Basic Networking Assignment 2 Part B Submitted By IC 70075P Capt Aditya Deb OACT 22 traceroute Command 1.

The traceroute command is used to discover the routes that packets actually take when traveling to their destination. The device (for example, a router or a PC) sends out a sequence of User Datagram Protocol (UDP) datagrams to an invalid port address at the remote host. Function 2. Three datagrams are sent, each with a Time-To-Live (TTL) field value set to one. The TTL value of 1 causes the datagram to "timeout" as soon as it hits the first router in the path; this router then responds with an ICMP Time Exceeded Message (TEM) indicating that the datagram has expired. 3. Another three UDP messages are now sent, each with the TTL value set to 2, which causes the second router to return ICMP TEMs. This process continues until the packets actually reach the other destination. Since these datagrams are trying to access an invalid port at the destination host, ICMP Port Unreachable Messages are returned, indicating an unreachable port; this event signals the Traceroute program that it is finished.

4. The purpose behind this is to record the source of each ICMP Time Exceeded Message to provide a trace of the path the packet took to reach the destination.

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tracert Command Syntax. tracert [-d] [-h MaxHops] [-w TimeOut] [-4] [-6] target [/?] -d = This option prevents tracert from resolving IP addresses to hostnames, often resulting in much faster results. -h MaxHops = This tracert option specifies the maximum number of hops in the search for thetarget. If you do not specify MaxHops, and target has not been found by 30 hops, tracert will stop looking. -w TimeOut = You can specify the time, in milliseconds, to allow each reply before timeout using this tracert option. -4 = This option forces tracert to use IPv4 only. -6 = This option forces tracert to use IPv6 only. target = This is the destination, either an IP address or hostname. ISP Networks in Asia (www.iitd.ac.in) Identified within the Continent. (a) (b) (c) 115.113.165.241 static-mumbai.vsnl.net.in 14.140.113.30 static-delhi-vsnl.net.in Yes, the largest delays occur at the peering interfaces between ISPs.

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Min RTT and Std Deviation of RTT of Three Destinations. (complete findings are att as Appx) www.iitd.ac.in 1955h 20 Mar 2013 2055h 20 Mar 2013 2155h 20 Mar 2013
Min RTT Std Deviation

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Min RTT Std Deviation

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Min RTT Std Deviation

51 ms 51 ms

0.577 0.577

146 ms 145 ms

1.414 0.577

213 ms 213 ms

0.577 0.25

52 ms

0.957

146 ms

2.081

214 ms

1.29

8. Reasons for Variation of RTT. The signal uncertainty and temporal gap problems have, as one of their consequence, large and unnecessary variations of RTT. 9. Reasons for Changing of Path. (a) The traceroute operates by sending out a packet with a Time To Live (TTL) of 1. The first hop then sends back an ICMP error message indicating that the packet could not be forwarded because the TTL expired. The packet is then resent with a TTL of 2, and the second hop returns the TTL expired. This process continues until the destination is reached. The purpose behind this is

to record the source of each ICMP TTL exceeded message to provide a trace of the path the packet took to reach the destination. (b) The advantage of this algorithm, is that every router already has the ability to send TTL exceeded messages. No special code is required. The disadvantages are the number of packets generated (2n, where n is the number of hops), the time it takes to duplicate all the nearer hops with each successive packet, and the fact that the path may change during this process. Also, this algorithm does not trace the return path, which may differ from the outbound path. 10. Reasons for Request timed out error. (a) Request timed out error occurs because the server at hop for is not accepting Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) traffic. As a result it ignores Traceroutes request for information. As you can see, however, it has still sent the data to the next hop as there are results that follow. (b) The Request timed out error message is usually nothing to worry about, as many network providers may disable ICMP traffic if their network is under heavy load. 11. Why does traceroute not find complete paths (but only ***) to some hosts that you can ping? Ans. 1. If an asterisk (*) appears for RTT, then a packet was not returned within the expected timeframe it has following reason to it:(a) Many Internet routers intentionally discard ping or traceroute packets, but this has no bearing on applications that use these routers. This practice is called ICMP Rate Limiting and is used to prevent routers from being impacted by denial-of-service attacks. (b) Three asterisks followed by the Request timed out message may appear for following reasons. (i) Request timed out" Message - At the Beginning of a traceroute. A Request timed out message at the beginning of a traceroute is very common and can be ignored. This is typically a device that doesnt respond to ICMP or trace route requests (ii) Request timed out" Message - At the End of a traceroute. There are several reasons why a Request timed out message may appear at the end of a traceroute.The destinations firewall or other security device is blocking the request. Even if a firewall is preventing the final hops at the destination from showing up in traceroute output, the destination is likely still reachable using the application youre interested in (e.g. web/HTTP).There could be a problem on the return path from the target system. Remember the round trip time measures the time it takes for a packet to travel from your system to a destination system and back. The

forward route and the return route often follow different paths. If there is a problem on the return route, it may not be evident in the command output. There may be a connection problem at that particular system or the next system.

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www.uni-ulm.edu

www.cs.ucla.edu

20 Mar 2013 2055h

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