9 Statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture

Vienna, 2002 page 121 Wolfgang E. Lorenz

9
9 Statistics
The different characteristics, qualities and dimensions of images of floor plans and elevations of
buildings have been registered and then analyzed with SPSS for windows subsequently.
9.1 The Data-Sheet
Each data-sheet consists of a general part with information about the building, including: -) the
name of the object, -) the village or town where it can be found, -) the architect if known, -) the year
of construction mostly the year of beginning , -) the size area in m
2
, -) the reference in
which source, publication the image can be found , -) the kind of origin of the plan e.g. out of a
book or original plans , -) the description which means the house type like one-family house,
terrace house, double house, farmhouse, dwelling-building, dwelling and office building, church,
site-plan and town-plan , -) the quality whether the walls of a floor plan are painted black, grey
or kept white , -) if the floor plan includes furniture the possibilities are: without any furniture,
with sanitary fixtures only, with sanitary fixtures and partially other furniture and with both, sanitary
fixtures and other furniture , -) if the floor plans include tiles the possibilities are: terrace-tiles
only, sanitary-tiles only, both, sanitary- and terrace tiles or no tiles , -) the environment if the
surrounding nature, e.g. a tree, but also neighboring buildings are taken into consideration in floor
plans and elevations , -) the kind of presentation floor plan, elevation, section, site-plan , and
additional information about -) the floor-number storey and -) the direction of the elevation.
general part / general information about the building
dimension
Benoit
Fractal Dimension
Calculator
DOS
floor plan
elevation
The two categories floor plan data and elevation data on the right side of the data sheet again give
additional information about the image: e.g. about -) the roofline if the floor plans show broken or
unbroken roof lines , -) the rectangularity if the image looks orthogonal, partially grown or naturally
grown , -) the presence of an annex, -) if there is any symmetry in the floor plans, -) if there is any
symmetrical distribution of the windows in the case of elevations, -) the presence of wooden gables or
sight masonry, -) whether or not it is a gable-elevation, and information about -) the facade whether
it is smooth, partially structured or structured. Beyond that, the definition factor, the number of pixels for
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 122 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
X- and Y- direction of the bitmap and the scale is given for each image for the computer programs
Benoit using bmp-files , Fractal Dimension Calculator using pict-files and Program to Calculate
Fractal Dimension DOS using bmp-files with a certain maximum size. Finally the dimensions of
the floor plans, elevations and site-plans have been calculated and supplied with information about the
slope either the log-log curve of the number of boxes versus the number of base-line-boxes is
diverging or smooth in comparison to the replacing line and about the procedure, that is the way how
the dimension is calculated including the smallest box-size in pixels, the box number of the starting
observation and the direction, which means if the smaller or greater box-sizes are used for calculation.
9.1.1 The Aim
The interest, the aim of the data set, is to find out possible influences of certain variables, e.g.
that of house type, size and roughness of the elevation, on the box counting dimension. Tile
lines in a floor plan for example may be interpreted as an additional information which may lead
to a higher dimension which it actually does as we will see later in this paper. By that it might
be possible to make some classifications with regard to the resulting dimensions, for example
family houses have a wider range of dimensions that is there are many different possibilities
of design, from smooth to very rough examples in contrast to terrace houses, which have a
lower range. Another classification may be done with regard to times or styles, e.g. it seems that
Gothic buildings have a higher dimension than modern buildings.
9.1.2 The Dimension
The three graphs on the right show the different
possible slopes of the log-log curve. The continued
curve with the dots offers several points of the
measurement occupied boxes versus side length. A
straight line, the dotted trend line, which is the average
line, replaces this curve the slope of this dotted line
determines the fractal dimension. In the data-sheets the
slope stands for the distribution of measured points
the dots of the graph of the log-log graph: if all of them
are situated on the replacing line, the slope is called
very smooth; if some of them lie a little bit away, it is
called smooth; finally if some points are situated even
farther away from the average-line, it is called
diverging. This last category is excluded from further
research, because the results are too inaccurate. In
general bigger box-sizes on the left sides of the
graphs cause lines diverging more often.
9.1.3 The Data
3453 sets of data of 1178 different buildings have been
prepared in this evaluation. These sets of data have been
analyzed with the aid of the computer program SPSS for
windows, using different comparisons of variables and
dimension, e.g. the roughness of elevation is compared
with the dimension-category, or the dimension is put
opposite the quality of floor plans.
smooth
very smooth
diverging
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 123 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
The minimum-, the maximum- and the mean value alone do not give us any exact conclusion.
So it is much better to consider the box-plot graphs on the following pages, which show the median,
quartiles, and extreme values. The box represents the interquartile range, which comprises 50% of
the values. The upper and lower lines indicate the highest and lowest values, excluding outliers; the
thicker line across the box indicates the median. The median represents the value above and below
which half the cases fall that is the 50 percentile and the 95% confidence-interval of the mean
value is the region where the real mean value is situated including the outliers the real mean
value is positioned within this interval with a possibility of 95%.
In the following the data are separated in two different sets, one that relates to the Benoit data
set and the other to the Fractal Dimension Calculator. Both computer-programs use the box-
counting method, with Benoit running under windows and Fractal Dimension Calculator on
apple-computers. In the following section first the results of the floor plans for Benoit (I) and the
Fractal Dimension Calculator (II) are given, and then those of the elevations, again for both
computer-programs (III/IV).
9.2 The Evaluation
9.2.1.a I) House Types Dimension Floor Plan Benoit
The first example compares the dimensions with regard to the method this stands for the
computer-program , the house type and the slope. Looking at the table below right we can
separate the data of the mean values of house types into three different categories:
1
st
category consists of the house types:
double houses (*);
terrace houses;
one-family houses;
farmhouses;
In this category the calculated mean values lie between 1.48
and 1.50. All examples of house types of this category belong to
the group of smaller buildings with fewer rooms counted.
2
nd
category consists of the house types:
dwelling buildings (*);
public buildings (*);
office and public buildings (*);
In this category the calculated mean values lie between 1.53
and 1.56. The reason for the higher dimension of the floor plans
of these house types may lie in the higher scale of the plans,
which means more information on a smaller space, bigger
drawn lines with regard to the empty rooms in between and
mostly black drawn walls and in the bigger size of the house
types themselves.
3
rd
category consists of
town-plans (*) with a calculated mean value of 1.64.
The set of house types which are marked with a star (*) only include a few examples
compare with the table right above, where N is the number of examples. Because of that it is
hard to make an evaluation, but the results nevertheless offer a direction, which means that a
tendency can be seen.
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 124 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
The Values
Symmetrical distribution of the box-plot
indicates that the real mean value and the
calculated mean value of the 95% confidence
interval are quite similar. In this sense the
examples of one-family houses, towns and
terrace houses are symmetrically distributed
in contrast to double houses and public
buildings whose medians fall low with regard
to their interquartile range see the box-plot
on the right.
For example the median of double houses,
which is 1.475, is smaller than the calculated
mean value, being 1.484. This means that
there are more examples floor plans below
the calculated mean value than above it. This
causes a smaller real mean value than 1.484.
But for this house type there are too few values
N=28 , for making an exact conclusion.
In the case of farmhouses the median
results in 1.49 and the calculated mean value
in 1.478, which indicates that there are more
examples above the calculated mean value.
Following from that, the real mean value is
bigger than 1.478. The reason for this
difference is that the distribution of the
dimensions consists of more than one peak in
the curve there are two regions with an
accumulation of values; see the image right
below. The first ranges from 1.39 to 1.44 and
the second from 1.50 to 1.59.
For the cases of terrace houses and one-
family houses the calculated mean value
1.50 and 1.48 respectively and the median
1.50 and 1.48 respectively are identical,
which is an indication for the correctness of
the values. Besides the number of examples
are 117 respectively 397, which is enough for
making an evaluation.
The box-plot graph also tells us that in the cases of farmhouses from 1.42 to 1.56 and
terrace houses from 1.43 to 1.56 the 50%-box-range reaches from smoother to rougher
examples so there is a bigger spread of different types, means roughness, of floor plans.
9.2.1.b II) House Types Dimension Floor Plan Fractal Dimension Calculator
In sum there are more values present than for the Benoit data set. But nevertheless the same
tendency and similar separation into three categories can be done, with one exception: the terrace
house type this time belongs to the second category.
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 125 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
1
st
category consists of the house types:
double houses (*); one-family houses; farmhouses;
the calculated mean values lie between 1.437 and 1.456.
2
nd
category consists of the house types:
terrace houses; dwelling buildings (*); public buildings (*); office and public buildings (*);
the calculated mean values lie between 1.49 and 1.52.
3
rd
category consists of
town-plans (*) with a calculated mean value of 1.64.
In general the dimensions of the Fractal Dimension Calculator program are smaller than
those of the Benoit program, except in the cases of terrace houses and towns where they remain
the same.
9.2.1.c III/IV) House Types Dimension Elevation Benoit & Fractal Dimension Calculator
For most house types in this category there are too few values to draw some conclusions,
except for the farmhouses. The calculated mean value of the Benoit program is 1.533 and that
of Fractal Dimension Calculator 1.527, which is quite similar. The calculated mean values for
the floor plans are much smaller, namely 1.478 for Benoit and 1.456 for Fractal Dimension
Calculator. That says something about the higher degree of information of elevations. The
conclusion from that may be that for farmhouses the elevations are rougher, because of
wooden elements, asymmetric parts and sight masonry, than the floor plans. In any case the
ratio of empty areas with regard to black lines or filled areas of walls in the floor plans is
higher than for elevations.
9.2.2.a I/II) Furniture Dimension Floor Plans Benoit & Fractal Dimension Calculator
The more furniture is present in the plans, the higher the dimension is. This means that the more
lines can be found in a plan the more information is given to us. But there is also another observation,
namely that if no furniture is present, the dimension is higher than with sanitary fixtures. The reason
may be that the plans of the first category are in general on a smaller scale with black painted walls,
which would mean a higher percentage of thicker lines of walls in respect to the white rooms.
The calculated mean values are:
without furniture: Benoit: 1.495; Fractal Dimension Calculator: 1.467
only sanitary fixtures: Benoit: 1.466; Fractal Dimension Calculator: 1.428
partially: Benoit: 1.499; Fractal Dimension Calculator: 1.439
with furniture: Benoit: 1.543; Fractal Dimension Calculator: 1.562
9.2.3.a I/II) Tiles Dimension Floor Plans
Benoit & Fractal Dimension Calculator
Though for the categories with tiles and with
terrace tiles there are only a few examples
N=30 for Benoit , it nevertheless underlines
the tendency of increasing dimension by
increasing tiles. But the same phenomenon as in
the previous category can be found, namely that
if no tiles are drawn, the dimension is higher than
with sanitary-tiles. This may also result from a
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 126 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
smaller influence of sanitary-tiles, because if both, terrace- and sanitary-tiles are present, the
dimension unequivocally increases for Benoit from 1.52 to 1.585 for the Fractal Dimension
Calculator it even decreases.
The calculated mean values are:
without tiles: Benoit: 1.483; Fractal Dimension Calculator: 1.456
with terrace-tiles: Benoit: 1.520; Fractal Dimension Calculator: 1.573
with both tiles: Benoit: 1.585; Fractal Dimension Calculator: 1.540
Comparing the values of Benoit with the results for the computer-program Fractal Dimension
Calculator shows that the ranges of the box-counting dimension for tiles are not far away from each
other: for the category without tiles the calculated mean value of the dimensions for the images is
1.456 for Fractal Dimension Calculator and 1.483 for Benoit, which is only a little bit higher.
9.2.4.a I) Quality Dimension Floor Plans Benoit
The color of the walls has an obvious
influence on the resulting dimension. For all
categories black painted walls, grey and white
walls there are enough values to draw clear
conclusions. The category white walls has the
absolutely smallest dimension with a calculated
mean value of 1.426 once more regarding
dimension as an indication of information, white
walls mean two lines without any information for
the user in between. The category grey walls
interprets this middle part as something with
additional information, which cannot be touched
or seen with eyes but is nevertheless present
here the dimension increases to 1.472. Finally black walls have a calculated mean value of
1.523 interpreting each part of the wall as additional information. In all of these three
categories the median and the calculated mean value are close together, which indicates the
exactness of the values.
9.2.4.b II) Quality Dimension Floor Plans Fractal Dimension Calculator
For the category of white walls we only have few values, which may be the reason why in the
case of Fractal Dimension Calculator this category has the highest calculated mean value with
1.500. The other two, the grey walls 1.426 and black walls 1.482 show the same tendency
as before. Again the dimensions for Fractal Dimension Calculator are, in general, lower than those
for Benoit.
9.2.5.a II) Rectangularity Dimension Floor Plans Fractal Dimension Calculator
Under the supplement of floor plans it turns out that the fact whether the walls are situated
orthogonally or look naturally grown has not that much influence on the resulting dimension: the
box-counting dimension ranges from 1.487 for rectangular plans, over 1.517 for partially
orthogonal plans to 1.472 for naturally grown examples. Naturally grown in this connection
just means that the floor plan is not rectangular but curved or it consists of angles lower or
higher than 90 degrees. None of the results has a symmetrical distribution of the box-plot graph,
especially that of naturally grown.
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 127 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
The calculated mean values are:
orthogonal: Benoit: 1.487; Fractal Dimension Calculator: 1.458
partially orthogonal: Benoit: 1.517; Fractal Dimension Calculator: 1.499
naturally grown: Benoit: 1.472; Fractal Dimension Calculator: 1.481
One conclusion is that rectangularity leads to smaller dimensions than for partial growth,
which is true for both, Benoit and Fractal Dimension Calculator. Then the dimension for
natural growth is lower than for partial growth, which can arise from the fewer data available
Benoit: N=59. In addition to that in case of the Benoit program the presence of more values
in the lower field the median is situated in the lower part of the box reduces the real mean
value once more in respect to the calculated one. This is also true for the results of the Fractal
Dimension Calculator data set, where more data is available N=68. But in the latter case the
calculated mean value is higher than the one for the category orthogonal.
9.2.6.a I) Roofline Dimension Floor Plans Benoit
Between the categories without and partially
lined there is no significant difference 0.006 ,
while the category roofline offers a little smaller
dimension, which may once more result from a
smaller number of data N=53. Besides the first
two categories offer so-called bell-curves, while
the third is jagged which indicates a bad
distribution.
The calculated mean values are:
without roofline: Benoit: 1.496
part. roofline: Benoit: 1.490
with roofline: Benoit: 1.435
9.2.6.b II) Roofline Dimension Floor Plans Fractal Dimension Calculator
This time the curves offer a distribution of a bell-curve for all three categories, which seems to
be a more realistic result, because it is well balanced. In this case the dimension increases from the
category without 1.460 , over partially lined 1.491 to with broken roofline 1.491. The very
small differences between these three values show that the influence of the broken roofline is very
small.
9.2.7.a III/IV) Smoothness Dim. Elevation Benoit & Fractal Dimension Calculator
The results of the elevation-roughness indicates that the smooth elevations have a much lower
dimension the calculated mean value is 1.369 for Benoit than the partial rough ones 1.583. This
proves that the dimension is an indicator of roughness and by that of information. The median of the
category very rough facades with only 39 pieces of data is situated in the upper part of the box,
so the real mean value is lower than the calculated one, which is 1.667.
The calculated mean values are:
smooth elevation: Benoit: 1.369; Fractal Dimension Calculator: 1.462
partially structured: Benoit: 1.583; Fractal Dimension Calculator: 1.549
structured elevation: Benoit: 1.667; Fractal Dimension Calculator: 1.543
9.2.8.a Variables with no Significant Influence on the Dimension
After analyzing the data with SPSS for windows it seems that there are some variables,
which have no or only little influence on the dimension, that is they cannot be linked to the fractal
dimension. Beside that the influence may be undiscovered because of too few or too different
examples, e.g. in their quality. Storey and scale in the case of floor plans, number of floor
plans in the case of elevations seems to belong to the first category with no influence, which
does not offer any tendency.
With only few examples the categories environment, size the tendency, however, shows that
dimension seems to increase with size and kind the whole object having a higher dimension
than the part belong to the second category. It also seems that buildings of the year 1900 have a
higher dimension than those of the 1940ies, but again there are not enough examples.
9.3 The Farmhouses
The following examples are taken from the book Alte Bauernhuser in den Dolomiten by
Edoardo Gellner. The original images of the elevations scanned with a definition factor of
300 ppi were analyzed with the computer-program Benoit. Those resulting points of the
log-log graph that are situated beside the slope being excluded from measurement that
reduces the standard deviation, SD, and by that increases the exactness of the replacing line.
On the one hand the results below indicate that the different elevations of one and the
same building may offer different roughness main-elevation and side-elevation and that
on the other hand, similar characteristics of elevations lead to similar dimensions which is
underlined by placing a certain letter beside the images: A=dimension above 1.66; B=1.61-
1.65; C=1.56-1.60; D=1.51-1.55; E=1.46-1.50; F=1.41-1.45; G=1.31-1.40; I=1.20-1.30.
example file-name [page] size [pixel] dimension SD:
Zoldaner-Cadoriner type 231a 1138X881 1.681 0.001
231h 1547X869 1.581 0.002
231i 1165X753 1.568 0.002
231j 1401X896 1.466 0.002
house De Sandre in Laggio rural commune Vigo di Cadore 237a 1150X1115 1.414 0.002
237h 1137X1074 1.241 0.003
237i 958X1019 1.284 0.003
house Domen in Pelos rural commune Vigo di Cadore 241e 1381X1065 1.375 0.003
241h 1633X1069 1.486 0.003
241i 1391X915 1.541 0.003
house Pe dOrnella in Ornella r. c. Pieve di Livinallongo 243e 2152X1331 1.633 0.002
243g 2101X1322 1.635 0.005
house Mas de Sabe in Mas di Sabe r. c. Zoldo Alto 245a 1337X723 1.740 0.001
245g 1483X641 1.456 0.003
245h 1667X734 1.576 0.004
Tabi Fattor in Mareson rural commune Zoldo Alto 247a 1225X987 1.663 0.004
247f 1753X1021 1.617 0.003
247i 1535X983 1.692 0.001
Tabi Brustolon in Foppa rural commune Forno di Zoldo 249e 1576X1116 1.573 0.003
249g 2279X1094 1.572 0.003
249h 2306X1116 1.516 0.002
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 128 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
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statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 129 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
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statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 130 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
The tables on the following pages compare the dimensions of elevations the images are taken
from Alte Bauernhuser in den Dolomiten and scanned with 300 ppi measured with the
computer-program Benoit, using an increment of grid rotation of 15 degrees, with those measured
with an increment of grid rotation of 0 degrees and the computer-programs Fractal Dimension,
Fractal Dimension Calculator and Program to Calculate Fractal Dimension respectively. For all
measurements with Benoit the smallest three and largest three box-sizes were excluded from
calculation to increase the exactness of the replacing line. The results of the tables indicate that the
five dimensions, calculated for every image, are more or less the same those values, which
diverge by a value more than 5% with regard to the original result of the first row are pointed out
by numbers in italics and by underlining them, those that diverge more than 10% are put into
brackets , the Fractal Dimension Calculator being the program which diverge most.
example size Benoit Benoit Fract. Dim. Fract. Dim. Program to
(all page 122) [pixel] 15 rotation; 0 rotation; Calculator Calculate ...
dim./SD dim./SD dimension dimension dimension
GS5_1 rural commune Gosaldo 549X405 1.282/0.002 1.270/0.006 1.285 1.310 1.250.06
LI4_1 rural commune Livinallongo 389X441 1.311/0.004 1.306/0.006 1.326 1.300.06
CA8 rural commune Cortina 549X501 1.342/0.005 1.337/0.005 1.323 1.468 1.290.06
GS3 rural commune Gosaldo 477X293 1.344/0.001 1.347/0.002 1.340 1.434 1.290.05
RA2 rural commune Rivamonte 341X377 1.351/0.001 1.348/0.001 1.374 1.454 1.390.08
GS4 rural commune Gosaldo 489X285 1.353/0.001 1,354/0.001 1.381 1.484 1.330.13
GS2 rural commune Gosaldo 333X340 1.370/0.000 1.363/0.000 1.384 1.370.12
GS1 rural commune Gosaldo 557X465 1.382/0.001 1.383/0.001 1.411 1.499 1.380.03
ZA4 rural commune Zoldo Alto 653X377 1.379/0.001 1.375/0.002 1.394 1.390.06
ZA2 rural commune Zoldo Alto 545X389 1.385/0.001 1.378/0.002 1.412 1.482 1.380.13
RA3 rural commune Rivamonte 1153X477 1.392/0.001 1.392/0.001 1.417 1.512 1.470.05
CE3 rural commune Cencenighe 389X433 1.392/0.002 1.388/0.004 1.387 1.302 1.370.09
The elevations above show similar buildings in the way that the surfaces are mostly smooth
with the only information given by windows and few balconies. This causes similar dimensions,
which remain within a range from 1.28 to 1.40 original results of the first row.
example size Benoit Benoit Fract. Dim. Fract. Dim. Program to
(all page 122) [pixel] 15 rotation; 0 rotation; Calculator Calculate ...
dim./SD dim./SD dimension dimension dimension
ZA1 rural commune Zoldo Alto 601X389 1.424/0.002 1.425/0.002 1.449 1.410.06
RA1 rural commune Rivamonte 309X281 1.439/0.003 1.438/0.003 1.445 1.509 1.450.11
AL1 rural commune Alleghe 649X409 1.442/0.003 1.440/0.003 1.456 (1.595) 1.440.03
CE2_2 rural commune Cencenighe369X437 1.449/0.001 1.449/0.001 1.470 1.490.05
ZA3 rural commune Zoldo Alto 605X380 1.452/0.005 1.440/0.003 1.510 (1.618) 1.550.11
FA1 rural commune Falcade 505X701 1.453/0.004 1.452/0.005 1.485 1.597 1.470.19
FA2 rural commune Falcade 525X472 1.455/0.005 1.454/0.006 1.454 1.544 1.450.17
CA9 rural commune Cortina 681X481 1.473/0.001 1.466/0.002 1.487 1.506 1.490.07
LI7 rural commune Livinallongo 557X457 1.477/0.006 1.471/0.007 1.479 1.506 1.480.23
FA6_1 rural commune Falcade 445X381 1.478/0.002 1.481/0.003 1.493 1.387 1.390.09
BR2 rural commune Bramezza 801X477 1.499/0.001 1.499/0.001 1.506 1.486 1.470.02
GS5_1 LI4_1 CA8 GS3 RA2 GS4 GS2
GS1 ZA4 ZA2 RA3 CE3
The examples above and below the images of the latter are given on the upper part of the next
page are much more structured than the previous ones balconies, wooden paneling and
wooden gables and they are mostly not symmetric. The original results of the first row ranges
from 1.505 to 1.553 and from 1.556 to 1.579 respectively.
example size Benoit Benoit Fract. Dim. Fract. Dim. Program to
(all page 122) [pixel] 15 rotation; 0 rotation; Calculator Calculate ...
dim./SD dim./SD dimension dimension dimension
CA3 rural commune Cortina 557X457 1.556/0.002 1.554/0.00 1.578 1.522 1.590.07
CA6 rural commune Cortina 753X377 1.558/0.008 1.551/0.00 1.577 1.603 1.550.06
CA2 rural commune Cortina 525X377 1.564/0.005 1.559/0.00 1.563 1.529 1.560.28
SV4 rural commune S. Vito 525X472 1.566/0.001 1.548/0.00 1.567 1.537 1.580.07
LI1 rural commune Livinallongo 649X409 1.562/0.001 1.551/0.00 1.577 1.541 1.600.05
SV3 rural commune S. Vito 369X437 1.572/0.005 1.576/0.00 1.594 1.584 1.650.02
SV1 rural commune Alleghe 793X417 1.578/0.000 1.578/0.00 1.591 1.549 1.610.03
GS5_2 rural commune Gosaldo 269X245 1.579/0.000 1.574/0.00 1.583 (1.327) 1.450.08
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 131 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
The examples below all offer a smooth facade with a larger portion of balconies in respect to
the first group, situated in the upper storeys. The only exception is the 9
th
elevation, which is very
smooth on the left and regularly structured on the other half. In addition to that most of these
elevations are more or less symmetric.
example size Benoit Benoit Fract. Dim. Fract. Dim. Program to
(all page 122) [pixel] 15 rotation; 0 rotation; Calculator Calculate ...
dim./SD dim./SD dimension dimension dimension
FA5 rural commune Falcade 513X357 1.510/0.003 1.505/0.003 1.535 1.509 1.470.11
ZA5 rural commune Zoldo Alto 241X345 1.511/0.004 1.507/0.003 1.554 1.515 1.590.19
LI2 rural commune Livinallongo 569X401 1.513/0.006 1.511/0.006 1.539 1.581 1.560.32
AL2 rural commune Alleghe 525X520 1.517/0.003 1.515/0.004 1.533 1.507 1.480.14
CE1 rural commune Cencenighe 601X389 1.524/0.005 1.520/0.004 1.551 1.593 1.540.23
GO6 rural commune Goima 709X673 1.527/0.006 1.528/0.007 1.535 1.590 1.600.11
BR1 rural commune Bramezza 637X405 1.529/0.002 1.511/0.002 1.533 1.545 1.530.02
LI5 rural commune Livinallongo 741X544 1.539/0.007 1.537/0.007 1.544 1.538 1.550.09
CA5 rural commune Cortina 565X325 1.555/0.007 1.553/0.007 1.539 1.550 1.530.24
ZA1 RA1 AL1 CE2_2 ZA3 FA1 FA2
CA9 LI7 FA6_1 BR2
FA5 ZA5 LI2 AL2 CE1
GO6 BR1
LI5
CA5
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 132 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
example size Benoit Benoit Fract. Dim. Fract. Dim. Program to
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dim./SD dim./SD dimension dimension dimension
FA4 rural commune Zoldo Alto 729X445 1.610/0.001 1.610/0.001 1.605 1.539 1.600.07
AL3 rural commune Cencenighe 789X441 1.611/0.005 1.614/0.005 1.615 1.533 1.560.02
FA3 rural commune Falcade 737X465 1.602/0.002 1.599/0.002 1.612 1.591 1.580.04
LI6 rural commune Livinallongo 505X701 1.611/0.006 1.611/0.006 1.604 1.585 1.650.06
LI3 rural commune Livinallongo 509X461 1.610/0.007 1.610/0.006 1.579 1.532 1.580.35
CA4 rural commune Cortina 585X337 1.612/0.004 1.614/0.003 1.595 1.560.36
BC2 rural commune Falcade 605X464 1.640/0.003 1.639/0.004 1.644 1.581 1.660.06
SV_2 rural commune Falcade 693X497 1.648/0.003 1.649/0.003 1.647 1.616 1.680.04
The elevations on this page are mostly structured large parts being made of wooden elements
and the symmetric, smooth parts are minimized.
example size Benoit Benoit Fract. Dim. Fract. Dim. Program to
(all page 122) [pixel] 15 rotation; 0 rotation; Calculator Calculate ...
dim./SD dim./SD dimension dimension dimension
CE2_1 rural commune Cortina 373X349 1.657/0.004 1.653/0.004 1.663 1.590 1.650.18
CA1 rural commune Cortina 645X421 1.666/0.007 1.654/0.008 1.642 1.595 1.670.09
BC1 rural commune Borca 629X493 1.670/0.002 1.668/0.002 1.664 1.627 1.650.06
CA7 rural commune Livinallongo 537X400 1.672/0.008 1.672/0.008 1.651 1.531 1.660.35
FA6_2 rural commune Falcade 433X285 1.740/0.007 1.736/0.008 1.749 (1.516) 1.700.15
LI4_2 rural commune Zoldo Alto 389X441 1.751/0.005 1.740/0.004 1.733 1.584 1.710.33
CA3 CA6 CA2 SV4 LI1
SV3 SV1 GS5_2
FA4 AL3 FA3 LI6
LI3 CA4 BC2 SV_2
CE2_1 CA1 BC1 CA7 FA6_2 LI4_2
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 133 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 134 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 135 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 136 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 137 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 138 Wolfgang E. Lorenz
statistics Fractals and Fractal Architecture
Vienna, 2002 page 139 Wolfgang E. Lorenz