5.

4 Analysis of multiple contingencies

Let us now examine the case of outage of more than one elements. We will discuss here the case
of outage of two transmission lines. Although theoretically the outage of any number of lines can
be analyzed, but practically it is not feasible as outage of more than two lines would almost surely
overload the other existing lines and hence trip the whole system. We will also not discuss the case
of outage of two generations as outage of two generators would also most probably create a huge
decit of power supply in the system, which would necessitate shedding of loads to maintain the
frequency of the grid within acceptable limits. Hence, we will conne ourselves to the case of outage
of two lines only. Towards this goal, let us rst analyze the situation where two transmission lines are
simultaneously added to the power system, as the expressions derived would be directly applicable
to the case of our interest, i.e. outage of two lines.
Let us consider an N-bus power system in which

I
1
,

I
2
,

I
N
are the bus injection currents and

V
1
,

V
2
,

V
N
are the bus voltages. The bus voltages and the bus injection currents are related by
the bus impedance matrix

Z and the relation is given as,

V
1

V
2

V
N

Z
11

Z
12


Z
1N

Z
21

Z
22


Z
2N

Z
N1

Z
N2


Z
NN

I
1

I
2

I
N

(5.29)
Now, let as consider that a line of impedance

Z
a
in connected between buses e-f while another
line of impedance

Z
b
in connected between buses g-h. It is to be again noted that the lines

Z
a
and

Z
b
are not part of the original system described by equation (5.29) and our objective is to analyze
the eect of these two line additions on the bus voltages and power owers in the lines of the original
system. To accomplish this, we assume that the bus injections currents

I
1
,

I
2
,

I
N
remain constant
i.e. they are un-eected by the addition of these two lines. Now, due to the addition of these two
lines, the bus voltages of the system would charge. Let

V

= |

V

1
,

V

2
,

V

N
| be the vector of the
new bus voltages. Also, due to the addition of these two lines, currents

I
a
and

I
b
would ow through
the impedance

Z
a
and

Z
b
respectively as shown in Fig. 5.4.
From Fig. 5.4,

Z
a

I
a
=

V

e


V

f
and

Z
b

I
b
=

V

g


V

h
. Hence, _

Z
a
0
0

Z
b
_ _

I
a

I
b
_ = _

V

e


V

f

V

g


V

h
_.
237
Figure 5.4: Addition of two lines in the original system
Or,
_

Z
a
0
0

Z
b
_ _

I
a

I
b
_ = _
e f g h
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
_

V

1

V

2

V

e

V

f

V

g

V

h

V

N

= A

(5.30)
238
In equation (5.30), the matrix A can easily be identied. Now, from Fig. 5.4 it can be seen
that due to the addition of lines

Z
a
and

Z
b
, extra currents

I
a
and

I
b
are being injected into buses f
and h respectively (which were not present before the addition of these two lines). Similarly, extra
currents

I
a
and

I
b
are being extracted from the buses e and g respectively (which were also not
present before the addition of these two lines). Therefore, it can be said that, due to the addition
of these two lines, injection currents at these four buses have changed by

I
e
,

I
f
,

I
g
and

I
h
respectively, where

I
e
=

I
a
;

I
f
= +

I
a
;

I
g
=

I
b
and

I
h
= +

I
b
and due to these extra injection
currents, the bus voltages have changed from

Vto

V

. Therefore, the addition of these two lines can

be indirectly represented by these extra four injection currents which will produce the same eect
on the existing system. This situation is shown in Fig. 5.5.
Now, the vector of change in injection currents can be expressed as;

I = 00

I
e

I
f

I
g

I
h
00
T
. Or,

I =

I
a

I
a

I
b

I
b

0 0

0 0
1 0

1 0

0 1

0 1

0 0

I
a

I
b
_ = A
T
_

I
a

I
b
_ (5.31)
Due to the above change in current

I, the bus voltages would undergo a change

V =

Z

I
Where

Z is the bus impedance matrix of the origin system. Now,

V=

V

V. Or,

V

=

V+

V.
Or,

=

V+

I =

V

ZA
T
_

I
a

I
b
_ (5.32)
Or, A

= A

VA

ZA
T
_

I
a

I
b
_; Or, _

Z
a
0
0

Z
b
_ _

I
a

I
b
_ = A

VA

ZA
T
_

I
a

I
b
_ (from equation (5.30))
Or,
_

I
a

I
b
_ = __

Z
a
0
0

Z
b
_ + A

ZA
T
_
1
A

V=

Z
1
1
A

V (5.33)
Where,

Z
1
= _

Z
a
0
0

Z
b
_ + A

ZA
T
(5.34)
239
Figure 5.5: Equivalent representation of addition of lines
Performing the matrix operation in equation (5.34) we get,

Z
1
= _
(

Z
ee

Z
ef
} (

Z
fe

Z
ff
} +

Z
a
(

Z
eg


Z
eh
} (

Z
fg


Z
fh
}
(

Z
ge

Z
gf
} (

Z
he

Z
hf
} (

Z
gg


Z
gh
} (

Z
hg


Z
hh
} +

Z
b
_ (5.35)
Or,

Z
1
= _

Z
Th,ef
+

Z
a
(

Z
eg


Z
eh
} (

Z
fg


Z
fh
}
(

Z
ge

Z
gf
} (

Z
he

Z
hf
}

Z
Th,gh
+

Z
b
_ (5.36)
Where,

Z
Th,gh
and

Z
Th,gf
denote the thevenin equivalent impedance of the system as observed
from terminals e-f and g-h respectively (please see equation (5.18)). Reproducing equation (5.33)
we have,
_

I
a

I
b
_ =

Z
1
1
A

V=

Z
1
1
_

V
e

V
f

V
g


V
h
_ (5.37)
From equations (5.36) and (5.37), the vector

I
a

I
b

T
is calculated and subsequently, from
equation (5.32), the new bus voltage vector

V

can be calculated.
We are now ready to analyze the eect of outages of two lines, which we will do in the next
lecture.
240