Electrical & Electronic Systems

Lecture 04 by Waqas Anwar

Course Code: EE-250 Course Page: bit.ly/ee-250 Course Email: ee-250@hotmail.com

Ohms Law
The current flowing in a conductor is directly proportional to the applied voltage V and inversely proportional to its resistance R V = IR I = V/R R = V/I

2.7

Example 2.1
Voltage measurements (with respect to ground) on part of an electrical circuit give the values shown in the diagram below. If the resistance of R2 is 220 , what is the current I flowing through this resistor?

Kirchhoffs Current Law

At any instant the algebraic sum of the currents flowing into any junction in a circuit is zero For example I1 I2 I3 = 0 I2 = I1 I3 = 10 3 =7A

2.8

Example 2.2
Use Kirchhoffs current law to determine the current I2 in the following circuit.

Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

At any instant the algebraic sum of the voltages around any loop in a circuit is zero For example E V1 V 2 = 0 V1 = E V 2 = 12 7 = 5V

2.8

Example 2.3
Use Kirchhoffs voltage law to determine the magnitude of V1 in the following circuit.

Power Dissipation in Resistors

2.9

The instantaneous power dissipation P of a resistor is given by the product of the voltage across it and the current passing through it. Combining this result with Ohms law gives: P = VI P = I2R P = V2/R

Example 2.4
Determine the power dissipation in the resistor R3 in the following circuit.

Resistors in Series and Parallel

Series

2.10 & 2.11

R = R1 + R2 + R3 Parallel
1 1 1 1 = + + R R1 R2 R3

Example 2.5
Determine the equivalent resistance of this combination.

Example 2.6
Determine the equivalent resistance of this combination.

Resistive Potential Dividers

General case

2.12

V = V2 + (V1 V2 )

R2 R1 + R 2

Example 2.7
Determine the voltage V in the following circuit.
R2 V = V2 + (V1 V2 ) R1 + R 2 R2 = 10 R1 + R2

300 = 10 200 + 300 = 6V

Example 2.8
Determine the voltage V in the following circuit.
R2 R1 + R 2

V = V2 + (V1 V2 )

= 3 + 12 = 3+4 = 7V

500 1000 + 500

Sinusoidal Quantities
Length of time between corresponding points in successive cycles is the period T Number of cycles per second is the frequency f f = 1/T

2.13

Example 2.9
What is the period of a sinusoidal quantity with a frequency of 50 Hz?

Circuit Symbols

2.14

Key Points
Understanding the next few lectures of this course relies on understanding the various topics covered in this session A clear understanding of the concepts of voltage and current is essential Ohms Law and Kirchhoffs Laws are used extensively in later lectures Experience shows that students have most problems with potential dividers a topic that is used widely in the next few lectures You are advised to make sure you are happy with this material now