CHAPTER 12 :

CARBON COMPOUNDS

12-

Carbon compound is a compound which consists of carbon combines with other elements . Carbon compounds are c ssified into: la

a) Organic compound
b) Inorganic compound 3No. Organic Compound Inorganic Compound i Obtained from living things Obtained from non-living things ii Made up of many atoms Made up of fewer atoms iii Soluble in organic solvent Soluble in inorganic solvent such as water iv Exist mainly as solid Exist mainly as liquids or gases v Low melting point High melting point vi Low boiling point High boiling point vii Flammable Non-flammable viii Examples: carbohydrate, protein, natural Examples: carbon dioxide, sodium rubber, and petroleum carbonate, magnesium cyanide, and sodium bicarbonate. 45Hydrocarbon is a compound which consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms only. Hydrocarbon can be classified by: a) Saturated hydrocarbon (alkanes) single bonds carbon chain b) Unsaturated hydrocarbon (alkenes) double bond (alkynes) - triple bond 6- The three sources of hydrocarbons are from a) low crude oil from decomposition of sea b) natural gas and land plants and animal which c) petroleum exists million of years ago. 78Alcohol is an organic substance made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The formula of
alcohol is CnH2 n+ 2OH.

Alcohol is produced through: a) Fermentation when yeast is added to a carbohydrate. The carbohydrates will be hydrolyzed into glucose, then changed to ethanol.
phosphoric acid

b) Hydration of ethane Ethene + steam 9-

ethanol

Physical properties of alcohol: colorless, volatile, soluble in water, organic solvent, low melting and boiling point. 10- Chemical properties of alcohol: burns in air producing water and carbon dioxide, will form organic acid when oxidized, and react with organic acid to produce ester. 11- Uses of alcohol; Fuel, solvent, cosmetic, antiseptic, alcoholic drinks 12- Effects of alcohol on health ; slows down the activity of brain and nervous system, liver cyrrhosis, damage the internal organs, foetal alcohol syndrome (the abuse of alcohol by a mother during pregnancy) 13- Fats consist of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen 14- The importance of fat: a) To provide energy b) Maintain the body temperature (as heat insulator) c) Protect the body tissues and organs d) As a solvent for vitamins A, D, E, K 15- Fats can classified into: a) Saturated fat b) Unsaturated fat

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16Saturated fats Unsaturated fats Usually exist in solid form at room Exist in liquid form at room temperature temperature High melting point Low melting point Obtain from animals Obtain from plants High cholesterol Low cholesterol Have single bonds between the carbon Have double bonds between the carbon atoms atoms 17Saturated fats is not good for health because it will cause arteriosclerosis, high blood pressure, heart attack and stroke 18- An oil palm consist of pulp (mesocarp), shell (endocarp) and kernel 19- The stages in the process of palm oil extraction: Sterilization Stripping Oil palm treat

Digestion Extraction Refining Purification

20- Uses of palm olein (liquid at room temperature) mainly used in foodstuff such as cooking oil, margarine, creams, cake and pastries. 21- Palm stearin (solid at room temperature) used for industrial purpose such as cosmetic, soaps, detergents, candles and lubricating oils. 22- Palm oil is rich in beta-carotene, vitamin A (cancer fighting properties), tocopherols and tocotrienol (constituents of vitamin E), antioxidants (protect against agent, arteriosclerosis and cancer). 23- MPOB is the government body that handles all aspect of palm oil. 24- The future of palm oil is more promising as a bio-diesel. 25- Soap is the sodium or potassium salt of a fatty acid produced by heating fat/oil with alkali (NaOH or KOH) in a process called saponification . Fat + Alkali heat Glycerol + soap

26- The cleansing action of soaps includes: a) Lowering the surface tension of water. b) The head of the soap molecule dissolve in water, while tails dissolve in dirt (oil). c) When water is shaken, grease will break into small droplet forming an emulsion. d) These droplets are then rinsed off. e) The clothes are free from oil or grease. 27- Polymer is a large molecule with a long chain made from large number of small molecule called monomers. 28- Polymerization is process of joining monomers to make polymer. 29- Depolymerization is a process in which a polymer is broken down into the monomers. 30- Natural rubber is an example of natural polymer made up of monomers called isoprene. 31- Latex will coagulate in the presence of acid, while alkali will prevent its coagulation. 32- Natural rubber is soft, elastic, become sticky when exposed to high temperature . 33- Vulcanization is the process of adding sulphur to natural rubber making it harder and strong, more resistant to heat,more elastic and does not become sticky at high temperature .

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PAPER 1
1. Which of the following elements contain in all carbon compounds? Yang manakah antara unsur yang berikut terkandung dalam semua sebatian karbon? A Carbon C. Nitrogen B. Oxygen D. Hydrogen

2. Which of the following substances contains organic compound? A. B. The air The Soil C. D. Water Living things

3. Which of the following is an organic compound? A. B. Protein C. Calcium carbonate Carbon dioxide D. Sodium bicarbonate

4. An organic substances exhibit the following properties

sweet smell Burns completely in air to produce carbon dioxide and water colorless

Which compound has that properties? A. B. Diesel Petrol C. D. Ethanol Citric acid

5.

What are carbon dioxide and calcium carbonate? A. B. Polymers C. Monomers D. Organic compounds Inorganic compounds.

6.

Why does petrol is grouped in hydrocarbon? A. B. C. D. Contains polymers Has high boiling point Originate from living things Consist of only carbon and hydrogen

7. Which of the following element is not found in the alcohol molecule? A. B. Carbon Oxygen C. D. Nitrogen Hydrogen

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8.

Which of the following chemicals is the product of alcohol and organic acid A. B. Perfume Biodiesel C. Lubricating oil D. Synthetic rubber

9. The diagram shows an experiment.

Which A. B.

of

the C. D. Esterification Depolymerization

following is the relevant process?

Polymerization Fermentation

10. Which of the following enzyme is produced by yeast? A. B. Amylase Maltase C. D. Zymase Lipase

11.

The diagram shows

purification of ethanol.

Why does pure ethanol is obtained through this process? A. B. C. D. Combustible Soluble in water Can react with acid Has a different boiling point compared to water

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12.

Which of the following is the characteristic of ethanol as fuel? A. B. C. D. It is burns readily It is a colorless liquid It has a low boiling point It is miscible with water.

13.

Which of the following is produced from the oxidized of alcohol? A. B. C. D. Fat Ester Vinegar Hydrocarbon

14.

The following word equation shows the reaction to produce ester.

Concentrated sulphuric acid

Ethanol + X

Ester + Water

What does X represent? A. B. Glucose Oxygen C. D. Yeast Ethanoic acid

15. A. B. 16.

Which of the following substances is made from ester? Medicine Flavouring C. Fuel Solvent

D.

The diagram shows an experiment to produce substance Z.

What can be observed in the test tube on the right? A. B. A white solid is formed The mixture turns chalky C. D. Gas bubbles are produced A sweet smelling liquid is formed

17.

What is the function of concentrated sulphuric acid in esterification process? A. B. Catalyst Product C. D. Reactant Coagulant

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18. Which of the following is the effect of alcohol on health? A. B. Blind C. Heart disease Cataract D. Diabetes

19.

The equation shows the combustion of ethanol

Ethanol + Oxygen

What are X and Y? X A. B. C. D. Y Carbon dioxide Ester Hydrogen Ester Carbon dioxide Water Hydrogen Water

20. Which of the following elements are found in fat? A. Carbon and hydrogen

21. The following information shows the characteristic of substance X B. C. D. Sulphur, oxygen and calcium Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen Hydrogen, calcium and nitrogen

originate from plants liquid at room temperature contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

What is X? A. B. A saturated fat C. An unsaturated fat A natural polymer D. A synthetic polymer

22.

Which of the following statement is true about saturated fats? A. B. C. D. Obtained from plants Exist in a liquid form at room temperature Contain double bond between the carbon atoms Has a higher melting points than unsaturated fats

23. Which of the following is not caused by taking too much cholesterol in diet? A. B. Stroke Diabetes C. Heart attack D. Arteriosclerosis

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24. The diagram shows a change in the lumen size of an artery

Which of the following substances can cause this change if it is consumed? A. B. Fat Sugar C. Protein D. Alcohol

25. The following foods are sources of fats.

P Peanut oil Q - Corn oil R - Butter S - Soya oil T - Cheese

Which of the following group has unsaturated fats? A. B. P, R, S P, Q,S C. D. R, S, T Q, R, S

26.

The diagram shows a cross section of an oil palm fruit. Which part is containing very much palm oil ?

C D A

27. What is the process in which raw palm oil is obtained from oil palm fruit? A. B. 28. Extraction Distillation C. Purification D. Sterilization

Which of the following nutritional substances is found in palm oil? A. B. Iodine Protein C. D. Vitamin E Vitamin C

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29.

What does oil contain? A. B. Glycerol and alcohol C. Fatty acid and hydrocarbon Fatty acid and glycerol D. Glycerol and hydrocarbon

30. The statement below shows the steps in making soap.

U Add salt and water to the mixture, then boil for a few minutes V Filter the mixture W Add sodium hydroxide to oil X Boil the mixture for 5 minutes

Which of the following steps is correct? A. B. C. D. W, U, V, X U, W, X, V W, X, U, V V, W, X, U

31. The diagram shows the structure of a soap molecule.

What is the suitable properties of P and Q? P A. B. C. D. Q Hydrophobic Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Hydrophilic

Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Hydrophobic Hydrophilic

32. Which of the following diagram illustrates the cleansing action of soap molecules correctly?

CA

B D

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33.

The diagram shows one of the steps in preparation of soap.

Which of the following substance is added after this step ? A. B. C. D. Ethanol Common salt Sulphuric acid sodium hydroxide

34. Why does soap can act as a cleaning agent ? A. B. C. D. It is slippery and is an alkaline solution It produces a lot of bubbles to clean the dirt Its tail is soluble in water, while its head is soluble in oil Its tail is soluble in oil, while its head is soluble in water

35.

Why does latex coagulate even though nothing is added to it? A. B. C. D. Negative charges of the rubber molecule collide with each other Bacteria produce acid to neutralize charges of protein membrane The rubber molecule will change into solid below the freezing point Negative charges of the latex neutralized by positive ions from the air

36. Which of the following substances can prevent latex from coagulating? A. B. Ethanol Ammonia C. Acetic acid D.

Sulphuric acid

37.

The diagram shows an

experiment to coagulate latex.

What is substance X ? A. B. Soap water Lime juice C. D. Distilled water Salt solution

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38. The diagram shows the steps of rubber reaction.

N M Latex Solid rubber vulcanized rubber

What substances are M and N? M N A. B. C. D.

Ammonia Formic acid Sulphur Ammonia

Formic acid Sulphur Lactic acid Lactic acid

39.

Which natural polymer is correctly paired to its monomers? Natural polymer Fats Amino acid Starch Glucose Carbohydrate Fatty acid Protein Monomer

A. B. C. D.

Glycerol

40. The diagram after undergoing process P.

shows the structure of rubber polymers before and

Process P

Before

After

What is process P? A. B. Coagulation Polymerization C. Vulcanization D. Neutralization

41.

Which of the following methods helps to make tyres harder and more heat resistant? A. B. C. D. Heat natural rubber with sulphur Add organic acid to natural rubber Heating natural rubber with carbon Add ammonium solution to natural rubber

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42. The diagram shows the change in the molecular structure of natural rubber when stretched and released

Entangled rubber polymer stretche

Rubber polymers

What

is

that

characteristics?

A. B.

Soft Elastic D. Heat resistant

C.

Sticky

43. Which of the following is the monomer for natural rubber? A. B. Ethene Neoprene C. Isoprene D. Methyl methacrylate

44.

The diagram shows formation of a long chain molecule from many small molecules.

What is the process? A. B. 45. Polymerization C. Esterification Vulcanization D. Depolymerization

The following diagram shows the relationship between protein and amino acids X Protein Amino acids Y

Which of the following process are true of X and Y? X A. B. C. D. Y Depolimerization Polymerization Polymerization Depolymerization Vulcanization Crystallization Crystallization Depolymerization

46. A. B.

Which of the following is the potential use of palm oil? Petrol Alcohol C. Biogas D. Bio-diesel

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PAPER 2

SECTION A
1. Diagram 1 shows an experiment to study the amount of carbon dioxide released in the fermentation process.

Diagram 1 The table below shows the result of the experiment. Time (day) 0 1 2 3 4 5 26 Volume of gas / (cm) 0 10 20 30 30 a) Based on the data in the table above, draw a graph to show the relationship between the gas volume and the number of days.

(2 marks)

Volume of
gas (cm3 )

30

X X

25

20

15

10

X
5 Number of days

X 4 1 2 3 5 0

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b) c)

Determine from the graph the volume of gas collected on the third day. (1 mark) State the variables in this experiment; Time (i) manipulated variable :...... Volume of gas (ii) responding variable : .. (2 marks)

d)

What is the volume of gas collected on the sixth day? 30 cm .. (1 mark)

d)

What is the relationship between the volume of the gas and time? The longer the time, the volume of gas increase .. ..

2. Diagram 2 shows an experiment carried out to study the characteristic of vulcanized rubber and natural rubber of the same length.

Diagram 2 Table 2 shows the result of the experiment Vulcanized Criteria rubber rubber Initial length of the rubber strip (cm) 15 15 The length when the 100g weight is hung (cm) 17.5 19.5 The increase in length because of the 100g weight (cm) 2.5 4.5 The length of the rubber strip after the weight is removed (cm) 15 16.5 Table 2 a) Calculate the increase in length of natural rubber when 100g weight was hung? (1 mark) Natural

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b)

State the hypothesis for this experiment? Vulcanized rubber is harder / more elastic than natural rubber .

. (1 mark) c) What is the variable for this experiment? the type of rubber i) manipulated:. initial length of rubber stripe constant:.. (2 marks) d) What is the operational definition for vulcanized rubber ? Vulcanized rubber is the rubber that will stretch and will return to its original length after the weight is removed. . (1 mark)

ii)

SECTION B

1.

Diagram 3

shows

the

apparatus

arrangement to purify liquid X from a fermented product.

79

78

77

76

75

Diagram 3 a) Mark in the diagram above, the direction of water in and out of the Liebig condenser. (1 mark) b) i) What is liquid X? Ethanol

ii)

.. What is the reading of the thermometer? 78C .

(1 mark)

(1 mark)

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c)

What is the name of the process in Diagram 3?

distillation . (1 mark) d) How can this process separate liquid X from the fermented product? because the boiling point for ethanol and other liquid are different/ liquid X and water are different. (1 mark)

2. Table 3 shows the percentage of saturated fat and unsaturated fat in four types of fat or oil.

Fat / oil Saturated fat (%) Unsaturated fat (%) P 54 46 Q 30 70 R 35 65 S 9 91 T 68 32 Table 3 a) b) Complete the table above (1 mark)

Based on the table, draw a bar chart to show the percentage of saturated fat versus type of fat. (2 marks)

% of Saturated fat

60

50

40

30

20

10

Type of fat

S P Q R T

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c)

i)

Which of the substances P, Q, R,S and T is bad for health?

P and T .. (1 mark) ii) Give one reason for your answer in (b) (i). P and T contains more amount of cholesterol / saturated fat . (1 mark)

3.

Diagram 4 shows the industrial process of palm oil in the factory.

Oil palm fruit Separation of fruits X bunches from the bunches

Purification Steam flow Digestion Extraction Addition of activated carbon Diagram 4 a) What is the process in stage X? Sterilization . b) What is the purpose of carrying out the following steps during the purification stages? i. Steam flow : To kill bacteria and fungi // stripping off the fruit ii: Addition of activated carbon: To remove the odor of crude palm oil // to decolorized the palm oil ... (2 marks) Diagram 5 shows a cross section of an oil palm fruit.

(1 mark)

c)

Mesocarp M: ..

Shell L: .. Kernel N: ..

Diagram 5

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i) On Diagram 5, name L,M and N. (3 marks) ii) Name the part of the oil palm fruit where oil can be extracted. Mesocarp and kernel . (1 mark) State one advantage of using palm oil as cooking oil.

d)

It contains vitamin A and vitamin E // It does not contain cholesterol (1 mark) e) Which of the following are the effects of taking high cholesterol ? High blood pressure Stroke Diabetic mellitus Goiter v v

4.

Diagram 6 shows an experiment to study the reaction between ethanoic acid and methanol.
Substance Y

Ethanoic acid Solution P

Mixture of methanol Methanol and ethanoic acid Water

Heated

Diagram 6 a) (i) What is the name of the process? Esterification (ii) Name the substance Y. Ester .. (iii) State two characteristics of substance Y? Sweet odour / colorless 1 . Non-water soluble 2 . (1 mark) b) (i) What is solution P? Concentrated sulphuric acid .. (1mark)

(1 mark)

(1 mark)

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(ii)

What is the function of solution P?

c)

to speed up the reaction (1mark) Complete the word equation to represent the reaction above?

Ester Methanol Ethanoic acid + . .. + water

5.

Diagram 7

shows the

(1mark) process of making soap.

Substance Z is added after the mixture is bolied.

Diagram 7 a) (i) What is X? Sodium hydroxide solution / potassium hydroxide solution (ii) What is the function of X?

(1 mark)

Reacts with fat to produce glycerol and soap .. .. (1 mark) b) (i) What is substance Z ? Sodium chloride / common salt .. (ii) What is the function of substance Z?

(1 mark)

c)

To decrease solubility of soap and facilitate a separation . (1 mark) Diagram 8 shows the structure of a soap molecule. In which substances do part S and T dissolve in?

T Diagram 8

Water T:

Grease / fat S: (2 marks)

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SECTION C
1. A rubber planter observes that his latex turns to solid when ethanoic acid is added. On the other hand, the latex maintains its liquid form when ammonia is added.

a) b)

Based on the statements above, make one suitable hypothesis. (1 mark) Describe the experiment that can be carried out in a laboratory to prove this hypothesis. Your description should include the following: iAim of the experiment: (2 marks)

(1

mark) Identification of variable; Manipulated: Responding: Fixed: List the apparatus and materials iv- Method v- Data analysis vi- Conclusion: ii-

iii-

(1 mark) (3 marks) (1 mark) (1 mark)

ANSWER a) Hypothesis : Acid caused the coagulation of latex, whereas alkali / ammonia solution prevent coagulation of latex.

b) i-

Aim of the experiment: to study the effect of acid and alkali / ammonia on latex Identification of variable; Manipulated: acid ethanoic and ammonia Responding: The state of latex / latex coagulate or not Fixed: The volume of acid / ammonia / latex / alkali

ii-

iii- List the apparatus and materials Beaker, dropper, glass rod,latex, ethanoic acid,measuring cylinder, ammonia solution ivMethod 1. Latex is poured into a container and ethanoic acid is added. 2. Latex is poured into another container and ammonia is added. 3. The latex in both container is observed after 10 minutes. v- Data analysis Type of solution added The state of latex Latex + ethanoic acid Latex + ammonia viConclusion: Acids caused the coagulation of latex, whereas ammonia prevents coagulation of latex.

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2.

a) b)

State 4 reasons why palm oil is considered to be unsaturated fat. (4 marks) Diagram 10 above shows examples of fat.

CHEESE BUTTER

GHEE

Diagram 9 Study the information above and construct the concept of saturated fats. Your answer should be based on the following steps. i- Identify the information (1 mark) ii- Identify the common characteristic iii- Relates the common characteristic of saturated fats in order to construct the initial concept. iv- Give an example with reason of another saturated fat and unsaturated fat. marks) v- State the actual concept of saturated fats. ANSWER a) 1. Palm oil has a low melting point 2. Palm oil is a liquid at room temperature 3. Palm oil originates from plants 4. Palm oil particles contain double bonds / no cholesterol b) i- Identify the information: Butter and ghee ii- Identify the common characteristic Butter / ghee originates from animals Butter / ghee is solid at room temperature They have high melting point They are solid at room temperature iii- Relates the common characteristic of unsaturated fats in order to construct the initial concept. The substances which have low melting point and are solid at room temperature are unsaturated iv- Give an example with reason of another saturated fat and unsaturated fat. Saturated: chicken fat / tallow because originate from animals / exist in solid at room temperature Unsaturated: peanut oil / corn oil / sesame oil / olive oil because originate from plants / exist liquid at room temperature v- State the actual concept of saturated fats. Saturated fats are fats that originate from animal which have high melting points / which are solid at room temperature.

(1 mark) (1 mark) (2 (1 mark)

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3.

a)

State 4 differences between organic and inorganic carbon compounds. (4 marks)

b) Compounds

Ethanol Natural Rubber Natural Gas Carbohydrate s

Study the scheme diagram above. Explain how you would develop a concept based on the information. Your explanation of the concept should include the following. i- Identify two common characteristic. (2 marks) ii- Develop an initial concept of carbon compounds. (1 mark) iii- Give one other example and non-example of carbon compounds. with reason (2 marks) iv- Develop the aactual concept. ANSWER a) No Organic compounds Inorganic compounds 1 Obtained from living things Obtained from non-living things 2 Soluble in organic solvent such as Soluble in inorganic solvent such as alcohol water 3 Low melting point High melting point 4 Big size of molecule Small size of molecule b) i- Identify two common characteristic. All these compounds contain carbon. All these compounds originate from living things (animals / plants) ii- Develop an initial concept of carbon compounds. The compounds / substances that contain carbon and originate from living things are carbon compounds iii- Give one other example and non-example of carbon compounds with reason. Example protein / fat / sugar / petrol / cellulose Reason Originate from living things Non-example carbon dioxide / calcium carbonate Reason originate from non-living things iv- Develop the actual concept Carbon compounds are compounds which contain carbon element and originate from living things .

(1 mark)

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4.

a) You are given palm oil and sodium hydroxide solution. Using these materials and other materials with specific apparatus, name the process to form soap. Explain the method of the process. (4 marks) b) A student who was riding his motorcycle noticed that his motorcycle has a problem. He tried to repair his motorcycle. While repairing his motorcycle, his school uniform got dirty by grease. Explain how this student can remove the grease on his uniform. The explanation should include the following items. iiiIdentify the problem. (1 mark) (1 mark) (3 marks) (1 mark)

Name the substance that is used to solve the problem.

iii- The procedure in cleaning action . iv- Result for the problem solving.

ANSWER a) Process saponification Method 1. The mixture of pal oil and sodium hydroxide solution are heated until boiled in a beaker. 2. The salt solution is added into the boiling mixture. 3. The heating process is continued. 4. The mixture is filtered using filter paper and filter funnel. 5. The soap can be collect on the surface of filter paper

b) iIdentify the problem. His school uniform was dirty by grease Name the substance that is used to solve the problem. Soap / detergent

ii-

iii- The procedure in cleaning action . Soap dissolved in water. Lowers the surface tension of water. The head of the soap molecule dissolve in water, while tails dissolve in dirt (oil). When the water is shaken, grease will break into small droplet forming an emulsion. These droplets are then rinsed off. iv- Result for the problem solving. Soap is used to clean the clothes from oil and grease

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