Psy 206: Chapter 2 Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Father of Psychoanalysis

I. Structure A. 3 Mental Life / Level of Consciousness

Unconscious Description Where Unacceptable, undiscovered sexual and aggressive drives, urges, and instincts that motivate our words Deepest part of the psyche Dreams, Freudian slips, wit, neurotic symptoms Seen as relatively pleasant, nonthreatening experiences Primary censor Must be disguised Final censor Watches the passageway between the conscious and the preconscious Repression Block out our anxiety ridden experiences as defense against pain of anxiety *due to punishment and suppression Phylogenetic Endowment Inherited experiences that lie beyond an individuals personal experiences Middle ground Not in awareness Conscious perception

Can be conscious

Origins

Preconscious Description Origins

Can be conscious Conscious

Perception is conscious for a period until it passes into the pre-conscious when focus of attention shifts Unconscious Ideas can slip past the vigilant censor and enter in a disguised form Quite easily / with some level of difficulty memories, stored knowledge

Mental elements in awareness at any given point in time Description Only level that is directly available to us Origins Perception conscious Turned toward the outer world; medium for the perception of external stimuli Mental structure Nonthreatening ideas from the preconscious and well-disguised images from unconscious

B. 3 Provinces of the Mind hypothetical not anatomical, but can be parts of the brain according to neurological doctors ID Core of personality Completely unconscious Basic instinct newborn baby (illogical, unorganized, amoral Principle Pleasure, seeks satisfaction of instinctual needs Purpose Too seek pressure without regard for what is proper or just Primary No contact with reality (use ego to do so) process Persons sole communication with the external world Principle Reality Purpose Mediates id, superego, reality; decision making/ executive branch of personality Functions Pleasure and pain experience of parental rewards or punishment, will learn what to do next Has no energy of its own Internalized parental voice in our psyche Principle Perfection not concerned for the happiness of ego Moralistic and idealistic Primary Repository of your ego-ideal, ideal self (what should you process do) Unrealistic in the demands for perfection Conscience Lives and is responsible for the experience of guilt (what you should not do) Figure 1

EGO

SUPEREGO

Figure 2

II.

Process People are motivated to seek pleasure and to reduce tension / anxiety A. Dynamics of Personality Internal drive/ impulse as a constant motivational force Originates from the id ! stays under control of the ego Impetus Sources Aim Object Homeostasis Tension Reduction Amount of force the instincts exerts Region of the body in a state of excitation/ tension Seek of pleasure by removing the state of excitation and tension Satisfies the claim Tensions are resolved and continues to seek activities that can reduce original tension Sex (Eros) Fuel libido (I

Instincts/Drives

Anxiety

Sex

desire) preserves the life through reproduction Aim pleasure Flexible Erogenous zones Final aim reduction of sexual tension Aggression/ Death drive Destruction (Thanatos) Aim return to an ultimate inorganic condition, death Final aim self destruction Flexible Felt, affective, unpleasant state by physical sensation Only the ego feels Birth Trauma Most extreme form of anxiety separated from mothers Fear of the Change from an environment of complete unknown security to one which is less predictable Neurotic Not giving into id Exists in the ego Moral Outgrowth of conflict between Realistic Related to fear Ego-preserving Signals us from upcoming danger mechanism All pleasurable activity leads to the sexual drive Flexibility disguise of Eros that can be transformed or displaced Not limited to genital pleasure Aim cannot be changed (either passive or active) or temporarily inhabited Erogenous Zones Regions of the body that is capable of producing pleasure Mouth, Anal, and Genital Narcissism Excessive love or admiration of ones self Primary (self- love) infants excessively on their ego Secondary (moderate self-love) puberty Love Healthier form Libido on an external person/object Reciprocal side of attraction Natural desire for incest aim-inhabited original aim is repressed First sexual interest mother Overt sexual love for members family is repressed Narcissistic tendencies ideal of what they would like to be Sadism Need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain or humiliation to others Must seek and find another person to inflict Dependent

Model

Aggression

Common need Need for sexual pleasure by inflicting pain by themselves or others Self inflicted pain Sexual Perversion S and M taken to an extreme Life and death instinct to a extreme Death drive bring organism to a calm or non-existence Mortido Federn Destrudo Weiss Flexible because of its many forms Must submit themselves to the demands of the real world sex, aggression Masochism B. Defense Mechanism egos purpose to avoid dealing with sexual and aggressive implosives and defend itself against the anxiety Protects ego VS. anxiety

Repression

Reaction Formation

Displacement (Project Man)

Fixation

Regression

Projection

Primary defense mechanism Ego is threatened by the id Motivated forgetting Forces threatening feelings into the unconscious Examples Traumas, phobias Repressed 1. Remain unchanged in the unconscious 2. Force their way into consciousness in an altered form creating more anxiety 3. Expressed in displaced forms to deceive the ego (physical symptoms, outlet) Repressed impulses comes into the unconscious through adopting a disguise in opposition with the original form Reactive behavior 1. Exaggerated character 2. Obsessive and compulsive form Redirecting an impulse onto a substitute target symbolic so the original impulse is concealed Sexual drive Object can be displaced onto a variety of other objects including self Replacement of a Ex: Masturbation displaced in excessive hand neurotic symptom washing Dream Formation Ex: Dreamers destructive urges toward a parent are placed onto a dog or world Permanent attachment of the libido onto earlier stage of development Remains at a current pleasurable activity next step is too anxiety provoking Demand a more or less permanent expenditure of psychic energy Universal Reverting back to the earlier stage after libido passed a developmental step Threatening anxieties Temporary expenditure of psychic energy Infant Reverting back to being breastfed after younger brother is born Adults Reaction to anxiety-producing situation is to revert to earlier, more secure patterns of behavior Investment of libido to primitive, familiar objects Seeing in others unacceptable feelings or tendencies that actually reside in

Introjection

Sublimation

Denial Undoing Intellectualization Rationalization

ones own unconscious Placing an unwanted impulse onto an external object Paranoia Powerful delusions of jealousy and persecution Repressed homosexual feelings toward a persecutor Causes When an internal impulse provokes too much anxiety, ego reduces it through projection People incorporate positive qualities of another person into their own ego Adopt mannerisms, values, or lifestyle Identification higher esteem of 100% Oedipus Complex Prototype young child introjects the authority and values of one or both parents (sets the superego) Repression of the genital aim of Eros by substituting a cultural or social aim Direct expression of Eros and result in a kind of balance Productive form Aim Help both individual and the social group cultural accomplishments Blocking of external events from awareness refuses to experience it Denial in fantasy childrens imagination Ego attempts to get rid of unpleasant experiences and their consequences through compulsive ceremonial behavior Removing the emotional content from the thought before allowing it into awareness Cognitive distortion of facts to make an event or an impulse less threatening Presents an explanation logically consistent / ethically unacceptable

C. Psychosexual Stages Infantile (4-5 years old) Most crucial for personality formation Possession of sexual life ! pre-genital sexual development Interest in genitals, delight in sexual pleasure, and manifest sexual excitement Not capable of reproduction (Autoerotic) Oral Phase First organ to provide with pleasure (Birth-18 months) Life-sustaining nourishment and act of sucking Aim Receive the nipple (object-choice) Oral-receptive Satisfied with minimum anxiety Oral-sadistic Escalated anxiety scheduled feedings, time lapses and weaning ambivalence toward the mother and budding ego to defend itself Biting, cooing, closing their mouth, smiling and crying First autoerotic Thumb sucking,

experience Positive Negative Anal Phase (2-4 years old)

sexual and not nutritional needs Trust, security, optimism, vitality Mistrust, insecurity, pessimism

Anus Anal-sadistic aggressive behavior through excretory function Either gender can develop an active (masculine of dominance and sadism) or passive (feminine of voyeurism and masochism) orientation Early Destroying/ losing objects Sadistic drive is stronger Toilet training aggression Late Friendly interest toward their feces Erotic pleasure of defacating Anal character Keeping, possessing objects, excessively neat and orderly Overly resistant to toilet training, holding back feces Anal triad Orderliness, stinginess, and obstinacy Anal eroticism Penis envy in phallic envy and expressed in giving birth Penis = baby = feces

Phallic Phase (3-4 years old)

Genital area Dichotomy between male and female development anatomical differences between sexes (account for many psychological differences) Anatomy is destiny understanding of girls and women was incomplete Masturbation Second, more crucial stage Universal but suppressed by parents Oedipus complex Loving, hostile wishes toward their parents Male Oedipus complex Seeing the father as a rival, desire to have his mother Once repressed, superego develops and identifies with his father Complete Oedipus Feminine disposition + masculine tendency = complex affection and hostility coexist of one or both unconscious feelings Castration complex Fear of losing the penis Aware of the absence of penis of girls parental threats of punishing the boy Dreaded possibility

Latency Period

Represses his impulses toward sexual activity (including seduction of his mother) Boys ego is mature enough Female Oedipus Incestuous feelings for the mother, but turns complex / Electra into hostility (blame for not having a penis) complex Libido is turned to the father satisfy her wish for a penis and giving her a baby Penis envy Envious, cheated, and desire to have a penis Powerful force in the formation of girls personality May last for years Wish to be a boy, desire to have a man/baby Acknowledgement 1. Give up their of castration sexuality (Hostility) and develop hostility for the mother 2. Cling to their masculinity and fantasize being a man 3. Develop normally father as a sexual choice and undergo Oedipus complex Resolution Gives up masturbatory activity, surrenders sexual desire for her father, identifies with her mother BOYS VS. GIRLS Boys Girls Stronger superego Weaker superego, more flexible, less severe Castration anxiety Oedipus complex follows Oedipus follows castration complex anxiety do not experience shock or trauma Faster resolved More slowly dissolved Dormant psychosexual development

(4-5th year before puberty)

Genital Period (11-12 to 18-21 years old)

Maturity

Parents attempts to punish or discourage sexual activity in their young children Superego starts to development Learned to sublimate the libido , thanatos, and internal feelings (shame, guilt, and morality) by constant parent suppression Sexual drive still exists Children form groups or cliques Phylogenetic endowment prohibition of sexual activity Time of sexual reawakening Eros remains unchanged continue to be repressed, sublimated, expressed in masturbation and/other sexual acts Diphasic sexual life Give up autoeroticism to a more fruitful relationship Reproduction For girls Penis envy same status or power as the penis Uses their feminine to overpower men For boys Female organ is more sought-after object rather than a source of trauma Sexual instinct Complete organization and the component drives that had operated somewhat independently during the early infantile period gain a kind of synthesis during adolescence Perversion Mouth, anus pleasurable-producing areas Main satisfaction Genitals Never conceptualized Ego is the strongest controls the superego and id A balance of the three mental images Physical and psychological maturity (seldom) earlier developmental periods in an ideal manner Ego ideal is realistic Id has no traces of shame or guilt Superego beyond parental identification and control with no incest Consciousness minimal need to repress sexual and aggressive urges Libido tender and sensual love

III.

Applications of Psychoanalytic Theory

Psychopathology overusing your defense mechanisms / too much psychic energy Unresolved issues in psychosexual development 1. Overgratification 2. Undergratification ..when a child encounters a traumatic experience and excessive amount of satisfaction causing to use more psychic energy Children must resolve a crisis, passing through psychosexual stages Personality operates on the libido and it gets used up when there is a need to resolve Meaning more psychic energy as adults Techniques that use up psychic energy 1. Fixation tying up to fix

2. Regression there is little psychic energy 3. Cathexis relationship or connection between a need and an object that will satisfy the need 4. Anti-cathexis inhibiting the impulse by either a superego/ego Anxiety ! Neuroticism Psychic energy cannot be replenished, can only be STRENGTHENED, REGAINED, RELEASED A. Early Therapeutic Technique Seduction theory (Active approach) Extracts the repressed childhood memories confession of childhood seduction by an adult Neurotic symptoms were related to childhood fantasies and adopted a more passive approach

B. Late Therapeutic Technique transforming the unconscious to what is conscious Purpose: To strengthen the ego, to make more independent the superego and to widen the perception and enlarge the organization of the id Free association Patients verbalize every thought that comes to their mind (even irrelevant) Purpose Arrive at the unconscious by starting with a present conscious idea and follow with a train of associations Successful Libido must be freed to work in the service of the ego Transference Strong sexual and aggressive feelings (+/-) that patients develop toward their analyst Does not interfere with the process of treatment Powerful ally to the progress (+) (-) Relive childhood Form of hostility and experiences within overcome nonthreatening resistance climate Limitations 1. Psychoses constitutional illnesses (phobias, hysterias, obsessions) 2. Not all memories should be brought into the consciousness 3. A patient, even once cured may later develop another psychic problem To transform manifest (surface meaning) content to the latent (unconscious material) Dreams are in the unconscious but work hard to get into the conscious Royal road most Wish fulfillments Most dreams are latent, some are manifest Belongs in the unconscious Repetition compulsion Patients undergoing a trauma (Posttraumatic Stress Disorder) Condensation Manifest content is not as extensive as latent dream has been condensed before reaching

Dream Analysis

Freudian slip

the manifest content Use of symbols Displacement Dream image is replaced by some other idea only remotely related to it Use of symbols Methods First Ask patients to relate their dream no matter how illogical Dream symbols Discover the unconscious underlying the manifest content Anxiety dreams Belongs to the preconscious Dream of Shame or Nakedness embarrassment at being naked or improperly dressed Death of a Beloved Death of a younger Person wish for destruction Older person Oedipal wish for the death of a parent Sorrow affects have been changed or reversed Failing an Already had been examination successfully passed, or never one that was failed Anticipation of a difficult task (nothing to worry about) Fehlleistung (German) or faulty function Parapraxes Reveal the unconscious intention of the person supplant the weaker intention of the preconscious, reveals persons through purpose Remain hidden from consciousness