Energy Environment PDF

299
Snapshots
The Asia and Pacific region accounts for almost 40% of global energy demand.
Most economies in the region rely on imports of energy and the biggest energy users have increased
their dependence on imports since 2000.
Energy efficiencygross domestic product (GDP) per unit of energyhas improved in most
economies.
Seven economies subsidize fossil fuels by more than 30% of the fuels supply cost.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continued to rise, but most economies eliminated ozone-depleting
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).
Key trends
The region accounted for almost 40% of global
energy demand in 2010. This far exceeded the shares
of Europe and North America, which were about
22% each (Figure 6.1). Due to growth in income and
population in the Peoples Republic of China (PRC)
during the last 2 decades, its share of regional energy

use has increased to almost half of the total. In terms
of total demand, the PRC consumes over three times
that of India and almost five times that of Japan.
Figure 6.1 Energy use by global region and by economy in Asia and the Pacific, 2010
(kilotons of oil equivalent, %)
Africa
4.9
West Asia and
Rest of the world
6.7
India
5.6
South America
4.3
Japan
4.0
Indonesia
1.7
Asia and the Pacific

39.5
Australia
1.0
North and Central

America
22.0
Thailand
1.0
Kazakhstan
0.6
China, People's Rep. of

19.6
Europe
22.6
Others
2.8
Note:
Korea, Rep. of
2.0
Malaysia
0.6
Taipei,China
0.6
The aggregate for the West Asia region was adjusted to exclude estimates for Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia, which are included in the total for Asia
and the Pacific.
Sources: Table 6.4 and World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2013).
Regional Trends and Tables
Energy and Environment
300
Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013
Figure 6.2 shows the average annual percentage

growth of energy use and production of 29 reporting
economies between 2000 and 2010. The PRC, Kazakhstan,
and Viet Nam recorded high average annual growth in
energy use of about 7%. On the production side, energy
output increased by a rapid 24% annually in Mongolia,
a producer and exporter of coal, and by 13% annually in
Azerbaijan, which produces and exports hydrocarbons.
Most Asian economies require imports to meet energy
demand. Figure 6.3 shows net imports as a percentage
of each economys domestic energy use from 2008 to
2010. Bars to the left are for 11 economies that are
not energy exporters. Two economiesHong Kong,
China and Singaporeimport nearly all their energy

requirements. The four biggest energy usersthe
PRC, India, Japan, and the Republic of Koreaaccount
for almost 80% of total regional energy use and all
four increased their import dependence since 2000
(Table 6.3). In particular, the region is a major importer
of oil and these imports are rising. On current demand
trends, regional oil imports could nearly triple from
11 million barrels a day to more than 30 million barrels a
day by 2035, given that Asia only has an estimated 16%
of the worlds proven conventional gas reserves and 15%
of technically recoverable oil and gas liquids (ADB 2013).
The region is quite vulnerable to interruptions in global
supplies. Dependence on oil imports can be addressed
Figure 6.2 Average annual growth of energy production and

energy use, 20002010 (kilotons of oil equivalent, %)
Figure 6.3 Net energy imports as a percentage of energy use,

20082010
Mongolia
Hong Kong, China
Azerbaijan
Singapore
Singapore
Korea, Rep. of
Kazakhstan
Japan
Turkmenistan
Armenia
China, Peoples Rep. of
Kyrgyz Rep.
Viet Nam
Georgia
Bangladesh
Sri Lanka
Thailand
Philippines
Myanmar
Thailand
Indonesia
Tajikistan
Cambodia
Cambodia
Korea, Rep. of
India
Australia
Pakistan
India
Bangladesh
Pakistan
Nepal
Armenia
Nepal
New Zealand
Philippines
Viet Nam
New Zealand
Malaysia
Sri Lanka
Uzbekistan
Malaysia
Myanmar
Tajikistan
Indonesia
Kazakhstan
Hong Kong, China
Turkmenistan
Georgia
Brunei Darussalam
Australia
Uzbekistan
Mongolia
Azerbaijan
Japan
Brunei Darussalam
Kyrgyz Rep.
2
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Production
Sources: Tables 6.2 and 6.4.
600
500
Use
400
300
2008
Source: Table 6.3.
200
2009
100
2010
100
200
Seven economies in Asia subsidize fossil fuels by more

than 30% of the fuels supply cost. Figure 6.4 shows
the subsidy rates for 17 economies. In Turkmenistan
and Uzbekistan, consumers pay only 40% of the price
prevailing on the international market. Fuel subsidies
have several drawbacks. They encourage consumption
while ignoring the negative externalities to the
environment. By underpricing fossil fuels, subsidies
deter investment and innovation in cleaner energy
sources. Subsidies stimulate fuel imports or reduce
exports, hurting national trade balances, and they drain
government resources that could be used for social and
economic development. Moreover, unless subsidies are
well targeted, they can benefit the relatively rich rather
than the poor.
Energy efficiency has improved in most economies.

Efficiency in energy use is influenced by several factors,
including changes in industrial structure, technology, and
energy mix. Agriculture and services tend to generate
higher GDP per unit of energy than manufacturing.
Figure 6.5 shows the changes in GDP per unit of energy
between 2000 and 2010. Several economies that
recorded the biggest improvements in efficiency had
access to cheap energy as states of the former Soviet
Union, and their more efficient use in recent years can
be partly attributed to increases in energy prices.
Energy efficiency improvements of at least
30% were observed in Cambodia, the PRC, India, the
Philippines, and Sri Lanka. (Gains in the PRC came from
a low base and its energy productivity remains relatively
low.) Table 6.1 shows that in 2010, seven economies
in Asia recorded energy efficiency in 2010 in excess of
Figure 6.5 Percentage change in GDP per unit of energy use,
20002010
Azerbaijan
Uzbekistan
Figure 6.4 Fossil-fuel consumption subsidy as a

percentage of supply cost, 2011 (%)
Tajikistan
Armenia
Georgia
Turkmenistan
Philippines
Cambodia
Uzbekistan
Hong Kong, China
Bangladesh
Turkmenistan
Sri Lanka
Brunei Darussalam
Mongolia
Azerbaijan
India
Pakistan
Kazakstan
Kyrgyz Rep.
Indonesia
Taipei,China
Sri Lanka
Australia
Pakistan
Indonesia
Nepal
Thailand
New Zealand
India
Korea, Rep. of
Malaysia
Bangladesh
Viet Nam
Kazakhstan
Singapore
Japan
Malaysia
Viet Nam
Philippines
Thailand
Brunei Darussalam
Taipei,China
50
Korea, Rep. of
0
10
20
Source: International Energy Agency (IEA, 2013).
30
40
50
60
70
GDP = gross domestic product.

Source: Table 6.1.
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
by measures such as reducing subsidies on energy,

investing in green urban development and transport,
tapping more energy from renewable and local sources,
and fostering regional cooperation and integration in
energy supplies.
301
302
the global average of 6.9, measured in GDP per unit

of energy use. They were Bangladesh; Hong Kong,
China; Japan; the Philippines; Singapore; Sri Lanka; and
Taipei,China.
Asias economic development has brought about
rising emissions of GHGs. Figure 6.6 presents per
capita emissions of carbon dioxide plus the carbon
dioxide equivalents of the two other main GHGs
nitrous oxide and methane gasfor 2010. The highest
per capita emitters were Brunei Darussalam, Australia,
and Kazakhstan. Per capita emissions increased in
most of the reporting economies between 2005
and 2010, with Cambodia (77%), the PRC (35%), and
Viet Nam (30%) registering the highest increases. Per
capita GHG emissions fell by 56% in Singapore between
2005 and 2010.
GHG emissions contribute to global climate
change, which is expected to cause rising sea levels
and more severe storms, droughts, heat waves, and
floods. The World Bank has projected that an increase
in global temperatures of 2 degrees C, which it said is
possible within 2030 years, would cause widespread
food shortages that hit the poor the hardest (World
Bank 2013).
Figure 6.6 Per capita emissions of carbon dioxide,

methane, and nitrous oxide, 2010 (tons)
Brunei Darussalam
Australia
Kazakhstan
Turkmenistan
New Zealand
Korea, Rep. of
Taipei,China
Japan
Malaysia
Mongolia
Azerbaijan
Thailand
Uzbekistan
Hong Kong, China
Cambodia
Singapore
Viet Nam
Indonesia
Georgia
Armenia
While limited progress has so far been made

on reducing GHG emissions, Table 6.6 shows that
most economies in the region have eliminated ozonedepleting CFCs, which were previously used in a range
of products from aerosols to refrigeration.
Half the economies in the region expanded the area
devoted to agriculture between 2000 and 2011.
Changes in dietary preferences and increases in food
prices were among the factors that stimulated the
expansion of land used for crops and pastures as a
percentage of total land area. This trend is most notable
in relatively small economies, but is also observed in
Indonesia, the Philippines, and Thailand (Table 6.5).
India
Kyrgyz Rep.
Pakistan
Myanmar
Philippines
Sri Lanka
Tajikistan
Bangladesh
Nepal
0
10
Carbon dioxide
Sources: Table 6.6 and MDG Table 7.1.
20
Methane
30
40
Nitrous oxide
303
It is expensive to identify and maintain a sample of sites

that accurately measure nationwide water pollution.
Comparability between countries is generally less than
comparable over time for a single country.
Data issues and comparability

Most of the energy data are compiled by the
International Energy Agency using standard procedures
and conversion factors. Statistics of CFC consumption are
collected by the United Nations Industrial Development
Organization as part of the process of monitoring the
2006 Montreal Protocol on limiting CFC emissions. Other
United Nations agencies monitor outputs of GHGs and
other pollutants.
Statistics on water pollution are based on analyses
of water drawn from sites in samples of lakes and rivers.
The Food and Agricultural Organization of the

United Nations monitors land use and forestry data
using country reports and satellite imagery.
304

Energy
Table 6.1 GDP Per Unit of Energy Use
(constant 2005 PPP $ per kilogram of oil equivalent)
Regional Member
Developing Member Economies
Central and West Asia
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
1990
1995
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
...
1.4
1.3
2.4
1.6
1.5
4.2
3.0
1.3
0.9
...
3.4
1.1
2.2
1.4
2.4
4.2
2.7
1.0
0.8
...
3.5
1.8
3.9
2.3
3.1
4.2
2.8
1.2
0.8
...
5.0
2.7
5.5
2.6
3.3
4.5
4.1
1.2
1.1
...
5.6
3.8
5.7
2.4
3.4
4.6
3.4
1.4
1.1
...
5.7
5.2
5.8
2.4
3.4
4.6
3.9
1.3
1.3
...
5.8
5.3
6.6
2.3
3.9
4.8
4.9
1.4
1.3
...
5.7
6.6
6.2
2.6
3.7
4.8
5.4
1.8
1.6
...
6.2
6.8
6.5
2.4
3.8
4.9
5.8
1.7
1.8
East Asia
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
1.4
15.8
5.2
1.6
2.1
16.7
4.9
1.7
2.8
15.1
4.7
2.2
9.3
3.1
19.6
5.2
2.8
9.8
3.2
19.9
5.4
2.7
10.1
3.4
19.7
5.5
2.8
10.0
3.6
20.4
5.5
3.0
10.6
3.7
18.9
5.4
2.9
10.5
3.8
21.8
5.3
3.0
10.9
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
6.2
17.2
3.3
...
2.3
6.3
6.1
...
3.5
...
2.6
7.5
6.8
...
4.0
...
2.7
6.9
6.9
11.2
4.7
6.9
2.8
7.7
6.9
11.6
4.9
6.5
3.0
8.3
7.0
11.8
5.0
6.9
3.0
8.7
7.1
...
5.0
...
3.1
9.5
7.1
...
5.0
...
3.1
9.7
7.1
...
5.4
...
3.2
9.6
7.2
...
3.8
...
5.8
1.3
5.5
6.7
5.4
3.3
6.4
3.2
4.1
...
5.8
1.5
5.2
6.2
5.5
4.0
6.5
3.8
3.6
...
5.3
2.1
5.2
8.2
4.8
4.3
7.6
5.9
3.9
...
4.9
3.1
6.7
8.6
4.5
4.3
5.6
6.5
4.0
...
5.2
3.6
7.1
8.9
4.6
4.5
5.5
7.1
4.3
...
5.0
4.0
7.6
10.5
4.7
4.6
5.0
7.5
4.5
...
5.1
4.4
7.6
9.8
4.7
4.5
5.7
5.4
4.4
...
5.2
5.0
8.1
8.4
4.6
4.4
5.5
5.5
4.5
...
5.4
...
8.2
8.1
4.5
4.2
...
8.8
19.5
...
...
...
...
...
9.8
13.6
...
11.2
...
21.6
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
6.2
26.1
...
...
...
...
...
12.1
16.8
16.7
7.5
...
24.6
...
6.5
20.8
...
...
...
...
...
12.4
17.7
15.9
7.4
...
25.6
...
6.9
19.3
...
...
...
...
...
12.4
18.0
17.2
6.9
...
24.1
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Developed Member Economies

Australia
Japan
New Zealand
4.7
7.5
5.0
5.0
7.1
5.1
5.2
7.1
5.0
5.8
7.5
6.2
5.9
7.6
6.2
5.9
7.8
6.3
5.9
8.1
6.1
5.9
8.0
6.1
6.1
7.9
5.9
WORLD
4.2
4.5
4.9
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.5
6.9
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Micronesia, Fed. States of
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
= Data not available at cutoff date, GDP = gross domestic product, PPP = purchasing power parity.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2013); ADB staff estimates for Taipei,China.
305
Energy
Regional Member
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
1990
1995
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
...
137
20641
2016
90975
2502
34178
2026
73005
38643
...
245
14725
1194
63850
1259
41045
1329
32836
48655
...
632
18962
1324
78575
1443
46919
1264
45968
54945
...
861
27229
980
118570
1447
61477
1546
61137
56396
...
846
38127
927
127793
1488
61906
1519
59989
58478
...
826
52119
1073
132120
1427
64210
1574
65817
59791
...
797
58604
1077
144369
1190
62167
1488
68410
62020
...
825
64545
1185
147948
1161
63645
1503
41066
56804
...
870
65436
1312
156750
1182
64303
1510
46293
55147
East Asia
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
886292
43
22623
2749
10748
1066178
47
21148
2256
10913
1063987
50
34376
1916
11476
1622911
51
42935
3421
13152
1728257
51
43727
3745
13389
1824494
52
42604
4476
14249
1950577
52
44731
5185
13727
2044831
52
44313
7768
13801
2208962
53
44922
14974
13625
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
10758
...
291816
...
5501
4191
12777
...
335773
...
6138
4022
15156
...
366405
...
7138
4748
19344
...
422377
...
8152
4920
21230
...
437873
...
8295
5155
22132
...
452732
...
8463
5076
23247
...
470915
...
8643
5072
24601
...
505405
...
8822
5108
25812
...
518671
...
8984
5540
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
15642
...
168509
1085
47341
10654
17225
58
26578
18280
18241
2901
214479
1244
62372
10999
15820
168
33194
26432
19684
3203
236618
1652
74298
15405
19549
168
44033
39919
21060
3479
279941
1843
91385
23120
21403
316
54961
60759
22317
3536
313989
1941
88964
22951
21398
328
56854
61937
20747
3594
318304
739
88947
23849
22147
335
59967
63151
21126
2278
323632
710
91895
22591
22980
360
65488
61500
18939
3603
351828
721
86070
21972
23476
366
64605
66453
18559
3621
381446
721
85878
22530
23417
404
70559
65874
...
235
...
...
...
...
...
4611
18
75
...
...
...
5
...
321
...
...
...
...
2
4897
19
76
...
...
...
5
...
269
...
...
...
...
2
3866
20
78
...
...
...
20
...
250
...
...
...
...
2
2894
20
78
7318
...
...
20
...
262
...
...
...
...
2
3396
20
78
7408
...
...
20
...
44
...
...
...
...
2
2636
5
...
7421
...
...
0
...
43
...
...
...
...
2
2833
5
...
7447
...
...
1
...
40
...
...
...
...
2
2749
5
...
7418
...
...
1
...
40
...
...
...
...
2
1407
5
...
7418
...
...
1
157523
79236
11459
186898
101724
12735
233553
104795
14118
280114
101450
12575
281480
90626
13066
298607
88710
14024
286362
93965
14966
297081
96791
15289
310615
47539
16857
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
= Data not available at cutoff date, 0 = Magnitude is less than half of unit employed.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2013); for Papua New Guinea; and Taipei,China: Asia Pacific Energy Research Center; Fiji; the Lao PDR; Palau;
Samoa; Solomon Islands; Timor-Leste; and Vanuatu: Energy Statistics in Asia and the Pacific 19902006 (Asian Development Bank 2009) and Energy Statistics
Yearbook (UNSD 2009).
Table 6.2 Energy Production

(kilotons of oil equivalent)
306

Energy
Table 6.3 Energy Imports, Net
(% of energy use)
Regional Member
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
1990
1995
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
...
98.2
21.3
83.0
24.3
66.6
20.2
61.8
281.4
16.7
...
85.0
15.4
67.8
22.1
47.2
23.4
40.3
136.3
14.3
...
68.5
65.8
53.8
119.0
39.9
26.1
41.2
216.9
8.3
...
65.6
96.3
65.5
131.3
45.6
19.3
34.2
230.3
20.1
...
66.8
182.1
69.4
106.0
44.8
22.2
37.5
217.6
19.7
...
71.0
328.4
67.8
97.9
51.7
23.7
39.5
200.2
22.8
...
73.4
341.3
64.2
105.6
56.4
23.8
39.8
209.5
22.8
...
68.3
452.7
61.7
133.6
61.4
24.3
35.6
113.0
26.5
...
64.4
452.8
57.9
109.0
59.5
24.0
34.6
117.3
25.9
East Asia
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
2.7
99.5
75.7
19.5
...
1.8
99.6
85.4
16.6
...
2.8
99.6
81.7
18.9
...
4.3
99.6
79.6
33.6
...
6.8
99.6
79.5
30.7
...
7.1
99.6
80.8
47.1
...
6.5
99.6
80.3
64.3
...
9.1
99.6
80.7
138.9
...
8.6
99.6
82.0
357.1
...
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
15.5
...
7.9
...
5.0
24.0
19.6
...
12.6
...
8.5
32.4
18.5
...
19.9
...
12.0
43.0
19.0
...
21.5
...
10.7
45.3
16.4
...
22.5
...
9.0
43.3
16.5
...
24.1
...
8.9
45.2
16.4
...
24.8
...
10.0
43.3
16.4
...
25.1
...
11.4
43.8
16.9
...
25.1
...
12.1
43.9
787.5
...
66.9
...
121.8
0.0
40.4
100.0
36.6
1.7
688.9
14.0
60.1
...
73.9
6.5
53.4
100.0
46.4
15.2
702.2
19.5
51.7
...
61.1
23.2
51.6
99.9
39.2
30.3
729.4
26.9
54.4
...
46.3
44.8
45.4
99.8
42.8
36.8
586.0
28.3
67.1
...
41.2
48.4
44.9
99.8
42.1
38.4
524.8
29.6
69.0
...
29.6
53.1
41.9
99.8
41.3
31.4
482.2
35.2
73.1
...
25.9
50.3
42.6
98.5
39.2
25.6
506.4
26.6
77.2
...
23.2
54.2
38.4
98.7
39.8
24.3
459.9
27.9
83.5
...
18.2
61.0
42.1
98.8
39.9
11.2
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
82.7
82.9
10.7
101.9
80.1
14.7
116.0
79.6
16.1
134.2
80.7
24.0
130.1
80.5
22.4
139.0
82.4
17.1
130.5
82.1
14.1
135.8
80.1
12.4
149.0
80.5
7.4
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
= Data not available at cutoff date, 0.0 = Magnitude is less than half of unit employed.
Source: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2013).
307
Energy
Regional Member
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
1990
1995
2000
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
...
7697
26236
12425
72746
7486
42827
5308
19630
46365
...
1632
12764
3731
51978
2384
53576
2225
13898
42572
...
2003
11435
2872
35582
2402
63525
2149
14507
50741
...
2505
13871
2841
50739
2658
76174
2350
18511
46951
...
2546
13515
3033
61397
2694
79547
2432
18889
48853
...
2845
12166
3344
66099
2953
84199
2602
21924
48701
...
2997
13281
3005
70205
2730
81611
2471
22102
50502
...
2601
11678
3096
63324
3010
84072
2333
19283
44921
...
2445
11838
3118
75008
2918
84595
2308
21307
43787
East Asia
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
862956
8658
93087
3416
29302
1047246
10650
144756
2704
37761
1094871
13392
188075
2364
53558
1696389
12664
210102
2625
62206
1853975
13330
213524
2925
63321
1963992
14338
222146
3114
67848
2086108
14139
226946
3156
64332
2249320
14933
229178
3252
63990
2417126
13792
250010
3276
68090
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
12736
56
316743
51
5789
5516
15897
413
384285
85
6712
5949
18603
1062
457214
147
8108
8327
23878
204
537909
225
9132
9001
25387
211
565000
288
9119
9084
26492
244
596557
299
9291
9262
27794
221
626082
323
9599
8942
29422
251
675195
340
9960
9089
31053
251
692689
340
10218
9870
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
1762
...
101328
1150
21988
10656
28892
11456
41946
17866
2312
2837
134971
1322
37112
11768
33982
18641
61913
21885
2454
3412
155692
1454
47271
12500
40424
19246
72370
28736
2539
3436
181381
1773
62552
15968
39178
18612
96017
41455
3253
3429
187736
1656
63897
15463
38849
19268
98183
42475
3320
3482
188312
573
69528
15574
38142
15652
102207
45777
3629
3514
186919
618
73006
15033
40009
23828
107656
48984
3123
4907
198514
666
69858
14246
38102
27478
107300
53449
3314
5024
207849
666
72645
13997
40477
32774
117429
59230
...
286
7
...
...
33
73
613
43
53
...
25
...
23
...
242
0
...
...
34
26
689
9
69
...
29
...
0
...
289
0
...
...
33
27
880
49
108
...
29
...
5
...
578
8
29
...
35
43
1115
57
58
58
57
...
30
...
559
10
30
...
46
69
1129
57
59
59
57
...
31
...
524
11
32
...
47
71
1141
58
64
61
58
...
35
...
380
18
33
...
47
71
1144
58
63
63
58
...
41
...
305
18
33
...
48
71
1162
59
64
61
58
...
40
...
305
18
33
...
48
71
1431
59
64
61
58
...
40
86226
439315
12825
92556
496247
14934
108111
518946
16820
119592
520515
16555
122325
519778
16847
124945
515171
16908
124236
495352
17413
125978
472101
17457
124728
496849
18198
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
= Data not available at cutoff date, 0 = Magnitude is less than half of unit employed.
Sources: World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2013); for Papua New Guinea; and Taipei,China: Asia Pacific Energy Research Center; Fiji; the Lao PDR; Palau;
Samoa; Solomon Islands; Timor-Leste; and Vanuatu: Energy Statistics in Asia and the Pacific 19902006 (Asian Development Bank 2009) and Energy Statistics
Yearbook (UNSD 2009).
Table 6.4 Energy Use

(kilotons of oil equivalent)
308

Environment
Table 6.5 Agriculture Land Use
(% of land area)
Regional Member
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
1990
58.3
41.1
53.4
46.5
82.0
52.6
33.6
32.1
68.6
65.2
Agricultural Land
2000
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
2011
1990
57.9
46.5
57.4
43.2
76.6
55.9
35.0
32.7
68.9
64.2
58.1
60.1
57.7
35.5
77.5
55.9
34.4
34.7
69.5
62.7
12.1
14.9
20.5
11.4
13.0
6.9
26.6
6.1
2.9
10.5
Arable Land
2000
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
2011
Permanent Cropland
1990
2000
11.8
15.8
22.1
11.4
8.0
7.1
27.6
5.6
3.4
10.5
11.9
15.1
22.8
6.0
8.9
6.7
26.9
6.1
4.0
10.1
0.2
2.1
3.7
4.8
0.1
0.4
0.6
0.9
0.1
0.9
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
(1992)
2011
0.1
1.3
1.3
3.9
0.1
0.3
0.9
0.7
0.1
0.8
0.2
1.9
2.7
1.7
0.1
0.3
1.1
0.9
0.1
0.8
East Asia
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,Chinaa
54.2
...
22.1
80.9
24.6
56.3
...
20.0
84.0
23.5
55.7
...
18.1
73.1
22.3
13.3
...
19.8
0.9
...
13.0
...
17.4
0.8
...
12.0
...
15.4
0.4
...
0.8
...
1.6
0.0
...
1.2
...
2.0
0.0
...
1.6
...
2.1
0.0
...
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
79.8
9.7
60.9
26.7
29.0
37.3
72.2
13.2
61.4
30.0
29.5
37.5
70.1
13.5
60.5
23.3
29.7
41.8
72.6
2.9
54.8
10.0
16.0
14.4
64.1
2.6
54.7
10.0
16.4
14.6
58.6
2.5
52.9
10.0
16.4
19.1
2.5
0.4
2.2
13.3
0.5
15.9
3.5
0.5
3.1
16.7
0.7
15.9
6.9
0.5
4.1
10.0
0.8
15.6
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
2.1
25.2
24.9
7.2
22.0
16.0
37.4
3.0
41.9
20.7
1.9
27.0
25.2
8.0
24.0
16.5
37.5
1.8
38.8
28.2
2.2
32.0
30.1
10.3
24.0
19.2
40.6
1.0
41.2
35.0
0.4
20.9
11.2
3.5
5.2
14.6
18.4
1.5
34.2
16.4
0.4
21.0
11.3
3.8
5.5
15.2
16.9
1.5
30.6
19.9
0.6
22.7
13.0
6.1
5.5
16.5
18.1
0.9
30.8
21.0
0.8
0.6
6.5
0.3
16.0
0.8
14.8
1.5
6.1
3.2
0.8
0.8
7.7
0.4
17.6
0.9
15.6
0.3
6.6
6.2
0.9
0.9
11.0
0.4
17.6
2.2
17.4
0.1
8.8
11.9
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
25.0
22.4
48.1
72.2 (1995)
32.1 (1995)
20.0
10.9 (1995)
1.9
19.1
2.4
21.4
44.4
66.7
12.5
25.0
23.4
42.0
72.2
32.1
20.0
10.9
2.2
17.0
2.7
22.7
41.7
66.7
14.4
12.5
23.4
42.0
72.2
31.4
20.0
10.9
2.6
12.4
3.3
24.2
43.1
60.0
15.3
8.3
8.8
2.5
5.6 (1995)
3.6 (1995)
2.2 (1995)
0.4
6.7
0.4
7.4
22.2
0.0
1.6
12.5
9.3
2.5
5.6
3.6
2.2
0.5
4.9
0.5
8.1
20.8
0.0
1.6
8.3
9.2
2.5
11.1
2.9
2.2
0.7
2.8
0.6
10.1
22.2
0
1.6
16.7
4.4
45.7
44.4 (1995)
24.3 (1995)
20.0
4.3 (1995)
1.2
11.7
1.9
3.9
16.7
66.7
8.0
12.5
4.5
39.5
44.4
24.3
20.0
4.3
1.4
11.0
2.0
4.5
15.3
66.7
9.3
4.2
4.7
39.5
44.4
24.3
20.0
4.3
1.5
7.8
2.3
4.0
15.3
60.0
10.3
59.3
14.4
58.5
53.3
12.5
43.2
6.2
13.1
10.0
6.2
12.3
5.7
6.2
11.7
1.8
0.0
1.0
0.2
0.1
0.8
0.3

Australia
60.5
Japan
15.6
New Zealand
61.5
0.0
1.3
0.2
= Data not available at cutoff date, 0.0 = Magnitude is less than half of unit employed, = Magnitude equals zero.
a Data do not include the counties of Kinmen and Lienchiang.
Sources: FAOSTAT Database Access website (http://www.faostat.fao.org); for Taipei,China: Statistical Yearbook 2012 (Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and
Statistics 2013).
309
Environment
Regional Member
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
Deforestation Ratea
(average % change)
2000
2011
1990b
Nitrous Oxide Emissions

(thousand metric tons CO2 equivalent)
1995
2000
2010
Methane Emissions
(thousand metric tons CO2 equivalent)
1995
2000
2005
1.27 (1993)
(1993)
0.05 (1993)
0.17 (1993)
0.26 (1993)
1.63
0.05 (1993)
(1993)
0.54 (1993)
1.39
0.04
0.17
0.26
1.91
0.05
0.52
1.60
0.09
0.17
1.77
2.55
0.12
...
466
1832
1712
20257
1529
21241
1349
2373
6960
...
462
2032
1995
15965
1559
24760
1093
2908
9249
...
986
2647
2267
17454
1465
30050
1718
4955
11966
...
2428
9111
4112
41703
3693
101536
3596
16167
33524
...
2565
9951
4137
38574
3486
117129
3304
21217
37079
...
3329
18401
4864
67542
3968
155236
4943
26546
46862
East Asia
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
1.26
...
0.13
0.65
0.97
1.13
...
0.13
0.69
1.34
...
0.11
0.75
380630
492
15264
5264
...
392367
513
17958
5107
12444
550297
467
14686
3478
3071
1093620
2102
30080
8876
...
1043425
2695
30925
9218
11028
1642258
3086
31984
6134
2194
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
0.17
0.35
0.23
1.90
1.14
0.18
0.34
0.22
2.30
1.27
0.18
0.33
0.21
0.78
18233
...
187400
...
3949
1938
19614
...
199496
...
4232
2045
26160
...
234136
...
4508
2132
85076
...
544388
...
20644
11578
89243
...
561558
...
21206
9607
103080
...
621480
...
23512
11631
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
0.39
1.08
1.61
0.45
0.35
1.11
0.83
0.28
2.52
0.40
1.20
1.89
0.47
0.36
1.23
0.77
0.29
2.06
0.47
1.26
0.73
0.50
0.42
0.97
0.71
0.08
1.04
570
4331
89568
...
14397
44219
10614
1390
22506
15415
395
3295
90677
...
12944
31194
12219
6007
20065
19627
336
16358
91313
...
15010
26266
12512
1871
30245
33818
5991
15740
182547
...
37011
89507
43379
1510
80570
65683
3858
14985
167822
...
29242
66941
49915
1691
83448
75418
4450
35211
218929
...
33599
79131
56049
2339
104411
111338
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
...
0.29
...
...
...
...
0.44
3.15
0.24
1.16
...
0.28
0.05
...
...
0.46
2.46
0.25
1.29
...
0.33
0.05
...
...
0.50
0.25
1.51
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
0.03
0.03
0.71
0.03
0.03
0.66
0.62
0.04
0.10
57651
37303
11181
75584
31996
11499
51462
25740
11334
113113
60264
27166
127730
47484
26570
122549
40262
28133

Australia
Japan
New Zealand
continued
Table 6.6 Deforestation and Pollution
310

Environment
Table 6.6 Deforestation and Pollution (continued)
Regional Member
Afghanistan
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyz Republic
Pakistan
Tajikistan
Turkmenistan
Uzbekistan
East Asia
Hong Kong, China
Korea, Rep. of
Mongolia
Taipei,China
South Asia
Bangladesh
Bhutan
India
Maldives
Nepal
Sri Lanka
Southeast Asia
Brunei Darussalam
Cambodia
Indonesia
Lao PDR
Malaysia
Myanmar
Philippines
Singapore
Thailand
Viet Nam
The Pacific
Cook Islands
Fiji
Kiribati
Marshall Islands
Nauru
Palau
Papua New Guinea
Samoa
Solomon Islands
Timor-Leste
Tonga
Tuvalu
Vanuatu
Australia
Japan
New Zealand
Consumption of Ozone-Depleting CFCs

(ODP metric tons)
1990
2000
2011
380.0
456.5
53.2
1214.3
117.6
751.0
91.3
140.8
585.3
(1995)
(1991)
(1996)
(1994)
(1991)
(1991)
(1993)
380.0 (1997)
25.0
87.8
21.5
523.9
53.5
1945.3
28.0
21.0
41.7
Organic Water Pollutant (BOD) Emissions

(kilograms per day per worker)
1990
2000
Latest Year
0.153 (1995)
0.233 (1998)
0.136 (1992)
0.167
0.178 (2001)
0.153
0.237
0.189
0.223
0.206 (2002)
0.181 (2007)
0.236 (2007)
0.202 (2007)
0.165 (2006)
0.239 (2007)
0.124
0.138 (2003)
0.120
0.203 (2003)
0.130 (2007)
0.114 (2006)
0.215 (2007)
0.146 (1995)
0.144 (1998)
0.142 (1996)
...
...
0.157 (2002)
0.195 (2006)
0.172
0.184
0.167
0.092
0.153
0.158
(1996)
(1991)
(1996)
(1998)
...
0.142 (1995)
0.179
0.136 (1999)
0.118
0.156 (2001)
0.095
0.155
0.169
...
...
0.187 (2006)
...
0.123 (2006)
0.146 (2005)
0.094 (2007)
0.152 (2006)
0.144 (2007)
41829.0
19605.0 (1992)
7.2 (1995)
39123.6
...
7395.4
11.2
126.9
...
195.1
(1991)
3.5
20.0 (1991)
209.5
805.0
5614.3
4.6
94.0
220.3
48.0
46.6
94.2
5411.1
44.6
1979.8
26.3
2905.2
21.7
3568.3
220.0
0.5
1.0
0.4
0.6
47.9
0.6
0.3
21.4
0.5
...
0.224 (1991)
...
0.232 (2002)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
0.295
...
...
...
0.230 (2004)
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
0.339 (2004)
...
...
6.5
-24.2
-2.6
-30.1
-5.0
0.141 (1994)
0.243
...
0.147
0.233
...
0.149 (2005)
0.230 (2007)
58.6
94.2
5249.0
3.6
3384.2
2981.2
3166.6
6660.2
303.4
37.8
1.2
0.6
1.7
28.3
4.0
1.6
36.8
1.8
0.3
7416.4
97723.2
558.4
(1992)
(1995)
(1992)
(1992)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1991)
(1995)
(1995)
(1991)
(1991)
(1995)
(1995)
(1993)
(1995)
(1993)
(1998)
... = Data not available at cutoff date, = Magnitude equals zero, BOD = biochemical oxygen demand, CFC = chlorofluorocarbons, C02 = carbon dioxide,
ODP = ozone-depleting potential.
a A negative value indicates that deforestation rate is decreasing (i.e., reforestation).
b Values represent the change in forest cover from 1990 to 1991.
Sources: FAOSTAT Database Access website (FAO 2013); World Development Indicators Online (World Bank 2013); United Nations Millennium Indicators Database Online
(UNSD 2013); for Taipei,China: Statistical Yearbook 2011 (Directorate-General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics 2013).

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299

during the last 2 decades, its share of regional energy

Asia and the Pacific

North and Central

China, People's Rep. of

Regional Trends and Tables

Energy and Environment

Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013

Figure 6.2 shows the average annual percentage

China and Singaporeimport nearly all their energy

Figure 6.2 Average annual growth of energy production and

Figure 6.3 Net energy imports as a percentage of energy use,

Hong Kong, China

China, Peoples Rep. of

China, Peoples Rep. of

Hong Kong, China

Sources: Tables 6.2 and 6.4.

Source: Table 6.3.

Energy and Environment

Seven economies in Asia subsidize fossil fuels by more

Energy efficiency has improved in most economies.

Figure 6.4 Fossil-fuel consumption subsidy as a

Hong Kong, China

China, People's Rep. of

China, People's Rep. of

Source: International Energy Agency (IEA, 2013).

GDP = gross domestic product.

Regional Trends and Tables

by measures such as reducing subsidies on energy,

Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013

the global average of 6.9, measured in GDP per unit

Figure 6.6 Per capita emissions of carbon dioxide,

While limited progress has so far been made

Sources: Table 6.6 and MDG Table 7.1.

Energy and Environment

It is expensive to identify and maintain a sample of sites

Regional Trends and Tables

Data issues and comparability

The Food and Agricultural Organization of the

Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013

Developed Member Economies

Energy and Environment

Regional Trends and Tables

Table 6.2 Energy Production

Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013

Energy and Environment

Regional Trends and Tables

Table 6.4 Energy Use

Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013

Developed Member Economies

Energy and Environment

Nitrous Oxide Emissions

Developed Member Economies

Regional Trends and Tables

Table 6.6 Deforestation and Pollution

Key Indicators for Asia and the Pacific 2013

Consumption of Ozone-Depleting CFCs

Organic Water Pollutant (BOD) Emissions