Professional Documents
Culture Documents
A Partheid
A Partheid
Introduction
The phrase ‘sleepwalking into apartheid was put forward by Phillips Trevor who was the
chairman of the racial equality commission in the year 2005; he delivered a very
wonderful speech to address the issues that were facing Britain about voluntary
colonization. In his speech ‘After the 7/7 Sleepwalking into segregation’, he highlighted
claims that the Britons were becoming estranged to each other and their societies were
getting abandoned outside the mainstream. The Muslims in Britain, according to Trevor
are mostly held up as the society which is integrated (incorporated with the rest) the least
and is the most segregated (isolated from the rest). Just as a support for his claims, Trevor
highlights the incidences of Pakistani and Bangladesh societies where hard segregation
and soft segregation indicated isolation from the mainstream. According to Trevor claims
Segregation Factors
Studying segregation has become both complicated and controversial. The subject
inspires extremities of thought and actions, gaining support as well as criticism and
stirring passions which are varied ranging from resigned acceptance to active support and
even violent disagreements. It’s been very difficult again to offer the explanation to what
segregation should entail (Allen & Martin 1992). Basically segregation is not neutral and
community into the other especially the minority community into the larger one.
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Segregation is a negative concept in the society and should not be encouraged as its
divides people and could lead top societal problems like hate crimes (Burke & Morrill
2002).
The social segregation concept refers to two main processes, which are; spatial patterns
and the social differentiation. The way segregation is manifested is available in most
literature writing. For instance, in 1993, Smith suggested that segregation originated from
1. segregation measurement
2. the purpose of segregation
3. stability and change
4. comparison of the innercity
5. The policy proposition in the wider framework
Segregation in a bigger picture refers to the broadest aspect of social life. Basically spatial
segregation is known to spatially victimize the poor minority groups. Doing away with
There are two areas of focus when researching segregation. Some study segregation as
being in certain areas while other investigates the implication of ghettoisation in
neighborhoods. However, unavoidably, researchers usually study on a certain group while
few make the comparisons (Blair 2006). The groups differ considerably, not only in the
cultural composition but also in human, economic and other resources they own. The
context in which segregation is defined involves four difference hypotheses; the minority
ethnic group in the society is segregated due to the fact that its confined to a particular are
and no representation in the rest of the society; the ethnic group is not segregated because
the white populace are living everywhere where minority are found and the whites are
widely segregated because they living in their exclusive white residence; the city centre is
segregated because a lot of people from ethnic minority stay there and finally the centre
Trevor’s Claims
Basically Muslims are not a minority group as the way they have been treated but are a
larger group with a diversity of ethnicities and any discussions that involve Muslims
should take into consideration the dereference between ethnicity characteristics and those
that are attributable to the religion, Islam. Trevor felt that it was important to address
those things that were British and according to him, he defined them as Britishness. He
identified some ‘simple Truths’ as hew puts it (Blackmore 2007). These were mainly the
stereotyping and uninformative clichés that that usually come to mind when describing
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Britishness; Freedom of speech, democracy, equality, use of common language, care for
the children, individualism, eccentric living and politicking. Nobody directs the British
how to dress and their way of worship. An important thing to note is that Trevor made a
The process of integration has to be a two way street. Two communities both exchange
their traditions and adapt some from the other (Blackmore 2007). He also identified some
three integral feature of integrated society; they include equality, interaction and equality.
However this is not normally the case when two communities happen to be residing
together, the contrary may happen and this is what is called drifting from the norm or
expected correct relation. When this happens, segregation ensues; It’s worth noting that
despite the fact that people identify themselves as a society in Britain, the same societies
Some of the districts in Britain are now becoming fully fledged ghettoes presenting very
dangerous places that no one can go without being terrified and suffering trepidation and
from which one gets out undamaged. The separation between the communities is
increasing (Kundnani 2007). To imply that this is almost an involuntary act, Trevor uses
the word, Sleepwalking. Still there are those who are left outside. This is basically the
few individuals who are responsible for their deeds; they are not integrating as expected.
An Asian bishop of the Church of England, rev Michael Nazir-Ali affirmed that in
Britain, people from other areas and religion were prone to physical attacks if they live or
at stake in this regard, as the country’s public religion. As the modern world encourages
in mind that all the faiths have to be treated equally as multicultural beliefs demands, it’s
not possible to challenge the call to offer prayers or the dependence on shariah to
Trevor’s sleepwalking into apartheid has faced a lot of criticism for what some people
call incendiary language. Nonetheless, multiculturalism has intensely resulted into deep
and unmanageable social divisions, what some politicians refer to as voluntary apartheid.
It can seem that these divisions are attributable to the government’s letdown to support
immigrant integration into the larger group or community. Nevertheless it’s also
associated with decreased belief in the Church of England or even the whole process of
practicing Christianity. It’s a common belief among the British that the church will be
disestablished in a generation to come, breaking the connection between the nations and
the church which dates back to the time of reforms. Of course some people assert that the
intolerance in the Islamic communities that has resulted into this draw back
trickier for Christians to keep their faith in the neighborhoods where they happen to be
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the minority groups. He also believes that at one time, the administration of the nations
There is enough evidence to show that Britain is Undergoing a drastic change. In just few
years, the country with a recognized Christian base is currently being referred to as multi-
faith community. It’s evident that the larger number of immigration into the British Isles
make up for the larger portion of shift in attitude. Hitherto, that is not the whole story.
Confidence in Christian vision has been lost and yet this is what underlies the
accomplishments and ideology of culture, it could also account for a lack of enthusiasm
If the minority groups are allowed d to live in their own protected communities, doing
associations with the majority groups, the country is likely to fall into balkanization.
Moreover, the segregation encourages and initiates Islamic extremism by estranging the
youths from the nation and creating the feeling of ideological commitment in a mark of
satisfactoriness (Kundnani 2007).
Of course some Muslims and Christian understand the problem and are enthusiastic to
suggest solutions to it. Shariah laws are critical in this regard. Some important questions
is to ask whether these law can be related to the British civil laws, whether shariah
complaint banks can be allowed in the free market environment, whether Christianity can
be sustained as the nations public faith whether universities can transmit a sense of
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found but still there are more questions than the answers.
Over the past years, there has been a growing debate with regard to the neighbourhood
segregation and ghetto forming. Whereas scholars like Paulsen and his colleagues have
ghettoes, this view has been challenged by other academicians. The most notable is Dr.
Ludi Simpson. He has disputed the issue of ghettoes and has in fact went ahead and
claimed that self segregation among the communities was a myth and segregation was on
instigated contentious debates, especially in the journal of urban studies with many of
them focusing on the definition of “segregation” and the way it ought to be measured
(Wood 2004).
Socio-Economic Factors
Previous researches have indicated that there is continuous disadvantage of the minority
groups in terms of the treatment but rest of the majority tribes is doing fine. In such
groups, segregation is very common in many cities and the characteristics are very
irregular. The host community may experience some kind of socio economic segregation
from these interactions. The social segregation should not only be based on the ethnic ant
racial characteristics notable on the economic factors and social issues which also
Education over the past few years, the research on income segregation has intensified
with many firms concentrating on income segregation. Education is also affected by
thesis is several aspects. With the introduction of quasi market, the minority groups are
hence least qualified than the white majority.
Segregation if Muslims
Though Phillips claimed that it’s not only or even ideologically about Islam the media
reaction to this speech heavily elide the religious divide addressed Muslims and the black
ghettoes as the cities that are leading to segregation. The examples used by Phillips in his
speech were basically Bangladeshi and Pakistani in origin. Generally, it’s considered that
people from Pakistani and Bangladeshi were the most segregated. There are other
influences in the picture. Whereas the initial factor of influence could b ethnicity religion
may come in to play a major role in the determination of the distribution of that particular
This dual influence is very beneficial in explaining why certain ethnical communities
continue to experience segregation of high levels while other indicates reducing level of
segregation with time. The dual influence integration is likely to be the best too to explain
why Muslims will not integrate well but still parallel lives (Wood 2004).
Just to be able to justify or to prove unjustified, that the segreagatu9on that was observed
was due to ethnicity alone or whether it was a combination or ethnic origin and religion a
control is very useful where ethnicity is not an issue of concern. The control group will
share the ethnic background of the host community (Popple 1995). This is to be in larger
The 2001 census saw such a group in existence. There were 61,513 Muslims who were
white Britons as well. These individual identified themselves as from the white British
origin and subscribed to Muslim as a religion. It was anticipated that 75% were born in
Britain (estimated at about 46,233). This is about 3.03% totals of all Muslims in Britain.
The converted Muslims were about 0.11%. These figures still have disputes (Millie et al
2005)
The distribution of the white Muslims across Britain was observed at three level to draw
results; local area, religion, and selected wards. The patterns of distribution for the
whites; The numbers of each English Muslim was noted at each level and comparisons
made with other samples Considering all the complex groups, white English Muslims
Data obtained about distribution was analyzed by several data analysis means and
computed. London hosted about 48.93%English Muslims whereas 9.71% white Muslims
were located in London. Analysis by use of simple statistical test brings about zero
correlation between the distribution of white English and white Muslims and the general
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between the distribution of white Muslims and white English population in general
(Millie et al 2005). Distribution by local authority was also assessed by the analyses of
The way white English Muslims were distributed was expressed as a percentage of the
entire English populace in every local government area. Again at this level, a definite
correlation between the distribution of the Muslims population and the white English
Muslims was drawn. Several counties were studied including Bradford, Coventry and
Birmingham. Results from Bradford were analyzed by use of simple statistical tests and a
strong positive correlation was obtained between the distribution of white English
Muslims and the entire Muslim population in general. On the contrary, there was a strong
negative correlation between the population distribution of white British Muslims and the
There are many factors that determine where an individual will chose to stay. Some of the
most influential factors include; family, job, ethic belief, and resources. People may also
consider the neighbourhood and the people who stay there, availability if social
infrastructure and amenities, the crime rates, place of work and so on (Millie et al 2005
For Muslims, the following factors apply when looking for a residential place in Britain.
Muslims would first consider their community and the presence of mosques. It is
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mandatory that all the male Muslims attend the congregational prayers on every Friday.
Neighborhoods easily accessible and close to the mosque will be preferred (Millie et al
2005. The mosque is also a social place and people may come here to meet and have
some discussions. Children regularly attend madras as well and would be inconvenienced
if they would stay very far way from the mosque. Food is also critical for Muslim
religion and people will tend to like settling where they can access halal food (the type of
Consumption of alcohol is prohibited in Muslim and also other social behaviours like
gambling sex and as a result Muslims tend to stay away from these as much as possible.
In the UK, about 90% of the total population is alcohol drinkers and more than 80% of
young people have had sex while underage. There are also a lot of gambling houses and
clubs. The way of life in UK is totally the contrary to what the Muslim could tolerate and
it they seem to be living a parallel life, it would be because of their rejection of the
immorality like drinking and gambling (Millie et al 2005). Nonetheless, the Muslims
claim that the need to be different or separate should never be perceived as self
segregation. There have been several studies that have indicated that the Muslims are
There are those who believe that Phillips Trevor is ill informed about the condition of the
contemporary lifestyle in UK. There are headlines making the news that the Ghetto
condition in other places like Chicago was just like in Britain (Wood 2004 & Dorling
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2006). All these se seem to be responding to the famous speech delivered by Phillip
Professor Dorling contradicts Trevor by making claims that there are no neighbourhood
ghettoes in British communities. He alleges that Phillips was ill formed. Professor
Dorling readily accepts that the racial discrimination cases are rampant in Britain but they
are not portrayed or expressed in terms of the increasing level of segregation in the
neighbourhood or any other type of ghetto. He argues that if the trends of addressing the
issue of segregation would take the perspective taken by Trevor, then the debate would be
poorer and would not be addressing the relevant points. The real segregation according to
him is occurring by wealth and poverty. The academic researches conducted in Britain
recently seem to contradict the perception of Trevor and he is advised to read them so as
Dr. Ludi Sympson had a very exclusive research on the issue and his conclusion indicated
that the perception racial self segregation and increasing rates of isolation were mere
folklore (Simpson 2007). The more recent statistics were calculated last year and the
religious and ethnical issues have been clearly outlined and calculated from the latest
census and comparisons are available for the statistics even a decade ago. According to
professor Dorling, the statistics used by Philip Trevor fell between 1991 and 2001. For
the blacks and people of Asian origin, these statistics dropped fastest (Dorling 2006)
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Trevor is perceived to have been misinformed by the work reported by researcher from
Australia who referred to the degree to which diverse groups in UK could become more
secluded to a certain extent than segregated. According to Dorling, the extent of isolation
in Britain could be highest in Christians. Trevor indicated that Muslims are the most
the most segregated religion in the UK (particularly Wales and England) is the Sikh faiths
and the Jewish. The level of geographical segregation for Catholics in Scotland is even
Professor Dorling claim that the social ghettoes indicated by Trevor in his speech do not
exist at all. If the statistics were to be analyzed seriously, Britain would be cut upwards
fifth floor of the entire House in UK are whites, Most of the kids ‘living in the sky’ are
black.
Conclusion
Trevor Phillips Claimed that Britain was headed for apartheid unconsciously though what
is apparent is that there is wide a wake situation where people reached decisions for
various reasons within the society. The majority groups not accept provision of social
amenities because the Muslims would spreads out while the Muslims despites what is
considered the norm by the majority culture. These are actually consciousness decisions.
Any explanation of the social segregation founded entirely on ethnic classification will
not be able to give the answers required to appropriately address the subject. The
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distribution of the Muslims and particularly the white Muslims is a clear indication there
are factors other than ethnicity which influence the distribution of communities. This is
because their patterns are closely related to that of the other Muslims. Its also important
References
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Burke & Morrill (2002) Anti Social Behaviour Orders. An Infringement of the Human
Rights Act 1998? Nottingham Law Journal, 2002, 11, (2), 1, Nottingham University
Press.
Dorling, D. (2006) Ethnic Minority Populations and the Labour Market
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Kundnani A. (2007) Integrationist The Politics of AntiMuslim Racism. Race and
Class, 48, 24 – 44
Popple, K (1995) Analyzing Community Work, Milton Keynes, Open University Press.
Simpson, L. (2007) Ghettos of the Mind The Empirical Behaviour of Indices of
Segregation and Diversity. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A Statistics in
Society, 170, 405424.
The2003/ 2004 British Crime Survey; Home Office Online Report 49/04. Research