International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847

INVESTIGATIONS ON TRANSIENT DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS

Palipi Sreenivas1, Dr.A.Siva Kumar2, Subramanyam Pavuluri3, Dr.A.Aruna Kumari4
1M.Tech Student, Department of Mechanical Engineering, MLR Institute of Technology, Dundigal, Hyderabad-43, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2Professor & HOD, Department of Mechanical Engineering. MLR Institute of Technology, Dundigal, Hyderabad-43, Andhra Pradesh, India. 3Asst. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering. MLR Institute of Technology, Dundigal, Hyderabad-43, Andhra Pradesh, India. 4Assoc.Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering. JNTUHCEH, Kukatpally, Hyderabad-500085 Andhra Pradesh, India.

Abstract
The dynamic response analyses of functionally graded materials subjected to mechanical loads are investigated under ambient temperature and also deals with the linear vibration of functionally graded material plates in thermal environments. Transient response analysis is the most general method for computing forced dynamic response. The purpose of transient analysis is to compute the behavior of a structure subjected to time-varying excitation. The transient excitation is explicitly defined in the time domain. All of the forces applied to the structure are known at each instant of time. The study of dynamic behavior of FGM plate is very much important for the design of advanced structure. Finite element method is used to study the static and dynamic analyses. The governing dynamic equilibrium equations are derived by the Hamiltons principle. A clamped FGM square plate is used for the study of direct transient response analysis in thermal environment. In the present analysis, zero initial conditions are assumed and damping is neglected. The time derivatives in the semi-discrete model were approximated by using the Newmark direct integration method.

Keywords: Functionally graded plate, Dynamic, Transient response, Newmark integration method.

1. INTRODUCTION
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are a special kind of composite in which the material properties vary smoothly and continuously from one material to another. Their applications are especially in high- temperature environments such as nuclear reactors, chemical plants, rocket heat shields, heat exchanger tubes, heat engine components, skin of supersonic and hypersonic aerospace vehicles etc. FGMs are microscopically inhomogeneous composites usually made from a mixture of metals and ceramics. The purpose of the paper is to study the structural behavior subjected to excitation which varies with time. Comparison studies are provided to verify the stability and accuracy of the method in analyzing the isotropic plate and two types of FGP's Alumina-Zirconia and Aluminum-Alumina. The influences of the boundary conditions and volume fraction exponents are also examined in detail. Japanese material scientist in Yamanouchi et al. [1] has marked the beginning of exploring the possibility of using FGMs for various structural applications. This grading helps to eliminate the interface problems and mitigating thermal stress concentrations. Reddy [2] presented a theoretical formulation and finite element models for FGPs based on the third-order shear deformation theory. Zhang and Zhou [3] give theoretical analysis of FGM thin plates based on physical neutral surface. Under the assumption of poisons ratio is constant across the thickness and the displacements in surface can be neglected in small deflection problems, there is no stretching-bending coupling effect in constitutive equations of physical neutral surface theory. Praveen and Reddy [4] investigated the static and dynamic thermo-elastic response of functionally graded plates (FGPs) using the finite element method. Wu Lanhe et al. [5] studied the dynamic stability analysis of FGM plates by using least squares differential quadrature method. Huang and Shen [6] studied the nonlinear vibration and dynamic response of functionally graded plates in thermal environments. Heat conduction and temperature-dependent material properties are both taken into account. The numerical illustrations concern nonlinear vibration characteristics of functional graded plates with two constituent materials in thermal environments. The results reveal that the temperature field and volume fraction distribution have significant effect on the nonlinear vibration and dynamic response of functionally graded plate.

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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847 2. MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
The governing equation for direct transient analysis without exposed to thermal environment can be obtained Equation, can be written as (1) The governing equation for direct transient analysis with exposed to thermal environment can be can be written as
[M ]{d } [ K ]{d } {F}
..
..

(2) [ M ]{d } [ K * ]{d } {F } The above equations become transient when the mechanical force, {F } varies with time. It is solved by using Newmarks method as follows. Newmarks Time Integration Scheme The governing dynamic equation, which is transient in nature. Newmarks direct integration scheme is employed to approximate the time derivatives and thereby to solve the forced vibration equations. The method is briefly introduced as follows, as outlined by Bathe [8]In this method function and its derivative are approximated according to following assumption
. . .. ..

{(U )t t } {U t } [ a3{U t } a4 {(U )t t }] . .. .. 1 {U t t } {U t } {U t }t [( ){U t } {(U )t t }]t 2 2 t = time step, t = step number For = 0.5 and = 0.25, Newmark method is unconditionally stable.

(3) (4)

Primary aim is to calculate displacements {U t t } , the governing equation is evaluated at time tt t as

..

[M ]{(U )t t } [ K ]{U t t } {Ft t }

(5)
..

Solution for displacements at time tt t is obtained by rearranging the Equation, such that
.. .

{(U )t t } a0 [{U t t } {U t }] a1{U t } a2{U t }

(6)

where,

a0

1 1 1 , a1 , a2 1, a3 (1 )t , a4 t (t 2 ) ( t ) 2

Equation (50) now substitute back in Eq. (48)

[ K1 ]{U t t } {F1}t t
where,
[ K1 ] [ K ] a0 [ M ]
. .

(7) (8) (9)

.

{( F1 )t t } {Ft t } [ M ]( a0 {U t } a1{U t } a2 {U t })

Once the displacements {U t t } at time tt t are obtained by solving eq. (7) the velocities (U )t t and accelerations
..

(U )t t are computed respectively.

3. NUMERICAL APPROACH
In this present evaluation, 9-noded quadrilateral C0 isoparametric element with 5 degrees of freedom per node is employed. The degrees of freedom per node are, {u0 v0 w0 x and y }. In the dynamic analysis, zero initial conditions are assumed and damping is neglected. Reduced Gauss integration is utilized to compute the stiffness matrix to avoid the shear locking. 3x3 Gauss integration is used to compute the bending stiffness and 2x2 gauss integration is used to compute the shear stiffness. For the sake of brevity, a clockwise notation starting from x=0 is employed, symbol "CFCS", for example, identifies a plate clamped at x = 0, 1, free at y = 1, and simply supported at y = 0. A program was developed, it was coded in MATLAB and many examples were solved numerically. Material properties of FGM components , Stainless steel, silicon nitride, zirconia, Al, Alumna, Ti-6Al-4V are chosen at temperature 300K. Temperature dependent coefficients for ceramics and metals for use in eq. 5, for the materials ZrO2, Ti-6Al-4V, Si3N4, SUS304 are considered at 300K.

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Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Numerical results for direct transient response: Parametric studies have been performed to study the transient response of two types of square FGM plates Al/Al2O3 and Al/ZrO2 subjected to a suddenly applied uniform pressure loading (qo) -1.0e6 N/m2 . The thickness and side of the square plate are h= 0.01m and a= 0.2m, respectively. In the present analysis, zero initial conditions are assumed and damping is neglected. The time derivatives in the semi-discrete model were approximated by using the Newmark direct integration method. For all the cases, a time step of 0.0001s was used. It should be appreciated that in all these figures,

W wEm h / q0 a 2 and T t Em / m a 2 represent the dimensionless forms of, respectively, time and deflection at
the point (x,y) = (a/2, b/2). Figures. 1 and 2 shows the direct transient response of cantilever FGM plates- Al/Al2O3 and Al/ZrO2 respectively. As the volume fraction exponent increases, reduces the bending rigidity of the plate. So, the lower the bending rigidity, the higher the magnitude of deflection. This is what we observed from the Figs. 1 and 2. At any given n value, the magnitude of deflection is more in the case of Al/ZrO2 plate when compared to Al/Al2O3, except at n = . The above variation is due to, Young's modulus of ZrO2is being less when compared to Al2O3. At n = , the magnitude of deflection is same in both the cases, because the same metal (Al) is used.

Figure 1 Temporal evolution of center deflection of cantilever FGM plate under suddenly applied uniform loading of -1.0e6 N/m2 (Al/Al2O3)

Figure 2 Temporal evolution of center deflection of cantilever FGM plate under suddenly applied uniform loading of -1.0e6 N/m2 (Al/ZrO2)

Figure 3 Temporal evolution of center deflection of cantilever FGM plate under suddenly applied uniform loading of -1.0e6 N/m2 (Al/ZrO2) Transient response of silicon nitride and stainless steel FGM square plate, referred to as Si3N4/SUS304 with clamped boundary condition is investigated under suddenly applied uniform lateral pressure loading in thermal environment: The material properties, such as Young's modulus E, the poison's ratio and coefficient of thermal expansion can be expressed as a non-linear function of temperature, Ref.[14], as
2 3 P P0 ( P1T 1 1 PT ) 1 P 2T PT 3

in which T=T0+T and T0 = 300 Kelvin (room temperature), where Po, P-1,P1, P2, and P3 are the coefficients of temperature T (K) and are unique to the constituent materials. Typical values for silicon nitride and stainless steel listed in Table below

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Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
except the poison's ratio and whereas the mass density is not a function of temperature. Po , P-1,P1, P2 , and P3 the coefficients of temperature T (K) of poison's ratio for silicon nitride and stainless steel are listed in the following Table 1. Table 1 Temperature dependent coefficients of poison's ratio for Si3N4/SUS304 Material Properties P-1 P0 P1 P2 P3 Si3N4 0 0.2400 0 0 0 SUS304 0 0.3262 -2.002e-4 3.797e-7 0 Length to thickness ratio (a/h) is 10 and a load ( q0 ) of 1 N/m2 was considered. A time step of 1e-6s was used. T is 300 K. The center deflection and time were non dimensionalized according to the following expressions:

wEm h3 q0 a 4

T t

Em ma2

(10)

Figure 4 Temporal evolution of central deflection of clamped FGM plate under suddenly applied lateral load in thermal environment

Figure 5 Effect of temperature rise on the dynamic response of clamped FGM plate subjected to suddenly applied lateral load

We examined the effect of material composition on the transient response of clamped Si3N4/SUS304 square subjected to a suddenly applied lateral load, under thermal environmental condition T = 300 K. Figure 3 shows the deflections as functions of varying power law index n. From the figure 3, it is known that as the power law index increases, means the higher the bending rigidity is, the lower will be the peak value of deflections. From figure 4 shows the effect of thermal environmental conditions T = 0 and 300 K. It can be seen that deflections increase dramatically with increasing T.

4. CONCLUSIONS
The dynamic analysis is carried out to investigate the performance of FGM plate due to mechanical load. In the present work, a Finite element model of a FGM plate is developed. The nine-noded isoparametric element is used in the present FE analysis. The element contains five mechanical displacement degrees of freedom per node. The governing dynamic equilibrium equations for the FE analysis are formulated employing Hamilton's principle to the Lagrange energy functional where the total energy consists of the kinetic energy, strain energy and the potential energy due to mechanical loads. The static and free vibration problems are derived as the special cases of a general dynamic problem. Newmark's time integration is used for transient response analysis. The present FE model is coded in MATLAB. Using these FE models the analysis of FGM plate has been carried out. The good agreement of the present formulation is also validated by comparing the numerical results with the published literatures. Now, based on the numerical analyses carried out for static and dynamic problems, the following important conclusions are drawn for transient response analysis: The response analysis exhibit that the higher the bending rigidity, the lower the magnitude of deflection. The amplitude of vibration is maximum for the metallic plate and minimum for the ceramic plate. The transient response of graded plates is intermediate to that of metal and ceramic plates. It is also clearly seen that the deflections in clamped case are much lower corresponding to the simply supported case due to increases in stiffness. Under thermal environments, with the increase in T, deflections increase dramatically.

REFERENCES
[1] M. Yamanouchi, T.Hirai, I.Shiota, Overall view of the P/M fabrication of functionally graded materials, in: Proceedings of the First International Symposium on FGMs, Sendai, Japan, 1990, pp. 59-64. [2] J.N.Reddy, Analysis of FGPs, International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering 47 (2000) 663-684

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Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 9, September 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
[3] Da-Guang Zhang, You-He Zhou, A theoretical analysis of FGM thin plates based on physical neutral surface, Computational Materials Science 44 (2008) 716720 [4] G.N. Praveen, J.N. Reddy, Nonlinear transient thermo elastic analysis of functionally graded ceramic-metal plates, International Journal of Solids and Structures 35 (1998) 4457-4476 [5] Wu Lanhe, Wang Hongjun, Wang Daobin, Dynamic stability analysis of FGM plates by the moving least squares differential quadrature method, Composite Structures 77(2007) 383-394 [6] Xiao-Lin Haung, Hui-Shen Shen, Nonlinear vibration and dynamic response of FGM plates in thermal environments, International Journal of Solids and Structures 41 (2004) 2403-2427 [7] P.K.Mahato, D.K. Maiti Aeroelastic analysis of smart composite structures in hygro-thermal environment, Composite Structures 92(2010) 1027-1038 [8] Finite Element Procedures by Klaus-Jurgen Bathe, Prentice-Hall of India-2007 edition. [9] S.P.Timoshenko, On the transverse vibrations of bars of uniform cross-section, Philosophical Magazine 43 (1922)125 131. [10] E.Efraim,M.Eisenberger, Exact vibration analysis of variable thickness thick annular isotropic and FGM plates, Journal of Sound and Vibration 299 (2007)720738. [11] A.J.M. Ferreira , R.C. Batra , C.M.C. Roque , L.F. Qian , P.A.L.S. Martins, Static analysis of functionally graded plates using third-order shear deformation theory and a meshless method [12] G.G.Sheng,X.Wang, Thermal vibration, buckling and dynamic stability of functionally graded cylindrical shells embedded in an elastic medium, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 27 (2008)117134. [13] J.Yang,H.S.Shen, Vibration characteristics and transient response of shear-deformable functionally graded plates in thermal environments, Journal of Sound and Vibration 255 (2002)579602. [14] S.S.Vel,R.C.Batra, Three-dimensional exact solutions for the vibration of functionally graded rectangular plate, Journal of Sound and Vibration 272 (2004)703730. [15] H.M. Navazi, H.Haddadpour Aero-thermoelastic stability of functionally graded plates, Composite Structures 80(2007) 580-587 [16] T.Prakash, M.Ganapathi Supersonic flutter characteristics of functionally graded flat panels including thermal effects, Composite Structures 72(2006) 10-18. [17] Y.S.Touloukian, Thermo physical Properties of High Temperature Solid Materials, McMillan,NewYork,1967. [18] Yang, J., Shen, H.-S., 2002. Vibration chracteristic and transient response of shear-deformable functionally graded plates in thermal environments . Journal of Sound and Vibration 255,579-602.

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