Chapter 7, Solution 1.

Applying KVL to Fig. 7.1.

0 Ri dt i
C
1 t
-
= +

Taking the derivative of each term,
0
dt
di
R
C
i
= +
or
RC
dt
i
di
=

Integrating,
RC
t -
I
) t ( i
ln
0
=

RC t -
0
e I ) t ( i =
RC t -
0
e RI ) t ( Ri ) t ( v = =
or
RC t -
0
e V ) t ( v =


Chapter 7, Solution 2.

C R
th
=
where is the Thevenin equivalent at the capacitor terminals.
th
R

= + = 60 12 80 || 120 R
th

= =
-3
10 5 . 0 60 ms 30

Chapter 7, Solution 3.

(a) ms 10 10 2 10 5 , 5 10 // 10
6 3
= = = = =

x x x C R k R
Th Th


(b) 6s 3 . 0 20 , 20 8 ) 25 5 //( 20 = = = = + + = x C R R
Th Th


Chapter 7, Solution 4.

eq eq
C R =
where
2 1
2 1
eq
C C
C C
+
= C ,
2 1
2 1
eq
R R
R R
R
+
=
=
) C C )( R R (
C C R R
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1
+ +

Chapter 7, Solution 5.

=
4) - (t -
e ) 4 ( v ) t ( v
where 24 ) 4 ( v = , 2 ) 1 . 0 )( 20 ( RC = = =
2 4) - (t -
e 24 ) t ( v =
= =
2 6 -
e 24 ) 10 ( v V 195 . 1


Chapter 7, Solution 6.


V e 4 ) t ( v
25
2
10 x 2 x 10 x 40 RC , e v ) t ( v
V 4 ) 24 (
2 10
2
) 0 ( v v
t 5 . 12
3 6 / t
o
o

=
= = = =
=
+
= =



Chapter 7, Solution 7.

=
t -
e ) 0 ( v ) t ( v , C R
th
=
where is the Thevenin resistance across the capacitor. To determine , we insert a
1-V voltage source in place of the capacitor as shown below.
th
R
th
R
8
i
2
i
i
1
10 0.5 V
+
v = 1

+


+

1 V

1 . 0
10
1
i
1
= = ,
16
1
8
5 . 0 1
i
2
=

=
80
13
16
1
1 . 0 i i i
2 1
= + = + =
13
80
i
1
R
th
= =
13
8
1 . 0
13
80
C R
th
= = =
= ) t ( v V 20
8 13t -
e

Chapter 7, Solution 8.

(a)
4
1
RC = =
dt
dv
C i - =
= = C e -4) )( 10 ( C e 0.2 -
-4t -4t
mF 5
= =
C 4
1
R 50
(b) = = =
4
1
RC s 25 . 0
(c) = = = ) 100 )( 10 5 (
2
1
CV
2
1
) 0 ( w
3 - 2
0 C
mJ 250
(d)
( )

= =
0
2t - 2
0
2
0 R
e 1 CV
2
1
CV
2
1
2
1
w
2
1
e e 1 5 . 0
0 0
8t - 8t -
= =
or 2 e
0
8t
=
= = ) 2 ( ln
8
1
t
0
ms 6 . 86


Chapter 7, Solution 9.

=
t -
e ) 0 ( v ) t ( v , C R
eq
=

= + + = + + = 8 2 4 2 3 || 6 8 || 8 2 R
eq


2 ) 8 )( 25 . 0 ( C R
eq
= = =

= ) t ( v V e 20
2 t -



Chapter 7, Solution 10.
10
10 mF
+
v

i

15
i
o
i
T
4

A 2
15
) 3 )( 10 (
i i 10 i 15
o o
= = =
i.e. if i , then A 3 ) 0 ( = A 2 ) 0 ( i
o
=
A 5 ) 0 ( i ) 0 ( i ) 0 ( i
o T
= + =
V 50 20 30 ) 0 ( i 4 ) 0 ( i 10 ) 0 ( v
T
= + = + =
across the capacitor terminals.

= + = + = 10 6 4 15 || 10 4 R
th

1 . 0 ) 10 10 )( 10 ( C R
-3
th
= = =
-10t t -
e 50 e ) 0 ( v ) t ( v = =


) e 500 - )( 10 10 (
dt
dv
C i
10t - 3 -
C
= =
=
C
i A e 5 -
-10t


By applying the current division principle,
= =
+
=
C C
i -0.6 ) i - (
15 10
15
) t ( i A e 3
-10t



Chapter 7, Solution 11.

Applying KCL to the RL circuit,
0
R
v
dt v
L
1
= +

Differentiating both sides,
0 v
L
R
dt
dv
0
dt
dv
R
1
L
v
= + = +
L Rt -
e A v =

If the initial current is , then
0
I
A R I ) 0 ( v
0
= =

=
t -
0
e R I v ,
R
L
=

=
t
-
dt ) t ( v
L
1
i
t
-
t -
0
e
L
R I -
i

=
t -
0
e R I - i

=
t -
0
e I ) t ( i


Chapter 7, Solution 12.

When t < 0, the switch is closed and the inductor acts like a short circuit to dc. The 4
resistor is short-circuited so that the resulting circuit is as shown in Fig. (a).
3
i(0
-
)
+

12 V 2 H 4
(a) (b)

A 4
3
12
) 0 ( i = =

Since the current through an inductor cannot change abruptly,
A 4 ) 0 ( i ) 0 ( i ) 0 ( i = = =
+


When t > 0, the voltage source is cut off and we have the RL circuit in Fig. (b).
5 . 0
4
2
R
L
= = =
Hence,
= =
t -
e ) 0 ( i ) t ( i A e 4
-2t




Chapter 7, Solution 13.

th
R
L
=
where is the Thevenin resistance at the terminals of the inductor.
th
R

= + = + = 37 16 21 20 || 80 30 || 70 R
th

=

=
37
10 2
-3
s 08 . 81


Chapter 7, Solution 14

Converting the wye-subnetwork to delta gives

16



R
2


80mH R
1



R
3




30

= = = = = =
+ +
= 170
10
1700
, 34
50
1700
, 85 20 / 1700
20
10 50 50 20 20 10
3 2 1
R R
x x x
R

30//170 = (30x170)/200 = 25.5 , 34//16=(34x16)/50 =10.88

s
x
R
L x
R
Th
Th
m 14 . 3
476 . 25
10 80
, 476 . 25
38 . 121
38 . 36 85
) 88 . 10 5 . 25 //( 85
3
= = = = = + =




Chapter 7, Solution 15


(a) s
R
L
R
Th
Th
25 . 0 20 / 5 , 20 40 // 10 12 = = = = + =
(b) ms 5 . 0 40 / ) 10 20 ( , 40 8 160 // 40
3
= = = = + =

x
R
L
R
Th
Th



Chapter 7, Solution 16.

eq
eq
R
L
=
(a) L L
eq
= and
3 1
3 1 3 1 2
3 1
3 1
2 eq
R R
R R ) R R ( R
R R
R R
R R
+
+ +
=
+
+ =
=
3 1 3 1 2
3 1
R R ) R R ( R
) R R ( L
+ +
+


(b) where
2 1
2 1
eq
L L
L L
+
= L and
2 1
2 1 2 1 3
2 1
2 1
3 eq
R R
R R ) R R ( R
R R
R R
R R
+
+ +
=
+
+ =
=
) R R ) R R ( R ( ) L L (
) R R ( L L
2 1 2 1 3 2 1
2 1 2 1
+ + +
+



Chapter 7, Solution 17.

=
t -
e ) 0 ( i ) t ( i ,
16
1
4
4 1
R
L
eq
= = =

-16t
e 2 ) t ( i =

16t - 16t -
o
e 2 ) 16 - )( 4 1 ( e 6
dt
di
L i 3 ) t ( v + = + =

= ) t ( v
o
V e 2 -
-16t



Chapter 7, Solution 18.

If , the circuit can be redrawn as shown below. 0 ) t ( v =
+
v
o
(t)

i(t)
R
eq
0.4 H


5
6
3 || 2 R
eq
= = ,
3
1
6
5
5
2
R
L
= = =
-3t t -
e e ) 0 ( i ) t ( i = =


= = =
3t -
o
e -3) (
5
2 -
dt
di
-L ) t ( v V e 2 . 1
-3t



Chapter 7, Solution 19.
i
1
i
2
i
2
i
1
i/2 10 40
+
1 V
i

To find we replace the inductor by a 1-V voltage source as shown above.
th
R
0 i 40 1 i 10
2 1
= +
But 2 i i i
2
+ = and
1
i i =
i.e. i 2 i 2 i
2 1
= =
30
1
i 0 i 20 1 i 10 = = +

= = 30
i
1
R
th

s 2 . 0
30
6
R
L
th
= = =
= ) t ( i A e 2
-5t



Chapter 7, Solution 20.

(a). L 50 R
50
1
R
L
= = =
dt
di
L v - =
= = L e -50) )( 30 ( L e 150 -
-50t -50t
H 1 . 0
= = L 50 R 5
(b). = = =
50
1
R
L
ms 20
(c). = = =
2 2
) 30 )( 1 . 0 (
2
1
) 0 ( i L
2
1
w J 45
(d). Let p be the fraction
( )

=
0
2t -
0 0
e 1 I L
2
1
p I L
2
1

3296 . 0 e 1 e 1 p
-0.4 50 (2)(10) -
= = =
i.e. = p % 33


Chapter 7, Solution 21.

The circuit can be replaced by its Thevenin equivalent shown below.
R
th

+

V
th
2 H
V 40 ) 60 (
40 80
80
V
th
=
+
=
R
3
80
R 80 || 40 R
th
+ = + =
R 3 80
40
R
V
) ( i ) 0 ( i I
th
th
+
= = = =
1
3 80 R
40
) 2 (
2
1
I L
2
1
w
2
2
=

+
= =
3
40
R 1
3 80 R
40
= =
+

= R 33 . 13
Chapter 7, Solution 22.

=
t -
e ) 0 ( i ) t ( i ,
eq
R
L
=
= + = 5 1 20 || 5 R
eq
,
5
2
=
= ) t ( i A e 10
-2.5t


Using current division, the current through the 20 ohm resistor is
2.5t -
o
e -2
5
i -
-i) (
20 5
5
i = =
+
=

= =
o
i 20 ) t ( v V e 0 4 -
-2.5t



Chapter 7, Solution 23.

Since the 2 resistor, 1/3 H inductor, and the (3+1) resistor are in parallel,
they always have the same voltage.

-1.5 ) 0 ( i 5 . 1
1 3
2
2
2
i - = =
+
+ =
The Thevenin resistance at the inductors terminals is
th
R
3
4
) 1 3 ( || 2 R
th
= + = ,
4
1
3 4
3 1
R
L
th
= = =
0 t , e -1.5 e ) 0 ( i ) t ( i
-4t t -
> = =


4t -
o L
e /3) -1.5(-4)(1
dt
di
L v v = = =
=
o
v 0 t , V e 2
-4t
>
=
+
=
L x
v
1 3
1
v 0 t , V e 5 . 0
-4t
>


Chapter 7, Solution 24.

(a) = ) t ( v u(t) 5 -

(b) [ ] [ ] ) 5 t ( u ) 3 t ( u 10 ) 3 t ( u ) t ( u -10 ) t ( i + =

= ) 5 t ( u 10 ) 3 t ( u 20 ) t ( u 10 - +

(c)
[ ] [ ]
) 3 t ( u ) 2 t ( u ) 2 t ( u ) 1 t ( u ) 1 t ( ) t ( x + =
[ ] ) 4 t ( u ) 3 t ( u ) t 4 ( +
= ) 4 t ( u ) 4 t ( ) 3 t ( u ) 3 t ( ) 2 t ( u ) 2 t ( ) 1 t ( u ) 1 t ( +
= ) 4 t ( r ) 3 t ( r ) 2 t ( r ) 1 t ( r +

(d)
[ ]
) 1 t ( u ) t ( u 5 ) t - ( u 2 ) t ( y =
= ) 1 t ( u 5 ) t ( u 5 ) t - ( u 2 +


Chapter 7, Solution 25.


v(t) = [u(t) + r(t 1) r(t 2) 2u(t 2)] V


Chapter 7, Solution 26.

(a)
[ ]
) t ( u ) 1 t ( u ) t ( u ) 1 t ( u ) t ( v
1
+ + =
= ) t ( v
1
) 1 t ( u ) t ( u 2 ) 1 t ( u + +

(b)
[ ]
) 4 t ( u ) 2 t ( u ) t 4 ( ) t ( v
2
=
) 4 t ( u ) 4 t ( ) 2 t ( u ) 4 t ( - ) t ( v
2
+ =
= ) t ( v
2
4) r(t 2) r(t 2) u(t 2 +

(c)
[ ] [ ]
6) u(t 4) u(t 4 4) u(t 2) u(t 2 ) t ( v
3
+ =
= ) t ( v
3
6) u(t 4 4) u(t 2 2) u(t 2 +

(d)
[ ]
) 2 t ( u t 1) u(t -t ) 2 t ( u ) 1 t ( u -t ) t ( v
4
+ = =
) 2 t ( u ) 2 2 t ( ) 1 t ( u ) 1 1 t - ( ) t ( v
4
+ + + =
= ) t ( v
4
2) u(t 2 2) r(t 1) u(t 1) r(t - + +


Chapter 7, Solution 27.

v(t) is sketched below.
1
2
4 3 2 0 1
t
-1
v(t)
Chapter 7, Solution 28.

i(t) is sketched below.
1
4 3 2 0 1
t
-1
i(t)


Chapter 7, Solution 29


x(t)
(a)




3.679





0 1 t

(b) y(t)

27.18









0 t

(c) ) 1 ( 6536 . 0 ) 1 ( 4 cos ) 1 ( 4 cos ) ( = = = t t t t t z , which is sketched below.

z(t)



0 1 t



-0.653 ( ) t


Chapter 7, Solution 30.


(a) = =
=

1 t
2
10
0
2
t 4 dt ) 1 t ( t 4 4
(b) = = =
=

cos ) t 2 cos( dt ) 5 . 0 t ( ) t 2 cos(

5 . 0 t
-
1 -


Chapter 7, Solution 31.


(a) [ ] = = =
=

16 -
2 t
4t -
-
4t -
e e dt ) 2 t ( e
2 2
-9
10 112
(b)
[ ] ( )
= + + = + + = + +
=

1 1 5 ) t 2 cos( e 5 dt ) t ( t 2 cos ) t ( e ) t ( 5
0 t
t -
-
t -
7


Chapter 7, Solution 32.


(a) 1 1 ) (
1
1 1
= = =

t d d u
t
t t

(b) 5 . 4
2
) 1 ( 0 ) 1 (
4
1
4
1
2 1
0
4
0
= = + =

t
t
dt t dt dt t r

(c ) 16 ) 6 ( ) 2 ( ) 6 (
2
2
5
1
2
= =
=

t
t dt t t



Chapter 7, Solution 33.


) 0 ( i dt ) t ( v
L
1
) t ( i
t
0
+ =

0 dt ) 2 t ( 20
10 10
10
) t ( i
t
0
3 -
-3
+

=

= ) t ( i A ) 2 t ( u 2


Chapter 7, Solution 34.


(a)
[ ]
) 1 t ( ) 1 t ( 0 1 ) 1 t ( ) 1 t ( ) 1 t ( u
) 1 t ( u ) 1 t ( ) 1 t ( u ) 1 t ( u
dt
d
= + + = +
+ + = +

(b)
[ ]
) 6 t ( u ) 2 t ( 0 1 ) 6 t ( u ) 2 t ( ) 6 t ( r
) 2 t ( u ) 6 t ( u ) 2 t ( u ) 6 t ( r
dt
d
= + =
+ =


(c)
[ ]
) 3 t ( 5366 . 0 ) 3 t ( u t 4 cos 4
) 3 t ( 3 x 4 sin ) 3 t ( u t 4 cos 4
) 3 t ( t 4 sin ) 3 t ( u t 4 cos 4 ) 3 t ( u t 4 sin
dt
d
=
+ =
+ =



Chapter 7, Solution 35.


(a)
3 5t -
e A ) t ( v = , -2 A ) 0 ( v = =
= ) t ( v V e 2 -
3 5t -


(b)
3 2t
e A ) t ( v = , 5 A ) 0 ( v = =
= ) t ( v V e 5
3 2t



Chapter 7, Solution 36.


(a) 0 t , e B A ) t ( v
-t
> + =
1 A = , B 1 0 ) 0 ( v + = = or B -1 =
= ) t ( v 0 t , V e 1
-t
>

(b) 0 t , e B A ) t ( v
2 t
> + =
-3 A = , B -3 -6 ) 0 ( v + = = or -3 B =
= ) t ( v ( ) 0 t , V e 1 3 -
2 t
> +


Chapter 7, Solution 37.


Let v = v
h
+ v
p
, v
p
=10.


4 /
0
4
1
t
h h
Ae v v
h
v

= = +


t
Ae v
25 . 0
10

+ =

8 10 2 ) 0 ( = + = = A A v

t
e v
25 . 0
8 10

=

(a) s 4 =

(b) 10 ) ( = v V

(c )
t
e
25 . 0
8 10

= v


Chapter 7, Solution 38


Let i = i
p
+i
h

) ( 0 3
3
t u Ae i i i
t
h h
h

= = +

Let
3
2
) ( 2 ) ( 3 , 0 ), ( = = = =

k t u t ku i t ku
p p
i
) (
3
2
t u i
p
=

) ( )
3
2
(
3
t u Ae i
t
+ =



If i(0) =0, then A + 2/3 = 0, i.e. A=-2/3. Thus

) ( ) 1 (
3
2
3
t u e i
t
=


Chapter 7, Solution 39.


(a) Before t = 0,
=
+
= ) 20 (
1 4
1
) t ( v V 4
After t = 0,
[ ]

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v
8 ) 2 )( 4 ( RC = = = , 4 ) 0 ( v = , 20 ) ( v =
8 t -
e ) 20 8 ( 20 ) t ( v + =
= ) t ( v V e 12 20
8 t -

(b) Before t = 0,
2 1
v v v + = , where is due to the 12-V source and is
due to the 2-A source.
1
v
2
v
V 12 v
1
=
To get v , transform the current source as shown in Fig. (a).
2
V -8 v
2
=
Thus,
= = 8 12 v V 4
After t = 0, the circuit becomes that shown in Fig. (b).
2 F 2 F
4
12 V

+

+
v
2

8 V
+

3 3
(a) (b)

[ ]

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v
12 ) ( v = , 4 ) 0 ( v = , 6 ) 3 )( 2 ( RC = = =
6 t -
e ) 12 4 ( 12 ) t ( v + =
= ) t ( v V e 8 12
6 t -


Chapter 7, Solution 40.

(a) Before t = 0, = v V 12 .
After t = 0,
[ ]

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v
4 ) ( v = , 12 ) 0 ( v = , 6 ) 3 )( 2 ( RC = = =
6 t -
e ) 4 12 ( 4 ) t ( v + =
= ) t ( v V e 8 4
6 t -
+
(b) Before t = 0, = v V 12 .
After t = 0,
[ ]

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v
After transforming the current source, the circuit is shown below.
t = 0
4
2

+

12 V 5 F

12 ) 0 ( v = , 12 ) ( v = , 10 ) 5 )( 2 ( RC = = =
= v V 12

Chapter 7, Solution 41.

0 ) 0 ( v = , 10 ) 12 (
16
30
) ( v = =

5
36
) 30 )( 6 (
) 1 )( 30 || 6 ( C R
eq
= = =

[ ]

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v

5 t -
e ) 10 0 ( 10 ) t ( v + =

= ) t ( v V ) e 1 ( 10
-0.2t

Chapter 7, Solution 42.


(a) | |

+ =
t -
o o o o
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v
0 ) 0 ( v
o
= , 8 ) 12 (
2 4
4
) ( v
o
=
+
=
eq eq
C R = ,
3
4
4 || 2 R
eq
= =
4 ) 3 (
3
4
= =
4 t -
o
e 8 8 ) t ( v =
= ) t ( v
o
V ) e 1 ( 8
-0.25t


(b) For this case, 0 ) ( v
o
= so that

=
t -
o o
e ) 0 ( v ) t ( v
8 ) 12 (
2 4
4
) 0 ( v
o
=
+
= , 12 ) 3 )( 4 ( RC = = =
= ) t ( v
o
V e 8
12 t -


Chapter 7, Solution 43.

Before t = 0, the circuit has reached steady state so that the capacitor acts like an open
circuit. The circuit is equivalent to that shown in Fig. (a) after transforming the voltage
source.
40
v
2 i 5 . 0
o
= ,
80
v
i
o
=
Hence, 64
5
320
v
40
v
2
80
v
2
1
o
o o
= = =
= =
80
v
i
o
A 8 . 0

After t = 0, the circuit is as shown in Fig. (b).

=
t -
C C
e ) 0 ( v ) t ( v , C R
th
=

To find , we replace the capacitor with a 1-V voltage source as shown in Fig. (c).
th
R
0.5i
v
C

+

0.5i
i
1 V
80
(c)
80
1
80
v
i
C
= = ,
80
5 . 0
i 5 . 0 i
o
= =
= = = 160
5 . 0
80
i
1
R
o
th
, 480 C R
th
= =
V 64 ) 0 ( v
C
=
480 t -
C
e 64 ) t ( v =
480 t -
C
C
e 64
480
1
-3
dt
dv
-C i - i 5 . 0 |
.
|

\
|
= = =
= ) t ( i A e 8 . 0
480 t -


Chapter 7, Solution 44.

= = 2 3 || 6 R
eq
, 4 RC = =
| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v

Using voltage division,
V 10 ) 30 (
6 3
3
) 0 ( v =
+
= , V 4 ) 12 (
6 3
3
) ( v =
+
=
Thus,
4 t - 4 t -
e 6 4 e ) 4 10 ( 4 ) t ( v + = + =
= |
.
|

\
|
= =
4 t -
e
4
1 -
) 6 )( 2 (
dt
dv
C ) t ( i A e 3 -
-0.25t


Chapter 7, Solution 45.

For t < 0, 0 ) 0 ( v 0 ) t ( u 5 v
s
= = =

For t > 0, , 5 v
s
=
4
5
) 5 (
12 4
4
) ( v =
+
=

10 12 || 4 7 R
eq
= + = , 5 ) 2 1 )( 10 ( C R
eq
= = =

| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v

= ) t ( v V ) e 1 ( 25 . 1
5 t -


5 t -
e
5
1 -
4
5 -
2
1
dt
dv
C ) t ( i |
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

= ) t ( i A e 125 . 0
5 t -

Chapter 7, Solution 46.


30 5 6 6 ) ( , 0 ) 0 ( , 2 25 . 0 ) 6 2 ( = = = = = + = = x i v v s x C R
s Th


) 1 ( 30 )] ( ) 0 ( [ ) ( ) (
2 / / t t
e e v v v t v

= + =

V


Chapter 7, Solution 47.

For t < 0, , 0 ) t ( u = 0 ) 1 t ( u = , 0 ) 0 ( v =

For 0 < t < 1, 1 ) 1 . 0 )( 8 2 ( RC = + = =
0 ) 0 ( v = , 24 ) 3 )( 8 ( ) ( v = =
| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v
( )
t -
e 1 24 ) t ( v =

For t > 1,
( )
17 . 15 e 1 24 ) 1 ( v
1 -
= =
30 ) ( v 0 24 - ) v( 6 - = = +
1) - -(t
e ) 30 17 . 15 ( 30 ) t ( v + =
1) - -(t
e 83 . 14 30 ) t ( v =

Thus,
= ) t ( v
( )

>
< <
1 t , V e 83 . 14 30
1 t 0 , V e 1 24
-1) (t -
t -



Chapter 7, Solution 48.

For t < 0, , 1 -t) ( u = V 10 ) 0 ( v =

For t > 0, , 0 -t) ( u = 0 ) ( v =
30 10 20 R
th
= + = , 3 ) 1 . 0 )( 30 ( C R
th
= = =
| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v
= ) t ( v V e 10
3 t -


3 t -
e 10
3
1 -
) 1 . 0 (
dt
dv
C ) t ( i |
.
|

\
|
= =
= ) t ( i A e
3
1 -
3 t -

Chapter 7, Solution 49.


For 0 < t < 1, , 0 ) 0 ( v = 8 ) 4 )( 2 ( ) ( v = =
10 6 4 R
eq
= + = , 5 ) 5 . 0 )( 10 ( C R
eq
= = =
| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v
( )
V e 1 8 ) t ( v
5 t -
=

For t > 1,
( )
45 . 1 e 1 8 ) 1 ( v
-0.2
= = , 0 ) ( v =
| |

+ =
) 1 t ( -
e ) ( v ) 1 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v
V e 45 . 1 ) t ( v
5 ) 1 t ( -
=

Thus,
= ) t ( v
( )

>
< <

1 t , V e 45 . 1
1 t 0 , V e 1 8
5 ) 1 t ( -
5 t -



Chapter 7, Solution 50.


For the capacitor voltage,
| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v
0 ) 0 ( v =

For t < 0, we transform the current source to a voltage source as shown in Fig. (a).
1 k 1 k
+
v

+

30 V 2 k
(a)
V 15 ) 30 (
1 1 2
2
) ( v =
+ +
=
= + = k 1 2 || ) 1 1 ( R
th

4
1
10
4
1
10 C R
3 - 3
th
= = =
( )
0 t , e 1 15 ) t ( v
-4t
> =

We now obtain i from v(t). Consider Fig. (b).
x
i
x
1/4 mF
v
1 k
1 k
i
T
30 mA 2 k
(b)
T x
i mA 30 i =
But
dt
dv
C
R
v
i
3
T
+ =
( )
A e -15)(-4) ( 10
4
1
mA e 1 5 . 7 ) t ( i
4t - 3 - 4t -
T
+ =
( )
mA e 1 5 . 7 ) t ( i
-4t
T
+ =

Thus,
mA e 5 . 7 5 . 7 30 ) t ( i
-4t
x
=
= ) t ( i
x
( ) 0 t , mA e 3 5 . 7
-4t
>


Chapter 7, Solution 51.


Consider the circuit below.
fter the switch is closed, applying KVL gives
R - di
=
L
R
i
t = 0

+

+
v

V
S


A
dt
L Ri V
S
+ =
di
|
.
|

\
|
=
R
V
i R -
dt
di
L
S
or
dt
L R V i
S

tegrating both sides, In
t
L
R -
R
i ln
I
0
= |
.

\

V
) t ( i S
| |

=
|
.
|

\
|

t -
R V I
R V i
ln
S 0
S

t -
S 0
S
e
R V I
R V i
or

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
t -
S
0
S
e
R
V
I
R
V
) t ( i
which is the same as Eq. (7.60).

hapter 7, Solution 52.


C

A 2
10
20
) 0 ( i = = , A 2 ) ( i =
| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( i ) 0 ( i ) ( i ) t ( i

= ) t A 2 ( i

hapter 7, Solution 53.

(a) Before t = 0,

C

=
+
=
2 3
25
i A 5
After t = 0,

=
t -
e ) 0 ( i ) t ( i
L
2
2
4
R
= = = , 5 ) 0 ( i =
= ) t ( i A e 5
2 t -


(b) Before t = 0, the inductor acts as a short circuit so that the 2 and 4
resistors are short-circuited.
= ) t ( i A 6
After t = 0, we have an RL circuit.
= e ) 0 ( i ) t ( i ,
2
3
R
= =
t -
L
= ) t ( i A e 6
3 t 2 -



Chapter 7, Solution 54.

(a) Before t = 0, i is obtained by current division or
=
+
= ) 2 (
4 4
4
) t ( i A 1
After t = 0,
| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( i ) 0 ( i ) ( i ) t ( i
eq
R
L
= , = + = 7 12 || 4 4 R
eq

2
1
7
5 . 3
= =
1 ) 0 ( i = ,
7
6
) 2 (
3 4
3
) 2 (
12 || 4 4
12 || 4
) ( i =
+
=
+
=
t 2 -
e
7
6
1
7
6
) t ( i |
.
|

\
|
+ =
= ) t ( i ( ) A e 6
7
1
2t -

(b) Before t = 0, =
+
=
3 2
10
) t ( i A 2
After t = 0, 5 . 4 2 || 6 3 R
eq
= + =
9
4
5 . 4
2
R
L
eq
= = =
2 ) 0 ( i =
To find , consider the circuit below, at t = when the inductor
becomes a short circuit,
) ( i
v

2
24 V
6

+


+

i

2 H 10 V


3


9 v
3
v
6
v 24
2
v 10
= =

A 3
3
v
) ( i = =
4 t 9 -
e ) 3 2 ( 3 ) t ( i + =
= ) t ( i A e 3
4 t 9 -

Chapter 7, Solution 55.

For t < 0, consider the circuit shown in Fig. (a).
+
v

4i
o

i
o

+

i
o
0.5 H

+

0.5 H
+
v

+

i
3 8
2 2
24 V 20 V
(a) (b)

24 i 0 i 4 24 i 3
o o o
= = +
= =
o
i 4 ) t ( v V 96 A 48
2
v
i = =

For t > 0, consider the circuit in Fig. (b).
[ ]

+ =
t -
e ) ( i ) 0 ( i ) ( i ) t ( i
48 ) 0 ( i = , A 2
2 8
20
) ( i =
+
=
= + = 10 8 2 R
th
,
20
1
10
5 . 0
R
L
th
= = =
-20t -20t
e 46 2 e ) 2 48 ( 2 ) t ( i + = + =
= = ) t ( i 2 ) t ( v V e 92 4
-20t
+


Chapter 7, Solution 56.

= + = 10 5 || 20 6 R
eq
, 05 . 0
R
L
= =
[ ]

+ =
t -
e ) ( i ) 0 ( i ) ( i ) t ( i

i(0) is found by applying nodal analysis to the following circuit.
0.5 H

+

12
5
20
6
+
v

v
x

i
20 V
2 A

12 v
6
v
20
v
12
v
5
v 20
2
x
x x x x
= + + =

+
A 2
6
v
) 0 ( i
x
= =
4 5 || 20 =
6 . 1 ) 4 (
6 4
4
) ( i =
+
=
-20t 0.05 t -
e 4 . 0 6 . 1 e ) 6 . 1 2 ( 6 . 1 ) t ( i + = + =



Since ,


20t -
e -20) ( ) 4 . 0 (
2
1
dt
di
L ) t ( v = =
= ) t ( v V e 4 -
-20t



Chapter 7, Solution 57.

At , the circuit has reached steady state so that the inductors act like short
circuits.

= 0 t

+

6
i
5
i
1
i
2
20 30 V


3
10
30
20 || 5 6
30
i = =
+
= , 4 . 2 ) 3 (
25
20
i
1
= = , 6 . 0 i
2
=
A 4 . 2 ) 0 ( i
1
= , A 6 . 0 ) 0 ( i
2
=

For t > 0, the switch is closed so that the energies in L and flow through the
closed switch and become dissipated in the 5 and 20 resistors.
1 2
L
1
t -
1 1
e ) 0 ( i ) t ( i

= ,
2
1
5
5 . 2
R
L
1
1
1
= = =
= ) t ( i
1
A e 4 . 2
-2t

2
t -
2 2
e ) 0 ( i ) t ( i

= ,
5
1
20
4
R
L
2
2
2
= = =
= ) t ( i
2
A e 6 . 0
-5t



Chapter 7, Solution 58.

For t < 0, 0 ) t ( v
o
=
For t > 0, , 10 ) 0 ( i = 5
3 1
20
) ( i =
+
=
= + = 4 3 1 R
th
,
16
1
4
4 1
R
L
th
= = =
[ ]

+ =
t -
e ) ( i ) 0 ( i ) ( i ) t ( i
= ) t ( i
( )
A e 1 5
-16t
+

( )
16t - 16t -
o
e -16)(5) (
4
1
e 1 15
dt
di
L i 3 ) t ( v + + = + =
= ) t ( v
o
V e 5 15
-16t



Chapter 7, Solution 59.

Let I be the current through the inductor.
For t < 0, , 0 v
s
= 0 ) 0 ( i =
For t > 0, 6 3 || 6 4 R
eq
= + = , 25 . 0
6
5 . 1
R
L
eq
= = =
1 ) 3 (
4 2
2
) ( i =
+
=
[ ]

+ =
t -
e ) ( i ) 0 ( i ) ( i ) t ( i
-4t
e 1 ) t ( i =

) -4)(-e )( 5 . 1 (
dt
di
L ) t ( v
4t -
o
= =
= ) t ( v
o
V e 6
-4t

Chapter 7, Solution 60.

Let I be the inductor current.
For t < 0, 0 ) 0 ( i 0 ) t ( u = =
For t > 0, = = 4 20 || 5 R
eq
, 2
4
8
R
L
eq
= = =
4 ) ( i =
| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( i ) 0 ( i ) ( i ) t ( i
( )
2 t -
e 1 4 ) t ( i =

2 t -
e
2
1 -
) 4 - )( 8 (
dt
di
L ) t ( v |
.
|

\
|
= =
= ) t ( v V e 16
-0.5t



Chapter 7, Solution 61.

The current source is transformed as shown below.

4
20u(-t) + 40u(t)

+

0.5 H
8
1
4
2 1
R
L
= = = , 5 ) 0 ( i = , 10 ) ( i =
| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( i ) 0 ( i ) ( i ) t ( i
= ) t ( i A e 5 10
-8t


8t -
e ) 8 - )( 5 - (
2
1
dt
di
L ) t ( v |
.
|

\
|
= =
= ) t ( v V e 20
-8t



Chapter 7, Solution 62.

1
6 || 3
2
R
L
eq
= = =
For 0 < t < 1, so that 0 ) 1 t ( u =
0 ) 0 ( i = ,
6
1
) ( i =
( )
t -
e 1
6
1
) t ( i =

For t > 1,
( )
1054 . 0 e 1
6
1
) 1 ( i
1 -
= =
2
1
6
1
3
1
) ( i = + =
1) - -(t
e ) 5 . 0 1054 . 0 ( 5 . 0 ) t ( i + =
1) - -(t
e 3946 . 0 5 . 0 ) t ( i =
Thus,
= ) t ( i
( )

>
< <
1 t A e 3946 . 0 5 . 0
1 t 0 A e 1
6
1
-1) (t -
t -


Chapter 7, Solution 63.

For t < 0, , 1 ) t - ( u = 2
5
10
) 0 ( i = =

For t > 0, , 0 -t) ( u = 0 ) ( i =
= = 4 20 || 5 R
th
,
8
1
4
5 . 0
R
L
th
= = =
| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( i ) 0 ( i ) ( i ) t ( i
= ) t ( i A e 2
-8t


8t -
e ) 2 )( 8 - (
2
1
dt
di
L ) t ( v |
.
|

\
|
= =
= ) t ( v V e 8 -
-8t


Chapter 7, Solution 64.

Let i be the inductor current.
For t < 0, the inductor acts like a short circuit and the 3 resistor is short-
circuited so that the equivalent circuit is shown in Fig. (a).
v
6
(b)
i
3
2

+

10
(a)
i
3
6

+

i
o
10

A 667 . 1
6
10
) 0 ( i i = = =
For t > 0, = + = 4 6 || 3 2 R
th
, 1
4
4
R
L
th
= = =

To find , consider the circuit in Fig. (b). ) ( i
6
10
v
2
v
3
v
6
v 10
= + =

6
5
2
v
) ( i i = = =
| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( i ) 0 ( i ) ( i ) t ( i
( )
A e 1
6
5
e
6
5
6
10
6
5
) t ( i
t - t -
= |
.
|

\
|
+ =

o
v is the voltage across the 4 H inductor and the 2 resistor
t - t - t -
o
e
6
10
6
10
e -1) (
6
5
) 4 ( e
6
10
6
10
dt
di
L i 2 ) t ( v = |
.
|

\
|
+ + = + =
= ) t ( v
o
( ) V e 1 667 . 1
-t



Chapter 7, Solution 65.

Since
| |
) 1 t ( u ) t ( u 10 v
s
= , this is the same as saying that a 10 V source is
turned on at t = 0 and a -10 V source is turned on later at t = 1. This is shown in
the figure below.

For 0 < t < 1, , 0 ) 0 ( i = 2
5
10
) ( i = =
v
s
-10
10
1
t
4 20 || 5 R
th
= = ,
2
1
4
2
R
L
th
= = =
| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( i ) 0 ( i ) ( i ) t ( i
( )
A e 1 2 ) t ( i
-2t
=
( )
729 . 1 e 1 2 ) 1 ( i
-2
= =

For t > 1, since 0 v 0 ) ( i =
s
=

=
) 1 t ( -
e ) 1 ( i ) t ( i
A e 729 . 1 ) t ( i
) 1 t ( -2
=

Thus,
= ) t ( i
( )

>
< <

1 t A e 729 . 1
1 t 0 A e 1 2
) 1 t ( 2 -
2t -



Chapter 7, Solution 66.

Following Practice Problem 7.14,

=
t -
T
e V ) t ( v
-4 ) 0 ( v V
T
= = ,
50
1
) 10 2 )( 10 10 ( C R
6 - 3
f
= = =
-50t
e -4 ) t ( v =
0 t , e 4 ) t ( v - ) t ( v
-50t
o
> = =

=

= =
50t -
3
o
o
o
e
10 10
4
R
) t ( v
) t ( i 0 t , mA e 4 . 0
-50t
>


Chapter 7, Solution 67.


The op amp is a voltage follower so that v v
o
= as shown below.
R
v
o
v
o

+
+
v
o

C
v
1

R
R

At node 1,
o 1
o 1 1 1 o
v
3
2
v
R
v v
R
0 v
R
v v
=

At the noninverting terminal,
0
R
v v
dt
dv
C
1 o o
=

+
o o o 1 o
o
v
3
1
v
3
2
v v v
dt
dv
RC = = =
RC 3
v
dt
dv
o o
=
3RC t -
T o
e V ) t ( v =
V 5 ) 0 ( v V
o T
= = ,
100
3
) 10 1 )( 10 10 )( 3 ( RC 3
6 - 3
= = =
= ) t ( v
o
V e 5
3 100t -



Chapter 7, Solution 68.

This is a very interesting problem and has both an important ideal solution as well as an
important practical solution. Let us look at the ideal solution first. Just before the switch
closes, the value of the voltage across the capacitor is zero which means that the voltage
at both terminals input of the op amp are each zero. As soon as the switch closes, the
output tries to go to a voltage such that the input to the op amp both go to 4 volts. The
ideal op amp puts out whatever current is necessary to reach this condition. An infinite
(impulse) current is necessary if the voltage across the capacitor is to go to 8 volts in zero
time (8 volts across the capacitor will result in 4 volts appearing at the negative terminal
of the op amp). So v
o
will be equal to 8 volts for all t > 0.

What happens in a real circuit? Essentially, the output of the amplifier portion of the op
amp goes to whatever its maximum value can be. Then this maximum voltage appears
across the output resistance of the op amp and the capacitor that is in series with it. This
results in an exponential rise in the capacitor voltage to the steady-state value of 8 volts.

vC(t) = V
op amp max
(1 e
-t/(RoutC)
) volts, for all values of vC less than 8 V,

= 8 V when t is large enough so that the 8 V is reached.


Chapter 7, Solution 69.

Let v be the capacitor voltage.
x
For t < 0, 0 ) 0 ( v
x
=

For t > 0, the 20 k and 100 k resistors are in series since no current enters the
op amp terminals. As t , the capacitor acts like an open circuit so that
13
48
) 4 (
10 100 20
100 20
) ( v
x
=
+ +
+
=
= + = k 120 100 20 R
th
, 3000 ) 10 25 )( 10 120 ( C R
3 - 3
th
= = =
| |

+ =
t -
x x x x
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v
( )
3000 t -
x
e 1
13
48
) t ( v =

= = ) t ( v
120
100
) t ( v
x o
( ) V e 1
13
40
3000 t -



Chapter 7, Solution 70.

Let v = capacitor voltage.

For t < 0, the switch is open and 0 ) 0 ( v = .

For t > 0, the switch is closed and the circuit becomes as shown below.
2
1
C
R
+
v
+

v
o
+

v
S


s 2 1
v v v = = (1)
dt
dv
C
R
v 0
s
=

(2)
where (3) v v v v v v
s o o s
= =

From (1),
0
RC
v
dt
dv
s
= =
= + =
RC
v t -
) 0 ( v dt v
RC
1 -
v
s
s


Since v is constant,
1 . 0 ) 10 5 )( 10 20 ( RC
-6 3
= =
mV t -200 mV
0.1
t 20 -
v = =

From (3),
t 200 20 v v v
s o
+ = =
=
o
v mV ) t 10 1 ( 20 +


Chapter 7, Solution 71.

Let v = voltage across the capacitor.
Let v = voltage across the 8 k resistor.
o

For t < 2, so that 0 v = 0 ) 2 ( v = .

For t > 2, we have the circuit shown below.
+
v
o

10 k

+

20 k
+
v

100 mF
10 k

+
i
o
4 V
8 k

Since no current enters the op amp, the input circuit forms an RC circuit.
1000 ) 10 100 )( 10 10 ( RC
3 - 3
= = =
| |

+ =
) 2 t ( -
e ) ( v ) 2 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v
( )
1000 ) 2 t ( -
e 1 4 ) t ( v

=

As an inverter,
( )
1 e 2 v
k 20
k 10 -
v
1000 ) 2 t ( -
o
= =


= =
8
v
i
o
o
( ) A 1 e 25 . 0
1000 ) 2 t ( -

Chapter 7, Solution 72.

The op amp acts as an emitter follower so that the Thevenin equivalent circuit is
shown below.
C
+
v
+

i
o
3u(t) R

Hence,
[ ]

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v
V 2 - ) 0 ( v = , V 3 ) ( v = , 1 . 0 ) 10 10 )( 10 10 ( RC
-6 3
= = =
-10t -10t
e 5 3 e 3) - -2 ( 3 ) t ( v = + =

10t - 6 -
o
e ) 10 - )( 5 - )( 10 10 (
dt
dv
C i = =
=
o
i 0 t , mA e 5 . 0
-10t
>


Chapter 7, Solution 73.

Consider the circuit below.
R
f

+
v
o

+
v
+

R
1

+
C
v
2
v
1
v
3
v
1


At node 2,
dt
dv
C
R
v v
1
2 1
=

(1)

At node 3,
f
o 3
R
v v
dt
dv
C

= (2)

But and 0 v
3
=
2 3 2
v v v v = = . Hence, (1) becomes
dt
dv
C
R
v v
1
1
=

dt
dv
C R v v
1 1
=
or
C R
v
C R
v
dt
dv
1
1
1
= +
which is similar to Eq. (7.42). Hence,
( )

> +
<
=

0 t e v v v
0 t v
) t ( v
t -
1 T 1
T

where and 1 ) 0 ( v v
T
= = 4 v
1
=
2 . 0 ) 10 20 )( 10 10 ( C R
6 - 3
1
= = =

>
<
=
0 t e 3 4
0 t 1
) t ( v
5t -


From (2),
) e 15 )( 10 20 )( 10 20 (
dt
dv
C R - v
5t - 6 - 3
f o
= =
0 t , e -6 v
-5t
o
> =
=
o
v V ) t ( u e 6 -
-5t



Chapter 7, Solution 74.

Let v = capacitor voltage.
R
f

+
v
o

+
v
+

R
1

+
C
v
2
v
1
v
3
v
1


For t < 0, 0 ) 0 ( v =
For t > 0, . Consider the circuit below. A 10 i
s
=

R
v
dt
dv
C i
s
+ = (1)
[ ]

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v (2)

It is evident from the circuit that
1 . 0 ) 10 50 )( 10 2 ( RC
3 6
= = =



i
s
+
v
o

C
R
f

+
R
i
s

At steady state, the capacitor acts like an open circuit so that i passes through R.
Hence,
s
V 5 . 0 ) 10 50 )( 10 10 ( R i ) ( v
3 6
s
= = =



Then,
( )
V e 1 5 . 0 ) t ( v
-10t
= (3)

But
f s o
f
o
s
R i - v
R
v 0
i =

= (4)

Combining (1), (3), and (4), we obtain
dt
dv
C R v
R
R -
v
f
f
o
=
dt
dv
) 10 2 )( 10 10 ( v
5
1 -
v
6 - 3
o
=
( )
-10t -2 -10t
o
e 10 - ) 5 . 0 )( 10 2 ( e 0.1 -0.1 v + =
1 . 0 e 2 . 0 v
-10t
o
=
=
o
v ( ) V 1 e 2 1 . 0
-10t




Chapter 7, Solution 75.

Let v = voltage at the noninverting terminal.
1
Let
2
v = voltage at the inverting terminal.

For t > 0, 4 v v v
s 2 1
= = =
o
1
s
i
R
v 0
=

, = k 20 R
1

R i - v
o o
= (1)

Also,
dt
dv
C
R
v
i
2
o
+ = , = k 10 R
2
, F 2 C =
i.e.
dt
dv
C
R
v
R
v -
2 1
s
+ = (2)

This is a step response.
[ ]

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v , 1 ) 0 ( v =
where
50
1
) 10 2 )( 10 10 ( C R
6 - 3
2
= = =

At steady state, the capacitor acts like an open circuit so that i passes through
. Hence, as
o
2
R t
2
o
1
s
R
) ( v
i
R
v -
= =
i.e. -2 ) 4 (
20
10 -
v
R
R -
) ( v
s
1
2
= = =

-50t
e 2) (1 -2 ) t ( v + + =
-50t
e 3 -2 ) t ( v + =

But
o s
v v v =
or
t 50 -
s o
e 3 2 4 v v v + = =
=
o
v V e 3 6
t 50 -


mA -0.2
20k
4 -
R
v -
i
1
s
o
= = =
or = + =
dt
dv
C
R
v
i
2
o
mA 0.2 -

Chapter 7, Solution 76.

The schematic is shown below. For the pulse, we use IPWL and enter the corresponding
values as attributes as shown. By selecting Analysis/Setup/Transient, we let Print Step =
25 ms and Final Step = 2 s since the width of the input pulse is 1 s. After saving and
simulating the circuit, we select Trace/Add and display V(C1:2). The plot of V(t) is
shown below.






Chapter 7, Solution 77.

The schematic is shown below. We click Marker and insert Mark Voltage Differential at
the terminals of the capacitor to display V after simulation. The plot of V is shown
below. Note from the plot that V(0) = 12 V and V() = -24 V which are correct.








Chapter 7, Solution 78.


(a) When the switch is in position (a), the schematic is shown below. We insert
IPROBE to display i. After simulation, we obtain,

i(0) = 7.714 A

from the display of IPROBE.


(b) When the switch is in position (b), the schematic is as shown below. For inductor
I1, we let IC = 7.714. By clicking Analysis/Setup/Transient, we let Print Step = 25 ms
and Final Step = 2 s. After Simulation, we click Trace/Add in the probe menu and
display I(L1) as shown below. Note that i() = 12A, which is correct.













Chapter 7, Solution 79.


When the switch is in position 1, i
o
(0) = 12/3 = 4A. When the switch is in position 2,
3 / 80 , 3 / 8 4 // ) 5 3 ( A, 5 . 0
3 5
4
) ( = = = + = =
+
=
L
R
R i
Th
Th o


A 5 . 4 5 . 0 )] ( ) 0 ( [ ) ( ) (
80 / 3 / t t
o o o o
e e i i i t i

+ = + =




Chapter 7, Solution 80.


(a) When the switch is in position A, the 5-ohm and 6-ohm resistors are short-
circuited so that

0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 (
2 1
= = =
o
v i i

but the current through the 4-H inductor is i
L
(0) =30/10 = 3A.

(b) When the switch is in position B,

5 . 0 4 / 2 , 2 6 // 3 = = = = =
L
R
R
Th
Th


A 3 3 0 )] ( ) 0 ( [ ) ( ) (
2 5 . 0 / / t t t
L L L L
e e e i i i t i

= + = + =



(c) A 0 ) (
9
3
) ( , A 2
5 10
30
) (
2 1
= = =
+
=
L
i i i

V 0 ) ( ) ( = =
o
L
o
v
dt
di
L t v


Chapter 7, Solution 81.

The schematic is shown below. We use VPWL for the pulse and specify the attributes as
shown. In the Analysis/Setup/Transient menu, we select Print Step = 25 ms and final
Step = 3 S. By inserting a current marker at one termial of LI, we automatically obtain
the plot of i after simulation as shown below.



hapter 7, Solution 82.



C

=

= =
6 -
-3
10 100
10 3
C
R RC 30



Chapter 7, Solution 83.


s x x x RC v v 510 10 15 10 34 , 0 ) 0 ( , 120 ) (
6 6
= = = = =



) 1 ( 120 6 . 85 )] ( ) 0 ( [ ) ( ) (
510 / / t t
e e v v v t v

= + =



Solving for t gives
s t 16 . 637 488 . 3 ln 510 = =

speed = 4000m/637.16s = 6.278m/s


Chapter 7, Solution 84.


Let I
o
be the final value of the current. Then

50 / 1 8 / 16 . 0 / ), 1 ( ) (
/
= = = =

L R e I t i
t
o

. ms 33 . 18
4 . 0
1
ln
50
1
) 1 ( 6 . 0
50
= = =

t e I I
t
o o


Chapter 7, Solution 85.

(a) s 24 ) 10 6 )( 10 4 ( RC
-6 6
= = =

Since
| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v
| |

=
1
t -
1
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v (1)
| |

=
2
t -
2
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v (2)

Dividing (1) by (2),

=


) t t (
2
1
1 2
e
) ( v ) t ( v
) ( v ) t ( v

|
.
|

\
|


= =
) ( v ) t ( v
) ( v ) t ( v
ln t t t
2
1
1 2 0

= = |
.
|

\
|

= ) 2 ( ln 24
120 30
120 75
ln 24 t
0
s 63 . 16
(b) Since , the light flashes repeatedly every t t
0
<
= = RC s 24

Chapter 7, Solution 86.

| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( v ) 0 ( v ) ( v ) t ( v
12 ) ( v = , 0 ) 0 ( v =
( )

=
t -
e 1 12 ) t ( v
( )

= =
0
t -
0
e 1 12 8 ) t ( v
3
1
e e 1
12
8
0 0
t - t -
= =


) 3 ( ln t
0
=

For , = k 100 R
s 2 . 0 ) 10 2 )( 10 100 ( RC
-6 3
= = =
s 2197 . 0 ) 3 ( ln 2 . 0 t
0
= =

For , = M 1 R
s 2 ) 10 2 )( 10 1 ( RC
-6 6
= = =
s 197 . 2 ) 3 ( ln 2 t
0
= =

Thus,
s 197 . 2 t s 2197 . 0
0
< <


Chapter 7, Solution 87.

Let i be the inductor current.

For t < 0, A 2 . 1
100
120
) 0 ( i = =

For t > 0, we have an RL circuit
1 . 0
400 100
50
R
L
=
+
= = , 0 ) ( i =
| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( i ) 0 ( i ) ( i ) t ( i
-10t
e 2 . 1 ) t ( i =

At t = 100 ms = 0.1 s,
= =
-1
e 2 . 1 ) 1 . 0 ( i A 441 . 0
which is the same as the current through the resistor.


Chapter 7, Solution 88.

(a) s 60 ) 10 200 )( 10 300 ( RC
-12 3
= = =
As a differentiator,
ms 6 . 0 s 600 10 T = = >
i.e. =
min
T ms 6 . 0
(b) s 60 RC = =
As an integrator,
s 6 1 . 0 T = <
i.e. =
max
T s 6


Chapter 7, Solution 89.

Since s 1 T 1 . 0 = <
s 1
R
L
<

) 10 1 )( 10 200 ( 10 R L
-6 3 -6
= <

mH 200 L <


Chapter 7, Solution 90.

We determine the Thevenin equivalent circuit for the capacitor C .
s
i
p s
s
th
v
R R
R
v
+
= ,
p s th
R || R R =
R
th

+

V
th
C
s

The Thevenin equivalent is an RC circuit. Since
p s
s
i th
R R
R
10
1
v
10
1
v
+
= =
= = =
9
6
R
9
1
R
p s
M
3
2

Also,
s 15 C R
s th
= =
where =
+
= = M 6 . 0
3 2 6
) 3 2 ( 6
R || R R
s p th

=

=
6
6 -
th
s
10 0.6
10 15
R
C pF 25

Chapter 7, Solution 91.

mA 240
50
12
) 0 ( i
o
= = , 0 ) ( i =
| |

+ =
t -
e ) ( i ) 0 ( i ) ( i ) t ( i

=
t -
e 240 ) t ( i
R
2
R
L
= =

= =
0
t -
0
e 240 10 ) t ( i
) 24 ( ln t 24 e
0
t
0
= =

R
2
573 . 1
) 24 ( ln
5
) 24 ( ln
t
0
= = = =
= =
573 . 1
2
R 271 . 1

Chapter 7, Solution 92.

< <

< <

= =
D R 6 -
R 3 -
9 -
t t t
10 5
10 -
t t 0
10 2
10
10 4
dt
dv
C i

+ < <
< <
=
s 5 ms 2 t ms 2 mA 8 -
ms 2 t 0 A 20
) t ( i
which is sketched below.
20 A
2 ms
5 s
-8 mA
t
i(t)
(not to scale)