Baltit Fort

Baltit Fort or Balti Fort is an ancient fort in the Hunza valley in the Northern Areas of Pakistan.
In former times survival of the feudal regimes of Hunza was ensured by the impressive Baltit
fort, that sit on top of Karimabad. The foundations of the fort are said to date back around 700
years, but there have been rebuilds and alterations over the centuries. In the 16th century the
Thum married a princess from Baltistan who brought master Balti craftsmen to renovate the
building as part of her dowry. The architectural style is a clear indication of Tibetan influence in
Baltistan at the time.
The Mirs of Hunza abandoned the fort in 1945, and moved to a new palace down the hill. The
fort started to decay and there was concern that it might possibly fall into ruin. Following a
survey by the Royal Geographical Society of London, a restoration programme was initiated and
supported by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Historic Cities Support Programme. The
programme was completed in 1996 and the fort is now a museum run by the Baltit Heritage
Trust.

Historical Background

Baltit Fort, the former residence of the Mirs of Hunza

A view of the Hunza Valley from Baltit Fort in Pakistan
In olden times a number of small independent states existed in the history of Northern Areas of
Pakistan. Among them Hunza and Nager were the traditional rival states, situated on opposite
sides of the Hunza (kanjut) river. The rulers of these two states, known as Thámo / Mirs
(Thάm=S), built various strongholds to express their power. According to historical sources (Ref:
Tarikh-e-Ehd Atiiq Riyasat Hunza by Haji Qudrarullah Baig, Pub: S.T.Printers Rawalpindi 1980
Pakistan), the Hunza rulers initially resided in the Altit Fort, but later as a result of a conflict
between the two sons of the ruler Sultan, Shah Abbas (Shάboos) and Ali Khan (Aliqhάn),
Shaboos shifted to the Baltit Fort, making it the capital seat of Hunza. The power struggle
between the two brothers eventually resulted in the death of younger one, and so Baltit Fort
further established itself as the prime seat of power in the Hunza state.
The rich beauty of Baltit Fort can be traced to over seven hundred 700 years ago. Ayasho II,
Tham / Mir of Hunza in the early 15th fifteenth century married Princess Shah Khatoon (Sha
Qhatun) from Baltistan (In Moghul history Baltistan is called Tibet Khurd mean, little Tibet), and
was the first to modify the face of Altit and, subsequently Baltit Fort. Baltistan meaning land of
Balti people had a very strong cultural and ethnical relation with the Ladakh territory of India
then. Consequently, the structure of Baltit Fort was influenced by the Ladakhi / Tibetan
architecture, with some resemblance to the Potala Palace in Lhasa. Then additions, renovations
and changes to the building were being made through the centuries by the long line of rulers of
the Hunza that followed.
A veritable treasure house for ancient forts, the Northern Areas of Pakistan lost most of its
glorious built heritage around the 19th century as a result of the destructive attacks by the
Maharaja of Kashmir. However, in this regard people of Hunza were exceptionally fortunate to
successfully defend against the invasions of Maharaja Kashmir four times. One of the biggest
changes in the structure of Baltit Fort came with the invasion of the British in December 1891.
Tham / Mir Safdarali Khan, ruler of Hunza his wazir Dadu (Thara Baig III), fled to Kashgar
(China) for political asylum with their fellows and families. With the conquest of Hunza and
Nager states by the British forces in December 1891, the fortified wall and watch towers of the
old Baltit village and watch towers of the Baltit Fort on its north-western end were also
demolished as desired by the British authorities. The British installed his younger brother Tham /
Mir Sir Muhammad Nazim Khan K.C.I.E, as the ruler of Hunza state in September 1892 [1].
During his reign, Tham / Mir Nazeem Khan made several major alterations to the Baltit Fort. He
demolished a number of rooms of third floor and added a few rooms in the British colonial style
on the front elevation, using lime wash and colour glass panel windows. The Baltit Fort
remained officially inhabited until 1945, when the last ruler of Hunza, Mir Muhammad Jmamal
Khan, moved to a new palace further down the hill, where the present Mir of Hunza Mir
Ghazanfar Ali Khan (Current Chief Executive of Northern Areas) and his family are residing.
With no proper authority entrusted to care for it, the Fort was exposed to the ravages of time and
over the years its structure weakened and began to deteriorate. His Highness Aga Khan IV
initiated the restoration efforts for Baltit Fort in 1990, when Mir Ghazanfar Ali Khan the son of
last ruler of Hunza, Tham / Mir Muhammad Jamal Khan and his family generously donated the
Fort to the Baltit Heritage Trust, a public charity formed for the explicit purpose of owning and
maintaining the Fort. The restoration undertaken by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture in Geneva in
association with the Aga Khan Cultural Service Pakistan (Pakistan), took six years to complete.
The project was supported by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture as the main donor through its
Historic Cities Support Programme, as well as by the Getty Grant Program (USA), NORAD
(Norway) and the French Government.
The restored Fort, resplendent in its regal glory was inaugurated on September 29, 1996 in the
presence of His Highness the Aga Khan IV and the president of Pakistan Farooq Ahmad Khan
Laghari. It is now operated and maintained by the Baltit Heritage Trust and is open to visitors.
Preservation at its best, the Baltit Fort serves as a perfect example of culture restored and
preserved for the future generations of the mountain people.
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