of
man
The lower
the
in the of that
structure
itself but
development
memory,
man
which
exercises
imagination. The dog, the lion, the have identical elephant, the ape, and the simple native with mechanisms, varying degrees of development. This variation is expressed in the "life line." It is this dominating mechanism, this thinking brain, which his language, his science, his invention, his gives man law and his religion, his hopes and his passions,his libraries and his laboratories, his schools and his universities. This remarkable than mechanism, composed of nothing more has been invested with lipoids, proteins,and electrolytes,
reason,
and
mystery In
our
since
early
man.
experience
in
Tanganyika
of
among
the
various
to
highly disciplinedtribes
Africa, there
seemed 219
be
I NTE
LLIGENCE
standard
of moral
codes the
suitable basis
for their
degree of
The
tion. civiliza-
teaching of the parent, the teacher, the medicine the priest, man, the force of public opinion, and, finally, the punitive influence of the tribe or state are strong factors in establishing
the
man.
Discipline is
of moral
codes.
code
of
behavior
in
both
native
man
and
civilized
220
5o
TRAINING
AND
EDUCATION
WHAT
can
is civilized mobilize
can run
man,
and
what
is he
energy
not? than
leopard
man. cover
greater
faster in
a
outburst
man. man. sense
An
a
antelope
greater
acute
than than
The Man's of
wolf
can
distance the
day
eyesight is
is less
to
less
Man's eagle's.
sense
hearing
are
acute
is inferior teeth
that
of
to
inferior
digestion is
Man
as
inferior
that
of his domesticated
animals.
stones
as
has
lized monopo-
gallstonesand
The skin of man, in domesticated Man cells is the
are
kidney
is
well the
peptic
ulcer. and
comparison
with
skin
of wild
animals,
bald. Man's that becomes only animal Only man subject to great fluctuations. The bones of
man
are
pernicious anemia.
bones
woman
not
so
hard of
the
of wild is
not
or
domestic
to
animals. milk
nor
The
milk wild
equal
the
the
of the the
and
animals.
Neither
wild
or
domestic
animals of
insanity or psychoses
facts
we
neuroses.
For
this array
powerful
must
seek
biological interpretation.
domestic animals
man
Among
is inferior skin and
were
all wild
in bones
and and
is
if this
man
sufficient
on
to
his
is
poised
lost
his hind
power
possesses
that
have
their
assist him
so
impossible
been
young;
posture
to
a
has
existed
long
that
moved and
comfortable
young
the than
of
young
man
his helpless position to nurse are totally helpless for a other wild
or
longer time
animal.
the
of any
domestic
Despite
man
this
is
more
fundamental
over
inferiorities,
earth than
223 any
the
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
other
man
large animal.
must
so
This
fact alone
proves which
that
have
evolved
advantages
that swift and
had
powerful muscular of sight,hearing, and action, a more nearly perfect sense a smell, perfectdigestion, complete equipment for running with the herd at the time of birth,and body covering of hair
value
or
fundamental
wool
no
or
fur had
organ
or
no
survival
not
value
for
man.
man
sesses pos-
tissue
possessedby
man
The that
equipment by
of the great of the the
which
was
rose
from
ape
development
from
factors
lion,the
net
provided through a further entiated by which the great ape differwolf, and the antelope.
result of the subtractions and
What,
additions
then, is the
of this
compared with other analysis of man animals ? It is that through the unique evolution of three and three organs there only acting in synthesis, organs his superior position among all conferred man was upon
" "
animals. survival
These value
three that
organs
conferred
power
upon
man
so
great
claws
alone,sight and
blood value.
hearing and
the adrenal this creative
alone, the
the
trinity
"
the
upright posture
that who had
came
that
survival down
value the
of
man
of the distant long legsand arms nal ancestor provided a largersurface for regulatinghis interof a thereby permitting the evolution temperature, larger brain and a largerthyroid gland and, in consequence, and personality. a greater intelligence, power, It was through this creative trinity the brain, the that man was thyroid gland, and the manipulative hand from
trees.
" "
enabled
external
to
himself.
In this
single
This
new
formula
animals. the
measurab im-
living and
224
in the world.
AND
PERSONALITY
At
the
time
to
of birth
few
of the
to
offspringof
environment;
animals the
are
equipped
the
adapt
of
a
themselves
simpler
for species the earlier is its mechanism adaptation completed. find that the methods of each species For the young we as for completing the adaptawell as the intervals necessary tion for adult life differ, varying from the simple adaptations know their parents the birds, of the fish that never to their simple whose parents protect, feed, and give them offspring are training; of the beaver, whose taught to play at making dams; of the gregarious animals, whose herd and with the flock or remain are taught by young to kill; example; of the Carnivora, which train their young and of the young monkeys, who receive from their parents a trainingin strategy. From the periods of training and education received by of anthropoids we the progressively the young to pass of the Bushman, the longer periodsrequiredfor the training the semicivilized man, civilized man. cave and, finally, man, The brain of a human being may be likened to a movingfrom birth to death. picture film that runs Among the number of images thrown the film, only a few vast upon obtain possession of the final common path of action. These become action-patternequipment patterns of action. The individual of an produces the only acts he can perform. Training, therefore,consists in making action patterns. Action make conduct. Training, not education, is patterns reaction the
creator
of behavior. action
Man's mirror.
patterns
up
as
a
in
horse;
behavior but the
If
wild
wild its
by
The
its action
and
domestic.
most
a
young
plastic,
savage
child is
If plastic.
savage;
man.
child lives in
a
web, he becomes
becomes in the
a
civilized patterns
web, he
formed the indi-
civilized
action
plasticbrain
constitute
personalityof
225
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
vidual
as
and
make
as are
the the
reactions reactions
of the of
a
inevitable The
steam
roller
cannot
perform
between the
the
the
steam
the
difference
between
savage
scholar.
difference
the
philanthropistand
between The the teacher white
matter
difference patterns.
is in pupil,
of the brain
is
not
passive mechanism
the white beeswax
matter
matrix
of the the
produces
brain
of the
there
constant
electric
strain, as
is indicated
the
by
electric
by oxidation. The rate of oxidation in the brain cells is governed primarily by the secretion of the thyroid gland. The thyroid gland is governed by the adrenal-sympathetic system. The adrenal-sympathetic system is governed by the brain, and the brain is "sparked" by sight,hearing, touch, taste, and smell, thus forming an of mechanism. In this intricate physical system automatic the parent and the teacher lay down the pupil, new patterns of action that, by training,increase the capacity of the charge
brain
energy.
in the brain
cells
cells of
the
child
to
generate
radiant
and
electric
The
The
ProtoplasmicBridge
the teacher
acts
as
parent
and racial
do
not
need
to
ing, sucking,walking, hunting, fightmating, drinking,and eating,the patterns of which the action the protoplasmic bridge. Those child brought over not to came present-day man by contemporary patterns but by a external integrative action of the nervous system the over repetition of the integrativeactions transmitted to offspring.Affection protoplasmic bridge from parent mother and child,protectionof the young, taste between a
226
in such
AND
PERSONALITY
or
distaste
rain and
food, hunger, thirst, seeking shelter from wind, trust and distrust,attraction and repulsion,
for
"
herited killing these inpity, cruelty,cheating, lying, stealing, not only had integrationsof the nervous system of man value in the long ascent be such survival to as the prototransmitted from one generation to another over plasmic even today an bridge but are integration to civilized man. We call them "instincts," but they are laid down as merely integrationsof the nervous system of man. Those action patterns in the long upward evolution that benefitted
man
became mechanism
part
of the
action
patterns
that the protoplasmic
in the
of his
man
phylogeny.
pass
over
Those
survival
value
to
did
not
bridge.Thus in all the natural tastes and appetites, in animals well as in in fears, in dislikes and attractions as the reconditioning of this or that phylogeneticor racial man, awaits refacilitation by the receiptof an adequate memory stimulus through the specialsenses. It is especially adolescence in infancy, childhood, and that we the protocan see more over clearlywhat came plasmic bridge. Over the protoplasmic bridge there came the female the care of the baby, as is seen to universallyin the play of little girls with their dolls. Over the protoplasmic the struggle of tribal man to the male bridge there came with his fellow man, as expressed in boys in fightingwith each other and playing at fightin competitive games. Over the protoplasmic bridge there also came the once lifesaving necessityfor ancestral hunting, trapping, and snaring of
animals, alone
or
with
the
tamed
puppy
of the
wolf, the
the loyalties, dog. Over the protoplasmic bridge there came had survival cooperation, and sympathies, all of which value in the family and the tribe. Throughout the vicissitudes of man the protoplasmic bridge all that came over from the apelike ancestors to the present day would seem
to
have Thus
had the
survival parent
value and
at
some
evolution.
the
teacher
problem
227
in
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
emotions
came over
of
fear, anger,
the
love, and
hate
in
protoplasmic bridge. The problem of the parent and the teacher is to place patterns of the child while the phylogenetic wild aniin the matrix mal is playing and fightingand courting and growing. It
is while
the
child
is still a
a
wild
animal
and
there
is
only
prospect
parent
becoming
teacher
being
that
the
must
PhysicalFactors
Life, normal
and
That
Govern
Mental
Processes
pathological,is a function of protoplasm, is a special and education of changing protoplasm. process is a dynamic not a static system. The Protoplasm protoplasm of a plant is identical in principle, though not in pattern, with the protoplasm that executes the heartbeat
in man, that
executes
the that
movements
of the
football
player, that
executes
an
sings a
song,
emotion, that
fabricates is attacked
fever, that
is altered
by
has
shock
and
injury,that
exalted
its action
narcotics,and
upon
which
the
educator
protoplasm that is and by a proper ance bala between activityand sleep, of normal ductless glands, the hypoby the contributions physis, the thyroid and adrenal glands, the gonads, the and the liver. Each of these glands fabricates and pancreas, throws into the blood stream molecules, and from specific the blood stream protoplasm everywhere are showered upon fields countless millions of the green like drops of rain on organic molecules, each organ and each tissue appropriating molecules of those specific it needs what required for its old the protoplasm grows growth and activityuntil finally
and breaks down in death. Thus
are
it is the same discipline; diet properly balanced work and play, between
it is that etched
on
this
swiftly
of
moving protoplasmic
228
film there
the
patterns
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
fetishes,are
of little
common
children, where
path and there is repeated generation and political, religious, death, remain as leaders
is
to
overcome
in the
the
patterns
ancestors
by
innumerable
man,
Our
mals anias
who With
lacked naked
well
protection of
he
met
weapons.
body
His
and
naked for
the in
attack
of
his enemies.
chance
quick action for himself alone and, if of ours ancestor possible,for his family. This tormented survived by being an individualist,"a liar and a thief." kind and gentle,trusting and philosophical, Had he been instead of being fierce in fight, swift in flight, a convincing liar,a successful thief,and a sly strategist, we might not exist today. The great primitivevirtues fighting, stealing, lying,the made means by which man's early existence was possible not are now required.It is only in the fierce theoretically nomadic the struggleamong people in the desert or among primitivepeople that these traits have survival value. do the wild and In Africa lives as today native man of his survival he makes use powerful animals. To secure
" "
rested
"
every
animal
to
sense
he the
possesses.
He
bands
with
his
panions com-
spear
lion that He
crunches
the and
bones
of
his into
fellow. He pits.
tricks
as
elephant
rhinoceros
lives
Endowed
unadapted to penetrating the darkness, less acutely attuned to sound, and a sense
than that of the with burdened animals
his
fleet,
less
sensitive toothless
slower
about
him, native
man,
compared
and
process
230
AND
PERSONALITY
less young,
lives in the
a
midst
enemies.
His
brain
in which
laid down
greater
number animals.
of action
patterns
in the
the brain
of his fellow
Man,
when
be elusive,resourcein war, must ful, hunting animal, like man brave, and persistent. Through the adaptive, deceitful, handed action from on patterns parent to offspringfrom makes of fire, one use generation to another, native man and the simple means the club, the spear, by which he is labor for him. He able to enslave animals, making them the milk to which, by abstract law, their steals from them entitled. He are own slays the animals that trust young him and
eats
are
their flesh.
These time.
facts,not
form
our
They
so-called
"Christian" of does
animals, plumage
fancy.They do not belong to ancient world today. Not only does our own furs of trapped civilization demand alone in the birds, but today not
the relentless
our
jungles of
man
Africa beast
struggle between
is rocked
naked
and
for exist,
civilized world
man.
by
the
greed
In but
at
of individualistic
some
civilized
the of
known
crimson
such traits religions time of the founding the imperfect record founders
trail. The
"original sin," of such religions little was of man's ascent along a of various religions were
are
was an
called
None
exponent and
of the
the battle
not
would
have
willingto of life with naked hands. In the jungle they survived. The of "original sin" is concept from the days of struggleof the individual
of science and invention
enthusiastic
present-day development
control
over
the forces of
nature
by
The
which
legsof
steel and
wings
for
has flight
man.
allowed action
man solitary
be succeeded
by
collective
patterns
laid down
teachers, and
preachers are
INTELLIGENCE,
ness,
POWER,
and generosity. such With industry,fairness, trained of action, together with mind and a a of tools, and knowledge, skilled hands and a maze
over
patterns
store
of
control
man
what
better
equipment
to
could
have The
cooperation?
his talents
making shoes only because he has knowledge of the common honesty of for he knows that in exchange for his shoes his fellow man, Thus the tailor will give him a coat. has present-day man action This for his background a community pattern. standardized form, this community thinking,this common is the profitable for man action pattern in his present way individualized The estate. jungle brain is today antisocial.
consecrates
Civilization Let
us see
means
cooperation.
well
we
how
can
patterns. wild
The
average
child
action
of his
ancestor.
He is
is "a
liar
thief"
and
an
vidualist. indias
He innumerable the
governed by
patterns
are
phylogeny.
Later,
action
implanted by
ancestors
the parents,
intelligent
tated faciliaction
action
of his
more
become
predominate
so
over
the
phylogenetic
that in
patterns and
of his ancient
ancestors,
tive coopera-
progressivelygregarious
school
and
the herd instinct and can hardly be collegehe possesses the to prevailedupon to be different from his fellows,even detail of dress, manners, or opinion.At this period slightest stands out who the occasional obstinately as an boy or girl individualist invites group opposition, since the student body possesses the collective spirit. who In later life the man deplores the herd opinion,the standardized of living, be he scholar or politician, way libertine or outlaw, scientist or religiousfanatic, prefersa lifeof contention
to
a
lifeof
pendent indeThese
philosophy,
232
often
soar
to
heights.
AND
PERSONALITY
individuals Chance It
was
may
become
great
came
successes
or
great
failures.
mutation
not
so
perhaps
many years
their that
man
way.
ago
lived
by piracy,
neighbor'spastures, and seized his enemies' wives. We might as well criticize the hunger and thirst that sent his depredations as criticize such the lion forth a on critics of our of long ago. The forebears strugglingancestor of today. One as might as properly criticize judge them for not having a universitydegree. them the creatures of the are Obviously morals and behavior of the times. Mathematics and phystimes, not the creators ics and the forces of gravitationhave the same "morals" today as in ancient times, but not history, literature, These, like morals, change with geography, and religion.
stole his the times.
233
26.
THE UPON
INFLUENCE MAN
OF
CLIMATE
Two
lot's law. like the
basic of
man
biologicalprincipleshave
in the
limited
the
tion evolu-
tropics.The
first
principle is Berthe-
of the
level;therefore
that would limits the follow
protoplasm
animals. It the
to
a
temperature
the human
in warm-blooded
that
being
who
evolved
in
its intense
a
external
heat, would
be limited
brain,
human
smaller
temperatures.
of
man
As the
thyroid gland and blood volume adapted to the colder being who became the average basal metabolism a corollary,
lower basal than than that of of
man
of
tropics is
and the is lower
of the of the of
man
temperate
temperate of the The the
man zones
zones,
zones
metabolism basal
man
the
metabolism
arctic. second
biologicalprinciplethat has interfered with of the thinking brain evolution to higher levels in in the temperate in the tropicsas compared with man is the principle of struggleand survival. The thinking
organs,
owes
its size
In the lowest
the
tropics,where requirement
temperate
summer
the lowest
value
survival
food, shelter,and clothing are the thinking brain has for man, to the highest survival value, in contrast
zones,
in the
where
there
is
an
abundance of
man
that
the
thinking
In
upon
brain
must
store
man
against the
in the
arctic?
arctic,with
the
cold,
evolution
state
centered
warm-blooded
an
by lessening
short thick-set
the
evolution
of
body
the
usual Eskimo
of Africa.
any
The
brain
of the
other
human
brain.
AND
PERSONALITY
Is the
most
of intelligent
human for
beings ? A
the
same
large brain
reason
is
a
that in the
arctic the
blooded warm-
walrus, arctic,in the warm-blooded the warm-blooded caribou, and the seal,
a
defense, through high oxidation, to On the biological the warm-blooded maintain state. ple princiof brain that Dr. Quiring and I established,that I gram is required to execute 12,115 small calories in 24 hours, the is in Eskimo, despite his igloo,despite the furs he wears, that is,a high metabolism need of an intense fire, burning his body temperawithin his own protoplasm to maintain ture at 98.6"?. be accounted for on The can large brain of the Eskimo of the basis of the higher requirement for the maintenance
as
the
state
in the of the
cold
of
the
brain brain
Eskimo
to
is in ratio value
its survival
thinking brain in the Negro of the tropics because the is higher than Eskimo control must fire, clothe himself, build igloos, construct kayaks, and fashion tools by which to hunt and fish under difficult conditions than the Negro in more the tropics. The thinking brain of the Eskimo, therefore, would have greater survival value than that of the Negro in the tropics. But the survival value of the thinking brain of the Eskimo is not so high as the survival value of the in the temperate thinking brain of civilized man zones, where be man-made in food, clothing,and shelter must
contrast to
survival
of the
the
natural
food
in the
flesh of the
arctic
and
tropics.
that the
extremes
of cold
in the
gland
tropicshave profoundly influenced of the brain, the thyroid gland, and the blood The gift of a largebrain and a largethyroid of the temperate zones provided the back235
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
ground
the
of
constant
energy
at
conditions and
of
of
survival and
under
seasons
plenty
and
dearth
extreme
storm.
These
variables
present
for the
highest survival
well
as
value
thinking part
brain
a as
as
of the
energy
of the
and
maintain created
constant
high large
thinking brain, as large a thyroid gland, celiac ganglia and plexuses,and as large a blood volume the limits of as safetywill permit ? In other words, can civilization advance ? indefinitely is now The answer appearing in the diseases peculiarto civilized man. The brain-thyroid axis is destroying many
of
our
most
brilliant of oxidation
is due
to
men
and called
women
in
pathologic
and As also
physiology
which in death
"exophthalmic goiter," in
soldier's heart. for the
what
is called "heatstroke"
neurocirculatoryasthenia, or
driving brain, its limit
United the
its
great of
is indicated
by
the
existence diseases
for mental
axis
and
nervous
in the
partner
of the
brain
that
maintains
reaching
that claims and in
1938 50
of
every
paid
United due such
in
death States
by
the
insurance
was
companies
from the vascular the
Canada
for
deaths
to
as
work over-
of the heart
coronary
and
disease, and
cardiorenal
hypertension, syndrome.
The
of civilized man's limitingthe further advance ceiling of also in the increasing incidence is seen possibilities Raynaud's disease,neurasthenia, peptic ulcer, indigestion, and psychoses. We now see can why these diseases are peculiar to and why neither the native of the tropicsnor civilized man the native of the arctic can acquire our civilization or, as a Modern the diseases peculiar to civilized man. corollary,
236
present
that
can
He
a
to
the heat
fact
"... be
climate
a
body
loss
have
higher internal
reach earlier,
tion combusa
level,grow
stature, greater than Health do
are
rapidly,mature
to
larger
have
energy
a
resistant of
infectious
disease,and
and of mental moist
a
abundance those
both under
physical
conditions countries
living
in much
warmth.
more
in temperate-zone
has
thus But
namic dypush
quality than
and from
tropicalwarmth.
greater existence." climate:
rate
with
this
vigor
the
goes
of
body
breakdown
more
stressful make of
up
factors
of temperature, of
seen
variables of greatest in
humidity,
variation arctic has
an
variables is
storm.
not
zone.
in
tropics or Temperature
the volume
the
temperate
the
alone
influence
size of the
brain, the size of the thyroid gland, the size of the heart,
and of blood of all warm-blooded animals. the size of the adrenal Temperature has no influence upon formula, has glands. Dr. Quiring, by applying the power exhibited graphically the powerful influence of cold itself the brain, the thyroid gland, and the heart. upon When
we
recall
that
75 is
per
cent to
of the
food
intake the
blooded warm-
in
warm-blooded
state
animals and
required
into the
maintain
take and
zone,
the
abrupt
that
changes
seen
in climate factor of
in the and
no
it is clear
that
raised
man
the
high-energy
in To
state
a
civilized
is
fact that
summer
ing largerheatto
maintain brainstorm,
the
simple
and
owes
the
now man.
consider
variables
affect the
heating
plant
of
If the
heating plant of
man
burns
too
238
AND
PERSONALITY
plasm
that
will the
if it burns the
so
low his
temperature
will be
below
normal
by freezing,since, according to van't HofFs law, each degree centigrade of temperature rise or change is followed by a corresponding 10 per cent fall in chemical, hence electric, activity.Therefore, it is dead lines that the brain, the thyroid these two between like a bird balancing itself on gland, and the heart of man, their equilibrium. during a storm, maintain a wire have called attention the In the preceding pages to we took from the hairy covering of fact that evolution man protoplasm
shaved faster when the ape. A rabbit loses heat 35 per cent shorn of the of its normal furry covering.Therefore, man,
furry covering of
his
arboreal
ancestor,
to
could
sustain
succumbing
man
heatstroke
than
the
Evolution
area arms
with
surface
of any of man,
larger heating
man
long legs and permit a relatively long fingers brain and thyroid gland for
"
than
for
other
warm-blooded from
man
land
animal
of
comparable
In
power also
to
size without
death
heatstroke.
addition, evolution
endowed heat
modify
a
his internal
the but
to
with
vasomotor
mechanism horse
that and
transfers
man are
blood the
the
surface that
for
cooling.The
all
over.
only
animals These
sweat
adaptation to internal with his larger-than-apebrain and heat have enabled man, of the tropics thyroid gland,to survive the stagnant warmth well as the cold of the ice age and to make as alternating and the cold winter of the adaptation to the hot summer
north The greatest hand
mechanisms
evolved
for
temperate
zone.
thinking brain
gave
to
man
and
the versatile
to
hand
the the
gift of evolution
the
man,
substitute
blubber
in the
him winter
form
to
of
the
use
of
fire,
enabling
In the
up.
live
the
of in
man
is
stepped
to
Recall and
the
high
in winter
tone
contrast
the the
inertia
diminished
muscle
in
summer.
Recall
thyroid-gland enlargement
in
summer.
and
Recall disease
the
high
of deaths number
in winter
and and
fewer
Recall
in
the
aggravation
than in
summer
higher
and from the
incidence
winter
aggravation
that of
higher
the
summer.
incidence and
of
death
exophthalmic
with
goiter
autumn
winter
compared
have
spring only
to
and
Thus
far in brain
our
analysis we
and the external death
to
attributed the
the
viding pro-
thinking
winter
to
task
to
of
man
sufficient
heat
in
prevent
freezing and
from warm-blooded
sufficient
loss of
heat The
man
in
summer
mere
prevent
death of the
heatstroke.
state taxes
beyond
cent
energy
requirements,
man
because
to
75
per
of the
food
intake But
of
is and
required
cold
are
maintain of
state.
heat
two
the
man
that make
make
up
variability in
which is
an
climate
to
which
adaptation.
factor When
to
man
Another
must
make in the
is
humidity.
naked
there
increase heat
great
sufferingfrom
increases ratio in direct absorb.
man
depression
man's
to
and
ensues.
being
loss is
air will
heat
amount
loss
by
35
per
the
of moisture of heat
to
Therefore, the
in in the air.
room a
absorption proportion
of
skin
water
of
is diminished
the
vapor
In
steam
maximum little
depression is experienced,
the
rate
because
the
skin the
loses
heat, and
the
of
heat
produced
240
by
large brain,
AND
PERSONALITY
the
large blood
becomes
volume
of civilized
man
is
great
that
heatstroke
imminent.
rapidly the temperature is higher than body temperature. bath which so highly energized that unless he can lose
Consider how his temperature The studies will rise of the basal
to
of
man
rises
man
in
Civilized heat
at
a
is
high rate
the
metabolic
of
Eskimos, made
me,
by
Dr.
showed
the
have
in
basal
rate
per
cent
higher than
Francis
in
Cleveland,
the metabolism
zone.
In
the than
tropics
that
express
found
lower These
found the
of the
temperate
values
size
of the
as
and Thus
blood the
volume
an
adaptation
needed
to
external
temperature.
zone
cyclesof
to
humidity
the the
temperate
to
interfere
vitallywith
heatstroke. and the
heat
the
tendency
addition in
heat
to
prostrationand
variables
a
In
the
temperature
has This
an
variables
humidity,
third
factor
important
factor is the
factors of man. bearing on the energy of the barometric variability pressure. The influence that of in
oxygen
tension
on
metabolism
is
so
important
among
metabolic
it is necessary,
conditions,to
of barometric
we can now
the
barometer In the
readings, and tabolism. changes is expressed in the meunderstand why a rapidlyfalling depression to a population. studies of the we reported our
upon
we
tension varying influence of oxygen thyroid gland in fish. In our studies and reptiles in habitats of variable the stilltropical waters, the shallow and bubbling with air and oxygen, its rich We
the
brain
and
the fish
as
collected
many
oxygen
tension, such
of arctic
shoals the
we
sandy beaches,
sea
cold
with
supply
found
of oxygen. the
What
gameness
did of
find ? fish
"
that
the
that
241
is, its
INTELLIGENCE, energy
POWER,
"
pattern,
with
the
brain, and
the
thyroid gland
sponded corre-
the
concentration
of oxygen
of its natural
habitat. landlocked water still, and inactive. Oxygen tension of the cold, bubbling water In the where found. which there A is
a
fish tropics,
water
are
slow
is low.
In
the
mountain
game of the
streams, fish
are
rich
mixture
of
beaches.
weight.
When the barometer the falls,
oxygen
of the
body
consequent
on
concentration
to
exert
a
an
effect the
civilized
taking
in
trout
from
high
concentration
stream
of and
oxygen
found
placing it in
pressure of
of feet.
cold, bubbling mountain a warm, pool. A drop stagnant effect comparable inch exerts an
a
in barometric
to
an
altitude
968
What
would
case
a
happen
of
to
an
advanced
serious
case case
of heart of
disease,
an
incurable
diabetes, a
Peak? the
a
exophthalmic
case
of essential
to
Pikes
hypertension if these cases were A death toll all the way! depressinginfluence of the falling
is due
to
barometric
oxygen,
in
storm
the attenuation
of
just as,
The
in
ascending a mountain,
are
and
the
due
to
oxygen.
factors
oxygen
of
climate, warmer
tension
humidity,
same
low
at
usually
at
the
overlap each other. of Having interpretedour viewpoint of the implications the energy-controlling the variables of climate upon system of civilized man as they bear upon the diseases peculiarto
time,
least
him,
we
quote
242
the
following
statements
from
"Health
and
AND
PERSONALITY
Disease Mills:1
as
Influenced
by
Climatic
Environment,"
by
C. A.
mortality is related to climatic stimulation, the disease becoming a major medical problem only in those regionshaving invigoratingclimates. America its relative importance as a cause of In North with the disease in death is greatest in the region of Iowa States being much Northern of our the storm zone more than in the South. prevalent and troublesome "Diabetes almost invariably patients from the North
"Diabetes
"
find when
their
disease
less troublesome
and
easier
of
control
they migrate to tropical or subtropical climates. this increasingseverity "Negroes show most strikingly of the disease toward from the North, their death it rate more markedly than does that for the white risingeven population. In Europe too and in Australia this relation of diabetes mortality to climatic drive is just as definite as in North
"
America. be responsible for these diagnosis cannot observed for highest rates not differences, are always found where medical practiceis supposed to be best. With be the level of sugar diabetes, it cannot consumption. would Rather it seem be the level of bodily activity to demanded of the population in these areas. "Errors in
"There and
stress
can
on
be
little doubt
that
human
blood
are
pressure
the
circulatory mechanism
lower
in
areas. tropicalregions than in stormy People temperate to going from west central Europe or central North America the tropics nearly always suffer a marked fall in blood within a year or two, even though no debilitating pressure
disease
or
infection
has
occurred.
International
Vol. Clinics,
2, pp.
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
"Most that
important for cardiac load, however, declines the combustion as body efficiency During winter cold a given amount
costs
more
is the
rate
fact
creases. in-
of
physical
and heat
work and
in
terms
in summer heat. A expended hyperthyroid person pays a higher metabolic price for the of a piece of work execution does a normal than person. Tropical natives are far more efficient physicallythan are the energetic refers northerners, remembering that efficiency the energy ences to cost accomplished. Differper unit of work in energy be quite strikingand cost play an may important part in making heart failure so much more common during the colder portions of the year. These the metabolic of work have failed to receive cost on findings the attention they deserve in regard to the growing problems of the heart. People not only feel more energeticin around and move cold weather more quickly to keep warm, carries a higher metabolic and but each move they make energy
consumed
heart
work
cost.
lies the
common
main
reason
why
than in
cardiac
summer.
failure is
so
in winter
particularinterest
fall in blood took
was
pressure
that
place during
the
severe
West the Middle afflicting goodly proportion of the dropped about 30 per cent obtained. marked in Relief from
in the
summer
population
from whatever cardiac
level had
was
symptoms
as
general body climatic fell to low levels. This experiment on metabolism to effects, staged by Nature, gave strikingsubstantiation uncertain in no ideas previously stated, and indicated our be that can the shift toward tropical metabolism way by only population mass brought about in a highly energetic h) pertension cases
a
the
few
weeks
of F.
severe
warmth."
in his
William
244
Petersen,
study
of "The
Patient
and
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER
ulcer gastric
west
on
the West
coast, Petersen
says,
"The
entire reveals
coast,
high rates,
state, and
Colorado.
FIG.
(American
Patient and the
mortality). Weather"}
The
South
is
In
of the observe
free but does reveal a lightincrease relatively somewhat and Florida, regions that are more often from the Negro dies more the North of Florida, stomach, though the environment for the the white
race,
seems
somewhat
more
precariousfor
colored
out
too. individual,
"Newfoundland,
of the
region of the
major
storm
246
AND
PERSONALITY
tracks,has a mortality of only 1.8, but Hawaii is relatively high, with 7.2." showing the distribution Referring to the mortality map Petersen of exophthalmicgoiter during the decade 1920-1930, that it deserves is so characteristic emphasis. states, "This Region I has Oregon as the focal point, then lower rates but along the in the dry highlands of the Northwest occur southern fringe of the cyclonic tracks (Colorado, Kansas,
Missouri)
an
accentuation
occurs
until
we
we
come as
to
the focal
actually begin with Minnesota, Ontario, Wisconsin, and Illinois. Again the northeastern show a states are spared, and New Hampshire and Maine low mortality. "And north into the turbulent the Negro, as he moves illwith exophthalmic goiter. atmosphere, becomes Newfoundland "In exophthalmic goiter is practically non-existent, and in Hawaii, too, the mortality is only 0.8
rates
(2) and
now
find Ohio
the
for 100,000 Of
inhabitants."
cardio-vascular-renal leads
some as
disease,Petersen
of death.
says,
"Heart that
disease there
are
the
cause
It is estimated
people in the United States who afflicted. But unfortunately, statistical material is so are our When the map examine by no means we satisfactory. for deaths from heart disease for a singleyear we find the tracks clearly outlined. New storm Hampshire is high with of 323 (per 100,000) approximately three times rate a as
two
million
many
deaths
from
heart
disease
as
is shown
for Arkansas.
The
ested examining this distribution will be interprimarily in observing that the rate is a reflection of the old-age grouping." It is interesting Petersen's of the incidence to contrast maps of his
map
statistician
the
various the
diseases distribution
of of
civilized
man
with
perature tem-
showing
for 1925.
of variability
Of
arteriosclerosis
Petersen instability,
says,
"There 247
can
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER
be
no
question but
their
will pressure)
that
undue in
tissue
meteorologicaldisturbances,
stimulation of (lessening
with blood
reflection
often
be followed
by overcompensation,
New
Hampshire-323
302-310
250-300 200-250
FIG.
40.
"
Death
from
heart
disease
[American
Disease
population)].(From J. S. Whitney, "Heart Heart Association,1934. Reproduced from and the Weather"}
mortality, 1932 (per 100,000 American MortalityStatistics," F. Petersen. William The Patient M.D.,
"
with
spasm,
and
with
increased
may
blood
In
the
unstable
person
to
this the
ultimately, along
that
we we see
other young
factors, lead
individuals.
hypertension
In scientific
as an
terminology
discuss
lying under-
change
of
arteriolosclerosis
and
speak clinically
map
malignant
of
incidence In the
Petersen's
shows States
the draft.
to
are
in the United
of the relation
foregoing discussion
civilized the
of climate mentioned
pages
we
the
diseases
peculiarto
shown that
In the
have
man
civilized
appeared
most
in the
temperate
to
zone,
where
were
favorable
the
highest development
brain,
248
AND
PERSONALITY
the
thyroid gland,
to
the
heart
and
blood of
volume
and, in
mental
consequence,
the
highest degree
physicaland
activity.
America. storminess North or (Base over Temperature variability A. Clarence Company, Chicago. Reproduced Denoyer-Geppart from of map "Medical M.D., Mills,Ph.D., Climatology.") FIG. 41.
"
courtesy
and
mental basis of
activity,as
both civilized basis
man.
will
be
civilization
that other
are
peculiar to
the
common
each
by
of
INTELLIGENCE,
terms
POWER,
of
milleniums of
of
time, both
as
and
such
diseases
civilization disease
"
nervous
disease,
coronary
cardiovascular
essential
hypertension,
ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
(Hypertension)
0.48-0.40 0.37-0.32
0.29-0.24
Under 0.20
FIG.
42.
"
Arteriosclerosis William
United (hypertension).
"
States and
draft. the
F. Petersen, M.D.,
The
Patient
syndrome exophthalmic goiter, neurocirculatory asthenia, diabetes, peptic ulcer, be regarded as due to mutations and Raynaud's disease may
the
"
disease, and
cardiorenal
in certain
units of the
energy-controlling system.
250
7o
THE
HAZARDS
Mutation
OF
LIFE
DESCRIBED
by
in the
to
De
Vries, mutation
or
of
tion variato
parent
offspringdue
of the and
germ
changes
in
the
chromosomal modifies
constituents individual
to
man
often
animals.
selection, according
the favorable of the in
in herd
De
Vries,
into
incorporates and
the
stabilizes
mutations
permanent
is
equipment
most
common
least
common
man
civilized
common.
horse
out-crossbreeding is
to
should
expect
man
find
the
of mutation The
man,
and
in the
man,
instabilities
appear
to
of civilized that
in
native
so
indicate exhibits
the
civilized
is
new
that
inheritance of the
strikingmutations.
in both the
mutation
In
the
tion opera-
bipolar
mechanism
man,
so
thoroughbred
trolling energy-con-
horse
and
in civilized
may
a
of certain
as
organs
be
excessive
to
defeat and
normal
even a
tion funcdisease.
and
become
pathologic physiology
of Mutations
a a
Influence
on
Behavior
as
Exemplified by
Horse
In
and
Thoroughbred Gangster
Chap.
17
in
we
saw
mutations
the
such how, through breeding by man, brain, the heart, and the adrenal-sympathetic occurred
as
system
have
unpredictable certain behavior thoroughbred horses studied we cited the example many Brown Eyes, a thoroughbred of great promise that, due
mutation,
As
was
render
of
to
stated and
above, mutation
in
appears in those
most
quently fre-
the
greatest
animals
251
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
that
are
most
greatest and
seen
incidence the
of
civilized
are
man
in
in
thoroughbred
animals the
case
horse.
Mutations
state.
rarely
case
line-bred
man
in the wild
In
the
of civilized
the
selection mind of
principle of natural selection is suspended. In of the thoroughbred horse the principle of natural is also suspended, not by the horse but by the
man.
man
In civilized the
there is
seen
the
extreme
thinking brain, the thyroid gland, and hand. the mechanism that has powered emThrough mutation outside himself has evolved to develop energy man eases disthe highest degree, as seen of energy to by the ceiling
that
man.
with
man
the
further
on
progress
Since do much
has
to
depends
animals of
man
to
work,
race,
for outburst
energy
diminished, whereas
a
order
win
has
been
Thus these two most highest degree of outburst energy. and the thoroughbred highly hybridized animals, civilized man horse, have been developed to a high degree but toward the thoroughbred horse in the principles, opposite energy in the equipment equipment for the wild state, civilized man
age
of the
civilized
state.
usually most strikingin the organs that the animal. In man the the greatest significance have to the thinking brain and of highest significance are organs the central nervous system. In the thoroughbred horse the the brain, the heart, and of highest significance are organs of man the In the case the adrenal-sympathetic system. of the brain is shown mutation by the fact that there are and mental half a million hospital beds for nervous over
diseases Brown the famous trained
in in the
United
a
States
alone.
as
Eyes,
thoroughbred horse, was racing stallion Equipoise.Brown of the outstanding racing one
well
bred had
as
Eyes
stables
been
in Ken-
252
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
and
in particularly
group,
the
most
advanced
civilized
the
thetic
not
only with
sustained
over
his
high
and
for ability
work,
plants
animals, and
also
setting up
diseases.
of
complex
with
certain
following discussion of the hazards of civilized man adult life is prein infancy, childhood, adolescence, and sented it would for that in its seem biological solely aspect, heretofore the biological significance of these diseases has not been fullyrecognized. peculiaronly to civilized man
The At the time the of fertilization of the
ovum
there
mass
exists
ever
probably
appears
highest metabolism
source
per
unit
of
that
The
speed of growth
of
unique. The
is identified
growth
adrenal
by
due to the showering by glands of the mother the fetus. these glands of growth-producing hormones upon In addition, there is a very development of early marked the adrenal glands in the fetus itself. the subject extensively, has studied Dr. Quiring, who
reports
that
in
the
third
month
adrenal
giving a ratio of the adrenal glands weigh 0.06 gram, weight to the body weight of the fetus of 1:238. At birth the weight of the adrenal glands is 8.6 grams, giving a ratio of the weight of the adrenal glands to the body weight of
254
AND
PERSONALITY
the infant
of
glands
of the
1
the ratio of approximately u grams, adrenal glands to the body weight of the
is
the
15,000.
The
thyroid gland in the fetus is smaller than the adrenal the adrenal that whereas glands glands.Dr. Quiring states birth the thyroid gland weighs only at weigh 8.6 grams reversed This adrenal-thyroidrelation becomes 3.2 grams. the thyroid before the twenty-first sometime year, when gland weighs approximately 2^ times the weight of the adrenal glands. In a comparative study of the thyroid and adrenal glands data regarding different age in which in 747 wild animals available, Dr. Quiring and I found that the periods were from 24 to 450 per cent adrenal glands were largerin their relation to the body weight in the infants than in the adults. In the human are being the adrenal glands in the newborn times largerin their relation to the body weight twenty-one
than
in the
From of human
the
the
glands in
that
even
during the third month times glands are twenty-one weight of the fetus than are in relation to the adult body
after birth the adrenal infant the
are
months
in relation adrenal
must
to
the
weight
of the
to
a
smaller
the
glands
not
in relation is
fetus,we
adrenal in the indicate
conclude is
that there
present
in adult
life. The
glands
that
are
larger in relatively
than in the adult
adolescent
some
extraordinary
years
activities
present
during
The
young
of life.
brain-to-body-weight ratio in the infant and the child is higher than the brain-to-body-weight ratio
adult. In
our
in the
studies
in
comparative
infant wild
the
was
brain-to-body-weightratio
of the
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
from
91
to
630
per
cent
higher
same
than
the
brain-to-body-
weight
animals
of the
from 6 to 221 brain-to-body-weight ratio was higher than the brain-to-body-weightratio in the per cent adults of the same In humans the brain-to-bodyspecies. is 560 per cent weight ratio of the newborn higher than the brain-to-body-weight ratio in adults; in a child of ten it is 250 per cent higher than in an adult; and in an years adolescent of fifteen years it is 160 per cent higher.Thus the the anatomical child is the characteristic of the
glands. This also is infant, and the juvenilewild The giftof evolution to man
adrenal his dominance in the its world
formula
fetus,the
achieved and the
by
is the
which
man
has
thyroid gland
delicate matrix, in which large and infinitely that guide and govern written the action patterns him. are Not only is the brain of man characterized by the greater of recordingmatrix, but almost as significant, mass lying at basis of training and education, is the fact that the very of the lower animals the available in the case recording has all or matrix nearly all its recordable capacity filled with simple animal action patterns at the time of birth,
brain, with
and
there is but
small
amount
of blank This
matrix
upon appear
which
to
be recorded.
would
be
physical reason
to
but
be
trained
and
cated edu-
human
are
the
patterns of the
of
wild None
ancestors
established of
matrix man's
process
brain.
state
of the
patterns in fetal
actions
civilized of
is established and
of
life. In
procreationman
in the
one
other
animals matrix
amount
recordable
to
brings from
the
generation
the bird
all
next
comes
generation across
over
the
plasmic proto-
of The
its
action
comes
patterns
over
established
governing
matrix.
infant
256
AND
PERSONALITY
the the
blank adult
matrix.
to
This
enables action
child, and
anatomical
the
acquire
patterns In
their environment. facts of the energy their behavior, we systems find that
like the young of all wild animals, child, are highly cephalized and adrenalized. The infant and the and quick response emotionalism child show to fevers. It is because the not enough to say that these phenomena occur and the is
an
infant
or
child. We
must
conclude the
that
of the infant
are
and
to
they
brain
exhibit and
due
far greater
phenomena development of
in the adult. the
trolling energy-con-
adrenal
"
glands
racial inherited
than
is present
"
Through
endowed
phylogeny
is
young
an
experience
energy
system the
pattern. with
as
Evolution
of wild adrenal
animals
glands
ten to
as
was
child has
glands and the thyroid gland approximate each other in weight. This changed relation in the size of the thyroid and adrenal glands is expressed in the behavior of the child. During this time the child is an energy machine, this period of childhood often points and, significantly,
to
of .the man."
On
the
one
hand,
active
powers
too
be
highly energized,too incessantly safety. In that event, his physical unduly developed in school lest in
as develop such diseases of civilized man essential hypertension,coronary the cardiorenal or disease, syndrome. On the other hand, a child may so high an equipment possess for mental work to as endanger his safety in another direction. Child prodigiesshould be restrained rather than stimulated. and They should be trained to offset mental emotional work by interests other than mental lest in adult
adult
life he
257
life
thenia, as-
nervous
breakdown.
The
In
Adolescent
is
Pupil
a
pupil there of the ductless glands expressing the body and the development of Rapid growth only
of the in the with the
is hard
the
adolescent
crescendo
a
of
procreation.1
work, overwhelming
anatomy of
as
well
as
in
as
the
entire
state.
The
changes
are senility
nothing compared
Fortunate several
over
with
it is years.
transformation the
process
enacted of adolescence
in
a
in adolescence. is
spread
of this
if it occurred
night!
fact transformation
a
Not
only
load
on
is the
physical
organism
organs
too
heavy
but
may
the
of the
adolescent
new
boy
to too
and
girl
the
dominating
one
themselves,
of
their
tasks,
be in
instance
to
active, in another
of organs and the mind of the hard
as
inactive,
tion procreagone
thus
adding growth
work
the
overload
the
disturbance
in
Therefore,
of mechanism
training
and of
adolescent, the
fabrication hard work the
growth
the
work well
emotion
terms
of the
as
procreation
excessive in
account
the
expression
be taken
of the
of this
period
should
energy
into the
of
competition for
for sustained that
required in
the her the
in
process has
a
of
Because
energy
female role of
greater
controls
rate
of
larger
relativelyto
therefore, as
to
the
one
body weight
might
expect,
girlthan
female
is
boy;
subject
adolescence
than
1
CRILE, GEORGE,
1935.
Life," W.
W.
Norton
"
Company,
New
York,
258
AND
PERSONALITY
During
is likewise
adolescence
in
the
fightingside
becomes
of the
more
partnership
muscular,
developed
more
the
male, who
aggressive, pugnacious, and individualistic. is an hazard of adolescence The unequal development of and ductless glands, the sympathetic system, the various of growth activity may result outburst the brain. Such an and whole the body as in the skeletal muscles a being for other built up with such speed that there is less energy Nordic of the body. We functions see boys, especially, and fail in inattentive growing so rapidly that they become excel in athletics. their lessons,although they may of pathologicalhabits that may There is also the hazard differentiation that is taking place result from the rapid sex from ten to fourteen in the neutral boy or girl old, a years transformation that brings with it many feelings strange lead to the development of abnormal habits. that may sex there is the adolescent Then who, lackingthe development girl of the hormones mone, estrin,gonadotropic pituitary horand corporin, may, as a result, develop social and
sexual On indifference the other and become
a
recluse.
burst hand, there is the hazard of such an outof activity of the ductless glands, especially the adrenal glands and the hypophysis, that obesity,hirsutism, and tachycardia the telltale symptoms of polystriations, in the glandular disease develop. This disease occurs may adolescent woman. girlor the young We also see another hazard in adolescence, during the as abnormal of the activityof the energy system, disturbance
" "
pancreas
that
may
result in diabetes.
The
Superintellect
occasional
Through
an
mutation, the
boy
of the brain and an activity for the acquiring of knowledge. The superlativemind may danger to itself. There carry is little danger in the brain mechanism of the pupil who, by 259
abnormal
INTELLIGENCE, virtue
POWER,
of his the be
capacity
a
intensive his
application,
may,
becomes
intellectual defect
super
however,
in the
training and
in
of the
grasp
man
intellect
that
he
of
training and
coordinating the
introduction
to
wild
human passions and average possesses, tions missing the advantage of the commingling of civilized reacin the fighting,playing, mating man. The drudge sometimes he develops or develops a deformed personality, his wild'
is
so man
the human
out
as
of season;
state
but
so
vital
the keen
of the
a
abnormally
that these
high
is achieved
without brain
effort.
In
brilliant
activity may
In
finallyreach
instances
recovery.
an
certain is
no
there
Adult
Individuals
as a
Life
ized, charactermental that and the
successful
a
rule,by
of this group of
those
of
ease
achievement,
great
Whereas
and
almost
group
at
an
during
abnormal
the
first
forty years,
taxes
driving of
as
the
body
the
speed
the
such
the
heart,
blood
vessels,and
can
kidneys.
his brain is tired because
Anyone
the brain
tell when
through
tell when can personalityis expressed.No one tired. These his heart, his blood vessels,or his kidneys are and the first warning of possibleimpairment are mute, organs his is
one a
diminished
organs
function.
may
soon
After
that
warning
one
comes,
of these
fail,and
down the
when
of these
man.
vital organs
life of the
Exophthalmic
260
goiter,or
hyperthyroidism,is*a
disease
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
two:
there
rate.
is
no
exophthalmos
celiac and
and
increased
metabolic these
mutants
in Significantly, smaller in
cases
the
ganglia
in
cases
are
of
exophthalmic goiter
than in
of
neurocirculatory
whereas is in
cases
asthenia
normal
of
exophthalmic goiterthe
individuals. that these
two
largerthan
In support
in normal
of this statement,
regarded as mutations, is the discoverythat exophthalmic be cured goiter may by breaking this universal energy by denervating the adrenal glands. This alone system
be
causes
the
brain
state
to
return
to
the
normal
and
the
from
its
its normal to hyperplasia and excessive vascularization to its normal state. Equally does the rapid heartbeat return of the rhythm. In neurocirculatoryasthenia, denervation the excited brain to its normal adrenal glands restores state, the excited sympathetic system to its normal state, and the
excited Of
heart great
to
its normal
state.
excision is the fact that of the significance cures exophthalmic goiter, has no thyroid gland, which effect upon neurocirculatoryasthenia. Therefore, one may In different the mutations involve thalmic exophorgans. suppose, involve the brain to goiter the mutation appears in neurocirculatory asthenia and the thyroid gland, whereas the brain-adrenal-sympainvolve the mutation to thetic appears the thyroid gland remaining normal. system, The childhood, the school and collegedays of the hyperthyroid patient show a brilliant scholastic record and an The victim of neurocirculatory active, colorful personality. and nervousasthenia exhibits a greater degree of instability ness
than show
so
the
victim
of
exophthalmic
record
as
goiter but
does
not
high a
scholastic
that of the
exophthalmic
is
goiter mutant.
The
equipment
of
of the
large
brain
man
and and
thyroid gland
animals
in
characteristic 262
warm-blooded
the
AND
PERSONALITY
cold
north.
Therefore, the
native
of the
tropics could
not
develop exophthalmic goiter or neurocirculatory asthenia, is he likelyto attain the high rank in scholarship. nor
There in is
a
third
man.
energy
or synthesis,
mutation,
is
civilized
This
third
mutation
from this mutation equally individual. The victims suffering of blood, constant but have larger hearts, greater volume not thyroid glands, and abnormally active brains, normal normal or slightly largerthan normal adrenal glands.These also possess individuals uniquely large celiac ganglia and under celiac plexuses and a normally are high constant the hyperthyroid and the hyperinternal drive. Whereas and tremble, the individuals adrenal subjectstend to sweat synthesis have dry skins belonging to this third energy and rarelytremble. The victims of this third mutation
prone
to
are
not
so
brilliant
those are as scholastically but they range in the upper school and collegethey are in and These
third leaders
of in for
clubs, whereas
individuals
the
candidates
are
exophthalmic goiter
in the classroom.
possess
neurocirculatoryasthenia
are
leaders and
more
stable
sounder
than the mutants judgment and more predisposed courage to exophthalmic goiter and neurocirculatory asthenia. These but stable mutants, in highly energized, tireless, addition to being successful leaders in industry,finance,the and in public affairs, in war, professions, particularlyas for essential hyperpilotsin aviation, are also candidates tension and Another
coronary
disease. that
is
seen
mutation the is
in adult
civilized This
are
man,
particularlyin
energy
mutation
fourth three
clearlydefined
it has
a are
common
as
the
previously mentioned,
with and them
carry
a
but
characteristic
in that
its members
also
highly energized
seem
high
order
It would
that
the inherited
mechanism
escaped
the
thyroid
263
of of
the the
exophthalmic
celiac
goiter victim
and
and heart
the
of
of essential fourth
group
hypertension
we see an
disease. competent
a
In
example
level of
to
high
activity by
well-
thyroid gland
of this
is the than
and
group
adrenal-sympathetic
are
system. ambition
essential
individuals
worry
more
prone
to
and
more
stable disease.
candidate
for
hypertension
Peptic
in those
or
and
occurs are
coronary
more
ulcer
commonly
stress
particularly occupations
of
who
under
because
in
individuals
who,
struggling
or
conditions
are
conflict, discouragement,
maladjustment,
and in active
especially
ulcer
subject
goiter
appears
men.
to
worry,
more
anxiety, commonly
of the
fatigue. Exophthalmic
women. careers
occurs
Peptic
of the midst of
in
the
midst
ambitious
the
Exophthalmic
worry
goiter
the
appears
in of
a
and
social
drive
women.
fifth and It is
a
mutation,
diabetes, is
found of
synthesis of
active and
an
active
tem. sys-
high
normal
thyroid-adrenal-sympathetic
among
a ful success-
most
commonly
The scholastic is
two
individuals.
childhood
career
diabetic
is characterized
an
by
does tend
brilliant child
and,
of
on
average,
diabetic
not to
years
ahead
his
grade.
Diabetes
may sonalities per-
produce
in
brilliant
minds, but
brilliant the
people
acquire diabetes.
Many
been
of
outstanding
that
in
history
have
it is
diabetics.
to note
In
this connection
interesting
of diabetes
and
disturbed
is far
higher
than
are
in the
population.
by
These
victims
of these
five mutations
characterized
man.
in civilized highest qualifications seen progressive,the most represent the most valorous in the fraction of civilized
man.
inventive,
are spicuous con-
the
most
They
in
professions, in
government,
business,
264
AND
PERSONALITY
in
finance,
and the size
in
public
life,
and
in
war.
They
appear
as
great
leaders In of
great
of the size and the lack
failures.
thinking
of the
brain,
the
heart
and adrenal
the
volume
blood,
the
thyroid
these and
gland,
mutants
glands,
to
celiac evidence in
ganglia
of
plexuses,
of
appear
be
uniformity
Civilized in
man
fixation has
of
istics characterthe
civilized
man.
appeared
been
upon
to
scene
so
recently
and that
breeding
inheritance
has
subjected stabilized,
so
many
out-crosses
is
not
and
appear
frequently.
and in the and for the disasters in tension the of life and
career
diseases
of
many
individuals
high
civilized it would
life
are
due
largely
to
to
worry
emotionalism,
emotions the
seem
logical
evolution
substitute civilized
greatest
gift
childhood,
tendencies
of
to
man,
namely,
life,
detected the
reason.
If, in
inherited the
adolescence,
of these
mutants
or
young-adult
could be
the and
danger
of
their of
high
these
endowment
glimpsed,
pathologic
systems
or
physiology might,
avoided.
superlative
and
energy-controlling
be minimized
through
training
education,
DISCUSSION
AND
SUMMARY
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
state
8. The
recent
rise
so
of
man
to
man
his
civilized
has
been
so
so
has been
to
subjectedto
much
many
we
in order
account
for the
in the De
energy-controlling organs
evoked
of mutation.
10.
ence profoundly influTemperature, humidity, and storm the size of the energy-controlling organs. has unique The thinking part of the brain of man value.
ten
we biological principles,
believe, account
and
for
unique
and and
variable
man.
intelligence, power,
that
personality
of animals The
first
the universal
energy
pattern
tissue
of animals the
is the pattern
organism. In
follow unicellular
higher animals
pattern
the
of the
primordial
organism and, like the nucleus of the unicellular organism, exhibit a positivesign of charge: all the other
organs
and
tissues
of
animals
follow
the
pattern
of the
cytoplasm of a primordial unicellular organism and, like the cytoplasm of the unicellular organism, exhibit a negative sign of charge. is that the bipolartheory second The biological principle and animals offers an interpretation of the operation of man
of the mechanism When systems: and
we
of metabolism.
an
dissect
animal and
or
man
we
see
three
great
of voluntary
extending to the most involuntary innervation muscle distant cells,and gland cells;second, capillaries, the heart, the blood vessels, and the capillaries extending to microscopical unit of living tissue in the body; every
third, a system great voluntary
greatest
mass
as
essential
muscular
as
the
other which
two,
namely,
the the
system, is the
constitutes
of the of
adaptive energy
There
are
mechanism
by
which
executed. transformation
to
millions
of energy
270
AND
PERSONALITY
which part.
each These
of these
units
three
systems
contributes
an
essential
of energy
transformation
nerve
consist
of
voluntary muscle
wall of the muscle red blood cells in
or fiber,
plate on the fiber representinga positivepole, and the capillaries representinga part of the
energy
furnace, a
end
negative pole.
balance
These the
units the
in
delicate
electric
between stimulus
positiveand
the brain.
the
nerve
from
This
stimulus
of
arc
the end
plate on
Thus
the wall
are
by oxidation. produced.
The
the
heat
brain
and
the heart
are
in
arc
constant
alive the
These
working day and night,respond to every the specialsenses, from common sensations, the emotions, for executive to the stimulus required for labor in the fields, work in industry,for the duties required of a presidentof a bank of a professional or man. The of controlling thyroid gland has the unique power the level of activity of this energy team, higher in the north, the climate is cold, higher in the winter as compared where with the summer. The constant working tempo is controlled by the thyroid gland, and the outburst energy required for the expressionof the emotions is executed by the brain and the heart through flash oxidation controlled by the adrenal glands. In civilized man find a largerbrain, a largerthyroid we in of blood than gland, and a larger heart and volume native in the tropics. The man hard-working brain, the
lead horse
were
in this energy team, is so overworked in the United States, in 1939, 606,394 beds diseases. This in civilized and
man.
that
there
and
nervous
is
eloquent testimony
have
a
muscle
other
organ
INTELLIGENCE,
amount
POWER,
of work
per
mass.
The
heart
at
muscle such
a
itself with
its
supply
the
is maintained
high
level of in the
greatest
percentage cardiac
of
deaths
is caused that
by
the
disease.
see
varying
axis
potentials required
the brain and
to
change the
man
rate
on
of oxidation the
two
of civilized the
depend
The third of
an
partners,
in the habitat
is
ature temper-
gram
12,115 for
small
calories in 24
of brain
estimatingthat
and that part
ments require-
distinctlyhuman
basal metabolism brain"
requirements.
The
common
brain-oxidation
to
law
expresses
the The
all the
animals, includingman.
energy
"animal
represents
maintenance
of
the
growth, for the tenance of the body, for the mainstate, for the digestion of
for all the basic and
energy
man.
requiredin
Since
man
the wild
and
domestic
state
has been
differentiated
from
animals
by
development of a thinking brain and since significant Benedict critical study of metabolism the by Francis is required for abstract revealed that little or no oxidation have method a by which we are able to thinking,we now estimate the weight of the thinking part of the brain of
a
man.
In the consideration
vast
of the
thinking brain
oxidation
matter
we
include
the
numbers energy
of brain that
cells whose
supplies the
of the brain
electric
etches
in the white
the many being,especially patterns of action of the human of the manipulative hand, those established through the use
the
erect
posture,
acts
and
the
vast
numbers
man
of
mental, physical,
in the
man
and
emotional
that civilized
executes
course
are
the
large brain
of
civilized
there
AND
PERSONALITY
or
combinations executed
of patterns
of
action, each
for
vast
for the
man.
by brain cells that supply the thinking,for the expressionof the emotions, and of muscular number acts performed by civilized
be
to
An
brain
analogy
for the
was
civilized
man's
many
requirement
separate brain of the
of
large
he
ray
execution
seen
of the
acts
that
performs
that
four
we
in the
at
sting
contract
on
collected of
Key
The
sting ray
of
has and
ninetythe
pairs
muscles
many
that
coordinate
rhythmically in
vicissitudes In the
stingray
is accordingly
in any other fish or relatively larger than that seen since in the brain of the sting ray there must exist reptile, not only the patterns of action of the ninety-fourpairs of
muscles
execute
but these
also
the
necessary
number
of brain
cells
to
patterns
of action.
conception explains the large size of the brain of man compared with that of the ape and the large whose size of the brain of civilized man, thinking brain and the feet so drives his hands continuously in the compared with that of native operation of the web of life,
This
man.
that in man the brain biological principle, and the thyroid gland rose together, has been clearly in our established long study of the energy-controlling and of the various in certain species of animals organs The racial studies The the that of
man.
fourth
thyroid
sends
hormone
controls
the
rate
of oxidation
center
in
billions of brain
the sympathetic nerves the to impulses over celiac ganglia and plexuses and adrenal rectly glands, thus indithe force and frequency of the heartbeat controlling the electric potential of the entire and, in consequence, organism. Therefore, the thyroidgland may be considered to exert adaptive control of oxidation in the entire organism. 273
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
The
to
fifth
natural
selection than
gave
each
wild
larger
adrenal
adrenal
glands
energy in addition
gland, expresses
the hormone
energy
the
necessity of crisis
thyroid mobilized by
to
of the
glands
the
the
stant con-
mobilized
by
hormone
of
the
thyroid
gland.
nance domiadrenal-gland-celiac-ganglion in the cat family and the rodents, marked to be most and defense attack in which both outburst depend on dominance is The adrenal-gland-celiac-ganglion energy. less marked in animals requiring the long chase or long such as the wolf, the deer, and the antelope. escape, In the evolution of wild animals,natural selection favored the adrenal glands, celiac ganglia and plexuses.In man, the thinking part of the natural selection centered upon formula of a large brain, brain and the thyroid gland. The large thyroid gland, absolutely and relativelysmaller adrenal glands, and variable celiac ganglia and plexuses is that of a walking, thinking animal, namely, man. than that of man, of a brain smaller The formula a large of blood, large adrenal glands, and large heart and volume celiac ganglia is that of the thoroughbred horse. of an extremely large brain, a largethyroid The formula gland, comparatively small adrenal glands, a moderately of blood is that large heart, and a strikingly large volume the porpoise. of the whale or We have The formula
a
found
the
of
brain
so
that
of
man
or
the ape,
distance large as in the high-powered, longvolume of blood, antelope, a moderate large adrenal glands in comparison with the thyroid gland, and celiac ganglia and plexuses as large as the adrenal glands is that of the lion. Among the 284 speciesthat we have dissected the lion the largestand most complex celiac ganglia and possesses
heart
not
plexuses. These
structures
we
found
to
be the
most
guishing distin-
characteristic 274
of the lion.
AND
PERSONALITY
as
the
not
celiac
ganglia and
seem
plexuses
that the of
determined, it would
explains it.
energy
outburst The
the greatest power lion possesses of comparable size. of any animal The
a
of
very
small
system,
volume there
adrenal is that
slight
celiac
eighty-two
the Museum of
each
side
plexus,in
In the
at
alligatorthere
Clinic
but
Power, Intelligence,
Foundation
we
Personality
illustrated
the
Cleveland
the
and that intelligence, principle, biological power, personalityare dependent on the absolute and relative size of the brain, the thyroid gland,the heart and blood volume, and the adrenal-sympathetic the celiac gangliaand plexuses, To exploit this interestingfield properly will take system. offer studies of but. as can a beginning we years, many animals, representing 284 species and 60 human 3,734 and studies,1 including 3 racial types 15 nationalities. invoked seventh Haeckel's In our we biological principle recapitulates phylogeny. Although we law, that ontogeny recognize the limitations of this law, Haeckel's principle for the adrenal-gland dominance in would to account seem the human fetus, in infancy, and in childhood, such as is exhibited in the ape of today. It was during the rise of man from the ape that through natural selection the adrenalto gland dominance thyroid-gland dominance. gave way At the time of birth the beginning of a gradual decline of the adrenal-glanddominance This decline continues occurs. until about the twenty-first year. At this time the thyroid sixth
gland is 2^
rule
times
the
size of the
adrenal the
glands, and
of
the the
of
reason
should
supersede
dominance
emotions.
For
our
of mutation
1
turned rise of
to
man
the
to
law his
See
Appendix, Record
of
Body Weight
and
Certain
Weights.
275
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
has rapid,and man that been so extensively subjected to out-crossbreeding, in the size of his energy-controlling mutations seen are many We believe that this principle also be applied may organs. the size of the brain, the thyroid gland, the adrenal to glands,the heart and blood volume, the celiac ganglia and
state
so
civilized
has
been
recent
and
so
plexuses.
De
Vries
in
pointed
animals Africa
out
that
are saw
mutations
occur
more
quently fre-
that
we
hybridized
than
in
line-bred
mutation
animals.
among the male slow
In the
of
antelope,since
the defeated under
dog destroy
is the the of years
an
and
incompetent. The
all rivals. For
leader
of the herd
that has
has
to
thousands
herd
been the
is itself the
tion evolu-
antelope the
senses
of
thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, the heart, the blood volume, the celiac ganglia and plexuses all the units of
the
"
the
mechanism
of
these
beautiful
animals
"
are
uniform
of the brain, the compared with the mutations gland, the adrenal-sympathetic system, the heart blood volume in the thoroughbred horse and seen
man.
thyroid
and the in civilized
The
as
ancestry
of civilized
man
includes
as
the weak
as
as
well
the the
strong, the
unfit find
as a
incompetent
as
well this
the
reason
competent,
we
and
well
the
fit. For
should
expect
man
to
higher percentage
wild there is greater
of mutations
in civilized
than
in the line-bred
man
In civilized the
brain, the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands, the heart and blood volume, the celiac ganglia and plexuses, resulting
variations in
to
in great and In
intelligence, power,
diseases.
and
personality,
the incidence
our
certain
have invoked biological principle we Berthelot's law HofFs law of nitroexplosives and van't chemical expressingthe effect of temperature on activity.
ninth
276
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
thinking brain is not comparable to the survival has of the thinking brain of man who created the value machine age, developed science, art, agriculture,invented
of the methods of
communication,
of
zone,
and
devised
educational
tems, sys-
government.
its greatest survival value
has
in the
temperate
zone
especially in that
is
an
part
of
of the
temperate
where
there
abundance
storms
coal,oil, iron,farming
a
and
grazing land,
man
where
change
greater
zone
of
seasons
invigorate
storm
man
and mental
not
endow
energy. the
him In
muscular,
emotional, and
we
of
change
and
find
only
highestdevelopment
of civilized
highest incidence of diseases peculiarto civilized man, for the genesisof each depends upon a large of brain, a large thyroid gland, a large heart and volume blood, a large celiac ganglion and plexus and adrenalalso find As stated previously, we sympathetic system. effective for both civilized man and his diseases particularly the one the applicationof the law of mutation, which, on hand, produces scholars and philanthropistsand, on the
but also the other From Eskimo achieve
hand, mental
these
nor
defectives
and
criminals.
it is clear
nor
that
neither
the could
native
wild
animals
more
nor civilization,
could
easily
further
peculiar to civilized
is
It is
clear,also,that
safe
approaching
the
ceilingof
development of his energy system. We recognizethe fact that we have not given final proof laws of any one of the applications of the several biological
that
we
have
evoked
man.
in
our
attempt the
to
define
of evolution cannot principle be proved, though it is accepted. Nevertheless, Darwin's principle of struggle and survival, Haeckel's principleof of mutation, and phylogeny, De Vries' principle ontogeny have Berthelot's we law, which applied to explain the of civilized Even limitations of temperature and heatstroke
among
warm-
278
AND
PERSONALITY
blooded
to
animals, van't
interpretthe
Hoff's
we
have
evoked
the
warm-blooded
us
state, and
the brain-metabolism
that enabled
to
open
weight
offer
man a
of the
thinking part
we
of the
the data
that
have
collected. for
sessed pos-
From civilized
the
man.
foregoingwe
Civilized
man or
neuroendocrine
no
formula
not
possesses
organ
by
man,
native
wild
and
domestic
animals.
lized Civi-
by the power formula, possesses a largerthinking brain and thyroid gland than any other animal, coupled with an upright posture, a manipulative hand, and in comparison with wild and domestic animals, small adrenal glands, celiac ganglia,and plexuses.
The
energy
or
when
evaluated
of civilized
or
man
possesses
greater
number
of
brain
cells than
any
animal
of
is
greater parts
the various
of the brain
well
as
to
the
muscles, especially
many
activities
when
there and
is
the there
when
break
in
the
"
in the
"
express
In my
service
the American
Neuilly,
France, during the First World War, in 1914 and 1915, a ward had suffered cross of eighty soldiers who lesions of the of each spinalcord was placed in my charge.The personality of these soldiers was bisected by a bullet that divided the were men spinalcord high up. Although these unfortunate paralyzed from the point of injury down, they remained calm, placid,and intellectual in spite of their incapacity, in spiteof their dilemmas, and in spiteof air raids. Their minds had been severed from their adrenal-sympathetic "The down." line was nervous They had lost the systems.
power
to
worry
or
to
fear. 279
INTELLIGENCE, In
POWER,
surgicaloperations
of the
in
under
spinal anesthesia
is bisected. the The mechanism
means
the
sonality per-
patient likewise
one
mechanism of the
of
intelligenceis left
in another. with the
sector,
emotions
The
brain
of communication
mechanism
expression of
the
emotions.
The
brain
of the the
potentialof potentialof
electric
high electric entire organism. Conversely, a high electric body is accompanied by a continuous high
man
civilized
generates
stimulation
of the
brain
and
other
organs
and
sues tis-
of the brain
of the
may
occur.
between
brain-thyroid and
has been
civilized
man
his dominance
brain-thyroidformula,
formula of his wild
brain-adrenal
that
through training and education, lessen exercise of the emotions son, by raising the exercise of reathereby protecting the survival value of the organs endow and personality. him with intelligence, power,
280
OF
THE
WEIGHT GLAND
AND
ORGAN OF
CRILE
AND
3,734
DANIEL in
QUIRING
table the of
are
weight
in the
data
presented
that
following
of value the
to
offered
hope
they
may
gist, biolo-
particularly to
marked with taken
student
growth
few
exceptions,
fresh sacrificed. scale of 600 this
an
asterisk, our
after
own
represent
was
weights
The
immediately
were
the
on
larger animals
weighed
case
Chatillon
pounds
fit the
capacity;
scale.
in the
of the
heaviest the
were
animals into
necessitated
to
a or
quartering
The
or
cutting
animals
body
sections either
on
smaller
weighed
and for
Chatillon
an
autopsy beam
scale, a Cenoco
balance.
on
triple-beam glands
except
balance,
organs,
Ohaus
were
The scales
on
an
likewise,
small
weighed
that
were
these
the
very
glands
records
to
some
weighed complete
were
analytical
balance. that
some are more
It will be noted
than in
to
our
in part of
changes
ten
that
made in part
many
period
years
and for
arrange
the
impossibility
animals. in order No of
of
getting complete
has been made
records
to
of the
groups
the
development.
the
rough
alphabetical weights,
the
to
listinghas
these of
to
been
In connection
degree
of the
have, in
instances, been
we
beyond attempted
limits
error.
an
Generally, however,
of
i
hold
were
accuracy
per
cent.
In the 5 per
of animals
that
weighed body
whatever
in
pieces,we
All
was
allowed
cent
and
fluids.
mass
weights
present
represent
in the
the stomach
body
and
weight
plus
intestine.
281
I NTE
LLI
GE
NCE
the
or
heading "Remarks,"
country from other which the
we
have animal
given chiefly
was
obtained. been
ined exam-
certain
included.
by
The been Museum in
Dr.
Allan
scientific
names
by
us
and
have
examined
by
Fuller, of the
any
errors
Cleveland occurred
of Natural
History. If
take
have
of Mr.
James
in
Barrett, Mr.
Division of
Owen
Reeves,
dissections
and
Bade, of The
data.
Anatomy,
of the
Cleveland
to
Clinic obtain
Foundation,
these
making
some
BIBLIOGRAPHY
SWETT,
F. W. the
MILLER, and
R. and
R. GRAVES:
"Variations
of 593
Conformation
pp.
Anatomy
of 1937.
Dairy
Having
W.
Records of W.
of
Production,"
R. R.
1-23,
Bureau D. W. and
Dairy Industry,
and G. T.
U. S. Department
Agriculture,Washington, MILLER,
and
C.,
H.
SWETT,
W.,
FRED
GRAVES,
BLACK,
CREECH: of Cows
"Comparative
of Certain
Beef
Conformation, Anatomy
Udder
Characteristics
239-287,
"On and
NACCARATI,
SANTE:
Weight
of
the
Internal
the Brain
Weight," Anatomical
24, pp.
255-260,
282
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
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330
um
the
summer
of 1941,
sent
after the
manuscript
of this
Fields
been
the
organs
of five whales
sperm
collected
one
"
three whale.
humpback
the
no
whales,
In estimate
account
one
whale,
and
the
literature, the
of
I
weight
linear
is based could
on
ton
per
foot,
find
of the
detailed
weight
of the
various
organs,
and
blubber. of the
the
cooperation
and the
use
whaling-stationstaff
power
at
we
Landing
and
of their
a
machinery,
finback fluids and have
a
weighed
20
in sections
per
cent
female
whale blood.
or
long, allowing
were
for
body
to
fortunate, while
to
there,
sperm sperm
study.
it
out
The
feeding
habits
or
of the
warm
take
on
of the and
temperate
seas,
where
as
large fish
the
deep-sea cephalopods,
whales found and consists in the in the
such
the The
giant squid.
food of whalebone small
largely
cold
of
sardines Oceans
fringes
and
Antarctic
neighborhood
is
297,
under
Cetacea,
is the
striking difference
and heart of the
seen
weight
of the habitat
thyroid gland
more
sperm
whale, whose
the
warmer
equitable
the whales
of
seas,
compared
of the of the the
with
weights
thyroid
are
glands
and
to
whalebone
jected sub-
polar
seas.
sperm
whale
as
follows
we
the
pattern
it
of
thyroid gland,
systems of that have
fully expect
lived
will,
"
energy
these
mammoth
ever
a
"
creatures
largest now
the formula and
a
living or
of
a
large brain,
large heart
we
volume,
INTELLIGENCE,
POWER,
for
man
and
animals
a
in the heart
north,
and
we
as
compared
volume,
for
man
a a
brain,
smaller
blood found
have
detailed
study
of
these
various
species
will be
WHALE,
FEMALE
(length71 feet)
California
Taken
at
Body fat,independent
of muscle.
332
INTELLIGENCE, Amoeba,
35,
energy
pattern
of, 28,
33,
Australian
269
data
organs,
172,
201
Amphibia, weight
Animal Animal
of, 284
behavior, 28-35
energy,
15-27
Bade, Paul,
of
91
energy-
Balancing mechanism,
Barb
(horse),129,
pressure,
130,
134
energy-
(see
Barometric Energy-controlling
effect
system,
of animals)
241-250,
270
master,
energy
19
L.
A., 138
mechanism
pattern and
Behavior, (see
15-35
influence blooded Warm-
animal,
of mutations
in
of,
warm-blooded
Cold-blooded
animals; animals)
on,
of man,
in
adolescence,199,
227,
childhood, 199,
on,
257,
effect 91-94
of adrenal-thyroid pattern
199
in young, 3
effect of shot
of,
19,
result of
training, 225
241, 272 of
nitroexplosives, 20,
276, 278
mechanism !94, 251, of animal
brain-metabolism
law,
210-215 data
of, 307-3
1 1
269, 270-272
in, 67
thoroughbred,
on
129-131
W.)
Arctic,influence
organs,
energy-controlling
of
Blair,Captain, 183
pressure,
of climate
on,
limitations 234
not
evolution
man
in,
Blood
volume,
in
animals, 18,
120, 122,
conducive
to
diseases
tion, of civiliza-
125,
176,
in, 24
207,
274,
in,5 Arteriosclerosis, 247, 250 Ass, 126, 142 energy-controlling system, theory of
Aurora evolution 166 borealis,
field research
constrictor,execution
pattern
after
143-146
death,
81
of, 146-149
Body temperature
(seeWarm-blooded of)
state, maintenance
334
AND
Brain, thinking, prime Body weight, data, 284-330 superiority, 224, ratios energy-controlling of, to
organs, 207, 255
scope
256, 269
to
of term,
272
survival
234
value
related
climate,
groups,
177-
related
to
environment,
277
theory of development
on,
of,
204-
26
206 adrenal-
of
sympatheticsystem
effect of
sex
from, 279
155
hormones
on,
on,
effect of shot
as
78-81
in
22,
thetic
269, 272,
system system
organ, energy-controlling
animals,
3, 17,
18, 19,
20,
Brain-metabolism
279
210-215,
235,
58~6l"62" 63,
95, 97,
US,
90, 114,
98,
Il8"
108, no,
120,
An
nomic Eco-
Breeding,
organs,
effect
on
energy-controlling
154-161
146, 156,157, 158, 160, 163, 176, 181, 183, 184, 172,
204, 207, 251, 252,
from
line
fitness, 82, 89
(sffLine breeding)
domestic
185-201,
254, in
man,
274,
276, 277
237, 254, 261,
animals,
of
234,
263,
on
development
horse, I27/.
system, 33-34,
142
E.,
source
of energy,
186, 211-215
of man, from animal
level,
254 212-215
evolution parallel
of
thyroidgland
patterns
and,
matrix
on,
157
273 action
olfactory lobes
109,
53,
65, 66,
on
energy-controlling
of
animals, 150-154
Cardiac
Cardiorenal 66 reptiles,
88
Cardiovascular
of,
85,
171
of superiority
179
Carnegie, Morrison, 6
organs Carnivores, energy-controlling
code, 216-220
of arctic and
tropic,177-178
335
"INTELLIGENCE,
Carnivores, maintenance
25 of
of
body
perature, tem-
Chippewyan
9, 179
of,
pattern
competition with
57, 82, 89, 127
vores, herbi-
of, 298
field research
Bay,
weight
Carr, W.
data
of,291-296
action
Harrison, 6
on
Cipriani,Col.,9
patterns,
Castration, effect
ISS Cat
Clark, Herbert
Cleveland
Clinic of
family,breeding from
82-88,
100
Museum
Intelligence, Power,
275
man,
Personality, 7, Climate,
270, influence 277
on
234-250,
153,
185,
191,
204,
274,
276
24, 170
in
man,
202,
276, 278,
to
outburst
275
3, 19,
170-184, 234-236,
effect
plexus, in animals,
loo,
83,
in man,
153,
Cold-blooded
on,
238-240 animals,
4
of shot
236, 263, 265, 274, 276, 278, organism, 28$". of, \86/.
nucleus 30 43 of of unicellular
energy-controlling system,
little affected low
vs.
by captivity, 154
brain,mechanism
relation
to
energy
level,56-59
warm-blooded, 56-63
organism,
constancy
energy
of structure,
pattern,
28-35, 27"
35
vultures,52
R.
muscle, 29
Cook,
pattern
H.,
nucleated,28,
red
blood,
30-35,
energy
relation
to
size, 75
6
239
Cooper, Bryan,
180-
Cetacea,
182
master
of sea,
Cooperation,
man,
action 232
pattern
331-332
204,
236, 250,
257,
mechanism lion,
Cheetah, 87
Chesterfield
research Child
energy-
controlling system,
159
156-158,
336
AND
PERSONALITY T.
Creech, G.
(seeSwett, W.
African
W.)
Crile,George,
"A
diary (unpublished),
of Living
Dimock,
Diseases
Dr.
W.
78w.
of civilized man,
259
cence, adoles-
Bipolar
Mechanism
2n.
Processes," 21 body,
"A
organ,
relation of relation
to to
and
gland weights
View
3, 135,
of War
and
relation
to
Peace,"
"The and
3971.
Phenomena
Quiring, Daniel
Eskimo
P., "Indian
gn. Metabolism
and heat
159 elimination
Metabolisms,"
the
by,
23
"A
Study of
the
of
Maya-Quiche
and
Glasser, Otto,
P.,
"
Study
of
trolling energy-con-
Gradients
the
organs,
154-161
Organs
3
in.
of Certain
Mammals,"
Draft
Crile-Bole-Fuller
expedition, 5
6, 7, 8, 9,
a
Crile, Grace,
"
3,
to
n,
91, 183
Skyways
io2n.
Crile, Robert,
Comparative Thyroid
and
pattern, 52-54
53,
158
134,
Anatomy
Adrenal 5*.
of Glands
the
in Wild
Animals,"
131,
Crocodile,56-59
effect of shot
on,
65-66 Edwards,
tem sys-
education)
Mrs.
nervous
field
between
brain
and
blood
5 33
(seeMetabolic cells,
Electric energy
Electric
ray,
arc)
(seeEnergy, electric)
energy-controlling organs,
119-120
Electrons,
in
Elephant,
law
anatomy,
on,
105-108
4
of
effect of shot
25 251,
of mutation, 131,
278
243, 250,
Diabetes, 3,
242,
264
337
POWER
pattern
for,19,
34,
58, 61,
99,
100
source
of brain
power,
187, 194
domestic
of of of of 100,
bred
of
of of
greyhound,
100
185,
of of of
of
primates, 164
of
celiac 275 127, 140, 252
relation
ganglia
and
of jaguar, 88 of jewfish,112 of
plexuses to,
of
150-154,
of manatee,
in
183-184
no
control
animals,
16-20
of mouse,
of ostrich, 65, 85
of of of of
274
191, of
193, 275
of ass,
143-146 of buffalo, African, 50-51, caribou, 19, 85, 171 carnivores,177-178 family, 19, 82-88,
178, 274
of
of rhinoceros, 49-51,
176-177
of
of cat
274
123, pony,
of cetaceans, of of
of Shetland
134
of sloth,1 of sparrow,
21-122
of cow,
63
115, Il6-I2l
of coyote,
of crane, of
54
gazelle, 115,
129-141,
121
thoroughbred,
174, 274
146,
turtle, 113-114
54
blue, 180-182
white, 58, 171-175,
of wildebeest,85, 90 of wolf, 19, 88, 100, 159
178, 183-184
338
AND
PERSONALITY
Energy-controllingorgans,
of
of
animals,
132-134,
Eskimo,
brain
of, 234
179 277
zebra, 32,
90,
130,
I43-I4S
in of
brain, need
257,
for,235,
3, 204,
hypertension,
250,
236,
263 236,
effect of
captivityon,
on,
1
234^"., 270,
277
191, 250,
204,
of, 1 1
for
246, 247,
53,
258, 260-
protectingsurvival
value
of, 280
in
animals, 49,
mechanism
275 in
man,
98, 213
of man,
limit
development by
heatstroke
of,
of, 213
278-280
limited 75 of man,
170
patterns,
216
laborer,
253,
254
of, 100
to,
101
plan
of
of diseases
relation
diseases
of civilized
Fetus, human,
adrenal-thyroidpattern
204 of
to
of, 197,
and
sonality, per-
development
ratio
adrenal-thyroid adrenal-thyroid
116
126, 201,
207, 215,
275
269, 275
among
of
thoroughbred,
pattern
variations
animals, 18-20
of ratios
to
weight,
trend
trend
body
weight, 207
of
ratios
to
of, 299-304
on,
metabolism,
oxygen
115,
208-209
120, 241
elasmobranch, weight
evolution
source
data
of, 299
111-126
energy-controlling systems,
for
positivity, 114
in, 117
54
of adrenalin
Flash
B.,6, 8, 48,
102,
163,282
146, 174, 182, 252, 253, 254 Errington, Dr. Escape, Eskimo,
241 basal B.
J., 138
for, 85
mechanism
behavior
of, 253,
8
254
metabolism
Ceiling,E. M.
339
INTELLIGENCE,
Giraffe, 69-72, 74-76
action
POWER,
animal groups,
Heart, development by
177-178
71-72 effect of
as
pattern, 70
energy-controlling organs,
Glasser, Otto,
10
captivityon,
3,
152
organ, 22,
energy-controlling
animals, 18, 19,
20,
in
25, 35,
Goiter,
in man,
106, 109,
84, 150
237,
258
evil,evolution
of ideas
of,
183, 185,
194, 201,
204,
276, 265,
237,
239,
241,
254,
Gorgas
Memorial 6
factor
of
blood
Gorilla, energy-controlling
154,
cells, 31
organs,
function
162-164, 195-196
35, 271 9
system,
34-
Heart W.
disease)
(seeSwett,
factor 15 in
W.)
Heart
Gravitation, Gregory,
and
trolling energy-con-
Heat,
gans, energy-controllingor-
system, William
King,
153
Raven,
elimination, 22-25
to
Gorillas,"15471.
relation
to
humidity,
240
size,75
159-160
H
Heat
therapy, 26
239, 277
Heatstroke, 20-27,
of temperature ceiling
for,21,
26
relation coolingfacilities,
to, 22-25
Habitat, factor
73, 75, 112, Haeckel's
in energy
120,
explanation,20
factor in
170-184
199,
intelligence, power
on
and
law,
197,
personality, 25
as
Hair, as temperature stabilizer, 24, 239 Hancock, A. B., 150 gans, Hare, African, energy-controllingor171
limitation
organs,
energy-controlling
179
114,
158
arctic, energy-controlling
171
body
temperature,
of competition with
57, 82, 89, 127
vores, carni-
Islands,field
mechanism William
research 214
in, 10 Herd,
line effect
Hearing Hearst,
of man,
of
natural
selection
in,
Randolph,
84, 150,
89-94
90
340
INTELLIGENCE,
Lion, effect of shots
on,
POWER,
of action terns pat-
3, 78-81
Man,
of, 60-61,
274
in, 206
of
191, 203,
education, 223-233
trolling energy-con-
adaptation
organs,
"Lion-hearted," Lions,
effect
164, 205
based
on
of captivity on,
early,action
216
patterns
fear,
I50-IS4
goiteramong,
150-151
energy-controllingorgans,
172,
36, 164,
254,
i85/.,
to
201
224,
26o/. law,
Lopez-Herrarte, Mariano,
exception
mals Ani-
brain-metabolism
210-215
native,sense
way
development of,94
scale,185-206
308-311
organs,
of
life, 230
place in
M
energy on,
weight Manatee,
129,
data
energy-controlling
factor
master
McKay,
"
W.
J. Stewart,
of the
130,
134
Evolution and
Endurance of the
Speed
Race
in
ment develop-
Staying
13
in.
Power
animal, 179
224, 239
Horse," Maji
Moto
value
of, 213,
42, 47
Camp,
Tanganyika, 42-46
200, 227
Manyara, Masai, 46
Matchem
134, Mathews
Lake,
304
(thoroughbred), 130,
135
131,
C. A. (seeSwett, W.
W.)
Game
ing liv-
of,269-278
Camera,"
7on.
Indians, 9
8, 9, 175, 179, 241
and
climate,influence
on,
234-250
Melling, Thomas,
reason
135, 236-238,
imagination (see
factors
of
diseases,prevalence of,
252, 271
205,
239,
236, 250,
Mental
256, 269
formula hazards
processes,
physical
forces
of adult
Metabolic
of
energy-controlling
194,
of childhood, 257
of
system,
33-34,
269-271
infancy, 254
as
mutation
organs
factor
59,
63,
no,
171
having
survival
in
brain-oxidation
out-crossbreeding in,
270,
251,
265,
mals, ani-
scope
of man,
unaffected variation
climate, 241
342
AND
PERSONALITY
Metabolism, basal, of
brain
1
man,
weight
of
Natural
needed 18
to
maintain, 215
basic, 6,
effect of 191
effect of oxygen
tension hormone
on,
241^".
on,
thyroid
188-
operation of,through mutation, 251 differentiation under, 154 sex studies of, 179 Negroes, metabolism
to susceptibility
climatic
changes,
243-247
Nervous
of, 270-272
179
to
236, 250,
law
Negroes,
210-215
ratio of,
brain
formula,
for
animals
ratios
of, to weights
organs,
208-209
279
Miller,Fred Mills,
Disease
W.
(seeSwett, W. A.,
Influenced 242-244 "Health
W.)
and Climatic
Ngorongoro,
crater
of, 42-44
law
Clarence
as
of,20,
20-22
by
276, 278
in
Environment,"
"Medical
Nitrogen, effect
237^., 249
protoplasm,
166 arctic,
Climatology,"
to
Nitrogen
sources
in fixation,
Mind,
relation 192,
adrenal-thyroid
of, 15
of
pattern, relation
to
196
in
size of
(See also
Nucleus,
of
code, evolution
correlation
of, 216-220
with 91 ing breedenergy-
138, 139
Muscles,
intensive
of, 131,
251,
270,
275,
Haeckel's Ontogenetic recapitulation, law of, 197, 199, 269, 275, 278
278
diseases
Originalsin,231
incident to, 260-265
man,
Orthogenesis,Eimer's
135
principle of,128,
233
Ostrich,action
Outburst
energy
pattern, 64
on
(see Energy,
burst) out-
processes
induced
Personality, 7,
N
mechanism
of
operation of
226 in
brain
minimum
211
of
use
thinking brain,
Weight
of the
Secretory
282W.
Glands
,"
rate
as
of,for
reaction
arctic of
animals, 171
fear,100 343
INTELLIGENCE, Oxidation,
relation
as
POWER,
aurora
relation
to
body
ture, tempera-
Protoplasm, of, 1 66
borealis
as
source
20/.
to
heat
elimination,22-27
energy,
effect of cold
on,
source
of animal blood
i6/.,269
explosion point
20-27,
nature
in,
in red
234
in unicellular
and 24
Oxygen,
in cold
to
water,
115
relation
energy
in fish,112-116
solar energy
of, 15
28-35
62-63
(thoroughbred), 138,
P.,6, 7, 8, 9, 163,
255 177, 179,
153, 254,
organ
183, 238,
of
241,
patterns,
body,
"A
and
gland weights
of Certain
Petersen,G. W., 183 Patient F., "The Petersen, William and the Weather," 237*1., 244248, 250
Gland, Weights
and
Body
," I33n.
of, 197,
199, 205,
on
Phylogeny,
of
effect
action
Radcliffe, Lewis,
Rankin, Raven,
168
civilized man,
source
227-228, 230-233
Fred, 138
William
energy-controlpattern, 257 Pinnepedia, weight data of, 296-297 Pituitarygland, 49, Plants,analogy
122-125, Power with 124
King)
animals, 16
formula,
of
organs,
and
African
buffalo,
negativity, 57,
66
1.14
intelligence, 65-68
lack of
thinking brain,
data
on,
weight
311-313 pattern,
organs,
Rhinoceros, action
47-51 49-51,
energy-controlling 176-177
cold-blooded
maintenance 25 of of
of, 305-307
devices
body
temperature,
animals, 56 344
AND
PERSONALITY
Rift
Valley,Tanganyika,
in, 6, 42-46, 69
Lewis
field research
Robbins,
L.,
charge
of
of,
Sting
energy-controllingorgans,
273
115,
117-121,
tropics,177-178
313-319
trolling energy-con-
mechanism,
117
weight
Roxana
data
on,
(thoroughbred),
system,
135-138
54
trolling energy-con-
241-250,
270
Subarctic, energy-controlling organs Salmon, energy-controlling 121 organs, of elements of life, Sea, source 167
Sea water, of animals Subarctic
in,
10,
173-184 passim
research
on,
expedition,field
composition of, in
1
75-1
76
value, determinant
19
in evolution,
in
of
special
senses,
with 90 for
of organs
to
man,
213,
224,
development
94-98, 213
Serval Sex cat, 87
value,
W., 150
natural
tion, selec-
C.
A. R.
Mathews,
R.
F.
W.
Miller, and
"Variations 593
Graves,
...
Sex
hormones,
155
of
282n.
Dairy
W. H.
Black, and
and
of Cows
," 282^.
on,
Swine,
effect of domestication
nervous 1
147
Sympathetic
32, 34, illustrations
system,
3,
18,
08 of
alligator, 193
Sloth,energy-controlling organs,
122
Soldier's heart
(see Neurocirculatory
"
of cetacean, of
198, 199
200
chimpanzee,
of crustacean,
of duck
of fish,191
of insect, 190 of
Spirit, conception of, by early man, Splanchnic nerves, 49, 107, 203
lion,203
345
INTELLIGENCE,
Sympathetic 264
of of
nervous
POWER, energy-controlling
235, 237, 239,
system,
202,
tions illustra237,
Thyroid glands, as
organs, 254, 277, in
man,
of
man,
261,
factor in
factor and in
constant
of whale, 173
relation
intelligence, power
state, 33
function
in metabolic
system,
188-
191, 271
in
man,
parallel evolution
factor in
with
superiority, 224,
Teacher,
action
responsibilityfor
patterns,
zone,
227,
231
to
Thyroid
hormone,
effect
as
adaptation
190
Temperate
conducive
of
of, 188,
function oxidation
of, 34
in
brain, 188-191
82-85
Thinking, abstract,212,
mechanism
outburst
energy
of, 153
field
search re-
Totonicapan, Training
in and
Guatemala,
gazelle,defense
behavior
at, 9
education, 33,
to
223-233
adolescence,258
deterrents time
as
disease, 265
199,
length of Tropics,
requiredfor,225
on
influence
organs,
trolling energy-con20
3, 10,
on
evolution
of
man
in,
conducive
to
diseases
of civilization,
mal ani-
236 protectionfrom
heatstroke
177-178
151
in, 24
134
effect of captivityon,
as
in energy-controlling organs, animals, 3, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 35, 58, 59,60,61,62,65, 50, 5i,53, 72,
energy-controlling organs,
U
113-114
90,
100,
107, 121,
109, no,
158, 159,160, 163, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 179, 181, 183, 184, 1 86, 187, 192, 201, 204, 207,
254,
Ultraviolet
light,1
1 1
276, 277
319-330
346
AND
PERSONALITY
Unicellular
organism,
energy
pattern,
Warm-blooded
19, 23-27, 240
state, 33,
maintenance
121,
of, 238,
65,
149,
Water,
as
temperature
stabilizer, 23,
to
24
heat
of,
law,
20,
21,
56, 121,
239,
180-182
276, 279
Vulture, action
pattern, 52-53
53
274
energy-controlling organs,
W
humpback,
sperm, 297
297
white,
energy-controlling system,
Disease tality Mor-
76,
animals,
in
arctic,
energy-controlling formula
182, 184
vs.
for,
cold-blooded,56-63
on,
of, 19,
4
on
of
temperature
energy-
by,
23
controlling organs,
238
7,
World
energy-controlling system,
18,
39-184 passim toward evolution positivity, 57 function of thyroid gland in,33 (See also Thyroid gland)
heatstroke
a
factor in development
H4
of,20-27, high
energy
Zebra, 127
effect of shot
on,
4 32, 130,
protection of
24, 172
body
temperature
energy-controlling system,
132-134, I43-HS
347