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Optical Electronics Presentation Files Based On Chapter 2 of Book Harold Kolimbiris
Optical Electronics Presentation Files Based On Chapter 2 of Book Harold Kolimbiris
2013. 09. 23
Contents
2.1 2.2
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Electrons Negatively charged particles orbiting the nucleus with fixed numb
er for each element. Discovered by JJ Thompson Nucleus Extremely massive central core part contains subatomic particles Protons (positive charge) and Neutrons (Neutral Charge). Protons - Positive charge particles with charge of +1.602x10-19 C; Mass 1.643x10-27 Kg. Discovered by Ernest Rutherford Electromagnetic Forces and Gravitational forces were better known for holding the structure of Atom.
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for H.
Central idea: electron circles the nucleus in only certain allowed circular orbitals. Bohr postulates that there is Coulombic (C) attraction between e- and nucleus. Electrons orbit the nucleus in circular paths of fixed energy (energy levels). Indicates main energy levels
n = 1, 2, 3, 4
The maximum number of electrons in a principal energy level is given by: Max no. of electrons = 2n2 , n= the principal quantum number Shell closest to nucleus have lowest energy, labelled as K,L,M K is closest to nucleus
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Thus the 3rd sub shell contains 18 electrons and the 4th contains 32 electrons.
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Solution:
First Shell: Second Shell:
Thus, Maximum number of electrons occupying the first energy orbit is two. Thus, the max. number of electrons occupying the second orbit is eight.
3rd orbit, by 18 electrons and 4th by 32 electrons. Shell which has electrons less than max. is valance shell.
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So, the first and second shell are complete, but only 4 electrons are there in valence
If atom deprive and electron it gains positive charge and if it gains one it attains
negative charge.
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The conduction band is the range of electron energies enough to free an electron from binding with its atom to move freely within the atomic lattice of the material as a 'delocalized electron. The valence band is the highest range of electron energies in which electrons are normally present at absolute zero temperature. Fig 2-6a: Energy gap of an insulator is very large and of very high energy order 3eV will have to be absorbed by an electron order to elevate it from the valence band to conducting band. Fig 2-6b: In conductors some electron move freely from valence bond to conducting band at room Temp. .
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Band gap Energy of silicon is higher than germanium as in Table 2-3. Also, with an increase in operating temperature, the band gap energy is correspondingly decreases, thus increasing probability that electrons from the valence band will transfer to the conducting band to become free electrons.
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Table 2-4 Band Gap Energy Levels for Si, Ge and GaAs at differencet temp.
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Example 2-2 Cal. Band gap energy (eV) of silicon, germanium and GaAs for temperature ranging from 0K to 400K, and plot the corresponding graphs
Sol.: At
At
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The density state function for both conducting and valence bands are given as-
Ev : Energy at the top of the valence band; Ec : Energy at the bottom of the conducting band me :Density of state effective mass of electrons ; mh : Density of state effective mass of holes
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Where, EFn : Fermi Energy for electron; EFp : Fermi Energy for hole;
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Fermi Efficiency F,
(2-20)
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Fermi Efficiency
Nv Effective density of states in valence bonds
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Gap
By using the approximation,
This shows Fermi level must be within the band gap and must be away from
the top of the valence band (kT)
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Basic Semiconductor materials are Silicon and Germanium. In germanium, electrons occupying the valence shell are at higher energy levels thus absorbs less energy.
Crystalline structure share e- with adjacent atom makes it more chemically stable. When e- at valence shell acquires enough thermal energy/electric field, it can transfer from the valence shell to conducting band
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At absolute temp. 0K , Si exists in crystalline structure. Crystalline structure exists in a neutral state: no free electrons.
At room temp. : No. of free electrons and holes remains constant for a condition that
makes it best for fabrication.
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The new types of Semiconductors then produced are : N- type and P-Type varying
with Conductivity.
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4 As (DONOR) valence electrons are used to make covalent bond with Si (ACCEPTOR) atom, while the 5th electron becomes free.
This free electron contributes to the conducting properties.
Since electrons are negative charge carriers, the resultant material is called Ntype (or negative type) .
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Ec: Conducting band energy level, Ev : Valence band energy level, Eg : band gap energy level.
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