POTENTIAL FLOW WITH FREE SURFACE

Fig.1 The equation for the free surface is: z = h(x,y) The disturbance generated by the hull and the wa es will be:

The following assu!"tions will be considered: # $n iscid # $rrotational # (%teady flow) # ($nco!"ressible)

U =U

+u

$n this conditions, the elocity "otential for the total elocity is:

, , x y z

The &a"lace equation:

2 2 2 + + =0 x 2 y 2 y 2

'oundary conditions for the hull: 1.

nhs =0

(.

lim = 0
r

Fig.( The additional boundary conditions needed for the free surface are:

1. The flow in the nor!al direction is zero:

n fs =0

or

U n fs = 0

)here:

, , x y z

and

n fs =

h h x , y h h + + x y
2 2

The *ine!atic free surface '+:

h
x x +

h
y y

=0

2. )ill assu!e that the static "ressure on the free surface is

constant. ,""lying the 'ernoulli equation far away and on a "oint on the wa es will ha e:
p + U = p + U + gh

The dyna!ic free-surface '+ will be:

gh + 0,5

2
x

2
y

2
z

U 2 = 0

3. , radiation condition that "re ents u"strea! wa es

Two additional difficulties are introduced with the freesurface: # The free-surface '+ are non-linear # The free-surface '+ !ust be a""lied on the un.nown wa y free-surface &inearization of the free-surface '+ $ntroduce a .nown a""roxi!ate (basic) solution ( ,H) and a disturbance with res"ect to the basic solution: (' , h') )ill assu!e that the exact solution can be obtained by adding the basic solution and the disturbance: and h = H + h' $ntroducing the linearization to the free surface '+ will obtain:
H
x x h= +

= +

H
y y

h h + =0 x x y y

1 2 2 U2 2 + + H 2g x y x x y y z z

Three ty"es of basic solutions: 1. /ndisturbed flow (. 0ouble-!odel flow 1. %olution fro! a "re ious iteration 1. &inearization about the undisturbed flow The *el in free-surface '+ will be:

2 U 2' 2' + + =0 g x 2 z 2

(. &inearization about the double-!odel flow. The 0awson !ethod

x and

are .nown fro! the double-!odel solution, and due to sy!!etry

+ h h + =0 x x y y

H = 0,

=0 z

=2
h=

,""lied at z=3:
1 2 2 U2 2 + 2g x y x x y y

1. &inearization about the "re ious iteration ,. 0ouble-!odel solution '. %ol e the "roble! using the 0awson free-surface '+ +. ,""ly the full linearized free-surface '+ on the wa y freesurface 0. $terate

Numerical method

The free-surface is a""roxi!ated by flat "anels ha ing a constant source strength. &inear equations can be added to the syste! of equations: [ A][ ] = [ B ] ,i4 and 'i are !ore co!"licated for the free-surface "anels. The free-surface '+ contains elocity deri ati es. The x-deri ates are co!"uted by a four "oint u"strea! o"erator. 5ne additional effect of the four "oint u"strea! o"erator is to introduce the free-surface radiation condition of no u"strea! wa es (0awson). )ill sol e the linear syste! of equations by 6aussian eli!ination or by using an iterati e sol er +o!"ute elocity co!"onents:
U xi = X ij j + U x U yi = Yij j + U y
j =1 j =1 NE NE

U zi = Z ij j + U z
j =1

NE

The "ressure fro! 'ernoulli equation:

Cpi = p p 2 gz =1 2 2 o,5 U U

The wa e height is co!"uted fro! the dyna!ic free-surface '+

h= 1 2 2 U2 2 + + 2g x y x x y y z z