W

?? ? ?

W
KW
WW
K K
K K
KGSM K
K K
KW
K W

W
K
KPower point
K W

Introduction
?Radio Communications?

?Cellular Mobile Telephone? ?Personal Communications?

?Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)?

FDMA

?Microprocessor?
K

?Cell?

K?Cellular Telephone System?

?Standards?

Global System for Mobile Communications ?

KGSM?(GSM)

History of Mobile Communications J

?Remote Control?

?Pager? ?Cordless Telephones?

K?Cellular Telephones?
K

EF?Mobile?

?Portable?

?Subscriber?

K?Subscriber Unit?

Pre-Prevailing Stage J J

KE JF

WE JF

W
K?Car Telephone Service?

K?Heavy, bulky and expensive equipments?

K? Handover ?

K? Grade Of Service (GOS)?

K?Low capacity?? frequency reuse?

K? (Very High Power)?

First Generation Mobile Systems(1G) J J

?Cellular Mobile Systems?

?Cell?

K
1GK

E JF?Analogue Technology?
K?1G?

?1G?E JF

(1970's-1980's)

W?Cellular systems?
K?Frequency Reuse?

K?Adaptive Power Control?

K?(Cell Sectorization)?

K?Cell Splitting?
K?Handover?

K?Analog Technology?
K

K?Incompatible Systems?

K? Capacity Saturation?

K? Voice Service Only ?

K?Insufficient Transmission Quality?

K?No Encryption?

K?Frequency Modulation (FM)?

K?FDMA?

KK
-

?1G?E JF

Operational
year

Operating
Frequency
(MHz)

1979

800

1979

800
450
900
900
450
450
900
450
900

1981-85
1985
1985
1985
1989
1985
1990

Country

System

Japan

Nippon Telephone and Telegraphy (NTT-MTS)

US

Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)

Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)

Scandinavia
UK
Germany

Total Access Communication System (TACS)

C450

France

Radiocom 2000 (NMT)

Italy

RTMS
TACS

Second Generation Mobile Systems(2G) J J
K2G

Committee of ? ?Standards?

?European Post and Telecommunications (CEPT)

K

W

Pan-European Digital Cellular Standard (GSM) E

900 MHz

K?Group Special Mobile (GSM)?

K?Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)?

Electronic Association Interim Standard (IS-54) E
IS-54

30KHz
?Advanced Mobile Phase Service (AMPS)?

?TDMA?

KDAMPS AMPS ?FDMA?

KIS-136

Interim Standard (IS-95) E

Code Division ?

?Mutiple Access (CDMA)

?Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)?

KIS-95

W E
-

?Japan Digital Cellular (JDC)?

?Personal Digital Cellular (PDC)?

1500MHz 800MHz IS-54/IS-136

?Personal Handy Phone System (PHS)?

KE1895 - 1918MHzF
W E

Digital ?

Cordless Telephony ? ?Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)

?(CT-2)

K864- 868 MHz

?2G? WE JF

W
K?Common Standard?
K?International Roaming?
K?Huge Capacity?

K?Digital Encryption Techniques?

K?Reducing Noise and Interferance?
K?Low Cost Equipment?
K?Low Power Consumption?
Light Weight, Compact, Small Size ?

K?Terminals
K?TDMA digital transmission?

Integrated Services Digital Network ?

K?Compatibility

?2G?WE JF

Operational
year
1991
1991
1992
1993
1993

Frequency
range (MHz)
900
800/1900
1800
800/1900
1800

1994

900

1995

1900

Country

Europe & Middle East
America " US"
Europe
America " US"

( )

System

GSM 900
D-AMPS (IS-54 / IS-136)
GSM 1800
IS-95 ( CDMAone )
DCS 1800

United Kingdom "UK"

Japan

Personal Digital Cellular

"PDC"
Personal Communication
America " US"
Services "PCS"

9.6kbps

K?SMS?

2.5G
KPackets
General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) 2.5 G J J

K?General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)?

-

Packets Switched Data

KCircuit Switched Data
?IP?

K40kbps 114kbps

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) 2.75 G J J

8PSK

?Multimedia? 384kb/s

Enhanced Data Rates for (EDGE)? W

Enhanced Data Rates for (EDGE)? GSM ?Global Evolution

K?GSM Evolution

Third Generation Mobile Systems(3G) J J

PSTN
KISDN

E JFK

?Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunication System (FPLMTS)?

2025 MHz 1885

K2200 MHz 2110

?European Institute of Telecommunications Standards (ETSI)?

K?Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)?

?International Mobile Telecommunication system for the year 2000 (IMT2000)?

K?International Telecommunication Union (ITU)?

K?Global Standard?

K?Global Roaming?

K?Multimedia Services?

K?Unique Universal Handset?

Multiple Environment (Indoor, ? EF

K?outdoor, and vehicular scenarios)

Circuit and packet switching ?

K?mode of services

K?World Compatibility?

K?2G??3G?

K?High Transmission Data Rate?K2Mbps

(3.5G) J J
-

K3 Mbps

HSDPA=High-? K

?Speed Downlink Packet Access

.
?3.75G? J J

5.8 ?3.5?

? HSUPA=High-Speed Uplink Packet Access?Mbps

. ?3.75?
WThe Forth Generation (4G) J J

K
?Time-Any Any Where? ?Real Time Audio?

?IPV6? K ?IPV6?

NTTdocomo ?
?Motorolla, Orange Vodafone,?
WKE2012 2015F

1 Gbps 100 Mbps K

K

K K

K?WiMax??WiFi? K

K K
K K

K K

KEIPV6FIP K
KIEEE standards 802.11 K

K 15K2015

Packet Radio

Private Mobile
Radio

Analog Cellular
Systems
C-Netz, NMT,
AMPS

Bluetooth

Digital Trunked
Radio TETRA

Mobile ATM

Digital Cellular

GSM Phase 2+,

System GSM

GPRS, WAP,.

Analog Cordless
phones

Digital Cordless
Systems Digital
PBX, DECT

Cordless Public
Telephone

Wireless Local
Loop WLL
Radio in Local
Loop RLL

Satellite System
Inmarsat

Satellite Systems
LEO, MEO

-
Paging Systems

Mobile Data Networks,

Mobile IP, Wireless LAN
(HIPERLAN, 802.11)

Paging Systems

UMTS
IMT - 2000

WE JF

GSM J
GSM J J

GSM

GSM
K

K
GSM J J
?GSM?WE JF

(CEPT)

K900MHz 225MHz
KCEPT(Group special mobile (GSM))
FDMA
KGSMTDMA
European Telecommunication (ETSI) Standards ?

KGSM?Institute
?Phase (1)?GSM 900
KGSM
KGSM 1800DCS 1800

KGSM 900phase (1)

KGSM 900

"Global System for Mobile GSM

Communications"

?International Roaming Agreement?

K
KEFDCS 1800

Data transmission capabilities launched

KPCS 1900
K?SMS?
KPCS 1900GSM 1900

KWireless Application Protocol

K?General Packet Radio Services (GPRS)?
KWCDMA

K3G

GSM J J

GSM 1980s

K GSM

GSM

?Phase (1)?

GSM GSM

E JF K
?Standardization? ?Idea? GSM

K?Implementation/usage?

Phase 2+

Phase 2

Phase 1

1989

Idea

1990

1991

1992

1994

1995

Standardization

1993

WE JF

Implementation / Usage

Phase (1)
W
K?Voice Telephony?

K?International Roaming?

K9.6 kbits/s
K?Call Forwarding?

K?Call Barring?

K?Short Message Service (SMS)?

K?Ciphering?

K?Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Card?

Phase (2)

W
K?Advice of charge?

K?Calling line Identification?

K?Call Waiting?

K?Call Hold?

K?Conference Calling?

K?Closed Users Groups?K

K?Additional Data Communications Capabilities?

Phase (2+)H

W
K?Multiple Service Profiles?

K?Private Numbers ?
K?Access to the Central Services?

K?DECT? GSM 1900 GSM 1800

Phase (2++)HH
W?Radio Interface?
-

K?EDGE?
?Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic (CAMEL)?

?Intelligent Networks(IN)?
K

High ? ?Time Slots?

K?Speed Circuit Switched Data (HSCSD)

W K
K?Mobile? J

K?Portable? J

K?Subscriber? J

K?Subscriber Unit? J

K K

GSM K
GSM K

GSM

GSM


GSM

GSMW

KGSMW

WW
KGSM K
K K

GSM K

K K

KW
K W

W
K

KPower point

KW

- -


GSM

GSM

GSM J

GSM

Subscriber ?

?Identity Module (SIM)

SIMGSM

KSIM
GSM J J

GSM

?Switching System (SS)? GSM

?Base Stations System (BSS)?

GSM
E JFK?Network Monitoring Center (NMC)?
KGSM

Switching System (SS) W

?SS?

Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)

Mobile ??MSC?

?PSTN? ?Stations (MS)

K?ISDN?
- -


GSM

other GSM
Networks

VLR

HLR

BSC

BTS

GMSC

Base Station System

(BSS)

EIR

MSC

BTS

AU
C

Switching System (SS)

PSTN

BSC

MS
BTS

Network Monitoring
Center (NMC)

Base Station System

(BSS)

GSME JF

Home Location Register (HLR) EF

?One Operator?
K

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

?MSC/VLR?

- -


GSM

K
K?VLR??MSC?K
Authentication Center (AUC)

?HLR?
Ciphering Key
K

Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

EF

?IMEI?

Base Station System (BSS) W

?BSS?

K ?Radio Connection?

Base Stations Controller (BSC)

?Paging? GSM

K?Handover?

K?MSC??BSCs?
Base Transceiver System (BTS)

- -


GSM

?Radio Interface??BTS?

Network Monitoring Center (NMC)W

Operation and ?

K?Network Management Center (NMC) ??Maintenance Center (OMC)

Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

K
WK

OMC-Switching Part (OMC-S) K

OMC-Radio Part (OMC-R) K

Network Management Center (NMC)

KK
GSM J J

- -


GSM

WE JFGSM

Mobile Station (MS)W

GSM

K
W

Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) K

K GSM ?SIM?

W?SIM?K?Mobile Equipments (ME)?

K?International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)?

K?MSISDN?
K?Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)?
K?Location Area Identity ( LAI)?
K
K?Personal Identification Number (PIN)?
K?PIN Unlock Key (PUK)?
K?Ciphering keys (Kc)??Authentication keys (Ki)?
K?PLMN Frequencies?

Mobile Equipment (ME) K

K SIM
- -


GSM

K?International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI)?

K?MS?E JF




?MS?WE JF
WE JFMS
K? Vehicular Station? K

K?Portable (Transportable) Stations? K

K?Handheld Stations?EF K

Transportable MS

Handheld MS

Vehicular MS

E JF

Base Stations System (BSS)W

?BSS?

KGSM ?MS? K
W

K?MS? K
- -


GSM

K?Handover? K

K K
?BTS? ?BSS?

?Transcoder Unit (TRAU)? ?BSC?

KE JF?BSC??MSC?

Abis
BTS

BSC/TRAU

MS BTS

MSC

Abis

TRAU

Um

BSC

BSS

BSSE JF
Base transceiver station (BTS)

?BTS?

?Radio Interface?

K?Antennas? ?Transceivers? E F K?MS?

?Base Station Identity Code (BSIC)? ?BTS?

?BTS?K

W K?Cell Global Identity (CGI)?

K
K
- -


GSM

K
K?Frequency Hopping ?

?BTS?E JF
Transcoder Unit (TRAU)

?Rate Adaptation?

?BSC? ?MSC?

16 kbits/s64 kbits/s ?MSC?

K?TRAU?E JFK?BSC?

TRAUE JF
- -


GSM

Base Station Controller (BSC)

? MSC??BTSs?

?BTS?

?BSC? KE JF

BSCs .A-bis?BTS?
W?BSC?KBTSs
K?Channel Allocation? K

K?Link Quality? K

K?Signalling and Broadcast Traffic Control? K

K?Frequency hopping? K

K?Handover initiation? K
K?Call set-up? K

E JF
Mobile Switching Center (MSC)

GSM

WE JFK?MS?
- -


GSM

?Switching and Call Routing ? K

K

K?Paging Handling? K

K?Charging? K

.?MSC??BSS??Signaling System? K
K?BSSs? K

K?VLR??HLR? K

? BSCs? K
K

?Location Updating? K
K?VLR??MS?

K K

K?GMSC?

other GSM
Networks

HLR

MS BTS

(BSS)

MSC

GMSC

BSC

VLR

EIR
AUC

PSTN

(SS)

MSCE JF


- -


GSM

Home Location Register (HLR)

? HLR? K
W

K?International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)? K

K?MSISDN? K

K?LAI, MSC Service Area? K

K?Supplementary Services? K
K?Authentication Information's? K

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

?VLR?

?MSs? ?HLR?

?VLR? K ?MSC?
?MSC??MSC?

J J ?HLR?
WK

K?International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)? K

K?Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity (TMSI)? K

K?MSISDN? K
K?Location Area (LA)? K

K?Supplementary Services? K
K?e.g. Idle? K

K .

- -


GSM

Equipment Identity register (EIR)

International Mobile Equipment ? GSM

K?MSs? ?Identity (IMEI)

?MSs??EIR?
W

W?Valid or White list? K

K

W?Suspect or Black list? K

K

W?Fraudulent or Gray list? K

K

?MSs?

?IMEI??MS??MSC?

?EIR??MSC?

KE JF

1. IMEI request

3. Checking IMEI

EIR

MSC/VLR

2. IMEI sending

4. Access / barring

KMSs E JF
- -

MS


GSM

Authentication Center (AUC)

GSM

?Authentication keys (Ki)? ?AUC?

?Ki?K?Ciphering keys (Kc)?

?SIM? ?IMSI?

?HLR??AUC?K?Security Parameters?
E JF?OMC?

WK?AUC?

KKi K

KKi K

K Kc K

E JF

- -


GSM

GSM J

K??
Cellular Structure J J

K K

??

.?Handover?

E JF K
W

Um

BTS
MS

BTS

BTS

BTS

MSC

BTS
BTS

BTS
BTS

BTS
BTS

BTS
BTS

E JF
- -


GSM

WCell

E JF K?Cell Global Identity (CGI)?

K

KE JF

?Hexagonal Cell?E JF

(Overlap Region)EF

(Dead Region)EF

E JF

- -


GSM

W
Omni directional Cell K
?BTS?

K 360

KE JF

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

BTS

E JF
(Sector Cell) K

K
KE JF

BTS

BTS

BTS
BTS

BTS

EF

EF

E JF
- -


GSM

K KE JF

Location Area (LA)

?Location Area Identity (LAI)?

?VLR?

KE JF

Location Area (LA)E JF

MSC/VLR Service Area

KE JF?MSC/VLR?

K?HLR??MSC/VLR?
- -


GSM

?MSC/VLR?WE JF

PLMN Service Area

KE JF MSC/VLR

?Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN)?

K






?PLMN Service Area?WE JF

GSM

- -


GSM

KE JF GSM

?International Roaming?

?GSM?E JF
Basic cellular concepts J J
W
K
K
K?Frequency Re-use?

K
K

K
- -


GSM

K ?Cluster?
K

Cluster Concept

?Cluster?

K ?Cluster?
E JF
KG A

?Cluster?
K

G
F

A
E

C
D

?7 Cell Cluster?WE JF
- -


GSM

W
K i 2 j2 ij

(2.1)

?Integers? j i ?Cluster? K

W
i

WWE JF

j = 2 and

i=1

W
W(2.1) ji
k = i2 + j2 + ij = 12 + 22 + 12 = 7 Cells

Signal attenuation with distance

E F K

K?Re-use Distance (D)?

Frequency Re-use

EF

PLMN K

E JF K
?Cluster?
KGA
- -


GSM

W?Cluster?WE JF
j = 2 and

i=3

W(2.1)?Cluster?
K i 2 j 2 ij
K 32 (2)(3) 22 19 Cells
G
F

B
A

F
C

D
G
F
A
E

B
A
C
D

( -)

KAE JF
- -


GSM

?Cluster?E JF

KGA?Cluster?
Re-use Distance ( D )

G
F

B
A

C
D

G
B
A
E

C
D

Cluster 1

Cluster 2

E JF

D/RK
?K? ?Cluster?

W?D/R?

D
3K
R

(2.2)

?Re-use Factor ? D/R

KRD
D

(2.3)

3K R

WE JF
. 1 Km
- -


GSM

W
K
D
3K 3 7 21 4.6
R

K
=

= 4.6 Km
Handover J J

E JFK
K

E JF
- -


GSM

GSM

WGSM

?GMS?WE JF
GSM 1900

GSM 1800

E-GSM 900

P-GSM 900

GSM 800

1850 1910
MHz

1710 1785
MHz

880- 915
MHz

890 915
MHz

824 949
MHz

1930 1990
MHz

1805 1880
MHz

925 960
MHz

935 960
MHz

869 894
MHz

~ 16 cm

~ 17 cm

~ 33 cm

~ 33 cm

37.5 cm

2 60 MHz

2 75 MHz

2 35 MHz

2 25 MHz

2 25
MHz

80 MHz

95 MHz

45 MHz

45 MHz

45 MHz

200 kHz

200 kHz

200 kHz

200 kHz

200 kHz

300

375

175

125

125

270 kbits/s

270 kbits/s

270 kbits/s

270 kbits/s

270 kbits/s

up-link

down-link

Wavelength

Bandwidth

Duplex Distance

Carrier Separation

no. of Channels

Transmission Rate

- -


GSM

K K

K K
K K

W K

FDMA and TDMA J

TDMA JFDMA J

J J J J
W

J J J
W

J J J
WGSM

J J J
W P-GSM 900

300 J175 J124 J373 J

WEuplinkF P-GSM 900

890-915MHz J 880-915MHz J

935-960MHz J

W GSM 1900

175 J300 J373 J124 J

K= 7
2749.5m J 5956 m J

1520.3m J

W R= 600 m

2454.5m J

WGSM
- -


GSM

BSS JEIR JVLR JMSC J

WGSM

AUC JBSS JHLR JMSC J

WGSM

AUC JBSS JOMC JMSC J

WGSM

AUC

JBSS JVLR JMSC J

ASK J
J

WGSM Modulation

GMSK JMSK JFSK J

WGSM TDMA

J J J

W P-GSM 900

J J J

WGSMK

W GSMK

GSMK

BS

BS
- -


GSM

BS

BS

GSMK

BSCK

BSCBS
BSC

IMEI

- -

W

KW
WW
K K

K K

KGSM K

K K

KGSM K

KW
KW

W
K

KPower point

KW

- -

J
Frequency J J

?Radio Waves?EF

K?Hz? ?Hertz?K ??

Speed of ????Wavelength?

K3108 m/s ?c??Light

W

= c/

(3.1)

??K

K
K300 MHzWE JF
W

E3.1F
c 3 x108 m / s

1m
f 300 x106 Hz

- -

Frequency spectrum J J

?Radio Waves? ?Frequency Spectrum?

E JF K 300 GHz 300 Hz

E JF

LW
MW
FM SW
VHF

UHF

VLF

1Mm 10Km

LF

10Km 1Km

30 300KHz

MF

1Km 100m

0.3 3MHz

HF

100m 10m

3 30MHz

VHF

10m 1m

30 300MHz

UHF

1m 10cm

0.3 3GHz

SHF

10cm 1cm

3 30GHz

EHF

1cm 1mm

30 300GHz

0.3 30KHz

Bandwidth J J

?Frequency Band?

K?fmax??fmin?

? fmax? ?Bandwidth?K

K?Hertz??BW?K?fmin?
(3.2)

BW = fmax - fmin

K?Bit/sec??Bits?

- -

E JF

KE JF

PDC
810-820 MHz
940-956 MHz
1429-1465 MHz
1477-1513 MHz

PHS
1895-1918 MHz

JCT
254-380 MHz

AMPS, TDMA, CDMA

NMT
452-457 MHz
824-849 MHz
869-894 MHz
462-467 MHz


GSM, TDMA, CDMA
GSM
1850-1910 MHz
890-915 MHz
1930-1990 MHz
935-960 MHz
1710-1785 MHz
1805-1880 MHz
PACS
1850-1910 MHz
1930-1990 MHz
PACS-UB
1919-1930MHz

Mobile
phones

CT1+
885-887 MHz

930-932 MHz


Cordless
CT2
telephones
864-868 MHz

DECT
1880-1900 MHz

Channels J J
?Channels?

??

K
?BWch?

?Half Duplex Channels? ?Simplex Channels?

K?Full Duplex Channels?

- -

Simplex Channels

WE JF

K?Pager System?K

?Radio & TV Broadcasting?K

Tx

1 Radio Channel

Rx

E JF

Half-Duplex Channels

E F

?Police Terminals? ?Release to Listen? ?Push to Talk?

KE JF

- -

Tx \ Rx

1 Radio Channel

Tx \ Rx

E JF
Full-Duplex Channels

EF

KE JFGSM

Tx \ Rx

Tx \ Rx

RF1

2 Radio Channel

RF2

E JF

- -

Propagation Velocity J J
?v?Kc = 3x108 m/s

(3.3)

K?Relative Permittivity? r

r = 1
K3x108 m/s

Duplex Distance J J
?Full-Duplex Channels?

GSM

?Down-link?
KE JF ?Up-link?

KE JFK?Duplex Distance?

Down-link

Up-link

E JF

- -

Up - Link
MHz 890

Down - Link
915

935

960

Duplex Distance (45 MHz)

Bandwidth (2 X 25 MHz)

E JF

Carrier Separation (Carrier Bandwidth) J J

?Carrier Bandwidth?
K

K?Overlap?

GSM K
KE JF?200 KHz?

MHz

895.4

895.6

Carrier Separation (200 kHz)

E JF

- -

Modulation Method J J

GSM

?Amplitude? ?Carrier Signal?

K ?Phase?? Frequency?
WE JFK
K?Amplitude shift keying (ASK)?

K?Frequency shift keying (FSK)?

K?Phase shift keying (PSK)?

ASK

FSK

PSK (BPSK)
(0, 180)

E JF

Minimum Shift ? FSK, PSK

E JF ?Keying (MSK)

?Even Bits?

f1W K?Odd Bits?

WKf2=2f1 f2
- -

f2 0 J
KE180oF

f1 01 J
KE180oF

f1 10 J
K

f21 J
K

MSK E JF

?Gaussian Low-Pass Filter?

?Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)?

GSM
K?DECT?

- -

Multiple Access Methods J J

FDMA

?Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)?

K?Frequency Domain?








FDMA

E JF
915 ? ?890 MHz? GSM

?MS? ?Up-Link? ?MHz

?960 MHz? ?935 MHz? ?BTS?

20 ? ?BTS? ?Down-Link?

124 K ?MHz

K?200 KHz?

- -

TDMA

?Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)?

?Time Slot (TS)? ?Time Domain?

K
K

GSM?FDMA?

TDMA frame?TDMA?

K ?Time Slot (TS)? 8

K?TDMA? E JFK

Frequency1

TDMA

GSM?TDMA?E JF

SDMA

?TDMA? ?FDMA?
GSM

Space Division Multiple Aaccess ?

- -

?(SDMA)

E JF K ?Cells?

K?SDMA?
K

?SDMA? E JF

?BTS??GSM?

?MS?

K
Co-channel ?

?SDMA?K?Interferance

?Main Beam?

?Smart/Adaptive Antennas?

E JFK ?Radiation Nulls?

K?SDMA?

?SDMA?

K?SDMA?

- -

f1

f1
f2

Phased
Array
Antenna

f1

f1

f3
A. 120 Sectored Radio
Site

Radio beams
follow movement
of mobile radio

f1

f1
B. Radio Site with SDMA
Technology

?SDMA? E JF
CDMA

G3?Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)?

? CDMA? E JF
- -

J
Path Loss J J

3x108 m/s

K
EFPr K?Line Of Sight (LOS)?
K ?d?

W?Inverse Square Law?

Pr

1
d2

(3-4)

?Gain?

K
K

Blocking and Shadowing J J

F ?BTS? ?MS?

K?Blocking?

?Fading?EF

?Shadowing? ?Reflection?

K
- -

E JF E F

?Shadowing?E JF

EF

?Scattering?

?Wave Diffraction? K

?Patterns? KE JF

?Wave Diffraction??Scattering?E JF
- -

Multi-path propagation J J

Multi-path ?

?Propagation

?MS? ?BTS?

?Rayleigh Fading? K
K?Delay Spread or Time Dispersion?

3s?Delay Spread?

Rayleigh

Fading

?Rayleigh Fading? E J F

K
K

?Rayleigh Fading?E JF
- -

Time Dispersion or Delay Spread

K?TDMA?

?One Bit? ?Time Dispersion?

?Adaptive Equalization?K
K

?Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)?

K
KE JF

KE JF
- -

15 s GSM

E JF 4.5Km

15 s
K4.5Km

E JF
Time alignment J J

K?Time Domain?

?MSs? ?BTS?

K E JF K

K ?Timing Advance?

- -

?Time Alignment?E JF

J J

K?Bit? ?Symbol?
Inter-Symbol Interference?

K?Symbol Rate?KK?(ISI)

E JFK?Short Term Fading?

?Long Term Fading?

- -

E JF

?Doppler Shift?

K
K
J

- -

Channel Coding J J
Bit Error Rate ?

K?(BER)

K
K

( Tx bits)

1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0

( Rx bits)

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0

( BER)

BER= 3/10 = 30%

?Channel Coding?

K?Path Loss?K
Interleaving J J

?Interleaving?

KE JF ?Bits?

K

- -

E JF
Antenna Diversity J J
?Time Diversity?

Space ? ?Angle Diversity? ?Frequency Diversity?

KK?Diversity

K10cm

K E JF

?1/10 ?

K
- -

KE JF
Adaptive Equalization J J

?Adaptive Equalization?

Time ?

?Bits? K?Dispersion
Training ? ?Burst? ?Time Slot?

K ?Sequence



KK
?26 Bit? GSM

KE JF
Received burst
S'

Data

Data

Correlator

Transmitted burst

diff

Channel
Model

E JF
- -

Choose
"?"
So that
Diff
Is
minimized

Frequency Hopping J J

?Frequency Hopping?

?Co-channel Interference?

K ?Fading?

124

?Slow Frequency Hopping?

K?Fast Frequency Hopping?

JFK

E JF
- -

Timing Advance J J

.?BTS??MS?

K
?Timing Advance?

K

K
K?Time Alignment?
?Timing Advance?

KE JF

Start
Sending

Synchronization Time

Time

E JF
Kone bitGSM

GSMK

63 bit
K35 Km

- -

GSM J

MSKGSME JF

E JF

KK








MSE JF

MSE JF
- -

?GMSK?

?Duplexer?

K K

?BTS?

KE JF

Analog to Digital (A/D) Conversion J J

?Analog Speech Information?

KE JF( 0's , 1's)

W?Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)?

E JF

Sampling

8 kHz
KE JFK3400 Hz 300 Hz

- -

SamplingE JF

Quantization

Quantization ?K

E JFK ?Error
GSM 256 K
K13 bit / sample8192







?Quantization?E JF

- -

Coding

EBits F Coding

K( 213 = 8192 level ) 13 Bit

KE JF



0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1

GSME JF

Rb ( one MS) = 104 kbits/s = 13 bit /sample 8000 sample

K
Rb ( 8 MS) = 104 kbits/s 8 MS = 832 kbit/s

?MS? 200 kHz GSM

832 kbit/s

- -

Segmentation and Speech Coding J J

Segmentation

20 ms
bits 20 ms
KE JF8000 sample/s 50 sample/s

E JF
Speech

Coding

A/D 13 bits 260 bits GSM

Rb = 50 sample 260 bit = 13 kbits/s

- -

W
Rb = 13 kbits/s 8 MS = 104 kbits/s

Channel Coding J J
E JF ?Channel Coding?

K GSM
20 ms 260 bit
W

KE50 Very Important BitsF50 bitW K

KE132 Important BitsF132 bitW K

KE78 Not So Important BitsF78 bitW K

F?Parity?3bitBlock Coder?50 bit?

K53 bitE?1s?

Convolutional ??Tail?4 bit?132 bit?53 bit

378 bit 1/2 ?Coding

456 bit K 78 bit

K20 ms

Block
Coder
+3 bits

50 very
Important bits

53 bits
1:2
Convolution
al
Coder

378 bit

132 Important bits

456 bits
4 Tail bits

78 Not so Important bits

GSME JF
- -

W?MS?
Rb = 456 bits / 20 ms = 22.8 kbits/s
W?MSs?
Rb = 22.8 kbits/s 8 MS = 182.4 kbits/s
GSM J J

K GSM

20 K

8 Blocks456 bitms

EF 57 bit
KE JFK









E JF

- -

20 ms
E 1,2,3,4F K
KE5,6,7,8F
E JFK
K

E JF

Ciphering / Encryption J J

GSM ?Encryption?

114 bit ?XOR?

K?kc ? ?Frame Number (FN)?

K

K 114 bit
KE JFK

- -

Ciphering / DecipheringE JF

Burst Formatting

J J

JF 546.5s 148 bit GSM

WE

3 bit ?Tail? J

K57 bit?User Data? J

K1 bitESF?Flag? J

K26 bit?Training Sequence? J

K1 bitESF?Flag? J

K57 bit?User Data? J

3bit ?Tail? J

K 15.25s?Space Guard? J

30.5s
K577 s?Time Slot?

- -

GSM ?Burst?E JF

GSM J J

?Digital Modulator?

GSM
K?Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) ?

-60dB

K
200KHz ?Bandwidth? 270.8Kbit/s
?Duplexer?K 1.35bit/sec/Hz

- -

J J J JW
K
K

K
MSK K

GSM K

Multiplexing K

FDMA K
TDMA K

SDMA K

K
K
K

GSM K

K
W K

J J J

W K

J J J J
- -

K
K

GSM K

GSM K

GSM K

GSM K

GSMencryption K

GSM K

GSM K

- -

W

KGSMW
WW
K K

K
K K
K K

K K
K K

K
KW
KW

W
K

KPower Point

K W



- -

GSM J
GSM

KGSM

K

?FDMA?GSM

25 MHz?TDMA?

K 200KHz ?Carrier? 124

?TDMA?

?Burst? 577s 15/26 ms

E JF

Frame- ?

K4.615 ms120/26 ms?TDMA

- -

GSME JF

?Logical Channel?

?Physical Channel?

Logical Channel J
Traffic ? GSM

?Control Channels? ?TCH? ?Channels

K K?CCH?

K?Down-Link??Up-Link?

?Base Station?

K?MS?

?TCHs?GSMK
E JFK

KGSM

- -

KGSME JF
TCHs J J
26 ?
26 ?Multi-Frame? ?TCHs?

KE JF?TDMA-Frames

E JF
- -

?Speech??Traffic?
24K120 ms

?User Data?

K ?Slow Associated Control Channel (SACCH)?

?TCHs?

?Full Rate TCHs (13.4kbps)?

K?Half Rate TCHs (7kbps)?

KGSM

?TCH/F (FR)?

K?Time Slot (TS)?EF

?TCH/H?

?TS0?GSM

?Broadcast Station?

K
K

- -

Traffic Channels Bit

Rates (TCH)

E JF

Overall
Bit Rate

Speech TCH
Full (FR)
Channel
Speech
Coding
13 kbps

9.8 kbps

22.8 kbps

Data TCH

Half (HR)
Channel
Speech
Coding
6.5 kbps

4.9 kbps

11.4 kbps

Full (FR)
Parity
Data
Check
9.6 kbps

1.8 kbps

4.8 kbps

6.6 kbps

2.4 kbps

9 kbps

22.8 kbps

Half (HR)
Parity
Data
Check
4.8
6.6 kbps
kbps
2.4
kbps

9 kbps

11.4 kbps

CCHs J J
WE JFGSM
?Broadcast Channels (BCH) ?

?Common Control Channels (CCCH)?

?Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH)?

KGSM

?Down-link??CCCH??BCH?

?TS0? ?Up-link?

Control Channel Multi-?51

GSM ?E JFFrame

?TCHs? TS0:TS7?Broadcast Channels

K
K

- -

E JF

K 34 GSM

51 ?Down-Link?
?CCCH? ?CCCH? ?BCH?

?TS0? ?Up-Link?

?DCCH? K?Idle Frame?

KDCCH

- -

Broadcast Channels (BCH) J J J

?Down-Link? ?BCH?

KGSM ?TS0?
?Up-Link??Duplex??TCHs?

?BCH? K?Down-Link?

?Synchronization? ?BCH?

?BCH? K

?TS0?

K?Dummy Bursts? ?DCCH? ?TCH?

?TCH?
K?DCCH?

?TS0??BCH?

WE JFK51
Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

?BCCH? K ?BCCH?
K54 51

K?BCCH??TS0?W

?I? ?CCCHs?E SCH FCCH WF ?BCH?

K51

- -

Frequency Correction Channel (FCCH)

GSM TS 0

K
K

Synchronization Channel (SCH)

?FCCH? ?TS0?

2715647 0 (FN) ?SCH?

?SCH? K GSM ?BSIC?

KE51F

Common Control Channels (CCCH) J J J

GSM?TS0??BCH?

?CCCH? K
?BCH?

WE JF

K?Paging Channel (PCH)? J

K?Random Access Channel (RACH)? J

K?Access Grant Channel (AGCH)? J

?CCCH?

K
W

Paging Channel (PCH)

- -

?PCH?

?IMSI?

K?RACH?

?PCH?

KGSM
Random Access Channel (RACH)

K K?PCH?

?TS0??PCH?
RACHEF K GSM

?RACH?
?Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channel(SDCCH)?

K
K?AGCH?

Access Grant Channel(AGCH)

AGCHK

?CCCH?

?RACH?K

K?CCCH?


- -

1) Paging (PCH)
MS

2) Random Access (RACH)

BSS / MSC

3) Channel Assignment

Access Burst
TB
8

Training Seq
41

Data
36

TB
3

GP
68.25

Channel Req. message

Establishment
Cause 3 bits

Random discriminator
5 bits

RACHCCCHMSBTSE JF

Dedicated Control Channels (DCCH) J J J

GSM

KK

?DCCHs?

K?BCH?
WE JF

Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCH) K

- -

Slow Associated Control Channels (SACCH) K

Fast Associated Control Channels (FACCH) K
Stand-alone Dedicated Control Channels (SDCCH)

?SDCCH? K ?TCH?

?MSC?
K

E F

?SDCCH? KTCH

?BCH?
K
?CCCH?

Slow Associated Control Channels (SACCH)

?SDCCH?

?SACCH?K

K K

?Time Advance Instructions?

K

K?BCH??TCH?

L?SDCCH?

?SDCCH? K

Fast Associated Control Channels (FACCH)

- -

?FACCH??SDCCH?

?SDCCH?

?FACCH?K

?Bits?K??

K?TCH?

K?TCH??FACCH?

Control Channels for Authentication and Encryption

K K

K
K

W J

E JF
- -

W J










E JF

Logical physical Mapping J

E JF
- -

Burst structure and Types J

KKGSM

?DCCH? ?Normal Burst?

?FCCH? K ?TCH?
?SCH?
?RACH?

K ?Dummy? K

KE JF

Normal Burst

TB
3

Encrypted bits
57

Synch Burst

TB
3

Encrypted bits
39

Flag Training Sequ.

1
26

Freq. Correction TB
3
Burst

Flag
1

Synchronization Sequ.
64

Encrypted bits
57

TB
3

GP
68.25

Encrypted bits
39

TB
3

GP
68.25

TB
3

GP
68.25

Fixed bits
142

Dummy Burst

TB
3

Mixed bits
58

Access Burst

TB
8

Synchronization Sequ.
41

Training Sequ.
26
Encrypted bits
36

Mixed bits
58
TB
3

TB
3
GP
68.25

GP
68.25

E JF

KE JF 20s

- -

E JF

4.615ms
K20s 147 Bit

GSM QOS J

4s

Switch On Time

10s
4s
2s
4s
15s
150ms
100ms
90ms
90%

Connection Time

Release Time

Incoming Call Alert

Max Handoff Gap

Max One Way Delay

Speec Intelligibility
- -

K
K

K
K K

EF K

K K

KGSM K
WGSM K

- -

- -

W

KGSMW
WW
K K
KGSM K

KGPRS K

KCDMA K

KW
KW

W
K

KPower point
KGSM W

GSM J

GSMK

KE F
K

?Quality? ?Coverage? ?Capacity?

GSM GSM

GSME JF

High Speed Circuit Switched Data ?

?(HSCSD)

?General packet radio service (GPRS)?

K?HSCSD?

K "GPRS?

Enhanced ? GSMGPRS

?Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)

-

K
?Universal Mobile Telecommunication system (UMTS)?

Functionality

UMTS

GSM
- GPRS data services

EDGE
up to 160 kbit/s

GSM - HSCSD data services up to 38.6 kbit/s

(later
up to 64 kbit/s)

data
services
GSM - CS
up to 9.6 kbit/s

1991/1992

1998

1999

2000

2002

Time

E JF
J

?Switching? K

?Packet Switching?

K?Circuit Switching?

ETime SlotF

K
K

E JF

KE JF


-

Circuit Switching

Packet Switching

Information

B
Information

Information
Information

E JF

Circuit Switched Communication J

K
K

?Data Traffic?

E JF K
K

Packet Switched Communication J

K
W
K?e-mail??Bursts?

K?Telemetry Applications?

EFE JF

Packet Switched applications J

WK
Horizontal Applications J J

WK?Person to Person?
K?E-mail? K

K?World Wide Web (WWW) Browsers? K

K?Internet Chats? K

K?File Transfer Protocol (FTP)? K

K?Credit Card Readers? K
K?Two- way Messaging? K

Vertical applications J J
WK
K?Field

Sales? K

K K

K K
K K
GSM J

KEF

SMS GSM
K 9.6 kbit/s
-

KEF
KE JFGSM
384 kb/s
EDGE

115 kb/s
9.6 14.4 kb/s
CS

57.6 kb/s

GPRS

HSCSD

GSME JF

HSCSD J J
GSM

KGSM ?CS? GSM

?TCH?

K57.6 kbit/s

Down-??Up-Link?

K?Upload? ?Download? ?Link

K?Notebooks with Data Card?

?HSCSD?
K

?8TS?

Air Interface User ? ?TDMA?

8TCH/F14.4?Rate (AIUR)

K115.2 kbit/s 14.4 kbit/s

GSM
AIURK

E JFK4TS4TS57.6 kbit/s

KEF

HSCSDTSE JF
AIUR
4.8 kbit/s
9.6 kbit/s
14.4 kbit/s
19.2 kbit/s
28.8 kbit/s
38.4 kbit/s
43.2 kbit/s
57.6 kbit/s

TCH / F4.8
1
2
3
4
-

TCH / F9.6
1
2
3
4
-

TCH / F14.4
1
2
3
4

GSM?HSCSD?

W?CS?

GSM K
K
?TCH? K
K
?TCH? K

K
-

GPRS J J

K?GPRS?

?HSCSD?

GSM K
115kbit/s .(2.5G){?GPRS?K

K56kbit/s to 117kbit/s

(EDGE)GSM J J
?EDGE?

EGPRS (Enhanced ? ?GPRS?

K384kbit/s ?GPRS)

?EDGE?
?EDGE? K GSM

?HSCSD? ?GPRS? ?EDGE?

?GMSK? ?8 PSK?
GSM

?GPRS? K200 kHz

K?EDGE? ?GPRS? E JF KGSM

?EDGE Transceiver Unit??EDGE?

EDGE K

?Modulation and Coding Schemes (MCS)?

-

60 kbit/s

BER
K?MS??BTS??Up & Down Link?
K 8PSKGMSK E JF

EDGEGPRSE JF

E JF
Modulation and
Coding Scheme
MCS-1

Modulatin
Technique
GMSK

Bit Rate
(kbit/s) / TS
8.8

Coding Rate
(bits)
53

MCS-2

GMSK

11.2

66

MCS-3

GMSK

14.8

85

MCS-4

GMSK

17.6

100

MCS-5

8 PSK

22.4

37

MCS-6

8 PSK

29.6

49

MCS-7

8 PSK

44.8

76

MCS-8

8 PSK

54.4

92

MCS-9

8 PSK

59.2

100

3G J J

K
Video ?

?Conferences

?UMTS??IMT-2000?

2Mbits/s 384kbit/s
K

?WCDMA?

WK2 GHz
K

K?Multimedia?
K
J

EGMSKF GSM

K?EDGE? 8PSK

E1 bits /symbolFE3 bits /symbolF

?GMSK?
-

E JF K?One TS?
?GMSK? K?8PSK? ?GMSK?

?8 PSK?K?I/Q??Orthogonal Signals?(0,1)

?I/Q? (3 bits)
K(3 bits)

GMSK Modulation

8 PSK Modulation

( 0, 1, 0 ) Q
( 0, 1, 1 )

( 0, 0, 0 )
1

( 0, 0, 1 )

( 1, 1, 1 )

( 1, 1, 0 )

( 1, 0, 1 )
( 1, 0, 1 )

"1" bit / Symbol

"3" bits / Symbol

8PSKGMSKE JF

WCDMA J
?MSs? ?CDMA?

?MS? K

?MSs? K

K ?MS?

K
K

K?WCDMA? ?CDMA?
-

?UMTS??WCDMA?

GSM 200 KkHz 5 MHz

?Signal Spreading?

5124?Spreading Factor (SF)??Channel Code?

KE JFK1 bit

Spreading
1:N

WCDMA Signal

User Information
(speech / data)

Channel
Coding

WCDMAE JF

Frequncy
User 1

Code

User 2
User 3

C1

C2
C3

Time

WCDMAE JF

Bit 1

Bit 0

Signal Data

PN Code

Spread Signal

180 phase Shift

0 Phase Shift

1 bitE JF

5 MHz (25MHz) ?WCDMA?

1920 1980 MHz

K?Down-Link?2110 2170 MHz?Up-Link?
GPRS J
W?GPRS?
J J
GSM ? GPRS?

WK
K?LAN?EF?MS? K
-

?IP? K
KGSM

GSM ?GPRS? K
KPS CS

MS ?GPRS? K
K

MS K
K

K
K?Data Buffer?

GPRS J J
GPRSE JF

Circuit Switching (CS)

BSS
MS

CN

Um
MSC/
VLR

BTS
BSC

GMSC

PSTN

BTS
HLR

EIR

BTS

Internet

BSC
SGSN

Uu

GGSN

AUC

BTS

Packet Switching (PC)

GPRSE JF

GSM

(Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)) GPRS

?MS?

W
K?Ciphering and Authentication? K
K?Session Management? K

K?Mobility Management? K

K ?Logical Link Management? K

KHLR, MSC, BSC, GGSN K

K?Output of Billing Data? K

Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

K GSM
W

?IP? K
K?Internet Service Providers?

K?GPRS? K
K?SGSN? K

K?MS? K
Terminal

Equipment (TE)

?GPRS?

?IP? ?GPRS?
?Modem?

Mobile

Terminal (MT)

?TE? ?MT?

?GPRS? ?BTS?

K?SGSN?
MS

W?GPRS?
K?CS??PS?A K

?CS? ?PS? B K
?CS? ?PS?K

K?PS?

KC K
BSS

?BSC? K
?MSC/VLR??CS?

KGSM?SGSN??PS?

K?GPRS??BTS? K

HLR

?HLR?GSM

K?GPRS?

VLR

?GSM/GPRS?

?SGSN? ?MSC?

K?SGSN??GPRS/VLR?
UMTS J

?EGSM / EDGE Radio Access NetworkF GERAN?

UMTS Terrestrial RADIO ? ?UMTS?

K?UMTS? ?GERAN? ?Access Network (UTRAN)

?UMTS? E JF
User ??UMTS?K

?UTRAN? ?Equipments (UE)

K?Core Network (CN)?

CS Elements ( Voice)

Uu

UE

Node-B

Iu CS

Iub
RNC

ME

MSC/
VLR

GMSC

PSTN

Node-B
EIR

HLR

AUC

HSS

Node-B

Internet
RNC

Node-B

Iur
USIM

CN

UTRAN

Uu

Iu PS

GGSN

SGSN

PS Elements ( data)

UMTSE JF

User Equipments (UE)W

?USIM? ?ME?

?Uu? ?UMTS? ?UE?

K?WCDMA?

EUTRANFUMTSW
W
?BTS?B J
?UE? ?UMTS?
B ?Spreadin?
KGSMBTS

?Radio Network Controller (RNC) ? J

B B
B ?BSC?
B ?RNC?
?Handover? GSM CN
?RNCs? K?Data Encryption?
K
Core Network (CN)W
K
W

CS Elements J
?MSC?GSM

KGSM?GMSC??VLR?
PS Elements J

3G?GGSN??SGSN??GPRS?

K?Home Subscriber Server (HSS)?

K?AUC??EIR??HLR?

Packet SwitchingCircuit Switching K

GSMHSCSD

K
8 PSK K
GPRSGGSNSGSN K
GPRS K
WCDMARNCHSSGGSNSGSNHSCSD K

[1] Ericsson Training Manuals.

[2] William Lee, Mobile Cellular Telecommunications, McGraw Hill, 2001.
[3] J. Schiller, Addison, Mobile Communication, Wesley, 2000.
[4] John Scourias,' Overview of the Global System for Mobile Communications.
[5] Theedere S. Rappaport: Wireless Communications.
[6] Philips: GSM System Introduction.
[7] Giuseppe Bianchi: GSM- Radio Interface.
[8] Ericsson: GSM System Survey.
[9] Ericsson: GPRS System Survey.
[10] Aircom: GSM Technology for Engineers.
[11] William Webb, '' Understanding Cellular Radio".
[12] Siegmund M.Redl, Matthias K.Weber and Malcolm W.Oliphant, "GSM and
Personal Communications Handbook".

- -

..W
.

.. J
GSM J
...
..GSMW
....GSM J
....GSM J
..............GSM J
.....
......W
........ J
..... J
.. J
....GSM J
......
.W
.........GSM J
....... J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J
.... J
.......GSM QOS J
......
....W
.....GSM J
- -

..... J
..... J
.. J
.. J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKGSM J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKGPRS J
KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKUMTS J
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