CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter attempts to describe the data which is analyzed and discussed to answer the problem of the study. The writer elaborates this chapter into the finding and discussion. The finding reveals the data of the study and covers the data analysis. Meanwhile, the discussion covers the summary and the conclusion of the finding.

4.1 Findings The findings is formulated based on the problems of the study since the writer was going to analyze how word formation processes in automotive jargons and the meaning of words in automotive jargons found in Autoweek Magazine. The data of this study were taken from the opening articles of Autoweek Magazine published on February 18th, 2013. Therefore, in this chapter the writer presented the findings of this study on some tables. The tables of the finding contain automotive jargons which were found in the opening article of Autoweek Magazine published on February 18th, 2013. The excerpts related to the automotive jargons found in Autoweek Magazine show common senses of the jargons which are usually used by outsiders (people who do not belong to automotive activities). Meanwhile, particular senses of the jargons are used by insiders (people who belong to automotive activities).

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Table 4.1 The Description of Automotive Jargons Found in First Sub-Article Geneva Show Preview
No. 1. Automotive Jargons Drop-top 1.1.4.C Excerpt As the drop-top two-seater makes its world debut at the Geneva motor show in early March. As the drop-top two-seater makes its world debut at the Geneva motor show in early March. It could be in showrooms by December about three months following the hardtop. It could be in showrooms by December about three months following the hardtop. The 450hp 6.2 liter V8 and choice of seven speed manual or six-speed automatic transmission are likely to carry over from the coupe. The 450hp 6.2 liter V8 and choice of seven speed manual or six-speed automatic transmission are likely to carry over from the coupe. The 450hp 6.2 liter V8 and choice of seven speed manual or six-speed automatic transmission are Common Sense Particular Sense The car can be opened at the top that is usually made of canvas.

2.

Two-seater 1.1.4.C

cars have only two seats

3.

Showroom 1.2.3.C

Rooms where merchandise is exposed for sale, or where samples are displayed. -

Large rooms were goods, especially cars or electrical goods for sale are displayed. A car that resembles a convertible but has a fixed rigid top.

4.

Hardtop 1.2.5.C

5.

Seven-speed 1.3.10.C

7 transmission speed manual system, six forward gears and one reverse gear.

6.

Transmission 1.3.11.D

Working by itself without direct human control.

6-speed transmit automatic gearbox.

7.

Coupe 1.3.12.B

A car with two doors and a sloping back.

A car with two doors.

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Table continuation
No. Automotive Jargons Excerpt likely to carry over from the coupe. Common Sense Particular Sense

Table 4.2 The Description of Automotive Jargons Found in Second SubArticle Chicago Auto Show
No. 8. Automotive Jargons Carefree 2.1.4.C Excerpt Volkswagens beetle defines a brand of fun thats quirky, carefree and a bit unconventional. VW blends all of that, while saluting a 1970s enthusiast favorite. The modern car will use an uprated 2.0-liter turbocharged four-cylinder pushing out 21 hp paired with a six-speed manual or DSG automatic. The modern car will use an uprated 2.0-liter turbocharged four-cylinder pushing out 21 hp paired with a six-speed manual or DSG automatic. Bug bite limited runs GSR returns. Chevrolet is adding a dieselpowered Cruze to its lineup. Common Sense free treatment for car. Particular Sense free treatment for car.

9.

VW 2.1.5.CP

An abbreviation of Volkswagen

10.

Turbocharged 2.1.22.C

A tool that is used to increase the air supply and automatically off at a certain engine speeds.

11.

DSG 2.1.26.A

An abbreviation of Direct Shift Gearbox. Dual clutch system that was designed by Borg Warner.

12.

Bug Bite 2.1.1.IC

13.

Diesel-powered 2.2.2.C

A name of VW beetle written in Autoweek magazine. Diesel engine that is attached to the car concerned.

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Table 4.3 The Description of Automotive Jargons Found in Third SubArticle Roadster Renaissance
No. 14. Automotive Jargons Alfa Romeo 3.2.4.IC Excerpt The cars will be the fourthgeneration Mazda MX-5 Miata and modern interpretation of the classic Alfa Romeo Spider. They will share a common rearwheel-driveplatform, major chassis components and electronic architecture. While Alfas Spider is set to offer a tuned version of the four-cylinder in the Giulietta hatchback. Consider that a bencmark for the future products, particularly for Mazda, though its hard to picture Alfa putting out a portly Spider. While theres no 1,500pounds Lotus Elan lurking, a fresh competitive set is already gaining traction with enthusiasts. Fresh kodo design, skyactiv power on tap for MX-5 in 2015. The car is being re-designed as a part of a sportscar alliance with Fiat group. Common Sense Particular Sense An Italian automobile company.

15.

Rear-wheel 3.3.2.C

Type of car which adopted axle at the rear wheels.

16.

Hatchback 2.5.8.C

A sedan version which has no rear section that juts out.

17.

Benchmark 3.10.4.C

Comparison among some cars with similar specifications.

18.

Traction 3.11.5.D

maximum frictional force that can be generated between two surfaces without slip.

Viscosity level between car tires and asphalt surface.

19.

Skyactiv 3.12.2.C

Engine technology that is adopted by Mazda. The car which has big power.

20.

Sports Car 3.12.14.C

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Table continuation
No. 21. Automotive Jargons Fiat 3.13.3.A Excerpt The car is being re-designed as a part of a sportscar alliance with Fiat group. Jenkins said Mazda will continue to focus on lightweight technology and materials. The sector, however, has grown a bit more crowed, with the addition of the Scion FR-S and Subaru BRZ twins (even with their small rear seats). The sector, however, has grown a bit more crowed, with the addition of the Scion FR-S and Subaru BRZ twins (even with their small rear seats). Common Sense Particular Sense Italians automobile company.

22.

Light-weight 3.14.2.C

The creation of technology that is made as light as possible.

23.

FR-S 3.16.4.A

A kind of car made in USA.

24.

BRZ 3.16.5.A

A kind of car made in Japan.

Table 4.4 The Description of Automotive Jargons Found in Fourth SubArticle Alfas Other Sports Car
No. 25. Automotive Jargons Drive-Sporting 4.4.2.C Excerpt While both are two seats, rearwheel-drivesporting machines, the 4C will have a sharper edge to its demenanor. It will make extensive use of Common Sense Particular Sense car drive systems that use single axle to drive both rear wheels.

26.

Carbon Fiber 4.4.5.C

materials for car bodies.

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Table continuation
No. Automotive Jargons Excerpt carbon-fiber and aluminium materials to meet an aggressive target weight of arround 1,870 pounds which is definitive supercar teritory. While both are two seats, rearwheel-drivesporting machines, the 4C will have a sharper edge to its demenanor. Common Sense Particular Sense

27.

4C 4.4.3.A

An abbreviation from 4 Cylinders.

Table 4.5 The Description of Automotive Jargons Found in Fifth Sub-Article Tokyo Auto Salon 2013
No. 28. Automotive Jargons Ultra-Flashy 5.1.29.C Excerpt They sported almost anything imaginable, including turbo upgrade boosting output, wide bodies, custom tallight, and ultra-fashy wheel and brake packages. Rotary-engine tuner RE Amemiye came up with a rotarypowered Lotus Europa with a Porsche 911 headlight conversion. Rotary-engine tuner RE Amemiye came up with a rotary-powered Lotus Europa with a Porsche Common Sense Particular Sense Sparkling wheels, made of shiny metal or chrome.

29.

Rotary-Engine 5.2.1.C

Kind of machines.

30.

Rotary-Powered 5.2.3.C

Rotary engine system that was developed by the Lotus.

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911 headlight conversion.

Tabel continuation
No. 31. Automotive Jargons Headlight 5.2.5.C Excerpt Rotary-engine tuner RE Amemiye came up with a rotarypowered Lotus Europa with a Porsche 911 headlight conversion. No word on power figures, but Infinity is predicting the Q50 can cope with a highoutput engine. Common Sense Particular Sense Front light system that can be exchanged between the models.

32.

High-Output 5.3.7.C

Machines which can produce high power.

Table 4.6 The Description of Automotive Jargons Found in Sixth Sub-Article 2013 Grand National Roadster Show
No. 33. Automotive Jargons Hot-Rodder 6.1.1.C Excerpt For a hotrodder, one of the greatest honors is to have your souped-up machine win the title Americas Most Beautiful Roadster. Then drag racer and stuntman Kelly Brown had the car, and had big plans for it. But browns fortunes ebbed and flowed, and the car got a few things done but spent a lot of time sitting in the SoCal Speed Shop, awaiting financing. Common Sense Particular Sense A kind of car with big power.

34.

Drag Racer 6.2.11.C

A person who competes in a straight path

35.

Speed Shop 6.2.18.C

The stores that sell the tools for cars modification

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Based on the tables above, it can be concluded that automotive jargons are mostly used by particular sense or usually called as the insiders of the group. There are some words understood by people outside the group although they have similarities in meaning to words in particular sense or in automotive activities. Most of them are only found in automotive activities so that the writer cannot find the meaning of those words in any others. Furthermore, the writer analyzed the finding of word formation processes and its meaning as following:

4.1.1 Word Formation Processes In this study, the writer found 41 jargons that can be classified into five types of word formation processes namely etymology, compounding, borrowing, acronym and invention or coinage. The writer also used codes in order to make the readers easier to understand the meaning of automotive jargons by looking at the excerpt. Each code consists of four parts, for instance: 1.2.3.D. The first character refers to the first sub articles. The second refers to the paragraph of the articles. The third refers to the line of the paragraph. Last, the alphabet D refers to Derivation process. Thus, based on the example above, the codes show that the automotive jargon is found in the first sub article of the magazine, then it is found in the second paragraph, in the third line of and it belongs to derivation processes. The word formation processes of automotive jargons in Autoweek Magazine published on February 18th 2013 is shown in the table 4.7 as following:

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Table 4.7 Word Formation Processes of Automotive Jargons Found in Autoweek Magazine. No. Code Automotive Jargons Word Formation Processes 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.
1.1.4.C 1.1.4.C 1.2.3.C 1.2.5.C 1.3.10.C 1.3.11.D 1.3.12.B 2.1.4.C 2.1.5.CP 2.1.22.C 2.1.26.A 2.1.1.IC 2.2.2.C 3.2.4.IC 3.3.2.C 2.5.8.C 3.10.4.C 3.11.5.D 3.12.2.C 3.12.14.C 3.13.3.A 3.14.2.C Drop-top Two-seater Showrooms Hardtop Seven-speed Transmission Coupe Carefree VW Turbocharged DSG Bug Bite Diesel-powered Alfa Romeo Rear-wheel Hatchback Benchmark Traction Skyactiv Sports-Car Fiat Light-weight Compounding Compounding Compounding Compounding Compounding Derivation Borrowing Compounding Clipping Compounding Acronym Invention/Coinage Compounding Coinage Compounding Compounding Compounding Derivation Compounding Compounding Acronyms Compounding

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23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35.

3.16.4.A 3.16.5.A 4.4.2.C 4.4.5.C 4.4.3.A 5.1.29.C 5.2.1.C 5.2.3.C 5.2.5.C 5.3.7.C 6.1.1.C 6.2.11.C 6.2.18.C

FR-S BRZ twins Drive-Sporting Carbon Fiber 4C Ultra-Flashy Rotary-Engine Rotary-Powered Headlight High-Output Hot-Rodder Drag Racer Speed Shop

Acronym Acronym Compounding Compounding Acronym Compounding Compounding Compounding Compounding Compounding Compounding Compounding Compounding

Table 4.8 The Summary of Word Formation Processes of Automotive Jargons found in Autoweek Magazine
No. Automotive Jargons Acro nym Borro wing Word Formation Processes Clip ping Coi nage Compo Unding Deri Vation TO TAL

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Drop-top Two-seater Showrooms Hardtop Seven-speed Transmission Coupe

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8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31.

Carefree VW Turbocharged DSG Bug Bite Diesel-powered Alfa Romeo Rear-wheel Hatchback Benchmark Traction Skyactiv Sports-Car Fiat Light-weight FR-S BRZ Drive-Sporting Carbon Fiber 4C Ultra-Flashy Rotary-Engine Rotary-Powered Headlight

38 5 1 1 2 24 2 35

32. 33. 34. 35.

High-Output Hot-Rodder Drag Racer Speed Shop TOTAL

Based on table 4.7, the writer found 24 compounding processes, 1 borrowing process, 5 acronym processes, 1 clipping, 2 derivation and 2 invention or coinage processes. In this part, the writer intended to describe the word formation processes of automotive jargons found in Autoweek Magazine that was published on February 18th, 2013.

4.1.1.1 Acronyms The writer found five jargons that belong to acronyms: DSG, Fiat (FIAT), FR-S, BRZ and 4C. Those jargons are the abbreviation form of English terms. The words that belong to acronym processes are: 1. DSG The word DSG is an acronym of Direct Shift Gearbox (Wordpress, 2012, para. 1). DSG is called acronym since there is shortening process done by taking the initial letters of the phrase Direct Shift Gearbox. DSG is individually pronounced letter by letter. 2. Fiat (FIAT) The word Fiat (FIAT) is an abbreviation of Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Area Otomotif, 2013, para. 1). This shortening process done by taking the initial letters of the phrase Fabbrica Italiana Automobili

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Torino. The short formed of Fiat (FIAT) is pronounced as a single word [fiyat]. 3. FR-S The word FR-S is an abbreviation of Front Rear Sport (Otosia, 2012, para 4). FR-S is called acronym since there is shortening process that done by taking the initial letters of the phrase Front Rear Sport. FR-S is individually pronounced letter by letter. 4. BRZ The word BRZ is an acronym of Boxer Rear-wheel drive Zenith (Tempo Otomotif, 2011, para. 3). BRZ is called acronym since there is shortening process done by taking the initial letters of the phrase Boxer Rear-wheel drive Zenith. BRZ is individually pronounced letter by letter. 5. 4C The word 4C is an abbreviation of 4Cylinder. 4C is called acronym since there is shortening process done by taking the initial letter of the phrase 4Cylinder. 4C is pronounced only one letter.

4.1.1.2 Borrowings The writer found only one jargon included in borrowing process, that was coupe. That word was called as borrowings process since this writer found the translation process and took over it from other language. The word belongs to borrowing process is:

1. Coupe The word coupe was derived from French word coup, pronounced as /kupe/ (Artikata, 2013, para. 1). From French the word was adapted and

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changed into English as coupe /ku:p/ and have the meaning a cars with two doors and a sloping back (Oxford, 1995, p. 266). 4.1.1.3 Clippings Clipping is the process of reducing one or more components in a word that has one or more than one syllable. There was only one jargon that belongs to clipping process: 1. VW The jargon VW was clipping process which was formed from Volkswagen (Otomotif Antik, 2010, para. 1). VW belongs to clipping process since jargon has more than one syllable and it was reduced to a shorter form.

4.1.1.4 Coinage or Invention Coinage or invention is the process of words invented into new terms. In this research, there are two jargons that belong to coinage or invention process: 1. Bug Bite The word bug bite is included into invention or coinage process since this jargon refers to nickname from VW in this magazine. 2. Alfa Romeo Alfa romeo belongs to coinage or invention process because this word was commercial product that becomes general term.

4.1.1.5 Compoundings Compounding process is the merger of two words that can make a new meaning. The writer found 24 jargons that are included in compounding:

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1. Drop-Top The phrase drop and top were two individual words with two individual meaning. Then, they were joined into drop-top to represent one meaning. 2. Two-seater The word two and seater have individual meaning. Both of two and seater are put together into two-seater in order to create a new idea. 3. Showrooms Both show and rooms were two individual words with two individual meaning. Then, they were joined into showrooms to represent one new meaning. 4. Hardtop The words hard and top have individual meaning. Both of hard and top were put together into hardtop in order to create a new idea. 5. Seven-speed The phrase seven and speed were two individual words with two individual meanings. Then, they were joined into seven-speed to represent one idea. 6. Carefree The phrase carefree was shaped from two words, care and free. Then, they were joined into carefree to represent their own meaning. 7. Turbocharged Both turbo and charged are two individual word with two individual meaning. Then, they were joined into turbocharged to represent one new idea.

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8. Diesel-powered The words diesel and powered have individual meaning. Both of diesel and powered were putting together into diesel-powered and to create a new idea. 9. Rear-wheel Both rear and wheel were two individual words with two individual meaning. Then, they were joined into rear-wheel to represent one new meaning. 10. Hatchback The phrase hatchback was shaped from two word, hatch and back. Then, they were joined into hatchback to represent their own meaning. 11. Benchmark The phrase bench and mark were two individual words with two individual meanings. Then, they were joined into benchmark to represent one meaning. 12. Skyactiv(e) The word sky and activ(e) have individual meaning. Both of sky and activ(e) were put together into skyactiv(e) and to make a new idea. 13. Sports-car Both sports and car were two individual words with two individual meaning. Then, they were joined into sports-car to represent one new meaning.

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14. Light-weight The phrase light-weight was shaped from two word, light and weight. Then, they were joined into light-weight to represent their own meanings. 15. Drive-sporting The phrase drive-sporting was derived from word, drive and sporting. Both word drive and sporting have their individual meaning. However, they were joined into drive-sporting to represent their own meaning. 16. Carbon-fiber The word carbon and fiber have individual meaning. Both of carbon and fiber were put together into carbon-fiber to produce new idea. 17. Ultra-flashy Both ultra and flashy were two individual word with two individual meaning. Then, they were joined into ultra-flashy to represent one new meaning. 18. Rotary-engine The phrase rotary-engine was shaped from two words, rotary and engine. Then, they were joined into rotary-engine to represent their own meaning. 19. Rotary-powered Both rotary and powered were two individual word with two individual meaning. Then, they were joined into rotary-powered to represent one new idea.

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20. Headlight The phrase headlight was derived from word, head and light. Both word head and light have their individual meaning. Yet, they are joined into headlight to represent their own meaning. 21. High-output The words high and output have individual meaning. Both of high and output were put together into high-output and to create new idea. 22. Hot-rodder Both hot and rodder are two individual words with two individual meaning. Then, they were joined into hot-rodder to represent one new meaning. 23. Drag racer The phrase drag and racer were two individual words with two individual meanings. Then, they were joined into drag racer to represent one meaning. 24. Speed shop Both speed and shop were two individual words with two individual meaning. Then, they were joined into speed shop to represent one new meaning.

4.1.1.6 Derivation The writer found two jargons that were derivation: transmission and traction. Both of jargons included into derivation since those word were created

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using derivational morphemes. Here, the automotive jargons that were belong to derivation: 1. Transmission Transmission was called as derivation since there was an addition of the derivational morpheme [-ion] to the root [transmit] changes the word from a verb [transmit] to a noun [transmission]. 2. Traction Traction was called as derivation since there was an addition of the derivational morpheme [-ion] to the root [tract].

4.1.2 The Meaning of Automotive Jargons Found in Autoweek Magazine Published on February 18th 2013 In this part, the writer answered the second problem of the study, which were the meanings of words of automotive jargons found in Autoweek Magazine. The writer was interested in analyzing the meaning of automotive jargons since automotive jargons have the special meaning toward particular society which likes something to do relate to automotive activities. It could be seen that mostly automotive jargons only exist in automotive activities. Therefore, the analysis of the meaning was also necessary to increase the knowledge about automotive jargons. Additionally, the writer also used the regulation of co-text to interpret the meaning of automotive jargons. The writer hopes that people who are from outside of group will understand more about automotive jargons by paying attention to the surrounding text of jargons. The analysis of the meaning of automotive jargons could be seen as the following:

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1. Drop-top Drop-top was formed from two individual words, they were drop and top. The meaning of drop is to fall or allow something to fall by accident, while the word top is the highest part or point of something. By seeing only one meaning from those words, it could not find the meaning that related to automotive activities. Therefore, the word drop-top was only found in automotive activities which means that the ability of car to open in the top, and usually the roof of car have the material from canvas. As the drop-top two-seater makes its world debut at the Geneva motor show in early March. In relation to the meaning based on the co-text, there was enough information to limit the interpretation of the drop-top. Therefore, it can be concluded that the meaning of drop-top based on co-text was the car which can be opened in the top and only has two seats in the front part of the car. 2. Two-seater The terms two-seater was formed from two individual words, two and seater while seater was a root [seat] adding with the suffix [er]. The meaning of each word two was the number two, and the word seater was a vehicle or a place with the specified number of seat. By seeing each of the meaning from both words, it could not find the meaning related to automotive activities. Therefore, the word two-seater was only found in automotive activities which means that a car which has only has two seats in the front.

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As the drop-top two-seater makes its world debut at the Geneva motor show in early March. In relation to the meaning based on the co-text, there was not enough information to limit the interpretation of the two-seater. Therefore, it can be concluded that the meaning of two-seater based on co-text is one type of drop-top car. 3. Showroom Showroom has two meanings. The first meaning in common sense was a room where merchandise was exposed for sale or where samples are displayed, then in particular sense toward an automotive activities is large shop were goods, especially cars or electrical goods for sale were displayed. Hence, the writer concluded that showroom was one of automotive jargons since it has particular sense that distinguishes from common meaning. Sources tell Autoweek the Stingray convertible goes into production late this year. It could be in a showrooms by December about three months following the hardtop. From those excerpts above, the writer concluded that the meaning of showroom was a place to store the cars stock. 4. Hardtop The word hardtop was derived from two words, hard and top. Hardtop was one of automotive jargons since this word only exists in automotive activities and it could not find the meaning outside

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from automotive activities. The meaning of hardtop was a car that resembles a convertible but has a fixed rigid top. Sources tell Autoweek the Stingray convertible goes into production late this year. It could be in a showrooms by December about three months following the hardtop. The meaning of hardtop based on the surrounding text above, hardtop is one kind of cars produced by Swiss automobile before the Stingray. 5. Seven-speed The meaning of seven is the number seven and speed was the quality of being rapid and quick. When this jargons imply in a single phrase, it does not find the meaning clearly. Thus, it must be interpreted with the surrounding of text. The 450hp 6.2 liter V8 and choice of seven-speed manual or sixspeed automatic transmission are likely to carry over from the coupe. The writer concluded that the meaning of seven-speed based on cotext is the manual system speed in a car. 6. Transmission The word transmission was derived from root [transmit] adding with suffix [-ion]. Then, the meaning of transmission was the action or process of transmitting something or of being transmitted. Those jargons belong to automotive jargons since this word have two meaning based on common perspective or common sense and

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also in particular sense but, it also depended on the context of the sentence where the jargons is written. The 450hp 6.2 liter V8 and choice of seven-speed manual or sixspeed automatic transmission are likely to carry over from the coupe. The writer concluded that the meaning of transmission based on co-text was the system that consists of seven-speed manual or sixspeed automatic. 7. Coupe The word coupe has the same meaning in common sense and also particular sense that was a car with two doors. This word belongs to automotive jargons since it was not only exist in common sense but also in particular sense. The 450hp 6.2 liter V8 and choice of seven-speed manual or sixspeed automatic transmission are likely to carry over from the coupe. Thus, the writer decided that the meaning of coupe based on surrounding text was a car with seven-speed manual or six-speed automatic transmission. 8. Carefree The phrase of carefree was derived from care and free. The meaning of carefree in common sense and also particular sense are the same that is free treatment. It was one of automotive jargon since this jargon already existed in common sense and also particular sense.

50 Volkswagens beetle defines a brand of fun thats quirky, carefree and a bit unconventional By seeing the surrounding text, the writer concluded that the meaning of carefree was something which was able fun and also unconventional when customers use the volkswagen car. 9. VW VW is clipping from the word volkswagen. Volkswagen was German automobile manufacturer. This word belongs to automotive jargon since the common sense said that it was one kind of car but particular sense said that this word has different meaning that volkswagen was one of automobile company from German. Volkswagens beetle defines a brand of fun thats quirky, carefree and a bit unconventional. VW blends all of that, while saluting a 1970s enthusiast favorite According to the surrounding text, the meaning of VW was a brand of car that was quirky, carefree and a bit unconventional. 10. Turbocharged Turbocharged is formed from two individual word, turbo and charge. The meaning of turbocharged is an apparatus driven by a turbine that gets its power from an engines exhaust gases. Therefore, the word turbocharged was only found in automotive activities since this jargons has close relationship with automotive world especially about machine.

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The modern car will use an uprated 2.0-liter turbocharged fourcylinder pushing out 21 hp paired with a six-speed manual or DSG automatic. In relation to the meaning based on the co-text, there was enough information to limit the interpretation of the turbocharged. Therefore, it can be concluded that the meaning of turbocharged based on co-text was turbocharged was used by the modern car which have four-cylinder pushing out 21 hp paired with a six-speed manual or DSG automatic. 11. DSG DSG was an abbreviation from Direct Shift Gearbox. It means double system gear in car. DSG was belonging to automotive jargons since this jargon was only found in automotive activities. Therefore, there was no acronym other than Direct Shift Gearbox. The modern car will use an uprated 2.0-liter turbocharged fourcylinder pushing out 21 hp paired with a six-speed manual or DSG automatic. Hence, it could be concluded that the meaning of DSG based on the co-text was a system usually used in car and paired with fourcylinder and six-speed manual. 12. Bug Bite The word Bug Bite belongs to invention or coinage process since those words refer to a nickname of VW in Autoweek magazine. Bug Bite automatically belongs to automotive jargons because it functions to mention a kind of car in VW group.

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Bug bite limited runs GSR returns From those excerpts above, the writer conclude that the meaning of Bug Bite was something which limits runs. 13. Diesel-powered The meaning of diesel was an engine that burns oil as a fuel. Then, power is the ability or opportunity to do something or to act. When this jargon implies in a single phrase, it did not find the meaning clearly. Thus, it must be interpreted with the surrounding of text. Chevrolet is adding a diesel-powered Cruze to its lineup The writer concluded that the meaning of diesel-powered based on co-text was the power supply to Chevrolets engine to lineup. 14. Alfa Romeo The word Alfa Romeo has only one meaning that was an automobile company from Italy. Alfa Romeo belongs to automotive jargons since this word only exists in particular sense. The FIAT group and Mazda Motor Corp. have finalized an agreement to co-develop a pair of compact roadster set to go on sale in the United States in 2015. The cars will be the fourthgeneration Mazda MX-5 Miata and modern interpretation of the classic Alfa Romeo Spider. Hence, the writer decided that the meaning of Alfa Romeo based on surrounding text was the FIAT group that developed a pair of compact roadster with modern interpretation.

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15. Rear-wheel drive The meaning of rear is the back part. Then, wheel was circular object that turns around a rod at its center, as on cars, bicycles, etc. It was clearly seen that the meaning of those jargons was a part of vehicle functioning to complete cars equipment. Therefore, this term belongs to an automotive jargon since the meaning takes crucial parts of cars or other vehicles. They will share a common rear-wheel-drive-platform, major chassis components and electronic architecture. The writer concluded that the meaning of rear-wheel based on cotext was a part of drive-platform and also completed by chassis components and electronic architecture. 16. Hatchback The phrase hatchback was derived from the word hatch and back. When it was translated word by word, there are unclear meaning related to automotive activities. The meaning of hatchback in common sense is a car with a sloping door at the back that opens upwards, then the meaning of hatchback in particular sense has bit different, that was a sedan that has no long baggage at the back. Hence, the writer concluded that hatchback was one of automotive jargons since it has particular sense distinguishing from common meaning. While Alfas Spider is set to offer a tuned version of the fourcylinders in the Giulietta hatchback.

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From those excerpt above, the writer concluded that the meaning of hatchback was the design of Giulietta that will be adapted by Alfas Spider to offer a tuned version of the four cylinders. 17. Benchmark The word benchmark was formed from two individual words that were bench and mark. The meaning of benchmark was an example of something which was used as a standard or point of reference for making comparison. Therefore, the word benchmark is automotive jargons since this jargon has close relationship with automotive activities in comparing about the specification of the car. Consider that a benchmark for the future products, particularly for Mazda, though its hard to picture Alfa putting out a portly spider. In relation to the meaning based on the co-text, there was enough information to limit the interpretation of the benchmark. Therefore, it could be concluded that the meaning of benchmark based on cotext was the comparison about two cars, Mazda and Alfa for the future products. 18. Traction The word traction was derived from root [tract] adding with suffix [-ion]. The meaning of traction was the action of pulling something along a surface. That jargon belongs to automotive jargons since this word has two meanings based on common perspective or common sense and also in particular sense but, it also depended on the context of the sentence where the jargons were written.

55 While theres no 1,500-pounds Lotus Elan lurking, a fresh competitive set is already gaining traction with enthusiasts. The writer concluded that the meaning of traction based on co-text was the scrape power less than 1,500-pounds that make sticky power between the wheel and asphalt. 19. Skyactiv(e) The meaning of sky was the space seen when one looks upwards from the earth, where clouds and the sun, moon and stars appear and activ(e) in the habit of doing things. When this jargons imply in a single phrase, it did not find the meaning clearly. Thus, it must be interpreted with the surrounding of text. Fresh kodo design, skyactiv power on tap for MX-5 in 2015 The writer concluded that the meaning of skyactiv(e) based on cotext was the machines technology which is adopted by MZ -5 (Mazda). 20. Sports-car The meaning of sports was physical activity done for exercise and pleasure, usually in a special area, and according in the fixed rule, and then car was a road vehicle with an engine and usually four wheels. It was clearly seen that the meaning of those jargons was the car that has stronger power than old car. Therefore, this term belongs to an automotive jargon since the meaning shows the kinds of car. The car is being re-designed as a part of a sports-car alliance with Fiat group.

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The writer concluded that the meaning of sports-car based on cotext was the car that is being re-designed by FIAT group. 21. Fiat (FIAT) Fiat (FIAT) stands from Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino. It means that one of companies from Italy. Fiat (FIAT) belongs to automotive jargon since this jargon only has one meaning from that abbreviation and is only recognized in automotive activities. Therefore, there was no acronym other than Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino. The car is being re-designed as a part of a sports-car alliance with Fiat group and the partnership will serve up the rear-wheel architecture for the MX-5 and Alfa Romeo Spider in 2015. Hence, it could be concluded that the meaning of Fiat (FIAT) based on the co-text was the group and the partnership that will serve up the rear-wheel architecture for the MX-5 and Alfa Romeo Spider in 2015. 22. Light-weight The meaning of light was the natural force that makes things visible. Then, weight means measure of how heavy somebody or something was. When this jargon was implied in a single phrase, it did not find the meaning clearly. Thus, it must be interpreted with the surrounding of text. Jenkins said Mazda will continue to focus on light-weight technology and materials.

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The writer concluded that the meaning of light-weight based on cotext was the technologys planed by Mazda that focuses on light materials. 23. FR-S FR-S was an abbreviation from Front Rear Sport. It means a kind of roadster car produced by German automobile company. The word FR-S belongs to automotive jargons since this jargon is only found in automotive activities. Therefore, there was no acronym other that Front Rear Sport. The sector, however, has grown a bit more crowed, with the addition of the Scion FR-S and Subaru BRZ twins (even with their small rear seats), plus indirect competition from larger four seaters offered by a range of rivals. Hence, it could be concluded that the meaning of FR-S based on the co-text was a car produced by Scion company, having small rear seats plus indirect competition from larger four seaters offered by a range of rivals. 24. BRZ BRZ stands for Boxer Rear-wheel drive Zenith. It had the meaning as a kind of car produced by Subaru company from Japan. BRZ belongs to automotive jargons since this jargon is only found in automotive activities. Therefore, there was no acronym other than Boxer Rear-wheel drive Zenith. The sector, however, has grown a bit more crowed, with the addition of the Scion FR-S and Subaru BRZ twins (even with their

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small rear seats), plus indirect competition from larger four seaters offered by a range of rivals Hence, it could be concluded that the meaning of BRZ based on the co-text was a car produced by Subaru Japan company, and also has small rear seats plus indirect competition from larger four seaters offered by a range of rivals.. 25. Drive-Sporting The meaning of drive was a journey or trip in a car, van, etc. Then wheel was circular object that turns around a rod at its center, as on cars, bicycles, etc. When this jargon is implied in a single phrase, it could not find the meaning clearly. Thus, it must be interpreted with the surrounding of text. Therefore, this term belongs to an automotive jargon since it had the meaning that takes crucial parts of cars or other vehicles. While both are two seats, rear-wheel-drive-sporting machines, the 4C will have a sharper edge to its demenanor. The writer concluded that the meaning of drive-sporting based on co-text was a serie of rear-wheel machines in Alfas sports car. 26. Carbon-Fiber Carbon-fiber was formed from two individual words, carbon and fiber. The meaning of word drop is a chemical element. Then the word fiber was the part of food that ones body cannot digest but which help the body to function well. By seeing each of the meaning from those two words, it could not find the meaning that

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related to automotive activities. Therefore, the word carbon-fiber is the main element for making cars body. It will make extensive use of carbon-fiber and aluminum materials to meet an aggressive target weight of around 1,870 pounds which is definitive supercar territory. In relation to the meaning based on the co-text, there was enough information to limit the interpretation of the carbon-fiber. Therefore, it could be concluded that the meaning of carbon-fiber based on co-text was the main components to make cars body and has the function to meet an aggressive target weight of around 1,870 pounds which is definitive supercar territory. 27. 4 C 4 C was an abbreviation from 4 cylinders. It means that a solid or hollow curved figure with circular ends and straight sides. 4C belongs to automotive jargons since this jargon was only found in automotive activities. Therefore, there was no acronym other that 4 Cylinder. While both are two seats, rear-wheel-drive-sporting machines, the 4 C will have a sharper edge to its demenanor. Hence, it could be concluded that the meaning of 4 C based on the co-text is a system of car which are have four places for balancing gas entrance and have a sharper edge. 28. Ultra-Flashy The terms ultra-flashy is formed from two individual words which are ultra and flashy. The meaning of ultra and flashy are extremely

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and attractive respectively in a bright way but not of good quality or in good taste. By seeing each of meaning from both of words, it could not find the meaning related to automotive activities. Therefore, the word ultra-flashy was a shine velg which was made of chrome. They sported almost anything imaginable, including turbo upgrade boosting output, wide bodies, custom tallight, and ultra-flashy wheel and brake packages. In relation to the meaning based on the co-text, it could be concluded that the meaning of ultra-flashy based on co-text was a part of car that can be made almost anything imaginable by using ultra-flashy wheel. 29. Rotary-Engine The phrase rotary-engine was derived from the word rotary and engine. When it was translating word by word, there was unclear meaning that related with automotive activities. The meaning of rotary-engine was only found in particular sense that was a kind of machine or engines system. Hence, the writer concluded that rotary-engine was one of automotive jargons since it was only has in particular sense. Rotary-engine tuner RE Amemiye came up with a rotary-powered Lotus Europa with a Porsche 911 headlight conversion. From those excerpt above, the writer concluded that the meaning of rotary-engine was one of engines system tuned by RE Amemiye.

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30. Rotary-Powered The meaning of rotary was moving round a central point. Then, power was the ability or opportunity to do something or to act. It was clearly seen that the meaning of those jargons was the engine of car that had stronger power to move round in central point. Therefore, this term belongs to automotive jargons since the meaning shows a part of cars engine. Rotary-engine tuner RE Amemiye came up with a rotary-powered Lotus Europa with a Porsche 911 headlight conversion. The writer concluded that the meaning of rotary-powered based on co-text was part of engine that is developed by Lotus Europa and it was applied in Porsche 911 with headlight conversion. 31. Headlight The word headlight was derived from two words, head and light. Headlight was one of automotive jargons since this word only exists in automotive activities, and it could not find the meaning outside from automotive activities. The meaning of headlight was a lamp, usually one of a pair at the front of motor vehicle or railway engine. Rotary-engine tuner RE Amemiye came up with a rotary-powered Lotus Europa with a Porsche 911 headlight conversion. The meaning of headlight based on the surrounding text above was the lamp conversion that used by Lotus Europa with a Porsche 911.

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32. High-Output High-output was derived from two words and two meanings. First the meaning of high was having a relatively big distance from the base to the top, then the meaning of output was the amount of something that a person, a machine or an organization produces. Hence, the writer concluded that high-output was something that can produce big power and this jargon belongs to automotive jargons since it had the meaning in particular sense. No word on power figures, but Infinity is predicting the Q50 can cope with a high-output engine. From those excerpt above, the writer concluded that the meaning of high-output was a machine that has a power figures and used by Q50 cars model. 33. Hot-Rodder The term hot-rodder was formed from two individual words which were hot and rodder, while rodder is a root [rod] added with the suffix [er]. The meaning of the word, hot was a high temperature, and the word rodder was a thin straight piece of wood or metal. By seeing each of meaning from both of words, it could not find the meaning related to automotive activities. Therefore, the word hotrodder was only found in automotive activities which mean that a car has a big power. For a hot-rodder, one of the greatest honors is to have your souped-up machine win the title Americas Most Beautiful Roadster.

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In relation to the meaning based on the co-text, there was enough information to limit the interpretation of the hot-rodder. Therefore, it could be concluded that the meaning of hot-rodder based on cotext was one type of the greatest machine win the title Americas Most Beautiful Roadster. 34. Drag Racer The meaning of drag was to pull something along with effort and difficulty, then the meaning of racer was a person who competes in races. When this jargon implies in a single phrase, it could not find the meaning clearly. Thus, it must be interpreted with the text in surrounding the jargons. Therefore, this term belongs to automotive jargons since it had the meaning related with automotive activities. Then drag racer and stuntman Kelly Brown had the car, and had big plans for it. The writer concluded that the meaning of drag racer based on cotext was a person who has name Kelly Brown had the car, and had big plans for his race. 35. Speed Shop The phrase speed shop was derived from the word speed and shop. The meaning of speed was the quality of being quick and rapid, and the meaning shop was a building or part where good or services are sold to the public. The meaning of speed shop is only found in particular sense that was a shop that sells the equipment and accessories for car. Therefore, the writer concluded that speed

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shop was one of automotive jargons since it is only used by particular sense. But browns fortunes ebbed and flowed and the car got a few things done but spent a lot of time sitting in the SoCal Speed Shop, awaiting financing. From those excerpt above, the writer concluded that the meaning of speed shop was a place that car got a few things done but spent a lot of time sitting and awaiting financing.

4.2 Discussion This discussion talked about the general points of finding. This study discussed the word formation processes of automotive jargons in Autoweek Magazine published on February 18th, 2013. The writer made tables of the description of automotive jargons found in six sub articles in Autoweek Magazine since those tables gave explanation about the definition of automotive jargons based on common sense and particular sense. It could be seen from those tables that the writer only found five meanings of automotive jargons based on common senses definition. Meanwhile most of automotive jargons were interpreted by particular sense. Thus, it could be concluded that mostly automotive jargons were only used and understood by particular sense. Then, the writer found 35 automotive jargons in six sub articles in Autoweek Magazine and they were classified in word formation processes. Those processes were compounding, borrowing, acronym, clipping, derivation and invention or coinage.

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Table 4.9 The Total Number of Automotive Jargons Found in Autoweek Magazine Published in 18th February 2013
Word Formation Processes Number of Occurrence Percentage (%)

Compounding Acronym Derivation Invention/Coinage Borrowing Clipping Total

24 5 2 2 1 1 35

68, 57 14, 28 5, 71 5, 71 2, 86 2, 86 100

One of the types of word formation processes which were mostly used in six sub articles was compounding process. It was proven based on the table above that the writer found twenty four compounding processes. The writer determined those jargons as compounding processes since there were two words that were joined into one word and they make new term and also a new meaning. For example, hardtop came from hard and top and had individual meaning from each word. Based on the analysis, those words were joined together to be one word hardtop and make new meaning in automotive jargons. Acronym processes were also found in this study. The writer found five automotive jargons which belonged to acronym processes. Based on the analysis, the writer decided that those automotive jargons belonged to acronym processes since they were formed from initial letter and sometimes also contained vowel and way pronounced as a single word, namely FIAT and DSG. The automotive jargons that belong to derivation process were transmission and traction. Based on the analysis, both jargons are included in derivation processes since those words were created using derivational morphemes. The first was transmission coming from derivational morpheme [-

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ion] to the root [transmit]. The second was traction coming from derivational morpheme [-ion] to the root [tract]. The writer also found coinage or known as invention. Here, the writer found two automotive jargons undergoing in coinage or invention processes. Based on the analysis, coinage process was invented the words become terms, for example Bug bite and Alfa Romeo. The writer found only one borrowing process. The writer decided that jargon as borrowing process since it came from another language and was borrowed in English language. For example, coupe was derived from French word coup. Based on the analysis, coupe comes from French language and was pronounced as /kupe/. Therefore, automotive jargons mostly use English language. The last process that the writer found was clipping process. Here, the writer only found one clipping process in automotive jargons. Based on analysis, the function of clipping process was to make the jargon simpler and understandable for readers. For example, VW is clipping from Volkswagen. The readers were easier to use VW than Volkswagen. Besides, that word was effective enough if it was written in magazine. In addition, the writer also found out the meaning of word formation processes of automotive jargons in Autoweek Magazine published on February 18th, 2013 by using some dictionaries and related sources from internet. Then, to get the valid data about the meaning of automotive jargons and also more information about automotive jargons, the writer also interviewed some experts of automotive activities. The experts did not only give information about the meaning of automotive jargons but also some important explanations and

67 informations related automotive activities. Then, from the experts explanations, the writer knew which jargons belong to automotive jargons or not. Besides, the writer also analyzed the automotive jargons by using co-text or surrounding text. By using a co-text, readers and outsiders were helped to understand and knew about the meaning of automotive jargons by paying attention to the surrounding text of jargons. When using the co-text, readers were possible to get the limitation of the meaning from those jargons because there was little information about automotive jargons by only understanding the whole text.