Unit F: Muscular System

Program Area: Course Title: Unit Title: Suggested Time for Instruction: Health Occupations Education Medical Sciences I Muscular System Number: 7221

5 class periods (90 minute classes) 11 class periods (55 minute classes) 6% 100 % Cognitive -------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Course Percent: Unit Evaluation:

Competency:

MD06. Analyze the anatomy and physiology of the muscles.

Specific Objectives: MD06.01 MD06.02 MD06.03 Describe the structure of the muscles. Analyze the function of the muscular system. Analyze characteristics and treatment of common muscle disorders.

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Unit F Master Outline

F. Muscular System
MD06.01 Describe the structure of the muscles
A. Muscles 1. Nearly half our weight comes from muscle tissue 2. There are 650 different muscles in the human body 3. Muscles give shape and form 4. Muscles produce body heat B. Types of muscles 1. Voluntary a. Skeletal muscles attached to bone b. The sarcolemma is the cell membrane 2. Involuntary a. Smooth (visceral) found in internal organs b. Cardiac found in heart 3. Sphincter circular muscles in openings between esophagus and stomach, anus and urethra C. Principal skeletal muscles 1. Biceps brachii 2. Brachioradialis 3. Buccinator 4. Deltoid 5. Diaphragm 6. External oblique 7. Hamstrings 8. Gastrocnemius 9. Gluteus maximus 10. Gluteus medius 11. Intercostal muscles 12. Latissiumus dorsi 13. Masseter 14. Pectoralis major 15. Quadriceps femoris 16. Rectus abdominus 17. Rectus femoris 18. Sartorius 19. Soleus major 20. Sternocleidomastoid 21. Tibialis anterior 22. Trapezius 23. Triceps brachii 24. Vastus lateralis 25. Vastus medialis

MD06.02

Analyze the function of the muscular system

A. Responsible for: 1. Body movement 2. Posture 3. Body heat

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B. Characteristics 1. Contractibility muscle becomes shorter and thicker causing muscle movement 2. Excitability respond to stimuli 3. Extensibility ability to stretch muscles 4. Elasticity ability to return to original length C. Movement 1. Muscles move bones by pulling on them 2. Groups of muscles usually contract to produce a single movement 1. Motor unit a motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it stimulates 2. Neuromuscular junction junction between the motor neurons fiber which transmits the impulse, and the muscle cell membrane 3. Acetylcholine chemical neurotransmitter, diffuses across the synaptic cleft (carries impulse across synaptic cleft) 4. Muscle fatigue caused by the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles 5. Oxygen debt after exercise, the amount of oxygen needed by the muscle to change lactic acid back to glucose 3. Diaphragm dome-shaped muscle, separates abdominal and thoracic cavity, aids in breathing D. Muscle tone muscles slightly contracted and ready E. Exercise and training

MD06.03

Identify characteristics and treatment of common muscle disorders

A. Conditions 1. Atrophy wasting away of muscle due to lack of use 2. Hypertrophy an increase in the size of the muscle cell 3. Contracture tightening or shortening of a muscle 4. Flat feet (talipes) weakening of leg muscles that support arch, downward pressure on foot flattens arches, Rx with exercise, massage and corrective shoes. 5. Hernia organs protrude through weak muscle 6. Muscular dystrophy group of diseases in which muscle cells deteriorate 7. Myasthenia gravis progressive muscular weakness and paralysis, sometimes death, cause unknown, fatal when respiratory muscles are paralyzed 8. Tetanus (Lockjaw) Infectious disease, continuous spasms of voluntary muscles, bacteria enters body through puncture wound, prevent by antitoxoid vaccine 9. Torticollis (Wry neck) inflammation of trapezius and/or sternocleidomastoid muscle B. Injury and overuse 1. Strain muscle tear, symps are pain and swelling, Rx ice packs 2. Muscle spasm (cramp) sustained contraction of muscle 3. Myalgia muscle pain 4. Tendonitis inflammation of tendon C. Treatment 1. Massage 2. IM injections

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Unit F:
Competency MD06:

Muscular System
Analyze the anatomy and physiology of the muscles.

Materials/Resources
Scott, Ann Senisi and Elizabeth Fong. Body Structures & Functions. Delmar Publishers, 9th Edition, 1998. www.DelmarAlliedHealth.com National HOSA Handbook: Section B. Published by HOSA, Flower Mound, Texas. Current Edition. www.hosa.org

Teaching/Learning Indicators: The following letters are used to indicate specific skills/areas required in the instructional activity.
R W M H Reading SS Social Studies Writing S Science Math A The Arts Health professional/parent/community involvement

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Objective MD06.01

Describe the structure of the muscles.

Teaching/Learning Activities Basic Skills

Working alone, in pairs, and in small groups, have students complete the activities on the Reading Guide (Appendix MD06.01B) for the Muscular System. Students are to work at their own pace. Pairs and teams need to be assigned prior to starting the activities.

Cognitive

Have students color the muscle diagram (Appendix MD06.01C).

Basic Skills S, R, A
Have students write a story about their favorite hobby or sports activity using the terms from the Muscle System terminology list. (Appendix MD06.01A) Students should NOT tell what the activity is, but should write a short story that describes the muscles they use as they do their activity. Then, have students read their stories in class, and see if classmates can guess what their hobby is.

HOSA S
Have each student write five fill-in-the-blank questions related to the structure of the muscles. Then, using HOSA Bowl guidelines, play HOSA Bowl. Note: If you do not have a buzzer system you may substitute a bell.

Cognitive S
Have students use 10 of 30 given terms (Appendix MD06.01A) to form a crossword puzzle. Use definitions as the clues and terms as the answers.

Special Needs
Each student will reach the highest level of mastery in the least restrictive environment as recommended in the students IEP.

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Objective MD06.02

Analyze the function of the muscular system.

Teaching/Learning Activities Cognitive

Have students participate in a teacher-led discussion of the function of the muscular system. (Transparency masters) Have students complete the Muscle Function Matching. (Appendix MD06.02A)

Critical Thinking

Have students create a game dealing with the topic muscular function. Included in the game should be instructions and materials necessary to play the game. Upon completion, students will bring the game to class for fellow classmates to play.

Basic Skills

S, M

Answer the muscle math worksheet found in the appendix. (Appendix MD06.02B)

Team Work S
Working in pairs, have students perform exercises as listed in The Power System. (Appendix MD06.02C) Students should alternate reading and performing tasks.

Critical Thinking S, A
Teacher or students can take a dance and write the instructions using movement terms, muscles, and bones. It works out well for students or teachers to write the instructions and then cut up the instructions giving each student a different step or movement of the dance. Each student demonstrates their movement. Finally you put the steps in order, add the music and dance! (An example of this with the Macarena is included in Appendix MD06.02D)

Special Needs
Each student will reach the highest level of mastery in the least restrictive environment as recommended in the students IEP.

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Objective MD06.03

Analyze characteristics and treatment of common muscle disorders.

Teaching/Learning Activities Employability

S, H

Invite a chiropractor, massage therapist, physical therapist or local health spa representative to speak to your class. Discuss common muscle disorders.

Teamwork

S, W

Divide students into teams of 4 and provide time for teams to visit the media center to find information on genetic testing and muscular dystrophy. Allow students to debate the topic in class, with 2 teams to debate at a time. One team will be pro and one will be con. Debate the following topic: According to genetic testing, you carry the defective gene for muscular dystrophy. Gene manipulation costs $100,000 and is experimental. What do you do? What if this person was a family member?

Critical Thinking

Divide students into groups of 2-3 members. Assign each group one of the following muscular system diseases/conditions: Sprain Muscular dystrophy Tennis elbow Strain Myalgia Shin splints Muscle spasm Rotator cuff disease Give groups an assigned amount of time to review their disease/condition. Then, let one group at a time go in front of the class. Allow the class at large to ask them 5 questions of the yes/no variety. The class may not ask for the name of the disease/condition, but questions should lead to discovery of disease. For example: Are you an injury?

Technology S
Take students to the schools technology lab to review the MDA web site and complete the Muscular Dystrophy review worksheet. (MD06.03A)

HOSA

S, W, H

Have students research various careers related to the muscular system (physical therapist, orthopedist, athletic trainer, chiropractor, exercise physiologist, occupational therapist, massage therapist, etc.) Using the HOSA Competitive Events Guidelines, have student work in pairs and create a career health display, This display should have information about the education, duties, job opportunities, etc. of the selected career.

Special Needs
Each student will reach the highest level of mastery in the least restrictive environment as recommended in the students IEP.

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Daily Lesson Plans

Unit F:
Lessons: Hours: Steps
Focus and Review

Muscular System
5 7 1/2 clock hours Lesson #1
In groups, have students brainstorm the relationship between the skeletal and muscular systems. (This is a thinking activity.)

Lesson #2
Go around the room and have students ask the questions they wrote down at the end of class yesterday. See if fellow students can figure out the correct answers. Help and clarify as necessary. Objective MD06.02 Analyze the function of the muscular system. Using the overheads, review muscle anatomy. Students should follow along with the model they illustrated for homework. If there is a muscle chart or model in the classroom, students should be asked to point out muscles as they are discussed. Have students write an explanation of their favorite sport or hobby, using muscle anatomy and physiology to describe the movements. Let them read their short stories in class while classmates guess the sport or hobby. Write 10 fill-in-the blank questions from this unit or from the skeletal system. These questions should be written on one side of a 3X5 index card with the correct answer on the back. Have students stand and point to a muscle as the teacher calls out the muscle term.

Lesson #3
Use the Muscle Function Matching assignment as a quiz. Correct the quiz in class. Collect index card assignment. Objective MD06.03 Analyze characteristics and treatment of common muscle disorders. Review major diseases and disorders of the muscular system using overhead transparency masters.

Statement of Objectives Teacher Input

Objective MD06.01 Describe the structure of the muscles.

Assign students in pairs. Have pairs complete the Reading Guide for the muscular system. When all teams are finished with their reading guide, the teacher should use the overheads to review the muscular system while students correct their work. When teams complete the Reading Guide assignment, have them begin work on the muscle ID assignment. (MD06.01C)

Guided Practice

Go to the schools Internet lab. Have students complete the Muscular Dystrophy Web Review assignment.

Independent Practice

Complete the muscle ID assignment.

Closure

Ask students to think about what they learned today, and write down one question they have about the muscular system. Handouts Reading Guide and Muscle ID Colored pencils Overheads

Materials

Overheads

Assign groups in pairs to use the HOSA CHD guidelines and research a health career related to the muscular system. In their presentation, they should talk about how the chosen professional treats muscular disorders. Tell students they will be having a guest speaker tomorrow. Have each student write 3 questions they expect to have answered about the guest speakers profession. Handouts Muscle Function Matching and MD Web Review Assignment CHD Guidelines

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Unit F:
Steps
Focus and Review

Muscular System (Continued)

Lesson #4
Ask questions from index cards that students created during lesson #2. Objective MD06.03 Analyze characteristics and treatment of common muscle disorders. Guest speaker for approximately 30 minutes. Allow a student to introduce the speaker. Students should have the questions they wrote in front of them, and fill in the answers as they are given by the speaker. They may ask any questions not answered following the speakers presentation.

Lesson #5
Ask 5 review questions from the speaker.

Statement of Objectives Teacher Input

Objective MD06.03 Analyze characteristics and treatment of common muscle disorders. Allow students to give CHD presentations modified to allow for a 5 minute explanation of the career and related muscular disorders. (This will take the first half of class.)

Guided Practice

Allow students remaining class time to work on Career Health Displays.

TEST Muscular System If time permits, grade test in class. Allow students to correct test and turn it in for a reward or bonus points.

Independent Practice

Allow students remaining class time to work on Career Health Displays.

Closure

Remind students about Career Health Display presentations and Test.

If time permits, play HOSA Bowl with index card questions.

Materials

Guest speaker intro information

Test CHD rating sheet

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Unit F: Muscular System Terminology List

1. acetylcholine 2. biceps brachii 3. brachioradialis 4. buccinator 5. cardiac muscle 6. contractability 7. deltoid 8. diaphragm 9. elasticity 10. excitability 11. extensibility 12. external oblique 13. hamstrings 14. gastrocnemius 15. gluteus maximus 16. gluteus medius 17. intercostal muscles 18. involuntary 19. latissimus dorsi 20. masseter 21. motor unit 22. muscle fatigue 23. muscle tone 24. neuromuscular junction 25. oxygen debt 26. rectus femoris 27. pectoralis major 28. quadriceps femoris 29. rectus abdominis 30. sarcolemma 31. sartorius 32. skeletal muscle 33. smooth muscle 34. soleus major 35. sphincter 36. sternocleidomastoid 37. tibialis anterior 38. trapezius 39. triceps brachii 40. vastus lateralis 41. vastus medialis 42. voluntary

Disorders and Related Terminology 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. atrophy contractures flat feet (talipes) hernia hypertrophy intramuscular injection massage muscular dystrophy 9. myalgia 10. myasthenia gravis 11. spasm 12. strain 13. tendonitis 14. tetanus 15. torticollis

Appendix MD06.01A

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Name ___________________________________________

Date _________________

Reading Guide: The Muscular System

Alone Small Groups

Pairs Whole Class

Skim quickly through pages 92 - 111 in your Body Structures and Functions book. Look at pictures and headings. Write down what you think this section will be about. (10 pts.)

Discuss and write down all you already know about the following topics before you began your reading. 1. What are the 3 types of muscle? (2 pts.)

2.

How are the types of muscles alike and how are they different? (2 pts.)

3.

How do skeletal muscles work? (2 pts.)

Whisper read (read softly together) pages 93 to the top of page 97 (stop when you get to the section Sources of Energy and Heat.) (4 pts.) With your hand on your biceps, bend your arm upward at the elbow. Describe what you feel related to the biceps muscle. (5 pts.)

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Design your own skeletal muscle on a piece of 8 x 10 white paper. Label and define its parts including: origin, insertion, body, and tendons. Describe what movements your muscle will cause. (20 pts.)

Read pages 97 to the top of page 99. (5 pts.)

Review with your partner information on these pages. Be sure to have a clear understanding of the following vocabulary words: (2 pts. each) motor unit

neuromuscular junction

acetylcholine

muscle fatigue

muscle tone

isotonic contractions

isometric contractions

Jake has decided to improve his appearance by exercising. He would like to build up his chest and shoulder muscles so he looks better in the tank tops he is fond of wearing. He has decided to play racquetball everyday as his primary training program because he knows that he will use his upper body muscles in this sport. After his first game of racquetball, you ask him how he likes his new sport and he can hardly answer you - he seems out of breath. Is Jakes plan likely to help him meet his goal? How do you explain his breathing difficulties? (10 pts.)

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One of you needs to stand in a doorway and with your palms against the doorjamb for 2 minutes. After the 2 minutes is up, have your partner step away and relax their arms (let them go limp.) What happened and why do you think it did happen? (10 pts.)

Congratulations! The four or five of you at the Muscular Moving Ad Agency have been hired to produce a brochure which will provide a luxury tour through the Muscular System. You must highlight the trendy spots, spotlight the exciting activities, and also warn the prospective guest of any dangers or special precautions they might need to take. You may us drawings, computer graphics, photographs from magazines, etc. Whenever possible, type all written parts of the brochure. BE CREATIVE! You will present you brochure to the class and they will vote on which team gets the contract. Include a lot of your vocabulary words. (20 pts.)

Appendix MD06.01B

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Muscle Anatomy
Color the following structures and be sure to identify your color scheme. Vastus medialis Tibialis anterior Trapezius Sartorius Biceps brachii Triceps brachii Rectus femoris Rectus abdominis Deltoid Pectoralis major Sternocleidomastoid Brachioradialis External oblique Vastus lateralis Gastrocnemius Soleus major

Appendix MD06.01C

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Muscle Function Matching

1._____Extends femur and rotates it 2._____Flexes thigh and extends leg 3._____points toes and flexes lower leg 4._____Helps with breathing 5._____Raises ribs and helps with breathing 6._____Flexes and rotates thigh and leg 7._____Extends the lower arm 8._____Abducts the upper arm 9._____Abducts and rotates thigh 10.____Compresses abdomen 11.____Flexes upper arm and helps abduct it 12.____Compresses and closes lips 13._____Flexes and rotates the head 14.____Moves the shoulder and extends the head 15.____Flexes lower arm A. gluteus medius B. sartoris C. rectus abdominis D. deltoid E. biceps brachii F. gluteus maximus G. sternocleidomastoid H. diaphragm I. rectus femoris J. gastrocnemius K. trapezius L. intercostals M. orbicularis oris N. triceps brachii O. pectoralis major

Appendix MD06.02A

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Answer Key to Muscle Function Matching Exercise

1. F 2. I 3. J 4. H 5. L 6.B 7. N 8. D 9. A 10. C 11. O 12. M 13. G 14. K 15. E

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Muscle Math
Round answers to the nearest whole number.

1.

What percentage of muscle weight would you have if 60 pounds out of 140 pounds is muscle weight?

2.

If you know out of 140 pounds, 60 pounds is muscle weight, what is the muscle weight of a 200 pound male?

3.

What would the muscle weight be on an 80 pound female? (Use information from #1)

4.

If muscle weight is 90 pounds, how much does the person weigh?

5.

If muscle weight is 45 pounds, how much does the person weigh?

Appendix MD06.02B

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Answers to Muscle Math

1. 451 2. 86 pounds 3. 34 pounds 4. 210 pounds 5. 105 pounds

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The Muscular System The Power System

Working in pairs, perform the following exercises. Alternate one reading the task and the other performing it. Make sure both of you could demonstrate these tasks in front of the class if asked to. You may use your textbook if you need a reference for the muscles.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Abduct fingers. Flex right forearm Adduct arm Flex leg. Extend leg. Flex fingers Contract diaphragm. Contract diaphragm. Contract masseter.

12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

10. Flex masseter. 11. Flex foot.

Extend foot. Flex pectoralis major. Contract gastrocnemius. Contract tibialis anterior. Extend quadriceps. Flex biceps. Contract abdominal muscles Flex and rotate sartorius. Extend/contract gluteal maximus. 21. Extend trapezius. 22. Contract/abduct deltoid.

Appendix MD06.02C

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Skeletal System and Muscle System Review

The Macarena
1. Extend right Latissimus Dorsi and Triceps and abduct to the front of your body. Metacarpals , carpals, and phalanges should be pronated. Extend left Latissimus Dorsi and Triceps and abduct to the front of your body. Metacarpals, carpals, and phalanges should be pronated. Extend right Latissimus Dorsi and Triceps and abduct to the front of your body. Metacarpals, carpals, and phalanges should be in supination. Extend left Latissimus Dorsi and Triceps and abduct to the front of your body. Metacarpals, carpals, and phalanges should be in supination. Flex right Biceps and place right phalanges and metacarpals on left scapula. Flex left Biceps and place left phalanges and metacarpals on right scapula. Rotate right arm about 90 degrees, flex right biceps, and place right metacarpals and phalanges on occipital bone. Rotate left arm about 90 degrees, flex left biceps, and place left metacarpals and phalanges on occipital bone. Extend right Latissimus Dorsi and with right Biceps slightly flexed, adduct and place right metacarpals and phalanges on left ilium. Extend left Latissimus Dorsi and with left Biceps slightly flexed, adduct andplace left metacarpals and phalanges on right ilium. Extend right Latissimus Dorsi and with right Biceps slightly flexed, rotate the right Deltoid 90 degrees and place right metacarpals and phalanges on right gluteus medius. Extend left Latissimus Dorsi and with left Biceps slightly flexed, rotate the left Deltoid 90 degrees and place left metacarpals and phalanges on left gluteus medius. Rotate gluteus maximus and gluteus minimus as well as the entire pelvis three times. Plantar-flex bilateral metatarsals and phalanges. Flex hamstring muscles bilateral while rotating self a quarter turn to the side. Extend quadriceps group and start over.
Appendix MD06.02D

2.

3.

4.

5. 6. 7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13. 14.

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Web Review
Muscular Dystrophy
Go to the web site of the Muscular Dystrophy Association at www.mda.org 1. 2. How many types of Muscular Dystrophy are there? ___________ Which type is also known as Pseudohypertrophic MD? _____________________________________________________

3. 4.

What causes congenital muscular dystrophy? ________________________________ What are some recent research developments that have occurred as a result MDA contributions? ______________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ What is the national magazine for MDA? ____________________________________ What MDA clinic is nearest to your home? ___________________________________ What type of Muscular Dystrophy occurs usually in adults over age 40? _____________________________________________________________________ What symptom do all types of Muscular Dystrophy have in common? _____________________________________________________________________ Marilla is 19 years old and is diagnosed with a type of Muscular Dystrophy that causes weakness in her shoulders and hips. Her physician assures her that she will likely live long enough to join the AARP. Is that possible? If so, what type of MD does she have? _______________________________________________________________ Carlotta is a 21 year old college student who has been diagnosed with Becker Muscular Dystrophy. What health professional can be helpful in helping her stay in school and meet the demands of her college schedule? ________________________________________________________________ True or False? Muscular Dystrophy is incurable? ______________________________ True or False? Muscular Dystrophy is untreatable? ____________________________ What are the goals of rehabilitation for someone with Muscular Dystrophy? ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________
MD06.03A

5. 6. 7.

8.

9.

10.

11. 12. 13.

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Web Review Answer Key

Muscular Dystrophy

1. 2. 3. 4.

How many types of Muscular Dystrophy are there? 9 Which type is also known as Pseudohypertrophic MD? Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy What causes congenital muscular dystrophy? genetic What are some recent research developments that have occurred as a result MDA contributions? Answer varies What is the national magazine for MDA? Quest What MDA clinic is nearest to your home? Answer varies What type of Muscular Dystrophy occurs usually in adults over age 40? Distal Muscular Dystrophy What symptom do all types of Muscular Dystrophy have in common? Muscle weakness Marilla is 19 years old and is diagnosed with a type of Muscular Dystrophy that causes weakness in her shoulders and hips. Her physician assures her that she will likely live long enough to join the AARP. Is that possible? If so, what type of MD does she have? Yes Limb-Girdle MD Carlotta is a 21 year old college student who has been diagnosed with Becker Muscular Dystrophy. What health professional can be helpful in helping her stay in school and meet the demands of her college schedule? Occupational Therapist True or False? Muscular Dystrophy is incurable? True True or False? Muscular Dystrophy is untreatable? False What are the goals of rehabilitation for someone with Muscular Dystrophy? The goals of rehabilitation in patients with neuromuscular disease (NMD) are to maximize and prolong independent function and locomotion, inhibit physical deformity, and provide access to full integration into society

5. 6. 7.

8. 9.

10.

11. 12.
13.

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Unit F: Muscular System

OVERHEAD TRANSPARENCY MASTERS

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MUSCULAR SYSTEM
the power system

Nearly half our weight comes from muscle tissue. There are 650 different muscles in the human body. Muscles give us form and shape. Muscles produce most of our body heat.

THREE MAIN FUNCTIONS

1. Responsible for all body movement. 2. Responsible for body form and shape (posture) 3. Responsible for body heat and maintaining body temperature.

SKELETAL TYPES OF MUSCLES SMOOTH CARDIAC

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Skeletal Muscle
Attached to bone Striated (striped) appearance VOLUNTARY Multinucleated muscle cell bundles (muscle cells = muscle fibers) SARCOLEMMA = cell membrane Contract quickly, fatigue easily, cant maintain contraction for long period of time

Smooth Muscle
Visceral (organ) muscle Found in walls of digestive system, uterus and blood vessels Cells small and spindle-shaped INVOLUNTARY Controlled by autonomic nervous system Act slowly, do not tire easily, can remain contracted for long time

Cardiac Muscle
Found only in the heart Striated and branched Involuntary Cells are fused when one contracts, they all contract Involuntary
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= special circular muscles in openings of esophagus and stomach, stomach and small intestine, anus, urethra and mouth.

CHARACTERISTICS OF MUSCLES
CONTRACTIBILITY the ability of a muscle to reduce the distance between the parts of its contents or the space it surrounds. EXCITEABILITY (IRRITABILITY) the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing impulses. EXTENSIBILITY the ability to be stretched. ELASTICITY ability of muscle to return to its original length when relaxing.

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MOVEMENT 1. Muscles move bones by pulling on them.

As a muscle contracts, it pulls the insertion bone closer to the origin bone. Movement occurs at the joint between the origin and the insertion. Rule: A muscles insertion bone moves toward its origin bone.

2. Groups of muscles usually contract to produce a single movement.

MOTOR UNIT a motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it stimulates. NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION the junction between the motor neurons fiber which transmits the impulse and the muscle cell membrane. ACETYLCHOLINE chemical neurotransmitter, diffuses across the synaptic cleft (carries impulse across synaptic cleft) MUSCLE FATIGUE caused by the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles.

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OXYGEN DEBT after exercise, the amount of oxygen needed by the muscle to change lactic acid back to glucose. MUSCLE TONE - When muscles are slightly contracted and ready to pull. DIAPHRAGM Dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities, aids in breathing

Diaphragm flattens when you breathe in.

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Disorders and Related Terminology

ATROPHY wasting away of muscle due to lack of use. HYPERTROPHY an increase in the size of the muscle cell. STRAIN tear in the muscle resulting from excessive use. Bleeding inside the muscle can result in pain and swelling. Ice packs will help stop bleeding and reduce swelling. MUSCLE SPASM (cramp) sustained contraction of the muscle, usually because of overuse. MYALGIA muscle pain HERNIA organs can protrude through this week muscle. FLAT FEET (TALIPES) weakening of leg muscles that support the arch, downward pressure on the foot eventually flattens out the arches. Condition can be helped by exercise, massage and corrective shoes.

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TETANUS (lockjaw) Infectious disease, continuous spasms of voluntary muscles, caused by a toxin from the bacillus clostridium tetani, enters the body through puncture wound. Prevented by an anti-toxoid vaccine. TORTICOLLIS (wry neck) may be due to an inflammation of the trapezius and/or sternocleidomastoid muscle. MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY group of diseases in which muscle cells deteriorate. Most common is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, caused by a genetic defect. MYASTHENIA GRAVIS progressive muscular weakness and paralysis, sometimes death. Cause unknown. Fatal when respiratory muscles are paralyzed. TENDONITIS inflammation of a tendon CONTRACTURE tightening or shortening of a muscle.

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