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BJT SSAC-2sp PDF
BJT SSAC-2sp PDF
Transistor Modeling
A model is an equivalent circuit that represents the AC characteristics of the transistor. It uses circuit elements that approximate the behavior of the transistor. There are 2 models commonly used in small signal AC analysis of a transistor: hybrid equivalent model
Important Parameters
Zi, Zo, Av, Ai are important parameters for the analysis of the AC characteristics of a transistor circuit.
Input Impedance, Zi
To determine Ii: insert a sensing resistor
Zi =
Vi Ii
Ii =
Vs Vi R sense
Output Impedance, Zo
To determine Io: insert a sensing resistor
Zo =
Vo Io
Io =
V Vo R sense
Voltage Gain, Av
Av =
Vo Vi
Vo Vi
A VNL =
R L = (opencircuit)
Note: the no-load voltage gain (AVNL) is always greater than the loaded voltage gain (AV).
Current Gain, Ai
Ai = Io Ii
The current gain (Ai) also be calculated using the voltage gain (Av):
A i = A v
Zi RL
Phase Relationship
The phase relationship between input and output depends on the amplifier configuration circuit. Common Emitter : Common - Base : Common Collector: 180 degrees 0 degrees 0 degrees
The hybrid parameters: hie, hre, hfe, hoe are developed and used to model the transistor. These parameters can be found in a specification sheet for a transistor. hi = input resistance hr = reverse transfer voltage ratio (Vi/Vo) hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii) ho = output conductance
hi = input resistance hr = reverse transfer voltage ratio (Vi/Vo) hf = forward transfer current ratio (Io/Ii) ho = output conductance
Common-Emitter h-Parameters
h ie =
25mV h fe 25mV I BQ I EQ
h fe = ac
Common-Base h-Parameters
h ib =
25mV I EQ
h fb = ac 1
The input (Vi) is applied to the base and the output (Vo) is from the collector. The Common-Emitter is characterized as having high input impedance and low output impedance with a high voltage and current gain.
Determine hfe, hie, and hoe: hfe and hoe: look in the specification sheet for the transistor or test the transistor using a curve tracer. hie: calculate hie using DC analysis:
h ie =
25mV 25mV h fe I BQ I EQ
Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance:
Zi = R B || h ie
Zi h ie
Output Impedance:
R B 10h ie
Zo = R C ||
1 h oe
Zo R C
1/h oe 10 R C
Gain Calculations
Av =
vo h (R || 1/h oe ) = fe C vi h ie
Av =
h fe R C h ie
1/h oe 10R C
Ai =
A i h fe
Current Gain from Voltage Gain:
1/h oe 10R C , R B 10 h ie
A i = A v
Zi RC
Phase Relationship
The phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. The negative sign used in the voltage gain formulas indicates the inversion.
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Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance:
Zi = R || h ie
R = R 1 || R 2 =
R 1R 2 R1 + R 2
Output Impedance: Z o = R C ||
1 h oe
Zo R C
1/h oe 10R C
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Gain Calculations
Av =
vo R || 1/h oe = h fe C vi h ie
Av
h fe R C h ie
1/h oe 10R C
Ai
h fe R R + h ie
1/h oe 10R C
A i h fe 1/h
oe 10R C ,
R 10h ie
A i = A v
Zi RC
Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.
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CE Emitter-Bias Configuration
Unbypassed RE
Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance:
Zi = R B || Z b
Z b = h ie + (h fe + 1)R E
Z b h fe R E (h
fe +1)R E
>> h ie , h fe >> 1
Output Impedance:
Zo = R C
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Gain Calculations
Av =
vo h R = fe C vi Zb
Av
RC RE
Z b h fe R E
Ai =
io h R = fe B ii R B + Zb
A i = A v
Zi RC
Phase Relationship
A CE amplifier configuration will always have a phase relationship between input and output is 180 degrees. This is independent of the DC bias.
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Emitter-Follower Configuration
You may recognize this as the Common-Collector configuration. Indeed they are the same circuit. Note the input is on the base and the output is from the emitter.
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Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance:
Zi = R B || Z b
Z b = h ie + (h fe + 1)R E
Z b h fe R E (h
fe +1)R E
>> h ie , h fe >> 1
Output Impedance:
Z o = R E ||
Zo h ie h fe
h ie h fe + 1
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Gain Calculations
Av =
vo RE = v i R E + h ie /( h fe + 1)
Av 1
(h fe +1)R E >> h ie
Ai
io h R fe B ii R B + Zb
A i = A v
Zi RE
Phase Relationship
A CC amplifier or Emitter Follower configuration has no phase shift between input and output.
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The input (Vi) is applied to the emitter and the output (Vo) is from the collector. The Common-Base is characterized as having low input impedance and high output impedance with a current gain less than 1 and a very high voltage gain.
h ib =
h ie 25mV = h fe + 1 I EQ
h fb = ac 1
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Impedance Calculations
Zi = R E || h ib
Zo = R C
Gain Calculations
Av =
v o h fb R C R C = vi h ib h ib
Ai =
io = h fb 1 ii
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Phase Relationship
A CB amplifier configuration has no phase shift between input and output.
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Impedance Calculations
Input Impedance:
Zi =
h ie 1 + h fe RC RF
Output Impedance:
Z o R C || R F
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Gain Calculations
Av =
Vo h R = fe C Vi h ie
Ai =
Io h fe R F = Ii R F + h fe R C
Ai = Io R F Ii R C
Example
hfe = hFE = 200 ICO = 0 A VBE = 0.7 V VCEsat = 0 V
Perform DC analysis and find the Q-point. Evaluate the voltage gain Avs and the current gain Ai. Sketch vo on the AC+DC load line graph when
vs = 100 sin(wt) mV. vs = 900 sin(wt) mV.
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