Presented by: Nor Hidayah Binti Md Isa B041010255 4 BMCD

Standard

in engineering specify an adherence to a level or quality that must be maintained to insure the safety of those involved. promote safety, reliability, productivity, efficiency, and consistency. The process of formulating, issuing and implementing standards is called standardization.

Standards

The demand for compatibility came from an understanding of the importance of safety.
An

example of this occurred in 1904, during a fire in Baltimore, Maryland. More than 1500 structures burned to the ground.
companies came from areas such as New York, but could not help because their hose couplings did not fit the fire hydrants in Baltimore.

Fire

Fitness for purpose Better utilization of resources

Interchange ability

Better communication and understanding

Compatibility

Aims of Standardization

Transfer of technology

Variety Reduction

Removal of trade barriers

Environmental protection

Rationalize the manufacturing process.

Eliminate or reduce wasteful material or labour. Reduce the cost of manufacture.

Reduce inventories of both raw material and finished products.

1 2 3

Assure the quality of goods purchased and services received. Provide better value for money.

Are convenient for settling disputes, if any, with suppliers.

Provide a workable basis for acceptance or rejection of goods or consequential disputes, if any.

Minimize delays, correspondence, etc., resulting from inaccurate or incomplete specification of materials or products.

Provide starting points for research and development for further improvement of goods and services.

standard generally has three attributes:

Level
such as at the company, national or international level.

Subject
such as engineering, food, textile or management.

Aspect
such as specification, testing and analysis, packaging and labelling

Figure I shows a standardization diagram that refers to the level, subject and aspects of standards, which was created by Dr. Lal C. Verman, founder and Director General of the Bureau of Indian Standards, the national standards body of India.

There are two main types of standards:

A

performance standard, which specifies what a product is supposed to accomplish, and

design standard, which describes what the product is made of and how it is to be constructed.

Vocabulary standards,
e.g. glossaries, signs and symbols;

Basic standards,
such as units of measures;

Product standards,
that cover, inter alia, specifications for dimensions, performance, health, safety, environmental protection and documentation;

Standards that focus on organization,

such as for logistics, maintenance, inventory management, quality management, project management and production management.

Standards for inspection, test methods and analysis;

 The

main functions of NSBs include: Preparation and promulgation of national standards;

Promotion of the implementation of standards by industry; Certification of products;

Arab Organization for Standardization and Metrology (ASMO) European Committee for Standardization (CEN)

Pan American Standards Commission (COPANT)

African Regional Organization for Standardization (ARSO)

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)

International Telecommunication Union (ITU) Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex)

International Electro technical Commission (IEC)

 Tensile

tests provide information on the strength and ductility of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses.
to ASTM, this information can then be used to compare materials, develop alloys, maintain quality control, and assist with some aspects of design. ASTM standard tension specimen has a 0.500 inch diameter and a gage length of 2.0 inches between the gage marks.

According

The

standard round test specimen has the following dimensions: Gage Length of 2.000 +/- 0.005 inches. Diameter of 0.500 +/- 0.010 inches. Radius of fillet, min. of 3/8 inches. Length of reduced section, min. of 2 inches.