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Θεωρία Κεφάλαιο 4 - Στοιχειομετρία
Θεωρία Κεφάλαιο 4 - Στοιχειομετρία
com
4:
4.1 : ,
, mol, Avogadro,
-
.
m 1,67 10 24 g .
. ,
(atomic mass
unit: amu)
(amu): 1/12 12 (12C).
: l2C 6 6
. , 1,66
10-24 g.
(r) ()
1/12 l2C.
: ( )
. IUPAC
r.
Z
:
=
1
12C
12
m
1amu
: 16,
1/12
12C. , r 16 .
amu. ,
1,66 10-24 g .
:
, , r
.
,
, .
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! ( )
. IUPAC
r.
() !
:
)
) .
:
= 1 x 1 (%) + 2 x 2 (% ) +.
. 105
, ,
, .
63Cu ( 69,09%) 65Cu ( 30,91%)
Cu.
:
Cu :
63Cu
69,09
69,09
30,91
30,91
65
65Cu
63,62
63
100
100
100
100
(r) (MB)
(Mr)
1/12 l2C.
:
=
( )
1
12C
12
m
1amu
: (H2SO4) 98,
98 1/12
12C.
! ( )
MB. IUPAC
r.
() !
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:
,
:
= ( )
) :
() = () x
.. ( 2 ) :
2 2 2 14 2 28
) :
(. ) = ( 1) x 1 + ( 2) x
2 +.
.. ( 2 S ) :
2 S 2 2 S 1 2 32 1 34
. 106
(Mr ):
.Cl2
.O3
.CO2
.HNO3
.Ca3(PO4)2
Cl2 Cl 2 35,5 2 71
3 3 16 3 48
CO2 C O 2 12 16 2 40
HNO3 H N O 3 1 1 1 14 16 3 63
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Ca3 PO4 2 Ca 2 P O 4 1 40 2 31 16 4 230
! , ' '
.
, .
=
.
.. SO42 : 1 S 4 1 32 4 16 96
, NaCl ,
.
.
mol: S.I.
mol (S.I.)
12 g 12C.
Avogadro: 12 g 12C
Avogadro (NA)
6,023 1023 ,
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Avogadro
.
,
1 mol () g
..
1 mol O 6,023 1023 16g (O=16)
1 mol Fe 6,0231023 56g ( Fe=56)
O Avogadro
. ,
:
1 mol () g
..
1 mol 2 6,0231023 28 g (=28)
1 mol 2O 6,0231023 18 g (=18)
) , g ,
6,023 10 23 . .. S 32 . 32 g
6,023 10 23 .
) , g ,
6,023 10 23 . .. 3 63 . 63g
3 6,023 10 23 3
) , g ,
( )
( ) 6,023 10 23 .
.. Cl 35,5 . 35,5g Cl 6,023 10 23 Cl .
12C.
12C 12g
1 12C x
, x
12
g.
N
, (amu) 1/12
12
C, :
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1amu
1
1 12
1
x
g
g
12
12 N
N
,
:
m ( )
1amu
. 108
(ArHg = 200).
:
Hg
m ( Hg )
1amu
, : 1amu
m( Hg ) Hg 1amu (1)
1
g
N
(2)
(2) (1) :
m( Hg ) Hg 1amu m( Hg ) Hg
200
1
g
g m( Hg )
N
6,023 10 23
m( Hg ) 33,2 10 23 g
. 108
(C12H22O11).
Ar: C: 12, : 1, : 16.
:
:
m
m C12 2211 1amu (1)
1amu
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, : 1amu
1
g
N
(2)
(2) (1) :
m C12 2211
342
1
23
g m 56,78 10 g
g m
N
6,023 10 23
) 1 mol , g
.
.. () 1 . 1 mol ( ) 1g 6,023 10 23
.
) 1 mol
, g,
.
.. ( 2 ) 2 18 . 1 mol 2 18g 6,023 10 23
.
) 1 mol , g,
. H g 1mol (g-ion).
.. S 24 96 . 1 molS 96 g 6,023 10 23
2
4
(Vm)
Avogadro:
. ,
.)
: , , ,
1mol A NA VA
1mol B NA VB
1mol NA V
VA = VB = V = = Vm
, 1 mol ,
Avogadro ().
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1 mol
, .
(Vm) 1 mol
, .
: O Vm
, STP, , 0 C ( 273
) 1 atm (760mmHg),
22,4 L. ,
Vm = 22,4 L STP
:
, (): = C+273
1 atm = 760 mmHg
:
)
(STP).
V L stp m g
x
22,4L
x m
22,4
g
VL
, 1mol = x g. , = x.
B) , (stp).
m
. V 22,4L stp m=MB g. ,
V
, 0 stp.
22,4
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: g mol L .
g mol
1 mol g.
mol g
1 mol g.
m n
L mol
1 mol Vm L.
V
Vm
mol L
1 mol Vm L.
V n Vm
) (stp) Vm 22,4 L .
) g :
1mol = MB g
) .
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mol
mol .
, (H2SO4) :
2 H
1 S
4 O
1 mol H2SO4
2NA H 2 mol H
1NA S 1 mol S
4NA O 4 mol O
1 mol H2SO4
:
1. mol
2.
3.
4. ( )
( ).
.
. 111
. (NH3) 1,12 L STP;
. 1,8066.1024 3;
Ar. : 14, : 1.
) :
3 1 3 1 14 3 1 17
1 mol Vm L.
V
n 1,12 L mol n 0,05mol
Vm
22,4 L
,
1 mol NA .
n mol N .
N
n N 0,05 N
N
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)
1 mol () g
n mol m g
18,066 10 23
1,8066 10 24
N
( ) m
m
17 g m 51g
17
g
N
6,023 10 23
6,023 10 23
,
, . ,
,
.
. 111
() 68 g (H2S); r:
S: 32, : 1. To H2S STP (.) .
(H2S) :
2 S 2 1 S 2 1 1 32 34
,
1mol 34 g
,
34 g 2g
68 g
m
2 68
g 4g
34
,
() g
m 4 g
N
m N 4 N
( )
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) .
) mol L (
mL) .
( x, y ,).
) .
)
,
. .
)
.
) ,
(
x, y,... ). ,
.
. 112
. 13,2 g
6,72 L STP.
. mol ;
. ;
r: S: 32, : 16, : 1.
To H2S STP (.) .
:
S2 1 32 2 16 64
,
1mol 2S 34g
x mol 2S m1 g
,
m1 34 x g
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(1)
12
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,
1mol SO2 64g
y mol SO2 m 2 g
,
m2 64 y g
(2)
(3)
,
1mol SO2 22,4L
y mol SO2 V2 L
,
V2 22,4 y L
(4)
6,72 22,4 y
(5)
22,4
(5) (3):
34 x 64 y 13,2 34
6,72 22,4 y
64 y 13,2
22,4
346,72 22,4 y 22,4 64 y 22,4 13,2 346,72 22,4 y 22,4 64 y 22,4 13,2
228,48 761,6 y 1433,6 y 295,68 228,48 672 y 295,68 672y 295,68 228,48
672 y 67,2 y
67,2
y 0,1mol
672
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(5) :
x
) (1) (2):
(1) m1 34 x m1 34 0,2 m1 6,8g
(2) m2 64 y m2 64 0,1 m2 6,4 g
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4.2
:
. :
)
) mol.
) , : kg, g,
mg.
H mol :
) (V) .
: m 3 , L, cm 3
:
1m 3 1000L
1mL 1cm 3
) (P) .
atm Pa (Pascal).
Pa S.I.
: 1Pa 101.325Pa
) .
C .
(
) 273 C .
:
273
. ,
, :
Boyle: (V)
() , mol (n)
() .
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, :
Boyle
PV = n, T
Charles (V)
(), mol (n) ()
.
, :
Charles
V/T = n, P
N Gay-Lussac: ()
(), mol (n) (V) .
, :
Gay Lussac
P/T = n, V
:
P V
.
0,082
R
0
273
mol
R
.
. R S.I. :
R 8,314
J
mol
, n mol :
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P V
nR
16
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* :
PV nRT
, :
P .
V .
n mol V
R
( )
* , ,
.
.
, ,
, .
(
). ,
. ,
:
PV n RT
,
n mol
V
.
: ;
: Dalton.
P
Dalton:
(.. , , ,.)
:
P P P P ....
V .
( ) V
T.
: P P P
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,
P V n R T
P V n R T
:
P P V n n R T P V n R T
.
T 800 273 1073K
,
1mol , N
n mol , 2 N
n
2N
n 2mol
N
PV nRT P
nRT
P
V
L atm
1073K
2 0,082atm 1073
mol K
P
15L
15
2mol 0,082
P 11,73atm
H mol :
(1)
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pV nRT (2)
:
PV
m
RT
(3)
(3) :
m RT
(5)
V
m
.
V
m
(6)
V
, (6) (5) :
RT
. 116
2,28 g/L 546 6atm.
.
R= 0,082 atmL/molK
RT
:
R T
RT
P R T
g
atm L
2,28 0,082
546K
2,28 0,082 546 g
L
mol
K
17
6atm
6
mol
! P
RT
!
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4.3 - ,
'
1 ,
,
.
' :
' Molarity, mol
1 L . , :
n
V
,
c =
n = mol
V = L.
mol L-1 .
, (HCl) 2 2mol/L :
1L 2mol (HCl)
. 118
400 mL
(O3) 2 ;
r: : 1, : 14, : 16.
: V 400mL 0,4L
' mol .
,
c
n
mol
n c V n 2
0,4 L n 0,8mol
L
V
:
3 1 1 1 14 3 16 1 14 48 63
m
g
m n 3 m 0,8mol 63
m 50,4 g
3
mol
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. 119
(c) (NaOH) 500 mL,
8% w/w 1,07 g/mL. r: Na: 23, : 16,
: 1.
(NaOH):
1 23 1 16 1 1 23 16 1 40
m
g
m V m 1,07
500mL m 535g
mL
V
,
100 g 8g NaOH
535 g m NaOH
100g m 535g 8g m
535 8
g m 42,8g
100
mol a:
m
n 42,8g n 1,07mol
40 g / mol
, :
c
n
mol
1,07mol
c
c 2,14
c 2,14
V
L
0,5L
,
, . ,
. :
c1V1 c2V2
,
c1 V1 , ,
c2 V2 , ,
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. 120
3 L NaCl 1
NaCl 0,1 ;
mol NaCl:
c1
mol
n
3L n 3mol
n C1 V1 n 1 3L n 1
L
V1
( NaCl)
. :
,
c2
3mol
n
n
3mol
V
V
n C2 V2 V2
V 30L
0,1
C2
V2
mol
0,1
L
V2 30L .
: V2 V1 30L 3L 27L
:
n1 n2 c1V1 c2V2 V2
c1V1
V2 1 3L V2 30L
c2
0,1
: V2 V1 30L 3L 27L
, :
.
. ,
m m1 m 2 m 3 ...
, m
m1 1
m2 2
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m3 3
.
. ,
V V1 V2 V3 ...
, V
V1 1
V2 2
V3 3
.
. :
m m1 m2 m3 ...
n n1 n2 n3 ...
, m
m1 1
m2 2
m3 3
n mol
n1 mol 1
n2 mol 2
n3 mol 3
:
c1 c2 ,
c1 c c2 .
. 122
500 mL (NaOH) 8% w/v (' )
1,5 L 0,8 .
.
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(NaOH) 8% w/v :
100mL 8g NaOH
500mL xg NaOH
100mL x 8g 500mL x
8g 500mL
8g 500
x 40 g
x
100
100mL
(NaOH):
1 23 1 16 1 1 23 16 1 40
mol a:
m
n 40 g n 1mol
40 g / mol
L : V1 500mL 0,5L
:
V V1 V2 V 0,5L 1,5L V 2 L
c1V1 c2V2 cV n1 c2V2 cV c
n1 c2V2
n1
mol
1,5L
1mol 1,2mol
2,2mol
mol
L
c
c 1,1
c
2L
2L
2L
L
1mol 0,8
c 1,1
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) ()
, .
:
n1 n2
(1)
, n1
n 2
(1) :
C1V2 C2V2
) ()
, .
:
n1 n2
(2)
, n1
n 2
(2) :
C1V2 C2V2
)
:
V V V
(3)
, V ,
V
V ( )
:
n1( ) n1( )
(4)
n2( ) n2( )
(5)
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, n1( ) mol ,
n1( ) mol (
),
n2 ( ) mol ,
n2( ) mol (
).
(4) :
C1( )V C1( )V
(6)
(5) :
C2( )V C2( )V
(7)
(3)
(6) (7)
( C1( ) C2 ( ) ) (
( C1( ) , C2( ) )
( V ,V ).
) (molality-m)
(m) molality mol
1000g .
, NaOH 2m :
1000g 2mol ()
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4.4
, ,
. ,
2 + 32 23
:
1. (2, 2) (3).
2. . ,
1 2 3 2 2 3.
1 mol 2 3 mol 2 2 mol 3.
1 2 2
3 .
:
mol
. '
.
:
1 mol ,
1 mol Vm 22,4 L ( STP)
1 mol , mol
,
() .
,
(
), .
:
1. .
2. mol (.. ).
3. mol
.
4. , mol ( Mr)
( Vm ).
.
.
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. 125
16 g .
SO2 27 C 2 atm.
: Ar S:32 R = 0,082 atm L mol-1 -1
S
1mol
2mol
S 2
1mol
mol :
nS
mS
16 g
0,5mol
Ar 32 g / mol
S 2
1mol
2mol
1mol
0,5mol
n 2
n S 2
,
1mol n SO2 0,5mol 1 mol nSO2 0,5mol
SO2
C .
27 273 300
atm L
0,5mol 0,082
300
nRT
mol
PV nRT V
V
P
2atm
V
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1.
. ,
. %. ,
95% w/w 100 g 95 g Fe
5 g .
. 126
80% w/w 10 L
HCl 0,8 ;
Ar Zn: 65.
Zn
1mol
2 HCl
ZnCl2
2mol
1mol
8 mol
H2
ZnCl2 :
8mol 1mol
x 4mol
2mol
4mol ZnCl2 .
mol Zn .
+
Zn 2HCl
ZnCl2
1mol
1mol
H2
1mol x
y 4mol
mol
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y 4mol Zn :
m
m n m n m 4mol 65 g 260 g
mol
260 g Zn
,
100g 80g Zn
m Zn 260 g Zn ( )
,
m Zn
260 g 100 g
mZn 325g
80 g
2.
:
. . ,
,
.
.
. .
, (),
().
,
.
. 127
112 L 2 STP 10 g
2; Ar: : 1, : 16.
mol :
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n2
V
n2
VL
112 L
n2 5mol
L
22,4
mol
2 2 2
, mol :
n2
m
10 g
n2
mol n 2 5mol
g
2
2
mol
2 2
2mol
1mol
5 mol
2 2
2mol
5mol :
5mol 1mol
x 2,5mol 2
2mol
5mol 2mol
y 5mol 2
1mol
2,5mol 2 .
2 :
2 2 1 2 1 1 16 18
5mol 2 :
n 2
m 2
2
m 2 n 2 2 m 2 5mol 18
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g
m 2 90 g
mol
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3.
,
. ,
, ...
.
. 128
11,7 g .
.
STP . r: Na : 23,
Cl: 35,5.
NaCl :
n NaCl
m NaCl
n NaCl 11,7 g n NaCl 0,2mol
g
NaCl
58,5
mol
2 NaCl
H 2 SO4
2Cl
2mol
2mol
0,2mol
0,2mol
2Cl
Na2 CO3
2 NaCl
Na2 SO4
H 2 CO3
2mol
1mol
0,2mol
n H 2CO3
mol H 2 CO3 :
n H 2CO3
0,2mol 1mol
n H 2CO3 0,1mol
2mol
, STP :
VH CO
L
VH 2CO3 2,24L
n H 2CO3 2 3 VH 2CO3 n H 2CO3 VL VH 2CO3 0,1mol 22,4
mol
VL
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, ,
. x mol
x
. x '
mol .
. 129
HCl
Cl2, AgNO3
28,7 g . ;
Ar: Mg: 24, Ag: 108, CI: 35,5.
Mg
2 HCl
MgCl 2
H2
1 mol
1 mol
x mol
x mol
H2
HCl
Cl 2
2 HCl
1 mol
2 mol
x mol
2 x mol
AgNO3
HNO3
AgCl
1 mol
1 mol
2 x mol
2 x mol
HCl H Cl 37,5
AgCl Ag Cl 143,5
mol AgCl :
n AgCl
m AgCl
AgCl
n AgCl
28,7 g
n AgCl 0,2mol
g
143,5
mol
, 2 x 0,2mol x 0,1mol
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n Mg
m Mg
Mg
mol
mMg 2,4 g
,
.
. 130
10 g Fe FeS HCl
3,36 L STP.
. Ar: Fe: 56, S: 32.
FeS :
FeS Fe S 88
Fe FeS :
(1)
(2)
2 HCl
2 HCl
Fe
FeCl 2
H2
1 mol
1 mol
x mol
x mol
FeS
FeCl 2
H2S
1 mol
1 mol
y mol
y mol
H 2 H 2 S :
VH 2 n H 2 VL mH 2 x 22,4 mH 2 22,4 x
VH 2 S n H 2 S VL mH 2 S y 22,4 mH 2 S 22,4 y
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3,36
22,4
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