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Otc 2039 MS P PDF
Otc 2039 MS P PDF
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ITP 91_12~ K. F. IAMRRAKIIS AtJFIH. R. RRANPJflN
61
,Ib LUQ2
. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . .
Non- Stokes Mave Prof i l es , .
The waves_ studi ed were
1. 14- second peri od regul ar prof i l es
of constant crest ( 46 f eet) and
wave crest/ wave hei ght rati os rang-
i ng between 0, 51 and 0. 613
2. 14- second peri od prof i l es of con-
stant wave hei ght ( 80 f eet) and
wave crest/ wave hei ght rati os
between 0. 519 and 0. 604
3. 12- second peri od prof i l es of con-
stant crest ( 46 f eet) and wave
crest/ wave hei ght rati os between
0. 516 and 0. 610
4. i rregul ar prof i l es whi ch have as
center porti on waves of 12- second-
peri od, constant crest ( 46 f eet)
and wave crest/ wave hei ght rati os
between 0. 516 and 0. 688. Adj acent
to the central waves are waves of
12- second- peri od wi th crests
rangi ng f rom3 f t to 46 f t.
The water depth f or al l cases was 400 f eet.
Speci f i c cases are gi ven i n Tabl e 1.
The i ni ti al prof i l es used as i nput to
the EXVP program were constructed f rom
two Fouri er components ( every wave i s
i denti cal , regul ar waves) and three
Fouri er components ( every other wave i s
i denti cal , i rregul ar waves) . The f i nal
prof i l es were cal cul ated by setti ng the error
to the dynami c boundary condi ti on to zero.
These f i nal prof i l es aureed cl osel y wi th the
i ni ti al prof i l es.
The percentage errors ( EK) i n the ki ne-
mati c boundary condi ti on f or the prof i l es
studi ed were not rester than 24, and the
1? ) Werenot greater than
maxi mumerrors ( Ei ma
6%. Errors f or a typf cal case are shown i n
Fi g. 4. The percentage and maxi mumerrors
vari ed f romone l ocati on to the next, al ways
bei ng about the same magni tude as the errors
quoted above f or the l ocati on x = O.
Resul ts shown i n Fi g. 5 f or regul ar
prof i l es i ndi cate that maxi mum drag f orces
depend mi l dl y on vari ati ons i n crest el eva-
ti on, provi ded hei ght i s f i xed. Al so, f orces
showmi l d vari ati on wi th hei ght, provi ded
the crest el evati on i s f i xed. Force depend-
ence on wave hei ght ( wave crest constant) i s
approxi matel y l i near, and a gi ven percent
i ncrease i n the hei ght corresponds to a
comparabl e i ncrease i n the f orce; i . e. , 10%
i ncrease i n hei ght resul ts i n about 10%
i ncrease i n f orce. Vari ati ons i n the f orces
f romchanges i n the wave C~eSt We d~SO
l i near, but vari ati ons f roma gi ven percent
change i n wave crest are sl i ghtl y hi gher than
those f romthe same percent change i n wave
hei ght. Si mi l ar resul ts were obtai ned f or the
i nerti al part of f orce and f or overturni ng
moments.
Ranges of crest- to- hei ght rati os shown
are restri cted by the abi l i ty of two Fouri er
components to gi ve a smooth prof i l e. An ex-
tensi on of the trend i n Fi g. 5 i s expected f or
somewhat l arger rati os. The f i ndi ngs may be
sl i ghtl y dependent on water depth, wave hei ght,
and wave peri od. Cal cul ati ons f or the same
waves i n water depths of 200 and 800 f eet show
si mi l ar trends.
Resul ts f romStokes V procedure, pl otted
i n Fi g. 5 as a poi nt, suggest that the Stokes
approxi mati on f or a gi ven wave wi l l be con-
servati ve i f the proper wave parameter ( nc or H)
of the wave of i nterest i s retai ned i n the
Stokes wave, I f nc i s the same i n both waves,
the Stokes f orces woul d be conservati ve f or
al l waves wi th
c c
F<Fi--
where H i s the hei ght of the Stokes wave. I f
H i s the same, the Stokes f orces woul d be l arger
than those f romwaves wi th
i l C
iT->R-
where n; i s the crest of the Stokes wave.
As a corol l ary observati on, i t appears that
Stokes- type waves mi ght overesti mate or under-
esti mate f orces f or an observed wave, accordi ng
to whether the crest or hei ght of the observed
wave i s f i tted. Expected devi ati ons i ncrease
wi th crest- to- hei ght rati o i n the range of
desi gn- wave i nterest. Si gni f i cance of the
devi ati ons f roma pl atf ormdesi gn standpoi nt
i s moot. However, resul ts shown i n Fi g. 5 sugges
strongl y that f i tti ng the wave crest and trough
si mul taneousl y can have i mportance i n correl ati ng
cal cul ated and measured f orces.
Forces cal cul ated wi th a modi f i ed Ai ry
procedure publ i shed by Wheel er2 are at essen-
ti al l y the same l evel as those of Stokes f or
waves used i n devel opi ng Fi g. 5. Because thi s
method al ways f i ts the crest el evati on of the
wave, there i s no opti on of f i tti ng crest or
hei ght. Accordi ngl y, the f orces tend to exceed
EXYP val ues f or crest- to- hei ght rati os beyond
that of a Stokes wave.
J ahns and Nheel er3 menti on a f ormul ati on of
l themodi f i ed Ai rYcal cul ati ons i n whi ch al l
wavel engthsi n d; pthdecay f uncti onsareset
. ..9
.
..-
2
WAVE_FORCE CALCULATI ONS>FOR
equal to Ai ry wavel engths. Thi s f ormul ati on
gi ves resul ts havi ng the same trend as the_
EXVP val ues i n Fi g. 5 but requi res an upward
adj ustment i n parti cl e vel oci ti es of about 10
percent to gi ve the same f orce val ues.
Compari sons of maxi mumdrag f orces f rom
the bi g wave i n the i rregul ar prof i l es wi th
f orces f romregul ar prof i l es are shown i n Fi g.
6. The i rregul ar prof i l es have every other
crest equal , as i l l ustrated i n Fi g. 6. Re-
sul ts are pl otted f or the l arge crest equal to
46 f t; the i nterveni ng crest ranged f rom
about 3 f t to al most 46 f t. The regul ar waves
and l arge waves i n the i rregul ar prof i l es both
have a peri od of 12 seconds. Forces f or the
regul ar waves about equal those f or the i rreg-
ul ar wave f or any gi ven hei ght. Thi s resul t
i ndi cates that the f orce under the crest of a
l arge wave i s substanti al l y i ndependent of the
hei ght of a nei ghbori ng crest, provi ded the
crest- to- hei ght rati o of the l arge wave i s
adequatel y represented. I nerti al f orces show
the same resul t.
Forces f romStokes waves of hei ghts equal
to those of the EXVP waves are al so pl otted i n
Fi g. 6. Crests of the Stokes waves di f f er f ro~
the EXVP waves except f or the parti cul ar case
that has the crest to hei ght rati o of a Stokes
wave. The i ncrease i n f orce as he wave hei ghl
1
i ncreases i s more pronounced ( - H ) f or Stokes
waves than f or the EXVP waves.
The resul ts of thi s study l end support to
the regul ar prof i l e approach ( i denti cal
successi ve crests) comnonl y used by the oi l
i ndustry f or correl ati ng measured and cal cu-
l ated f orces. Al though these f i ndi ngs are
based on symmtri c, peri odi c waves, we bel i eve
that they hol d true f or waves wi th a nnre
compl ex shape, such as observed waves.
Cal cul ated f orces wi th Stokes , Dean s,
or EPRCO. S wave procedures show about 30%
scatter when correl ated wi th measured f orces
duri ng Hurri cane Carl a. Part of thi s scatter
may be due to wave shape ( nc/ H vari ati ons)
ef f ects of the type studi ed above. These wave
shape ef f ects gi ve vari ati ons i n the f orces of
about 15%f or waves expected i n measured
prof i l es, i . e. , waves of O. 7 > rI c/ H> 0. 530.
For EPRCO. S method, part of the scatter ma~
wel l be due to resi dual errors i n the hydro-
dynami c equati ons.
Stokes- Type Wave Prof i l es
Thi s secti on gi ves resul ts obtai ned wi th {
si mpl i f i ed, di agonal matri x versi on of EXVP. ~
previ ousl y noted, thi s si mpl i f i ed f ormof EXVP
gi ves a hi gh- order sol uti on to the wave probl en
posed by Stokes, as do the methods of Dean and
Chappel ear.
.
.
OKES AND NON- STOKES kl AVES
OTC 2039
A, set of f i ve Stokes V waves was used
i nthe i nvesti gati on, one wave f or each water
I epth: 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 f eet. The
{ave hei ghts ( 39, 64, 76, 81, and 81 f eet) and
) eri od ( 14 seconds) l i e i n the range of those
) f i nterest f or pl atf ormdesi gn. These pro-
f i l es were used as i nput to EXVP- D and Dean s
nethod. The f i nal waves of EXVP- D were cal cu-
l ated i n the l ast phase of the method by set-
: i ng the error i n Bernoul l i s equati on equal to
~ero.
I n si mi l ar f ashi on, the f i nal waves f or
) ean s method were cal cul ated f romthe ki ne-
nati c boundary. Al so, an addi ti onal Stokes
ti ave( hei ght = 34. 4 f t, peri od = 15. 3 sees,
vater depth = 48. 8 f t) publ i shed by Chappel ear
ti asstudi ed. For al l waves, the EXVP- D and
l ean s cal cul ati ons were of 7th order.
To make the compari son of EXVP- D resul ts
and the resul ts publ i shed by Dean and Chappe-
l ear possi bl e, the errors i n the boundary con-
di ti ons f or Chappel ear s wave were cal cul ated
as f ol l ows:
all. vi
Ki nemati c condi ti on- - E~ =#-
Ui - c Wher
g i s the cel eri ty of the wave.
8@i
D- d+ni - l
Dynami c condi ti on- - Ei -
gat+
~( u~+y~) - ~ , where~=~ ; ED and
. ,
i =l 1
N i s the total number of poi nts i n the prof i l e.
The EXVP- D sol uti on sati sf i es the boundary
condi ti ons f or Chappel ear s wave wi th hi gher
~ccuracy than the rest of the procedures, as
shown i n Fi g. 7. Ki nemati c boundary condi ti on
~rrors f or EXVP- D have a maxi mumval ue of 1. 7
] ercent; dynami c boundary condi ti on errors are
zero. Forces by EXVP- D, Dean, and Chappel ear
methods shoul d be f ai rl y cl ose ( wi thi n 10%) . Th(
i rag f orce f romStokes V, however i s 34%hi gher
than that f romEXVP- D f or thi s parti cul ar wave.
For the set of Stokes waves, the errors i n
the boundary condi ti ons f or Stokes V i ncrease
wi th decre si ng depth, and i n 50 f eet of water
theyare E~=12%, EK=41%. Theerrors f or
EXVP- D show si mi l ar trends, but they are much
smal l er- - f or 50 f eet of water, ED = O%, EK = 2. 5;
The EXVP- D f i nal waves tabul ated i n Fi g. 8 agree
cl osel y wi th the correspondi ng waves f romStokes
V f or water depths greater than 200 f eet. How-
ever, f or depths l ess than 200 f eet, the EXVP- D
waves have sharper crests and smal l er wave
hei ghts f or i denti cal crest hei ghts.
The f orces f romDean and EXVP- D are i n
cl ose agreement f or al l water depths, as shown
i n Fi g. 8. Stokes V and EXVP- D di f f er sl i ghtl y
f or water depths greater than 200 f eet. The