Budapest University of Technology and Economics

Department of Strength of Materials and Structures English courses Reinforced Concrete Structures Code: BMETKEPB603 Lecture no. 1:

Introduction, concrete and steel, reinforced concrete (r.c.)

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Introduction, ways of communication

Lecturer: Dr Andrs Draskczy Practical teacher: Bernt Csuka Topics schedule and requirements and lectures will be available on the home page of the Department: www.szt.bme.hu To get to informations of the subject, choose: English, Download, English courses, Reinforced Concrete Weekly reception hours will be commumicated on the home page and at the entrance of the Department (K261) Use of Reinforced Concrete Design Aids is indispensable on the practical lessons, it is available in the copying room of the Department. Recommended text books are listed on the topics schedule.
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1st lecture:

Introduction, concrete and steel, reinforced concrete (r.c.)

Content: 1. Brief history of (r.)c. construction 2. Co-action of concrete and steel in r.c. 3. Characteristics and basic mechanical behaviour of concrete and steel 4. Anchorage of steel bars in reinforced concrete 5. Requirements to be satisfied by design 6. Method of design

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1. Brief history of (r.)c. construction Roman times: ground stone + good quality mortar with hydraulic bound was used for the constuction of the 43 m diameter dome of the Pantheon in Rome 200 BC. It was forgotten in medieval times 1796: roman cement was first used in England separate use of concrete and iron till beginning of XIXth century 1824: Aspdin (England) portlan cement 1848, France: Lambot: r.c. ship body 1850, USA: a lawyer named Hyatt submitted a patent for r.c. beams, using links and longitudinal bars 1867, France, Monnier: flower pots, tubes, patent for slabs, stairs 1870: Hennebique (France): r.c. floor constructions 1887: Koenen designed r.c. beams Rr.c. structural systems, smaller bridges at the end of XIXth century
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Beginning of the XXth century: Mrsch (Germany) elaborated the complete theory, used truss model for shear design (will be shown later) Elaboration of national standards at 1st decade of XXth century: Switzerland (1903), Hungary (1909) 1920-ies: Freyssinet (France) introduced the prestressing technology Became the most important structural meterial from the 1930-ies. 1951, Menyhard (Hungary): first use of plasticity theory in national standard Developments in the 20th century in: -concrete technology -steel products (high strength steel) -prefabrication -monolithic construction with industrialized methods -thin wall r.c. constr., shells -mass production of prestressed r.c. members . -design theory (use of probability principles, limit state design theory)
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2. Co-action of concrete and steel in r.c.

Advantages same coefficient of thermal axpansion (t= 1E-5 1/C) concrete prevents buckling of slender steel bars concrete improves fire-resistance concrete protects steel from corrosion

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3. Characteristics and basic mechanical behaviour of concrete and steel -Concrete: composition: cement (cca 300kg)+ aggregate(cca 1,2m3) + water(cca 150 l) 1 m3 fresh concrete relationships of concrete:

uncracked and cracked state polastic state uniaxial tension and compression test idealizad diagrams
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Compression tests of concrete specimens failure of concrete by crushing

cube strength and cylinder strength characteristic strength (fck) and design strength (fcd), safety factor: fcd= fck/C C= 1,5 compressive strength 10x tensile strength
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strength under biaxial loading

shear strength:

Concrete grades, designation of concrete:

C16/20-XC0-32-F2

C: concrete 16: cylinder compr. Strength (N=mm2) 20: cube strengt 32: max.diam. of aggregate F2: stands for consistency (moderately plastic) placing of fresh concrete (danger of desintegration, importance of vibration) curing of fresh concrete (keep wet during the first week!)
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linear coeff. of thermal expansion: t =1E-5 modulus of elasticity and deformational modulus of concrete E tg=Eco E c = co 1 + cr tg1=Ec creep of concrete: long term deformation under constant compression stress (moving of water towards the surfice), pl 1,5 to 2,5 creep coefficient cr= el

depends from: concrete grade, age, stress level, effective thickness, rel. humidity of the air, duration of loading
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shrinkage of concrete: loss of volume of the concrete due to drying, independent from stresses consequences of shrinkage: compression in steel bars, shrinkage cracks the more reinforcement, the greater danger of cracking) final deformation due to shrinkage: depends from: age of concrete, relative humidity of the air, effective thickness Reinforcing steel
hard drawn steel

mechanical behaviour
mild steel

Modulus of elasticity: Es= tg relationship of mild steel and hard drawn steel
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Types of reinforcing steel: mild steel (hot rolled steel) hard drawn steel, high strength steel Designation of steel products: B38.24 yield limit (N/mm2) concrete rupture strength (N/mm2) Design strength: fyd= fyk/s s= 1,15 safety factor

Products: 12 m long staight bars, rolls up to 8 mm diameter Spot-welded mashes (fabrics)

ladders Diameters: 6, 8, 10, 12, ., 40

cages

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Jointing of bars by pressed sleeves

by resistance spot-welding:

by arc-welding with tie:

4. Anchorage of steel bars in reinforced concrete surfice pattern of bars: smooth and deformed bars twisted ribs:
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arrow ribs:
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bound stresses, bound coefficients smooth surfice: b=1 deformed surfice: b=2

= 2 =bfct,d The necessity of bound:

f yd 1 f yd = b f ctd lb lb = 4 4 b f ct ,d

overlap of bars slip pull-out test: determination of the anchorage length (lb)
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Reduction of the anchorage length by applikation of 90 degree bent and of hoop:

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5. Requirements to be satisfied by design -loadbearing capacity: equilibrium between internal forces provoced by loads and effects and resistance forces of cross-sections loss of stability (buckling, overturning, sliding) -rigidity -crack control (aesthetics, functionality, corrosion) -durability (fatigue failure) -fire-resistance -tchnological, functional, aesthetical requirements -economy in complex meaning (of design, construction, use and demolishment)

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6. Method of design design data actions, loads subsoil conditions choice of adequate technology preliminary project importance of cooperation between architect and structural engineer building permission project static model and calculations choice of structural material investigation of variants economical evaluation working drawings (execution project, detailed drawings) consultations with the constructor part of the documentation: drawings, lists of bars technical description
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bill of quantities list of works technological project (in special cases)

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