YU ISSN 1450-7323

UNIVERZITET U KRAGUJEVCU
AGRONOMSKI FAKULTET U CACKU
UNIVERSITY OF KRAGUJEVAC
FACULW OF AGRONOMY - CACAK

SMOTRA NAUENIH RADOVA

STUDENATA AGRONOMIJE
sa medunarodnim u6eSiem
.-5,,i,

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q Aq A I(

REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC PAPERS

OF THE STUDENTS OF AGRONOMY
with international participation
-Zbornik radova-

Vol. 3, br. 3, 2003.

Cadak, 29-30. Avgust 2003. godine

 SMOTRA NAUENIH RADOVA STUDENATA AGRONOMIJE

ORGANIZATOR I IZDAVAE
Agronomski fakultet - Caiak, Cara Dusana 34 32000 dadak
E.mail: 4l9g!g!(Qgg!g-yg; http:alc.kg.ac.yu
Suorganizatorl: Ministarstvo p.osvete i sporta R.S.
Studentski centar eadak i SO eadak
Za izdaueea:
Prof dr lMiroslav Spasojevid

ORGANIZACIONI ODBOR
Predsdnik: proi. dr Mift)slav Spasoievii
Sckrelari Doc. df Lcla Mardri
altanorir doc. dr Alcksandar Prunoviii doc. dr Goran Marl()viir rj(,c. dr Nikolu tsokani rnf
Ra*o Kopri\.rcrii rrr \'lilrn l,clroriar Ilan aili\iJ: I\ictL l)alo\rJ

NAUCNIOOBOR
l'redsedniki Akld prol. dr \/icvolod i Elrn\L.r
Do.. dr Vladcta Slelovrc:
Clanovi: Pfol. dr lv.tr Gorb.tchc!i pfol. df Jordanka Kouzrrrrnova: Pr(,f dr Z(lcnek \Ir!huni
n' i 'r DiJlil.{ Fer/r: D,..,l LrrJtr Dirr',,cv.k.: Tror..h r'o.nn \4,1. .!\r-. Al r-. fr..r .i,
Jr.',.,nnllk, do( I Nr. . , .,. :.,rr. r{ |ur R..' P,\l.r..,r ..,./r,ul..,
il olos.i \ ljev iii doc. Cr (ntrdana S.riuiaracr nrof rr s!(!isix! i,ctrorlc: Prof d. \lasksrir j Iirc:
l'rof tr Dragan Dukii: Prof. dr Nikoia Mrr.ii: Prol rir Mriollrr Bosdrn(,viii Pll)f .i. Mirosiav
Mrr!njlii: rir Dordc Jockoliii !i,c rrr Sl(,h,!u NlircnKo\ iL rloi oj l\'1ilicAf\,ri)!rc.,t,! lf
Zorrn j\larkovic:

Kompjuterska obrada i slog:

lvica Dalovic

Oroanizaciiu Skuoa su pomooli Mrn,srarrrvo za naJrL I lehnotog4u RFpuoh{e Srorie

Min,slarslvo p-osvete isoo'la RFD Jbhke Srb,r
Sludentsk centar daaak iSo aa.arr

Stampa: 31 Oklobar ul. 555. br.23. Ca6ak

Tira::100 primeraka
IOMIJE

SADRZAJ

S. Mibvski, Elitaveu Bogdanotska: THE NEED OF HACCP SYSTEM AS A

TECIINIQIJE tN THEQUALITYCONTROL rNAGRIBUSTNFJS........ .............. .
Zhtka Nikohteva Ata,u"'or,a.' AGRICULTURAL COOPERATMS IN BULGARIA
DURJNG TIIE TRANSITION PERIOD: A CASE STUDY OF AC "PLODORODIE"
TN THE VILLAGE OF CI.AVINITZA . ... i5
Dejar B. Zejok: DTNAMTKA MTXROBTOLOSKE AKTI\4\OSTr NAJZASTUPLJE.
NLIIH TTPOVA ZEMtJISTA POLIMTJA 2l
Bobil Dtugan: PORAST I ODABRANI PARAMETRI ITVALI'iDTA MFJA
BROJLERSKIH PILICA IZ DVA NEINDUSTRI.ISKA SISTOMA CAJENJA .. . ..., ... 35
..h Bokaq mr
Teo.lora Petkova Petm'ra: BIOLOCICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOIIE l\ltlTANT
MULBERRY SILKWORM (Bo'nr$ r'on LJ FOItllS . ........ 4l
M.t'. Kuklzr, G.l. r,atur: CLONING AND CII{RAC IERIZA flON Ol: NBr^-LltR CLASS
RESISTANCFJENE ANAI-OGS SEQUEN-CES IN St]\tI.-LO\l l,R . . . .

Peta Po bota: FERTILIZATION INFLUENCIi ON THE \ [?,li\llN C CON] ECT

\\ID THE YIELD OF SWEET PEPPER 55
'::rr Boikovri Iravt Lirv.ti, Dulko Marr*rl,tL NISKE FREKVENCIJIi i.: FtjNXC t KI-IJANJ,!
-;K$ija Janitil SEMENA KUKL]RUZA .... 6]
: .ir Mirosia\
r\ii. Doc. lr Dl:ko Maittkovii, Dtvor Litvti: DDZINFIiKCUTI I SIII{ULACI.JA SEMENA
BIOFIZICKIM \ ETODAMA 61
trdgd, yitr SEeERNI MINIMUM HRANtvA Kdo PI{EI}tJsLOv ZA t(vALtTET-
NO STLIRANJE ...... . . . . . .. ... . '15

OI\ETA AICKSiI: MORFOLOSI(A I FIZIOI,OSK:\ SVOJS1 VA DIVLJEG GRAORA .

I"4THYRUS YERNUS L. {BERNH., ti3
Vacla, Kobelus: ROOTSTOCKS FRONI GENUS Cll)OliIA S!'. AND THEIR
INCOMPATABILITY WITH CHOOSEN NE1V CZtrCH PEAIIVARIEI'AS 8t
Duftlit, 2., vico,6.. PoNtoLosKE osoBrNE NErflH soRTr sIroKAvA
.IEDNOROTKI N-A PODRU..'U TREBINJA.,
;rbte;
.tlcl,\Ulru yeljoit. R. Poporit, T. M'l.'i.uiij PIJIIOI-OSKtr OSOBINn NAJ-
ZNACAJNI.IIH SORTI AKTINIDUE ( cnn.d'a .nnr"'rrir l,l.t U USLOYIMA BARA t0i

I
 Rosen Rumenov Radev, Venehna Panalotova Yanlova*
Agri.vltural Anivers4 of Plovdiv, BUII)ANA
*Research Insfitute of Horticulture anil Can ted TechnologJ
Plovdiv, Bblgarid

Abstmct:hNestisation ol biolagical cantrcl nethad wh;teflies began an.l pamsitic

lot
wav Encdrsia fomasa was rcdiscoveftd. 1n oder to ,nke successlll .ontrol oJ diffe,ent pes)
also whitefly in the Elobal coNentional a?icubute pragm,n ho! oc.u ed other Pnbbn high
resistance to diflercnt chemical' Nqwet days this police sta decrease npidly but BPC and IPM

The chenical control oJ vrhiteJb is dilficult, and norc time is rcquired to appb chenicals
than to distibute a d check the natural enemies. yau g plants arc susceptible to the toic effects
oJ pesticdes, especially in $intea whrk the plants are weak Pesticides can ulso abortion oJ
flowers and roung fruits (J.C. van lzntercn, P. M. J. Ranakers & J. Woets).
Ket words: whirefly, parasitic v)asp, chemical resistance, sde efects on betrcfcial
organisns (E, Fomosa), bialogicaLpest cantrc|, inteSrcted pest nnnagement-

INTRODUCTION

The gleenhouse whiLefTy (Trialeurodes vaporartorum), sometimes called

glasshouse whitefly was observed as a pest affecting tornatoes in America in 1970, and
has since then become one of the most predominant pests in inany omamental and
vegetable crops in grcenhouse all over the world. The insect originates fiom tropical or
subtropical America, probably from Brazil or Mexico.

Morphology

Whiteflies are small insects, not too larger than few millimetres (adults I - 1.5
mm). The body of the whitefly is yellow in colour and covercd with white waxy powde:
that is secreted by glands and one pair of compound rcd eyes.
The females often lay a number of eggs (60 - 530 ) in the shape of a circle, by
tuming around in one place on the lower side of the leaves single or in pares by lG15 eggs.
 REVIEW O! SCIENTIIIC PAPERS OF THE
STUDENIS OF AGRONOMY
R. R. Radev ,

Picfirre of da,nage

whiht feeding on which moulds

The older larvae in parlicular secrele honeydew
of on and around the dorsal suriace'
develop. Also larvae produce large amounts "ax
rimce detals of Tri4lgllgk!

Biological eontrol of whiteJ'lJ lrith parasitic

wasps E carsiL'
rysten( KoPPert Bv)
( p x asitic\' t E n c at s i afa no s a )
^sp'
in
The corltlol of whitefly is one of the largest obstacles
biolosical or inleglated croP protecdon For many )ears
lhe
gt"""i;"* ha\ been a problem in \everal crops Tn many

iffi i;;i'" "Li"ni

'"-i'"*sir,"'.o"il'h.1",?_"t"'L"in::":"::",e;':',','i{'#1"11,"",.*.
;;; years this problem have increased again mainly because
following rcasons:
. Chei'ical control and developing of rcsistance of whitefly;
in use are hamful for many beneficial orgaoisms'
' So." of tft"
R. R. Rader., REVIEW OF SCIENIIFIC PAPERS OF TT$ SAUDENTS O! AGRONOMY

. Biological confiol is applied in an increasing number of crops, and the climate is nol
always favorable for the developnent of Encarsia fomosa'

Patasitization of T.vaporariorurn h! E Formosa

The extenal to which T.rapororioru,, is parasitized by E forrnosa depend

mainly on the host crop. For example' cucumber has seveml chamcteristics that
can
cause problems in the control of whitefly 'Ihe hdry leaves of the clop andnet-shaped
u"in. dn *r"- ."do"e the mobility of the wasp The relationshiP between the whitefly
"un taken in account m usrng
anal Darasitic wasp aliffeis according to the crop This rnust be
BlC,' for instancJby adapting the introduction times of ihe parasitic wasp
-.
The greenh'ouse whiiefly deposits the eggs on the youngest leave-s The ag::f
Lhe laryae on'a leaf is fierefore fairl] \imilar. Thus \ hen Parasitiz€d
rhe age of thr
Darasilic wasp is reaconably uniform Al tempemtures belween 2l'c and 24"C non-
narasidzed larvae of rhe whileflv will emerge seven days before the parasjtic u asps'
At low tenperatues and a low light lnlensiD, the paralite is inartive At
remperarure above t80C rhe parasite can lly. Below rhat temperature flight i5
limited but
the parasite can walk, so migation will take more time.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

order to investigate the side €ffect of Pesticide's on the Parasitic wasp E'
In
frrr@,rd the "method of dippi{g" developed by Haran & Oomen was lsed '
For the test Plastic boxes with tomato leaves were used-
The following chemicals werc used for the exp€riment:
I-nseclicide and acaricides
BI- 58 0.17o
Pikador 20 0.057o
Braiv 1.8 0.12%
Fungicides
Kuprosaid gold 45 0.257o
Flfiine72 0.:25Va
Poni 5 0.057o
The pa&sitic wasps are coming ftom natural supplie$ in same age of the pupae
and emerged after 24h ftom parasitized whitefly laflae.
' 'Ihe leaves of tomato werc tl€ated by tle "method of dipping"' which were dipp€d
into the rcconunended concentrations of the investigated insecticides (fungicides) for
evaluating the side effec3 on E. fonnosa. After ltls the leaves stay€d
(60 min ) uftil the
surface git dry. Then the leaves werc placed into the plastic boxes wiih wet filter
paper on the

l9l
 REVIEW OF SCTENTIFIC IAPERS OF THE STUDENTS Of
AGRONOMY
R. R. RadEV.,
Total tests boxes 30 0(F10+10)'
bottom. Then the boxes were covercd with gauze sheets
werc counted The percentages of toxic dose ot
After 24h the live alld d€ath parasitic wasp
the investigated chemicals arscalculated by the fomula of "Abbott
"
Mo-Ml .^ (%) Mo death adults in each boxes [7o]
-- 100- M* Mk - death in the control boxes [7o]
E l7,l - Death rate

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This on lhe parasitic wasp eveD the flmgicides,are

resred pe"ticides caused effects
(Tabl€s t and 2)These example' ha\e lo oe IaK€n
[n]e bir harmfirl for Ge addl of E/omi,ra
en(mies of-whjlefly.bul also
in account in tPM. ln order lo prelent nor onl) the naruml
anorier species the choice ofde pe\ticides should be in acordancq\Mlh llle benenc'als

Tablel.Thetoiceffectofsoneinseciicideanaacaric'lesonoJadultparasitict'aspEJomosa

Death adults
after 24h Toxic Toxic
group
Number 9a

Control 30 I 3.33
30 28 90.33 93.33 ##
Br - 58 0.17o
80.00
Pikador 20 30 24 80.00
O.O57o
Braiv 1.8 3t) l9 6i.33 63.33
0.129o

2. :rhe toxic effect of sane fu"cbid.s an of a/.tutt]9!!tEvgry&!9;4!9p

Death adults after
24h Toxic Toxic
group

Number 9o

30 7 23.13 20.69
Kuprosaid
gold 45
0.25qo
30 20.00 t7.24
0.254"
30 46.67 44.83
Poni 5 0.057,

Lesend - Non_roric + woak lorici ++ Mediunr roxic; +++ Toxici++++ Veit loxic
 REV]EW OI SC]ENT]FIC PAPERS O! fiE STUDENTS OF AGRONOMY

CONCLUSIONS

E. fon@sa 1s very well lsnwn and commonly used parasite of the groenhous€
^
whitefly. In order to plorlJote i& effect of E.fomiosa it can be used in combination with
oiher benefrcials such as parasitic wasp - trerlrrcerus eremicus (Ereftlocerus-System)
or predatory bug - Macrolophus caliginosus (Macrolcphus-System ). Also the bioiogjcal
control of whilefly can be combined with non-toxic for the beneficial pesticides.
Befo.e using the recommended selective chemicals it should be check if they are
registered for this clop in the counoy.
Before intoducing beneficial, the greenhouse and the plants should be free of
harmful pesticide rcsidues.
Yellow sticky cards can be used preventively for the detection of flying insects.

REFERENCE

1. Integrated conffol of insect pests in the Nethedands - Centre for Agdcultural

Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, I 980.
2. M. Malais & W. J. Ravensberg, Knowing and rccognizing - Koppert BV.
3. J. van Schelt, J. Kplapwijk, S. Mulder, J. Dounu, R. van der Pas, W. Reerink,
Entomogy course, Koppert BV, 1998.
4. R. Kerkmeester, Crop protection, IIAS Den Bosch, s' Hefiogenbosch, The
Netberlands.
5. Jasper den Besten, Glasshouse vegetables, HAS Den Bosch, s'
Heft ogenbosch, The Netherlands.
6. www.koppg4d.
7. www.biobest.de
8. www.cabi.org
9- www.Derl.olq