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10
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13

nghOJ 29> nrg;lk;gu;> 2011

Ernest Rutherford
Ernest Rutherford was born on August 30, 1871, in Nelson, New Zealand, the fourth child and second son in a family of seven sons and five daughters. His father James

short time, receiving the B.Sc. degree the following year. That same year, 1894, he was awarded an 1851 Exhibition Science

Scholarship, enabling him to go to Trinity College, Cambridge, as a research student at the Cavendish Laboratory under J.J. Thomson. In 1897 he was awarded the B.A. Research Degree and the CouttsTrotter College. Studentship An of Trinity came

Rutherford, a Scottish wheelwright, emigrated to New Zealand with Ernest's grandfather and the whole family in 1842. His

opportunity

mother, neMartha Thompson, was an English schoolteacher, who, with her widowed mother, also went to live there in 1855.

when the Macdonald Chair of Physics at McGill University,

Montreal, became vacant, and in 1898 he left for Canada to take up the post.

Ernest received his early education in Government schools and at the age of 16 entered Nelson Collegiate School. In 1889 he was awarded a University scholarship and he Rutherford returned to England in 1907 to become Langworthy Professor University of Physics of in the

Manchester,

proceeded to the University of New Zealand, entered Wellington, Canterbury where College. he He

succeeding Sir Arthur Schuster, and in 1919 he accepted an invitation to succeed Sir Joseph Thomson as Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge. He also became Chairman of the Advisory Council, H.M. Government,

graduated M.A. in 1893 with a double first in Mathematics and Physical Science and he continued with

research work at the College for a tpbay; khj ,jo;

14

nghOJ 29> nrg;lk;gu;> 2011

Department

of

Scientific

and

Industrial Research; Professor of Natural Philosophy, Royal Institution, London; and Director of the Royal Society Cambridge. Mond Laboratory,

Rutherford's first researches, in New Zealand, were concerned with the magnetic to and properties of iron

exposed oscillations,

high-frequency his thesis of Iron was by electromagnetic essential ingenious containing feature waves, being an an coil of

entitled Magnetization

High-Frequency Discharges. He was one of the first to design highly original experiments with high-

magnetizing tiny bundles

magnetized iron wire. He worked jointly with Thomson on the

frequency, alternating currents. His second paper, Magnetic Viscosity,

behaviour of the ions observed in gases which had been treated with X-rays, and also, in 1897, on the mobility of ions in relation to the strength of the electric field, and on related topics such as the photoelectric effect. In 1898 he reported the existence of alpha and beta rays in uranium radiation and indicated some of their

was published in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute (1896) and contains a description of a timeapparatus capable of measuring time intervals of a hundred-thousandth of a second. On his arrival at Cambridge his talents were quickly recognized by Professor Thomson. During his first spell at the Cavendish Laboratory, he invented a detector for tpbay; khj ,jo;

properties.

15

nghOJ 29> nrg;lk;gu;> 2011

In Montreal, there were ample opportunities for research at McGill, and his work on radioactive bodies, particularly on the emission of alpha rays, was continued in the

properties

of

the

radium

emanation and of the alpha rays and, in conjunction with H. Geiger, a method of detecting a single alpha particle and counting the number emitted from radium was devised. In 1910, his

Macdonald Laboratory. With R.B. Owens he studied the "emanation" of thorium and discovered a new noble gas, an isotope of radon, which was later to be known Soddy arrived as at

investigations into the scattering of alpha rays and the nature of the inner structure of the atom which caused such scattering led to the postulation of his concept of the "nucleus", his greatest

thoron. Frederick

McGill in 1900 from Oxford, and he collaborated with Rutherford in

creating the "disintegration theory" of radioactivity which regards

contribution to physics. According to him practically the whole mass of the atom and at the same time all positive charge of the atom is concentrated in a minute space at the centre. In 1912 Niels

radioactive phenomena as atomic not molecular processes. The

theory was supported by a large amount of experimental evidence, a number of new radioactive

Bohrjoined him at Manchester and he adapted Rutherford's nuclear structure to Max Planck's

substances were discovered and their position in the was series of

transformations

fixed. Otto

quantum theory and so obtained a theory of atomic structure which, with later improvements, mainly as a result of Heisenberg's

Hahn, who later discovered atomic fission, worked under Rutherford at the Montreal Laboratory in 1905-06.

concepts, remains valid to this At continued Manchester, his research Rutherford on the day. In 1913, together with H. G. Moseley, he used cathode rays to

tpbay; khj ,jo;

16

nghOJ 29> nrg;lk;gu;> 2011

bombard atoms of various elements and showed that the inner structures correspond with a group of lines which characterize the elements. Each element could then be

Silliman

Lectures

at

Yale from with

University; Radiation Radioactive Substances,

James Chadwick and C.D. Ellis (1919, 1930) a thoroughly

assigned an atomic number and, more important, the properties of each element could be defined by this number. In 1919, during his last year at Manchester, he discovered that the nuclei of certain light

documented book which serves as a chronological list of his many papers to learned societies,

etc.; The Electrical Structure of Matter (1926); The Artificial

Transmutation of the Elements (1933); The (1937). Newer Alchemy

elements, such as nitrogen, could be "disintegrated" by the impact of energetic alpha particles coming from some radioactive source, and that during this process fast protons were emitted. Blackett later proved, with the cloud chamber, that the nitrogen in this process was actually

Rutherford

was

knighted

in

1914; he was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1925, and in 1931 he was created First Baron Rutherford of Nelson, New

transformed into an oxygen isotope, so that Rutherford was the first to deliberately transmute one element into another. G. de Hevesy was also one of Rutherford's collaborators at Manchester.

Zealand, and Cambridge. He was elected Fellow of the Royal

Society in 1903 and was its President from 1925 to 1930. Amongst his many honours, he was awarded the Rumford Medal (1905) and the Copley Medal

Rutherford

published

several

(1922) of the Royal Society, the Bressa Prize (1910) of the Turin Academy of Science, the Albert

books: Radioactivity (1904); Radioact ive Transformations(1906), being his tpbay; khj ,jo;

17

nghOJ 29> nrg;lk;gu;> 2011

Medal (1928) of the Royal Society of Arts, the Faraday Medal (1930) of the Institution of Electrical Engineers, the D.Sc. degree of the University of New Zealand, and honorary

lhlhtpd; ehNdh fhu; fdT

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doctorates from the Universities of Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, McGill,

Birmingham, Edinburgh, Melbourne, Yale, Glasgow, Cambridge, Giessen, Dublin,

Copenhagen,

Durham, Oxford, Liverpool, Toronto, Bristol, Cape Town, London and Leeds.

];By;> lhlh Nkhl;lhu;];> lhlh gtu;> lhlh fy;ry;ld;rp ru;tP]];> lhlh B> lhlh nfkpf;fy;];> jp ,e;jpad; N`hl;ly;]; fk;ngdp kw;Wk; lhlh nlypru;tPr]; Mfpa ngUk; lhlh epWtdq;fSf;Fk; jiytuhf nghWg;Ngw;W cs;shu;. Xu; ,yl;rk; &gha; tpiyAs;s xU jhDe;ij kf;fSf;fhf jahupj;J lhlhtpd; tpw;gJ uj;jd; ePz;l fhyf;fdthf

Rutherford married Mary Newton, only daughter of Arthur and Mary de Renzy Newton, in 1900. Their only child, Eileen, married the physicist R.H. Fowler. Rutherford's chief

recreations were golf and motoring. He died in Cambridge on October 19, 1937. His ashes were buried in the nave of Westminster Abbey, just west of Sir Isaac Newton's tomb and by that of Lord Kelvin.
Thanks : Nobel Lectures, Chemistry 1901-1921, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam, 1966.

,Ue;jJ. (1998 Mk; Mz;by;> Njhuhakhf 2200 mnkupf;f lhyu;fs;; ,d;W 2000 mnkupf;f lhyu;fs;) 2008 Mk; thu;g;GU:ConvertToUSD. Mz;L [dtup 10

R. Divya, First year Chemistry.

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