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Baseline Requirements Document

Title: Mars Energetic Radiation Environment Models (MEREM) - Baseline Requirements Document

Document reference Project reference: Prepared by: Signature:

QINETIQ/S&DU/SPACE/URD0601962/0.d Parent project: QINETIQ/KI/SPACE/20/258 Dr Dave Rodgers, Dr Fan Lei & Dr Pete Truscott

Date: Authorised by: Signature: Dr Petteri Nieminen

Issued by: Sector/location/telephone/fax:

Security & Dual-Use Sector, Space Division Room G081, A8 Building QinetiQ, Farnborough Tel: 01252 393290 Fax: 01252 396330

Abstract The general baseline requirements are presented for Mars Energetic Radiation Environment Model (MEREM) software tool which will be used to predict the radiation environment in Martian orbits, as well as on the surface of the planet and its moons. .

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Record of changes This is a controlled document. Additional copies are obtained through the issuing authority. In the event of copying locally, including electronically, mark each document Uncontrolled Copy. Full issues and page amendments are identified on this page. Forward proposals for change in writing to the issuing authority. Issue 0.a 0.b 0.c 0.d Date 17 August 2006 23 September 2006 14 January 2007 02 February 2007 Detail of changes First draft for discussion at technical progress meeting Updated draft following QPM comments Updated following comments from Ana Keating

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Table of contents

1
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

INTRODUCTION
Contractual Purpose of the Document Background Scope of the Software Definitions, acronyms and abbreviations References

4
4 4 4 4 4 5

2
2.1 2.2 2.3

REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS
Functions and performance Operational and maintenance requirements Verification and validation requirements

6
7 10 11

3 4 5 6

DESIGN CONSTRAINTS CRITICAL FUNCTIONS LOWER LEVEL SOFTWARE ENGINEERING STANDARDS SYSTEM PARTITIONING

12 12 12 12

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1
1.1

Introduction
Contractual

This baseline requirements document has been issued by QinetiQ Ltd for ESA/ESTEC under contract 19770/06/NL/JD (ESA Technology Research Programme).

1.2

Purpose of the Document

This document describes the baseline requirements for the Mars Energetic Radiation Environment Model (MEREM) software tool which will be used to predict the radiation environment in Martian orbits, as well as on the surface of the planet and its moons.

1.3

Background

The role of the MEREM (Mars Energetic Radiation Environment Model) software is to permit the assessment of the Martian radiation environment for orbital spacecraft and Mars planetary and moon landers or habitats. Hence consideration needs to be given to environmental factors that affect biological matter (especially people) and equipment, both in Martian orbits and on the surface of the planet or its moons. When being used for mission analysis, the results of MEREM will normally be fed into detailed simulations to generate estimates of doses, displacement damage, SEU rates, biological dose equivalents etc. As part of the SPENVIS system, MEREM will be able to export its results directly into various pre-existing simulation tools. It is intended that the users of MEREM should ultimately be mission designers and planners, as well as space radiation effects scientists. However, it is noted that the software is, at the request of the Customer, to be based on the Geant4 radiation simulation toolkit, which is more accurately considered as an advanced research tool.

1.4

Scope of the Software

The envisaged software will provide new physics simulation in the Geant4 radiation transport toolkit. It is intended that these be used with Geant4 v8.2 or later [??].

1.5
ESA ESTEC Geant4 GUR OO UR URD

Definitions, acronyms and abbreviations

European Space Agency European Space Technology Centre C++ toolkit for Monte Carlo simulation of high-energy, fundamental particle transport, developed by an international collaboration led by CERN. general user requirement object-oriented user requirement User Requirements Document

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1.6
[1] [2] [3] [4]

References
ECSS-E-40 Part 1B: Space engineering - Software - Part 1: Principles and requirements ECSS-E-40 Part 2: space engineering - Software Part 2: Document requirements definitions (DRDs) Statement of work: MarsREM, ESA ITT/A0/1-4944/05NL/JD, 2005 Proposal: MarsREM Martian Radiation Environment Models, QinetiQ/S&DU/SPACE/BID051997, 2005

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Requirements analysis

This requirements analysis follows the procedure described in the ECSS standard for space engineering software [1,2], as tailored by the statement of work [3] for this project. Figure 1 shows the first-level decomposition of the applications that will form the MEREM system, and these applications are cross-referenced to the different requirements in the subsequent sections of this document. The term MEREM framework refers to the interface and graphing applications (idMEREM, ieMEREM, GA), as well as other input data used to help define source particle and geometry conditions. Note that this figure is not intended to be exhaustive, and so does not include all details of the inputs to and outputs from the MEREM applications, which will be defined in the software design.

MEREM framework (Spenvis-based)

Source particle data

idMEREM Graphical User interface for dMEREM

ieMEREM Graphical User Interface for eMEREM

dMEREM application

eMEREM application

Atmospheric + Geology data

CSV Spenvis-format data files

GA Spenvis graphing applications

Figure 1: Definition of the different utilities and applications forming the Mars Energetic Radiation Environment Model (MEREM).

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2.1
UR ID UR 1

Functions and performance

Description of Requirement The software shall calculate the radiation environment of Mars arising from both primary particles of galactic and solar origin and the secondary particles produced from the interaction of primary particles with matter in and around Mars. The software shall provide rapid assessment of different mission options The software shall provide accurate analysis for specific cases The software shall provide the radiation environment: 4.1 In Mars Orbit 4.2 On the Martian surface 4.3 On the surfaces of the Martian moons (the environment shall be averaged over the surface of the moon rather than a surface dose-map). Importance Essential Module e & dMEREM

UR 2 UR 3 UR 4

Essential Essential Essential

eMEREM dMEREM

e & dMEREM e & dMEREM dMEREM

UR 5

The software shall model the dependence of the radiation environment on: 5.1 Solar cycle phase 5.2 Orbit (for orbital environments) 5.3 Surface latitude, longitude and altitude (for surface environments) 5.4 Space weather conditions 5.5 Surface climate 5.6 Surface weather conditions 5.7 Local magnetic field* 5.8 Variations in surface composition Essential Essential Essential Essential Essential Desirable Desirable Essential Desirable e & dMEREM e & dMEREM dMEREM e & dMEREM e & dMEREM dMEREM dMEREM dMEREM eMEREM dMEREM

UR 6

The software shall model the dependence of the radiation environment on the Martian orbital position around the sun The software shall take at least the following user input parameters: 7.1 Date 7.2 Duration of exposure, e.g. number of orbits or time spent on surface 7.3 Surface location on Mars (for surface environments) 7.4 Spacecraft orbit (for orbital environments) 7.5 Space weather index e.g. solar wind velocity 7.6 User-defined surface composition

UR 7

Essential Essential Essential Essential Essential Essential

e & dMEREM e & dMEREM e & dMEREM e & dMEREM e & dMEREM eMEREM

*Considered important for electron contribution to dose.

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UR ID UR 8 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 UR 9

Description of Requirement Outputs from the software should include the following data: Neutron / proton flux spectrum as function of energy Ion flux spectrum (including protons) as function of LET Electron flux spectrum as function of energy X-/-ray flux spectrum as a function of energy Short-lived particles (e.g. Muons and Pions) The software shall output the radiation environment due to primary and secondary particles:

Importance

Module

Essential Essential Essential Essential Desirable

e & dMEREM e & dMEREM e & dMEREM e & dMEREM e & dMEREM

9.1 The fluxes or dose due to the combined primary and secondary populations 9.2 Primary radiation populations 9.3 Secondary radiation populations (including albedo from the surface and atmosphere) UR 10 The software shall output data concerning the direction of radiation populations, i.e. flux as a function of energy and angle for the different populations There shall be a module providing a graphical user interface The software shall be easy to use for mission designers and planners The software service shall be web-based There shall be a module defining the primary radiation environment in the vicinity of Mars. Primary sources of radiation shall include:

Essential Essential Essential Desirable

e & dMEREM dMEREM dMEREM e & dMEREM

UR 11 UR 12 UR 13 UR 14 UR 15

Essential Essential Essential Essential

ieMEREM & idMEREM eMEREM MEREM framework MEREM framework

15.1 Galactic Cosmic Rays 15.2 Solar Energetic Particles (This will be linked with the ESA SEPEM contract activity if possible, but as a baseline, 1/R variation will be used provisionally with appropriate warning provided) 15.3 Solar X-rays (Digitised versions of example flares?) *

Essential Essential

e & dMEREM e & dMEREM

Essential

dMEREM

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UR ID UR 16 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 UR 17

Description of Requirement There shall be a module defining: The Martian atmosphere The Martian surface topology The Martian geology The Martian climate The geology of Martian moons There shall be a module calculating the modification of the primary environment and the production of secondary radiation components through interaction with the Martian atmosphere and with surfaces. The software shall be interfaced with existing radiation shielding and effects simulation tools at the SPENVIS web-site

Importance

Module

Essential Essential Essential Desirable Essential Essential

e & dMEREM dMEREM e & dMEREM e & dMEREM dMEREM e & dMEREM

UR 18

Essential

e & dMEREM

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2.2
UR ID UR 19 UR 20

Operational and maintenance requirements

Description of Requirement Importance Module e & dMEREM MEREM framework MEREM framework MEREM framework + e & dMEREM MEREM framework + e & dMEREM

The code shall be capable of being operated as part of the Essential SPENVIS system For detailed analysis, requiring long simulation times, scripts shall be able to be downloaded from SPENVIS to a local machine so the software can be run there. Where possible, existing SPENVIS modules shall be used e.g. for defining the primary populations. The code shall be maintained to the end of the study, including the warranty period. The software shall be modular, allowing the separate updating of modules for: GUI Primary radiation environment Atmospheric and surface models Radiation simulation engine Essential Essential

UR 21 UR 22 UR 23

Essential Essential Essential

UR 24

Communication between modules shall be via data files of well-defined formats.

e & dMEREM

UR 24.1 G4 user-Interface (UI) commands UR 24.2 SPENVIS CSV-format UR 25 UR 26 The interface between modules shall be defined in the Interface Control Document. The software shall be expandable to allow additional primary environment models and additional surface or atmospheric models to be introduced. The software simulation software shall be based on the latest Geant4 toolkit release (currently version 8.2) or use physics simulation results from the toolkit. The simulation models shall operate under Linux OS and g++ compiler recommended for use with the Geant4 release. The software shall be maintained for two years following delivery. Essential Desirable MEREM framework + e & dMEREM e & dMEREM (eMEREM means new database) e & dMEREM e & dMEREM e & dMEREM

UR 27 UR 28 UR 29

Essential Essential Essential

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2.3
UR ID UR 30 UR 31 UR 32 UR 33

Verification and validation requirements

Description of Requirement Verification and validation shall take place in accordance with ECSS-E-40A. Validation shall include comparison between the rapid and detailed analysis techniques. Validation shall include comparison with results of another radiation transport code. The code shall be accepted after completing an acceptance test that demonstrates the correct operation of key aspects of the code. The user shall have visibility of the software source code. Importance Essential Desirable Essential Essential Module MEREM Framework + e & dMEREM e & dMEREM e & dMEREM e & dMEREM

UR 34

Essential

e & dMEREM

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Design constraints

The MEREM software will be run as part of the SPENVIS suite. This involves constraints on the input and output of data (UR19) which are expected to follow the standard SPENVIS formats. Requirements UR2 and UR3 are not expected to be compatible in the light of feasible run times for existing commonly available computers. Hence it is envisaged that two key applications will perform the computations to fulfil the requirements for radiation environments other than UV: dMEREM for detailed analysis of individual cases. eMEREM for rapid assessment of many cases. It is possible that the user interfaces (idMEREM and ieMEREM) may share common elements (e.g. web pages), and the distinction between the two is used in order to clarify function rather than content. As a hosted system, SPENVIS is not an appropriate location for running very long simulations and so the capability to download scripts (UR20) to be run on the local machine is important for detailed analysis. The ultraviolet radiation environment shall be a consideration from the literature review and technical reporting during the contract. It is understood from discussions between the ESA Technical Officer and LIP staff that this, rather than the development of a specific software application, was the initial intention of the Statement of Work.

Critical functions

There is a requirement that the software be based on the Geant4 toolkit (UR27) this software is itself is an evolving software toolkit developed by academic research institutes, and not intended to be used to safety-critical applications. The MEREM system software is therefore not part of a safetycritical system for missions and so there are no specific requirements on reliability of the code arising from critical systems. It is expected that the role of the code in design and planning will be over before a mission is launched.

Lower Level software engineering standards

There are no specific requirements regarding computer languages or protocols.

System partitioning

Subdivision of the software into components as expressed in UR11, UR 14, UR 16 and UR17 requires the separate modules for, GUI, primary radiation environment, atmospheric and surface models, and radiation simulation engine (see introduction to section 2). Because the number of software modules is small, a system configuration items list is not required.

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