Wireless Communications & Networking

Vijay Garg

50

1
2012


50
()
:
() ()
().

Wireless Communications & Networking Vijay Garg,
50. ,
. ,
, , -,
,
.
50
2011-12.
, .
,
.

.

. /

50

50

50


1:
................................................................................................................................................................11
........................................................................................................................11
..................................................................................................................................................11
1. ........................................................................................................................................................12
2. (1G) (2G)..............................................................13
3. 1G 3G..................................................................................................14
4. 3G .......................................................15
5. (4G) ..............................................................................................15
6. .....................................................................................................................16
7. ...............................................................16
8. .......................................................................................................................................................17

3:
................................................................................................................................................................18
........................................................................................................................18
..................................................................................................................................................18
1. ........................................................................................................................................................19
2. .................................................................................................19
3. .....................................................................................................20
4. .................................................................................................................21
5. ...............................................................................................................................22
6. ................................................................................................23
7. .................................................................................................................................24
8. ......................................................................................................................24
9. ....................................................................................26
10. ...........................................................................................26

 5:
................................................................................................................................................................27
........................................................................................................................27
..................................................................................................................................................28
1. ........................................................................................................................................................28
2. ...............................................................................................................................28
3. ...................................................................................................................29
4. ...............................................................................................................30
5.
................................................................................................................................................................31
6. ....................................................................................................32
7. =7 ...................................................................................................................32
8. (Cell Splitting)................................................................................................................33
9. ................................................................................................................34
10. (Segmentation)........................................................................................................................34
11. .....................................................................................................................................................35

6:
................................................................................................................................................................36
........................................................................................................................36
..................................................................................................................................................36
1. ........................................................................................................................................................37
2. .......................................................................................................37
3. ...............................................................................................................38
4. ................................................................................................................................41
5. FDMA, TDMA, DS-CDMA ..............................................................................................................42
6. DS-CDMA.........................................................................................................42
7. DS-CDMA TDMA ....................................................................43
8. .....................................................................................43
9. DS-CDMA ..............................................................................................................................44
10. ....................................................................................................................44
11. idle signal casting PRMA ............................................................................50

12. .....................................................................................50

7:
................................................................................................................................................................52
........................................................................................................................52
..................................................................................................................................................52
1. ........................................................................................................................................................53
2. WWAN.................................................................................................................................53
3. .............................................................................................................................................54
4. .......................................................................................................................55
5. ......................................................................................................................................55
6. .........................................................................................................55
7. GSM.......................................................................................................................................56

10: ,
................................................................................................................................................................57
........................................................................................................................57
..................................................................................................................................................57
1. ........................................................................................................................................................57
2. .....................................................................................................................................58
3. .............................................................................................................................................58
4. ...................................................................................................59
5. , ...........................................60
6. ...................................................................................................................................................61
7. .........................................................................................................................62

12:
................................................................................................................................................................63
........................................................................................................................63
..................................................................................................................................................63
1. ........................................................................................................................................................64
2. .........................................................................................................64

3. ......................................................................................................64
4. ......................................................................................................................66
5. ...................................................................................................................................................67

13:
................................................................................................................................................................70
........................................................................................................................70
..................................................................................................................................................70
1.

...................................................................................................................................................71

2.

.....................................................71

3.

...........................73

4.

.......................................74

5.

..........................................................................................................74

6.

IEEE 802.11 .......................................................................................................................75

7.

GSM, GPRS UMTS ..................................................................................75

8.

...............................................................................................................................76
8.1.

(firewalls) ............................................................................................................76

8.2.

................................................................................................................................77

8.3.

(Secure Socket Layer, SSL).............................................................77

8.4.

IP Security Protocol (IPSec)...............................................................................................................77

8.5.

......................................................................................................78

19: -Bluetooth
................................................................................................................................................................80
........................................................................................................................80
..................................................................................................................................................81

1.

(Wireless Personal Area Networks, WPAN).......................81

2.

Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1).........................................................................................................................82

3.

Bluetooth ...........................................................................................83

4.

Bluetooth .......................................................................................................84
4.1.

...................................................................................................84

4.2.

...........................................................................................84

4.3.

...........................................................................................................................84

5.

Bluetooth .........................................................................................................................85

6.

Bluetooth ..........................................................................................................................86

7.

Bluetooth.................................................................................87

8.

Bluetooth.....................................................................................................88

9.

Bluetooth.........................................................................................................89

10. Bluetooth...............................................................................................................89

20:

................................................................................................................................................................91
........................................................................................................................91
..................................................................................................................................................92
1.

(Wireless Sensor Networks, WSN) ......................................................92

2.

.............................................................................................93

3.

..........................................................................................94

4.

.....................................................................96
4.1.

(physical layer).......................................................................................................96

4.2.

(data link layer) ...................................................................................97

4.3.

(network layer)......................................................................................................98

4.4.

(transport layer) ..............................................................................................99

4.5.

(application layer)...........................................................................................99

4.6. , (Power, Mobility, and Task

Management Planes)...................................................................................................................................99
5.

ZigBee ................................................................................................................................. 100

5.1.

6.

7.

ZigBee .......................................................................................... 100

IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN ........................................................................ 101

6.1.

.............................................................................................................................. 101

6.2.

............................................................................................................ 102

6.3.

.............................................................................................................................. 103

6.4.

...................................................................................................................................... 104

IEEE 802.15.3a Ultra WideBand ......................................................................................................... 104

8.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID).................................................................................................. 105

21:
............................................................................................................................................................. 107
..................................................................................................................... 107
............................................................................................................................................... 108
1.

................................................................................................................................................ 108

2.

WLAN.................................................................................................................................. 109

3.

WLAN .................................................................................................................................. 110

4.

WLAN ................................................................................................................................. 110

5.

4.1.

(Infrared)................................................................................................... 110

4.2.

UHF (narrowband).............................................................................. 110

4.3.

(spread spectrum)...................................................................................... 110

IEEE 802.11 WLAN.................................................................................................................................. 112

5.1.

IEEE 802.11 Architecture ............................................................................................................... 112

5.2.

802.11 (PHY) ....................................................................................................... 113

5.3.

IEEE 802.11 (Data Link Layer) ........................................................ 113

5.4.

IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control ............................................................................................ 114

5.5.

IEEE 802.11 MAC ....................................................................................................... 117

6.

BSS .................................................................................................................. 118

7.

IEEE 802.11 ................................................................................................ 118

8.

.................................................................................................................................. 118

9.

IEEE 802.11b DSSS .............................................................................. 119

10. IEEE 802.11n ........................................................................................................................................... 119

11. WLAN ............................................................................................................................. 120
11.1. HIPERLAN.................................................................................................. 120
11.2. Multimedia Access Communication (MMAC) - High Speed Wireless Access Network (HiSWAN)
120
12. Bluetooth Piconet IEEE 802.11 WLANs ....................................................... 121
13. Bluetooth IEEE 802.11.................................................................................... 121
14. IEEE 802.16 ............................................................................................................................................. 122
15. WiMAX .................................................................................................................................................... 122

10

,
1G, 2G/2.5G, 3G, (4G)
,
.

:


1G, 2G 3G.
GSM.
3G.
4G.

4G

, (wireless wide-area networks),
(wireless local area networks), (wireless personal area networks),

11

 , , ,
, , .

1.
.
, 5 MHz
900 MHz. bits
(,
ISO-OSI)
. ,

,
.
, ,

.
(cellular systems),
(cells). .


.
.
(wireless
wide-area networks WWAN) ,
(wireless local area networks WLAN) (wireless personal
area networks WPAN).
1.1

, ;
1.2

.
1.1

12

 .
.
.

2. (1G) (2G)
1980
. (1G)
,
. 1980 1990


.
(2G), .
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM). To GSM
,
(roaming). GSM

900, 1800 1900 MHz.o o GSM
OSI .
, GSM .

,
: (Time Division Multiple Access-TDMA)
(Code Division Multiple Access-CDMA). TDMA

(time slots).
, , .
(.. )
. H CDMA
, TDMA
(). CDMA
,
.
1.3
SIM GSM;
1.4

13

 (Personal
Communication Services System)
1.5
CDMA;
1.2
GSM .

3. 1G 3G

,
, ,
.
2G ,

. 2G
,
(live streaming),
, 3G.

, .
3G 2G


.
CDMA 3G.
2Mbps CDMA
(wide band) . cdma2000,
CDMA , ...
1.6
2G
. ;
1.3

14

4. 3G
,

.
TDMA CDMA 2G
9,6 Kbps . GSM
3G .
2G ,
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), 2.5G,
115 Kbps, Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)
384 Kbps 2.75G,
3G. WCDMA/UMTS 2 GHz. H
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
2G (3G) ,
.
1.4
: P.Nicopolitidis, G.I.Papadimitriou, M.s.Obaidat and A.S.Pomportsis,
Third Generation and Beyond Wireless Systems, Communications of the ACM, vol.46, no.8, August
2003, pp.120-124. .

5. (4G)
(4G) (ad hoc) (peer-topeer) .
, ,
.
, .

3G .
4G IP (Internet Protocol)
100Mbps 1Gbps
. , end-to-end ,
. , ,

15

 , ,
() .
1.7
4G;
1.8

4G.

6.


.
(2G, 3G), WLANS (..Wi-Fi), (.., Wi-MAX),
.

7.
.

(Joint Technical Committee, JTC)
(echnical d hoc Groups, TAGs) 1994.
T 3G
(International Telecommunications Union, ITU). U International Mobile
Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000) : ETSI UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), ARIB WCDMA,
TIA cdma2000, TD-SCDMA. 3G
.
:
third-generation partnership project (3GPP) 3GPP2. 3GPP UMTS,
WCDMA 3GPP2 cdma2000.
IEEE 802.11 WLAN . IEEE

. 802.16x (wireless metropolitan area
network, WMAN) CDMA OFDM. IEEE 802.20,
802.16e (mobile wide area
network, MWAN).

16

 Wimax Forum
350 ,
802.16
.

8.
.
1G, 2G/2.5G, 3G.
: (wireless wide-area
networks WWAN), (wireless local area networks WLAN)
(wireless personal area networks WPAN).
, , .
,
WPAN, WLAN, WWAN.

17

(Wireless Networks), ,
.
,
,
..

:



,

.

, , , , , ,
, Doppler, , , ,
, , , , .

18

1.

.
,

(multipath propagation).
,

.
: (reflection),
(diffraction) (scattering).

. ,
.

.

,
. ,
, .

2.
. ,
,
, Pr
d 3.1.
2

Gb Gm
Pr = Pt
4 d

(3.1)

,
:
2

Pr Gb Gm Gb G m

=
=
Pt 4 d L0
L p L0
:

19

(3.2)

Pr: .

Pt: .

: .

c: (c=f, f ).

Gb: (gain) .

Gm: (gain) .

L0: .

4d
Lp:
.

, Lp decibel (db) :

(L )
p

free

= 32.44 + 20 log f + 20 log d db

(3.3)

3.1
.
60.000 Km, 4 W,
4 dBi, 50 dBi, 12 GHz.

3.

. , .

. 50 Hz 2 GHz

.
(two-ray model).
3.2
: J.B.Andersen, T.S.Rappaport and S.Yoshida,
"Propagation
measurements and models for wireless communications channels", IEEE Communications Magazine,
vol.33, no.1, pp.42-49, January 1995. :
1.
; ;

20

2.
.
3. ;
4. ;
5. ;
6. ;

7. .
8.
;
9.
;

4.
.

(Line of Sight-LOS) . , 3.1 3.2
- d
(radio horizon).
d :

d 2 Re hb
:
Re: .
b: .

3.3
3.4.

21

(3.4)

5.
.

.
.
.


, .

decibels
.
, (fading).

,
. (slow fading).
.

,
. (fast fading).
,
. ,
Rayleigh
Rayleigh. ,
Rice Rice.
d0 1m
1Km , d :

d
Pr = P0 0
d

(3.5)

:
, 2 ( ) 5
( )
P0 d0
Pr d-

22

 ,
3.6:

d
Pr ( d ) = 10 log[P0 (d 0 )] + 10log 0 dBm
d

(3.6)

Pr (d )
0 ,
. 8 dB
,
Doppler (Doppler shift),
vf/c, v
.
3.4
.
3.5
30 m/s 1GHz .
Doppler .
3.6
60 Km/h 900
MHz. 64 Kbps,
;

6.
(time dispersion)
(frequency dispersion).
(frequency
selective fading). (frequency selective channel),

.

. (coherence
bandwidth) .

(Intersymbol Interference-ISI),

23


, (Bit Error Rate-BER)
. ,
(equalizer) .
O (coherence time)
. Doppler
.
0.423/fm, fm=v/ Doppler.
3.7
.
;
3.8
.

7.
Rayleigh Rice
.
, lognormal

.
Rayleigh
lognormal
8 10 d.

8.

,
, , ,
(handoff) ..
( , ,
..).

.

24

- . ,
, ,
, ..


. ,
Okumura/Hata COST 231.
Okumura/Hata
. Okumura
.
.

,
, (, , , ) ,
,
. , o Hata
, Okumura.
Hata , .
COST 231
(European Standards Telecommunications Institute-ETSI), .

, 800
MHz 2 GHz. GSM 1800.
IMT-2000

,
(delay spread) .

(delay spread)
.

.
(delay spread) .

IMT-2000

(Code Division Multiple Access-CDMA),
.

25

9.
(picocells) 30 100 .

. :

L p = L p (d 0 ) + 10logd + L f (n ) + X dB

(3.6)

L p (d 0 )

L f (n ) n . 900
Mz 1.7 GHz 10 dB 16 dB .

femtocells ,
.

Blueooth HomeRF. 1 Mbps,
2.4 GHz 5 GHz.

10.


,
Rayleigh. (fade
margin) . ,
,
.
(link margin)
.

26

:

(reuse ratio)
(frequency reuse factor)

(cochannel interference)
.
.


(cell splitting)

(cell sectorization)
.

27


, (reuse ratio),
(cluster size), (frequency reuse factor),
(cochannel interference), (cell sectorization), (cell
splitting), (adjacent channel interference), (segmentation).

1.

,
(reuse ratio)
(frequency reuse factor)
(cochannel interference)
(cell splitting) (segmentation) .

2.
(cellular systems),
(cells). .


.
.

.
28 km
, 2 km
.
5.1

;
5.2

.
5.3

28


, , .
. .
5.4

; /.
5.1
FDM-TDMA 30
MHz 25 KHz.
5 KHz
4 . n=4.
:
i.

ii. Nreuse=4,
16 .
iii. Nreuse=4.

3.
,
.
, .

29

 .
, , :

= i2 + j2 + i j

i ,
j
( 5.1 ).

, (cochannel
interference) , R
D . H
q=D/R
(cochannel reuse ratio)
(), :

q=

D
= 3N
R

. q
,
, . ,
q. q
. 5-1
() q.
5.5
; ;
5.6

; /.

4.

NI, (signal-to-interference ratio S/I)
:

30

S
=
I

S
NI

k =1

S Ik k-
.
(NI= 6)
. k-
(
) Dk ,

Dk , (propagation loss)
2 ( ) 5 ( ).
,
S/I :

S
=
I

1
Dk

k =1 R
6

D ,
:

S q
=
I
6
:
2

1 S
N = 6
3 I

S/I ,
.

5.

, =7,

31

 ( ).
:

S
R
=
I 2( D R) + 2 D + 2( D + R)
=4 D/R = q :

S
1
=
4
I 2( q 1) + 2q 4 + 2( q + 1) 4
5.1 N=7 q=4.58
S/I = 17.3 dB. S/I
14 dB.
5.7
S/I ,
=7 ; /;

6.
,

.
. (cell
splitting) (cell sectorization).
,

.
5.8

(); /.

7. =7
(segments) 120
60 .
,
.

32


.
5.9

; S/I dB ( 5.9
) =4.
, S/I ;
5.10

; S/I dB ( 5.10
) =4.
, S/I ;
5.11
S/I
7. ;
5.2
FDM-TDMA
SIR 15 dB. Nreuse i)
(omnidirectional) -, ii) 120
-, iii) 60 -.
( ) ,
;

8. (Cell Splitting)
.

.
.
.
(.., ). 2.
,
. , 2
km2. ,
4 . ,

33

 R
D/R .

(handoff)
. , -

.

. Pt1R-
Pt2(R/2)-,
. Pt1/Pt2 = 4. =4, Pt1/Pt2 = 16,
12 dB .
5.12
;
5.3
4:1.
5.4
3:1.

9.
(adjacent channel interference, ACI)

.
.
5.13
;

10. (Segmentation)


.
. .
.

34

 5.14
;
;

11.
.
(q)
(). S/I
.
.

35

.

, FDMA, TDMA, CDMA
, .
OFDM ,
ALOHA CSMA.
.

TDMA, FDMA, CDMA.

OFDM .

ALOHA, ALOHA , CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA.

, , , TDMA, FDMA, CDMA,
OFDM, ALOHA, ALOHA , CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, Stop
and Wait, GBN, SRP.

36

1.
(multiplexing)
. ,

(Frequency Division Multiplexing, FDM)
(Time Division Multiplexing, TDM) .
(multiple access)
.
TDM
ALOHA.
.
.

(reservation-based), TDMA, FDMA, CDMA
(random multiple access), ALOHA CSMA.

2.

.
.
-
(forward channels)
- (reverse channels).

, .

,
. ,
,
.
(Frequency Division
Duplex, FDD)
.
.
,
.

37


(Time Division Duplex, TDD). TDD

.
FDMA .
.
(bandpass) .
(frequency guard bands)
.
TDMA
, , (slots).
.
(frame).
(guard times).
TDMA

TDMA.
, TDMA
, FDD.

3.

. (spectral efficiency)

(modulation spectral efficiency)
(multiple access spectral efficiency).
nm :

nm =

1
/ MHz / Km 2
Bc N Ac

38

nm: (/Hz/m2).

BC: (MHz).

(6.1)

N: (
).

Ac: ( m2).

,
, .
:

nm =

nt
/ MHz / Km 2
Bc N Ac

(6.2)

nt (trunking efficiency factor),

(0..1)
.

,
. .
FDMA,
. TDMA,

.
FDMA, na :

na =

Bc N t
1
Bw

(6.3)

Nt: .

BC: (MHz).

Bw: .

DMA, na :

na =
:

39

Mt
Tf

(6.4)

: .

f: .

t: .

. FDM/TDMA,
na :

M t
na =
T
f

Bu N u

B
w

(6.5)

u:

u:
.

n
n=nmna.
u,
:

n B
N u = b w
v RN

(6.6)

nb: ((0..1)).

: bits/symbol.

vf: ( TDMA)

Bw: .

R: ( ) .

N: .

n TDMA 100(1-b0/b) % b0, b bit

bit .
TDMA .

40

 6.1
GSM TDMA, 270.833 Kbps
. )
; )
10.1 bits ;
6.2
GSM
: 1,
1, 1,
10 MHz, 270.83 Kbps,
4, 8.

4.
,
.
(spread spectrum, SS). SS,
(Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum, FHSS)
(Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, DSSS).
DSSS ,
(spreading factor)
.
.

.
DSSS

DSSS .

.
FHSS
. FHSS
.
(hop set).
(instantaneous bandwidth, BI)
(hopping bandwidth, BH).

41


(hop duration, hopping period Th ).
(fast frequency hopping),
(slow frequency
hopping), .
FHSS
.
6.3
DSSS FHSS.
.

5. FDMA, TDMA, DS-CDMA

DSSS DS-CDMA Qualcomm
. DSCDMA FDMA TDMA
DS-CDMA
. DS-CDMA
, FDMA/TDMA
.
DS-CDMA
(. )
FDMA TDMA. , DS-CDMA
FDMA TDMA.
, (sectors).

6. DS-CDMA
DS-CDMA Gp (
Bw R), bit
Eb/No , vf,,
nf G .
Nu DS-CDMA :

42

Nu =

n f nb cd
vf

Bw
E
R b
No

+1

(6.7)

:
nb: .
cd: .
R: .
: - ( G).

7. DS-CDMA TDMA
TDMA DS-CDMA
vf=1, :

N CDMA cd N n f 1 1 RTDMA
=
N TDMA Eb / N o v fcdma RCDMA

(6.8)

8.
H (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access,
OFDMA) , . OFDM


.
OFDM (Multiple Input Multiple Output OFDM,
MIMO OFDM)
. H MIMO-OFDM

.
. ,
(spatial multiplexing),
.

43

 OFDM
,
.
,

. (Intersymbol Interference, ISI)
OFDM
.
OFDM

.
6.4
OFDM
.
6.5
.
;

9. DS-CDMA
MC-DS-CDMA DS-CDMA OFDMA
. MC-DSCDMA (throughput).
.

10.
(bursty)
.

.
. ,
.

. ALOHA,
ALOHA (slotted ALOHA)
(Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection, CSMA/CD).

44

 ALOHA, ,
. ,

(round-trip time) (Acknowledgement, ACK)
. ACK ,
,
. S
ALOHA :
S=Ge-2G

(6.9)

G .
ALOHA
G=0.5 0.184. ,
ALOHA 18.4%.
ALOHA ,
.
, .

, ALOHA. .
S ALOHA :
S=Ge-G

(6.10)

G .
ALOHA
G=1 0.368. ,
ALOHA 36.8%, ALOHA.
CSMA
ALOHA ALOHA .
,
.
,
. CSMA:

45

(non-persistent) CSMA:
, ,
.

p- (p-persistent) CSMA :
.

 ,
p, 1-p


.

1- (1-persistent) CSMA: p=1.

S
CSMA .

CSMA :

CSMA :

1- CSMA :

1- CSMA :

G .

Tp .

CSMA/CD CSMA,
.
, (jam
signal . S
CSMA/CD
, CSMA/CD
b .
:

46

full-duplex ,
.

,
.

 MAC 802.11

(CSMA/CA) (Distributed Coordination Function, DCF).
,

(Distributed Interframe Space, DIFS), .
,
DIFS
(exponential backoff).
, DIFS
, ,
MAC 802.11 (Cyclic
Redundancy Check, CRC) (packet fragmentation)

.
,
.

.

(Contention Window, CW) (1023 ).
802.11 MAC -
.
(Point Coordination Function, PCF)
(polling) (Polling Coordinator, PC). PC
PIFS . PIFS
DIFS, PC
PCF.
6.6

( Aloha);
6.7
(collision window) .
6.8
Aloha () Aloha;
.

47

 6.9
Aloha;
(transmission time)
(propagation time);
6.10
CSMA/CD CSMA;
6.11
CSMA/CD
,
(backoff mechanism).
6.12
SIFS, DIFS 802.11;
DIFS SIFS;
6.13
802.11.
3
.
6.14
:
A B .
. k , (k 1)
, w [0, 1, , 2k11] (slots),

2k1 . c k
k, (k 1) .
() c k k, k.
() k n (slots); ; ( = n
slots). .
() k n .
. , k.

48

() pk k
.
.
() A . ,
(reset) (k=1).
(backoff time) B.
B .
,
A B .
;
6.15

;
6.16
1Gbps, 100 .
1 bps. 1000bits.

;

100 bps;
6.17

ALOHA slotted ALOHA

. ;
6.18

ALOHA, Poisson 1000

/sec. 10 Mbps 1000
bits, : ) , )
.
6.19
1000 2Km. 30
1000 bits 1 sec. 200.000 Km/sec
100M bps. ALOHA, Slotted ALOHA
non-persistent slotted CSMA ;
.

49

11. idle signal casting PRMA

idle signal casting multiple access (ISMA) o -
.
CSMA ISMA -,
CSMA .
CSMA, 1- - ISMA.
(Packet Reservation Multiple Access,
PRMA)
. ,
.

ALOHA . ,
.
ALOHA
.

12.

(Automatic Repeat Request, ARQ).

50

(Stop-and-wait):
0 .
0.
, .

1.
0 1.
p (
)
, Tp
T (ACK).

(Selective Repeat, SRP):

.
, . SRP

W
. W
. SRP

 p ( )

.. .

(Go Back N, GBN):

W-1 .
,


. GBN Stop and
Wait, SRP. SRP
p ( ) :
.

ARQ
.
WORM SRP GBN
. ,
, SRP GBN
W .
6.20
9 1010 m.
(stop-and-wait)
64 Mbps; ,
32
.
6.21
6.3
Go-Back-N W. W 100%
;

51

WWAN
.
GSM.
GSM
GSM 900.

, WWAN.

GSM.

GSM.

GSM.

GSM.

GSM 900.

, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
GSM.

52

1.
(Wireless Wide Area NetworkWWAN) (Radio Station Subsystem-RSS),
(Networking and Switching Subsystem, NSS)
(Operational and aintenance Subsystem, OMSS). To RSS
NSS. NSS

. , RSS NSS
WWAN. OMSS
.

2. WWAN

WWAN. ,
,
.
.
-
(subscriber identity
module card SIM card), .
SIM
( ). SIM
, .
RSS . ,
(Base
Station Controller-BSC) /
(Base Station Transceiver-BTS)
To NSS WWAN,

. NSS
(Mobile Switching Center, MSC).
(Home Location Register-HLR),
(Visitor
Location Register-VLR). MSC
(handover). , MSC
(Gateway MSC, GMSC) WWAN .

53

 OMSS
.
(Authentication Center-AuC)
(Equipment Identity Register-EIR). AuC HLR
, EIR ,
.
WWAN .
o SS7 MSC HLR/VLR
.
7.1
.
7.2
VLR .
7.3
HLR .
7.4
TMSI, IMSI IMEI
.

3.
WWAN . GSM
( Global System for Mobile communications)
.
.
GSM
. , ,
.
, , ,

.

54

4.
GSM,
.
, .
8 . , 8
(frame) GSM. (multiframes), super-
(superframes) (hyperframes).
( bits
),
.

5.
GSM

. , , 64 Kbps
.
, ,
. ,
RPE-LPC 22.8 Kbps, (Enhanced Full Rate, EFR)

.
.
7.5

.

6.
GSM .
2 d
20 mW.
( BER), BSC

.

55


,
.
,
.
(Voice Activity Detector-VAD) .
7.6
.

.

7. GSM
GSM: ) (bearer
services), ) (teleservices) ) .

.

. GSM :

(Short Message Service-SMS).

videotext.

teletext.

fax.

GSM. , ,
, ..

56

 10
,

(beamwidth), (directivity) (gain).
(diversity)
.

:


, , , ,
.
.

, , , , , , ,
, , .

1.

.

57

 .
.

. ,
.

2.
,
.
-

, ,
.

, , (coverage
pattern), ,
(polarization) .
. ,
.

, ,
. , (omnidirectional)
(sectorized).
360 .

.

3.

. ,

, .

.
.
. ,

58


.
,
(half-wave dipole) .
.
.


dBi.
, dBd. 0 dBd=2.1 dBi.
Gt
GtPt/4d2, Pt .
4R/2, R (effective
area) ,
0.6 0.8.
GtPt (effective isotropic radiated
power-EIRP), (effective radiated power-ERP)
.
EIRP=ERP+2.14 dB.
10.1
.
10.2
3 dB 8.

4.

. ,
:

59

(main and side lobes)

front-to back

front-to side

(power dissipation)

5. ,

.
.
( (frontal lobe))
(minor lobes) .
,
. : )

)
.

. G=nD,
G , D n .
,
GR=4/HPHP, GR HP, HP
.

60


.
.
.
10.3
50 60 .
.

6.
,

3.
,
. , ,
,
.
, -
, ,
. , ,

.

(branch)
(diversity combiner).

: )
)
.
:

61

(space diversity).

(frequency diversity).

(time diversity).

(polarization diversity).

(angle diversity).

(path diversity).

10.4
;
.

7.
(link budget)
.
.
: )
, (uplink) ) , (downlink) .

.

. ,
.
, .

62

 12

.
,
. ,
.

:

.

.
.
.
.

, , , ,
, , , , ,
, ,
, , , .

63

1.
.
(radio mobility) (network mobility).
(handover)
.
,
.

(Locaton Areas-LAs). LA .
(Mobile Station-MS) LA
(registration).
LA (Location Area Identifier-LAI) (Cell
Identification-CI). LAI ,
.

2.
,
(roaming) .


. .
,
.

,
.

3.

. (Location
Update, LU). (paging)
.
LU . LU ,
,

64

. , LU , ,
.
Ls.
, MS
. -
LA . MS
LA MS , )
LA ) LU
. LUs MS
.
. MS LU
LA. ,
LU , LU LA .
(LUs )
LA
. LUs .
:

(fluid model).
,
.

. (random walk model),

, ,
.

.
,
.

10.1

.
10.2
12.1 : )
6000 /Km2, 1 Km,
20 Km/h, LA 8, LA MSC/VLR 4.

65

4.
(registration) .
MS (MS service
qualification) MS.
, MS.

, .. 911.
.
.


.
MS .
(handshake) MS ,
BTS MSC.
MS
:

(distance-based registration).

- (Geographical-based registration).

(Parameter change registration).

(power-up registration).

(power-down registration).

(timer-based registration).

.
10.3
; ;
10.4
.

66

5.
,
.
. TDMA,
.
,
-.
.
. ..
(load balancing)
.
, .
BSS, .
,
. :

67

(Mobile-Controlled Handoff, MCHO).

DECT (Digital Equipment
Cordless Telephony). ,
BS BS
BS ,
BS
.

(Network-Controlled Handoff, CHO).

CT-2+
AMPS. , BSs

,
BS.

(Mobile-Assisted Handoff, MAHO).

.
,
BS . ,

BS
, BSs.

 , :

(hard handoff),
BS .

(soft handoff),
BS .

(softer handoff),
BS BS.

MAHO :

,

.

,

,
.

,
.

, :

(RSS type).

(RSS plus threshold type).

(RSS plus margin type).

10.4
.
10.5
,
, GSM . .
10.6
.
10.6

68

 (90 km/h) .
3 min,
()
12 km ; () 1.5 km
;

69

 13

.
, , ,
, ,
. ,
.

:
.
.
4
.
IEEE 802.11.
(firewall) .
.

.

RSA

Diffie-Hellman

, , , , , ,
, , , , ,
, jamming, , , ,

70

, , , , , ,
, WEP, WPA2, GSM, GPRS, UMTS, firewall, , SSL,
IPSec, RSA, PGP, Diffie-Hellman.

1.

. , ,
.
.
.
(handoff)
.
13.1

. ;
;
13.2

. ;

2.

.
(eavesdropping)
. -,
(interception). ,
(billing systems).
: () , ()
, () , ()
.
: ()
(call setup), .. ,
, , , () (
), () (

71

 ), () (

, () ( user ID
), () (calling patterns),
(..
, , , , ).

. : ()
(clone-resistant design):
(
),
, () (

), () (user ID)
( ,
), ()
(mobile station ID) (
).
, ,

,
, (jamming) .

, :
, / / ,
.

,
. (tap) (over-the-air),
(wiretap van),
.
,
(switch).
13.1

.

72

 13.2
:
Schilit B., Hong J., Gruteser M., Wireless location privacy protection, Computer, 36(12), pp.
135-137, December 2003.

.
13.3
.
13.4

;
13.5

; ;
13.6

.
13.3

.
13.7
.

3.

: , ,

73

 , , , ,
, .
13.8
.

4.

4 :
1. MIN/ESN: AMPS 10
(mobile identification number, MIN) 32 (electronic
serial number, ESN).
2. (shared secret data, SSD): TDMA CDMA
SSD .
, .
AMPS, IS-95 CDMA, IS-54/IS-136 TDMA, cdma2000 SSD.
3. (security triplets): To GSM
PCS . ,
(token-based).
4. (public key):
.
, .
13.4

.

5.
IEEE 802.11 ( )
( AES)
(data link level)
.
IEEE 802.11 .

74

6. IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11 Wi-Fi (wireless local area network, WLAN)
WEP ,
. IEEE 802.11i, Wi-Fi
2 (WiFi protected access 2, WPA2),
IEEE 802.11. IEEE 802.11i ,

.
13.9
WEP WPA2.
13.5
:
Lashkari A.H., Danesh M.M.S., Samadi B., A survey on wireless security protocols (WEP, WPA
and WPA2/802.11i), Proceedings of the 2nd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science
and Information Technology (CCSIT2009). pp. 48-52, 2009.
WEP, WPA WPA2.
13.6
WEP.
;
WiFi WEP.

7. GSM, GPRS UMTS

GSM : SIM (subscriber identity module),
GSM .
GPRS GSM.
, , GSM
. GPRS
. , .
, , . GSM,
-.

75

 UMTS GSM GPRS.

GSM ,
GSM . UMTS
GSM
GSM UMTS. , ,
UMTS, .
13.10
GSM ;
;
13.11
GPRS GSM.
-- (end-to-end) GPRS;
13.12

UMTS;

8.
(confidentiality),
(integrity) (availability).
.
.
,
.

8.1. (firewalls)
firewalls
. firewall
, / . firewalls /
. firewalls: (1) firewall
(packet filtering):
(IP TCP ) ,
(2) (application-level gateway):

76

 /
.

8.2.

. : (1)
(plaintext), - , (2) (
), (3) (
), (4) (cipher text),
. (decryption)
,
. :
( ):

.
( ): ,
( ) ( ).
.
(one-time key method):
. ,
, .
(digital signature):
.

8.3. (Secure Socket Layer, SSL)

SSL (session layer)
. . SSL,
.
. -
.

8.4. IP Security Protocol (IPSec)

IPSec
(application layer), ( SSL).

77

8.5.

.
( , ..
),
, , .
13.13
;
;
13.14
DES. IDEA;
;
13.7
http://hash.online-convert.com/des-generator
DES .
13.15

;
13.16
p=3 q=11,
RSA. ,
/ .
13.8
http://atom.smasher.org/pgp/
PGP . PGP
. ;
13.17
p=17 g=7,
Diffie-Hellman,
1=6 b1=15, .

78

 13.18
;
;
13.9
.
/
;
13.19
;
.
13.10

.

79

 19

-Bluetooth

(WPAN)
IEEE 802.15.
Bluetooth. ,
Bluetooth. ,
Bluetooth.

80

WPANs.

WPAN
.

IEEE 802.15 .

Bluetooth .

Bluetooth
.

Bluetooth
.

Bluetooth
Bluetooth
.

Bluetooth.

7 Bluetooth.

WPAN, IEEE 802.15, Bluetooth, UWB, ZigBee, , ,
, , , , , .

1. (Wireless Personal Area

Networks, WPAN)
(home access)
(home gateway) .
, WPAN (PCs, laptops,
printers, scanners, web cameras) .
WPAN ( 10m, 20
m) (PCs, PDAs, ,
, , pagers, set-up boxes, , , ). Bluetooth (IEEE
802.15.1), UWB (IEEE 802.15.3a) ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) WPANs

. WPAN
(.. Bluetooth)
(adhoc) (.. ) .
IEEE 802.15
.
19.1
WPANs;
; WPANs;
19.1
WPANs .
19.2
WPAN
Bluetooth, UWB ZigBee;
19.3

81

 (task groups) IEEE 802.15

; IEEE
802.15.1 802.15.4;
19.4
(task groups) IEEE 802.15
;

2. Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1)

Bluetooth ,
. Bluetooth
, . Bluetooth 2.4 GHz
, ( ,
, , )
.
Bluetooth WPAN
10m
. , ,
(ad hoc networking). IEEE
Bluetooth 802.15.1. 802.15.1 Bluetooth
, 802.15.3.
19.5
Bluetooth (, , ,
, , , ). Bluetooth
(personal operating space);
(infrared);
19.6
Bluetooth (..
Bluetooth- );
.
19.2
10 Bluetooth.

82

 19.7
Bluetooth,
.

3. Bluetooth
Piconet: Bluetooth . piconet
, PC
. Bluetooth ,
(master) (slaves)
piconet .
Scatternet: - piconets
. slave master piconet
slaves piconet.
Master . piconet (hopping
sequence) piconet.
Slave . piconet master (
master).
MAC . 3-bit
piconet.
(parked units). piconet
MAC .
(sniff & hold mode).
piconet (power-saving mode)
.
19.8
piconet scatternet. piconet
; scatternet ; Bluetooth MAC
; (hold mode)
(parking mode);
19.3
scatternets.

83

4. Bluetooth
H Bluetooth ,
,
. : ,
.

4.1.

Bluetooth
.
.

.
(radio), (baseband), (link manager),
(logical link) (host controller interface, HCI).

4.2.

Bluetooth . ,

(Special Interest Group) Bluetooth.
TCP, IP, PPP, .
(RFCOMM) -
- Bluetooth .
(service
discovery protocol, SDP),
.

4.3.

Bluetooth
(
Bluetooth ).
Bluetooth . Bluetooth-SIG
API. Bluetooth

.

84

 19.9
Bluetooth;
19.10
(layer)
,
Bluetooth;
19.11

;
TCP HTTP Bluetooth;

5. Bluetooth
Bluetooth (baseband) :
(synchronous connection-oriented, SCO)
(asynchronous connectionless, ACL)
. 16 (4
SCO ACL ).
(time division duplex, TDD). SCO
. SCO
. , master slave
SCO (polling). O SCO
(point-to-point circuit-switched)
. SCO 64
Kbps.
ACL - (packet oriented)
. master piconet
slave . slaves
. ACL
multislot) 721 kbps .
19.12
(link types) Bluetooth.
;
19.13

85


;
19.14
O Bluetooth 1600 hops per second 240 bits 1slot . HV2 Bluetooth 160 bits ,
; HV2
64 kbps ;
19.15
D1 (1-slot) master slave 216 bits
per slot. (data rate).
19.16
D5 Bluetooth 5 (5-slot)
1792 bits master 1-slot 136 bits
slave . (data rate).
(data rate) master slave .
(frequency hopping rate) Bluetooth.

6. Bluetooth
Bluetooth .
.
.
: (authentication)
(authorization)
.
Bluetooth
. ,
. ,

Bluetooth.
19.17
Bluetooth.
(security modes) .

86

 19.18

Bluetooth.
19.19
(trust levels) Bluetooth;
19.20
(security levels)
Bluetooth;

7. Bluetooth
piconet, STANDBY.
, 1.28 sec.
, 32 hop
( ).
, master.
PAGE
INQUIRY PAGE ,
.
PAGE, master (train) 16 page
16 hop - (
slave). , master 16 hop
(wake-up sequence).
(power saving mode) .
master slave HOLD,
. slave HOLD.
HOLD.
HOLD piconets
, .
: SNIFF PARK.
SNIFF, slave piconet ,
(duty cycle). PARK,
piconet . parked
MAC master
(broadcast).

87

 19.21
Bluetooth
;
19.4
/
Bluetooth,
.
19.5
Bluetooth Topology Construction Protocol (BTCP)
(scatternets) Bluetooth, :
T. Salonidis, P. Bhagwat, L. Tassiulas, R. LaMaire (2001). Distributed topology construction of
Bluetooth personal area networks. Proceedings of the 20th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE
Computer and Communications Societies (INFOCOM2001): 1577-1586.
13 , MAC
1 13.
1. masters bridges ; (
).
2. -- BTCP.
3. BTCP.

8. Bluetooth
Bluetooth :

1/3 (forward error correction, FEC)

2/3 FEC

(automatic repeat request, ARQ)

19.22
FEC Bluetooth
;
;

88

 19.6
1/3 FEC 2/3 FEC.
19.7

Bluetooth.

9. Bluetooth
Bluetooth --
---. ( 8)
piconet, .
, master piconet.
, master (M) slaves.
. piconets ,
scatternet.
19.8
master
piconet ,
piconets.

10. Bluetooth
(usage models).
.
-- (three-in-one phone):
( ),
( )
, walkie-talkie.
: Bluetooth
.
: (..
desktop PC, laptop, PDA, )
, , , , ,
.

89

 (Internet bridge): modem

dial-up PC PC.
(ultimate handset): Bluetooth
.
19.23
Bluetooth.
19.9
10 Bluetooth.

90

 20

10 60 300 Kbps.
.
IEEE 802.15.4 (
, -
). ,
UWB RFID.

91

A .

WPAN
ZigBee.

MAC
IEEE 802.15.4.

UWB.

RFID.

WPAN, , , -, ,
, , , , ,
, , , ZigBee, , beacon, ,
MAC, , , AODV,
, UWB, FCC, RFID, tag, transpoder.

1. (Wireless Sensor Networks, WSN)

(wireless sensor network, WSN)
- (sensor nodes, SN)
, () . SNs
, .
. WSNs
.
WSNs -.
. SNs

, ,
(raw)
(data fusion).
WSNs (wireless ad
hoc networking). ,
, WSNs
: WSNs (
), ,
(broadcast) --, SNs
,
/ ,
.

92

 WSNs (multihop)
. ,
, WSNs

.
20.1
;
-.
20.2
/ WSNs;
;
20.3
WSNs .
20.4
multihop single hop
WSNs.
20.5
1Kbyte
100m, 200m.
20.6

WSNs.

2.
WSNs ,
:

93

20.7
WSNs, .
20.1
WSNs
/ .
20.2

.

3.
WSN ,
.
.
(base stations) (sinks).
WSN
.
SNs,
( H/Y).

,
(aggregation points)
.
,
/. (clustering). SNs
(clusters) (cluster head, CH).
CH,
CH, , .

( into/sleep mode)
.

94

 WSNs ,
(fault tolerance), , , ,
WSN, , .
20.8
WSNs.
;
20.3

WSNs.
20.9
WSNs.
20.10
WSN.
SN; (reliability) SN;
20.11
WSNs;
WSN;
20.12

SN ;
20.4
,

:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wireless_sensor_nodes.
-
( ).
20.13

95

 WSNs;
SN;
SN.

.
20.5

SN.
20.6

WSNs
http://www.djstein.com/projects/WirelessSensorNetworkSimulator.html

, ,
, , /,
, .
.
20.7
SunSPOT Emulator (
- SunSPOT) (
NetBeans: http://sunspotworld.com/)
2 (SPOTs).
2sec 35 oC
, (broadcast) .

( ).
emulator (
SunSPOT #1 ).

4.
, ,
, ,
.

4.1.
(physical layer)

. ,
, , .
915 MHz WSNs.

96

 20.14
WSNs
;

4.2.
(data link layer)
,
, .
--- ---. MAC
- : ,
,
. ,
. , MAC

.
20.15
WSNs;
MAC ; MAC ;
MAC WSNs;
WSN ;
20.8
:
Demirkol I., Ersoy C, Alagoz F. (2006). MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: A survey.
IEEE Communications Magazine, 44(4):115-121.
MAC Sensor-MAC (S-MAC);
; WiseMAC S-MAC;
20.9
S-MAC MAC
IEEE 802.11; S-MAC
WSN.
20.16
4000 bytes MAC
.
S-MAC MAC 802.11. MAC

97

 (fragments) 1500 bytes .

, .

4.3.
(network layer)

. WSN
: , - WSNs,
,
(attribute-based addressing), .
20.17
WSN;
20.10
;

.
20.11
;

.
20.12

LEACH:
Heinzelman W.R., Chandrakasan ., Balakrishnan . (2000). Energy-efficient communication
protocols for wireless microsensor networks. Proceedings of the Hawaii International
Conference on Systems Sciences: 3005-3014.
LEACH;
LEACH.
20.13
:
A.A. Abbasi, M. Younis (2007). A survey on clustering algorithms for wireless sensor networks.
Computer Communications, 30(14-15): 2826-2841.

98

 WSNs; ;

4.4.
(transport layer)
,
.
Internet .
TCP (TCP splitting), TCP , SNs
UDP.
20.18
WSNs ;
WSNs ;
(addressing) ;

4.5.
(application layer)

WSNs.
(sensor management
protocol ,SMP), (task assignment and
data advertisement protocol, TADAP),
(sensor query and data dissemination protocol, SQDDP).
WSNs SMP,

, , ,
, ..
20.19
WSNs;
WSN SMP;

4.6.

, (Power, Mobility, and

Task Management Planes)

. , ,
.
,
,

99

 .
.
20.20
, .

5. ZigBee
WAPN (low rate WPAN, IEEE 802.15.4/LRWPAN)
,
, , QoS. ZigBee
LRWPAN
. IEEE 802.15.4 ZigBee Alliance
ZigBee.

,
Bluetooth. ZigBee
(mesh networks) Bluetooth. ZigBee-
10-75 , RF
,
. 250 kbps 2,4 GHz, 40 kbps 915 MHz, 20 kbps
868 MHz. IEEE 802.15.4
( ).
20.21
ZigBee;
ZigBee;
20.22
ZigBee ,
, , , ,
.

5.1.
ZigBee
ZigBee (full-function device, FFD)
(reduced-function device, RFD). FFD
(PAN coordinator). FFD
: PAN, . RFD
.
FFD , RFD

100

FFD. ZigBee : (star),

(peer-to-peer), (cluster tree).
20.23
ZigBee.
;
20.14
ZigBee.
- - .
20.15
MAC S-MAC
ZigBee. / ;
20.16
:
Baronti P., Pillai P., Chook V.W.C., Chessa S., Gotta A., Hu Y.F (2007). Wireless sensor networks:
A survey on the state of the art and the 802.15.4 and ZigBee standards. Computer
Communications, 30(7): 1655-1695.
MAC WSN ;
ZigBee;

6. IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN

H LR-WPAN (PHY) RF
- . MAC
.

. IEEE 802.2 (logical
link control, LLC) MAC
(service specific convergence sublayer, SSCS).

6.1.

PHY (IEEE 802.15.4) : PHY PHY
(physical layer
management entity, PLME). PHY
-, , , ,
.
.

101

 DSSS. 250 kbps 2,4 GHz, 40 kbps

915 MHz 20 kbps 868 MHz.
20.24
;

;

6.2.

(IEEE 802.15.4) , MAC LLC.
LLC (logical link control) IEEE 802.2
IEEE 802 . IEEE 802.15.4 MAC /,
, , ,
, (beacons).

. , IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN
(superframe). superframe, PAN
superframe beacons . beacons
16 superframe ( beacon
). (contention
based). , PAN
.
,
: superframes beacons,

(slotted CSMA-CA). beacons, CSMA-CA .
MAC .
20.25

;
20.26
MAC (MPDU),
; .
20.27
superframe. beacon;

102

 20.17
IEEE 802.15.4 3 ,
, 20 superframe.
20.28
MAC
/ beacons;

6.3.

ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4)
, .
ad hoc
: (table-driven proactive)
(source-initiated on-demand-driven
reactive).
.


.
-.
, .
ZigBee Alliance IEEE
802.15.4 WSNs. - (Ad-hoc On
demand Distance Vector, AODV),
(cluster tree), .
20.29
/
adhoc ;

. .
20.18
WSN 12
.
AODV.
(RREQ RREP). RREQ
(source address; Source sequence number; Broadcast id; Destination address; Destination sequence
number; Hop count.) RREP (source address;
destination address; destination sequence number; hop count; lifetime).

103

 . ,
.
.
20.19
WSN 25
. (cluster tree)
(CH) (highest degree).
CHs.
(designated device, DD). DD (cluster
Ids, CID) CHs. ,
, .
20.20
:
Cuomo F., Della Luna S., Monaco U., Melodia T. (2007). Routing in ZigBee: Benefits from
Exploiting the IEEE 802.15.4 Association Tree. Proceedings of the ICC2007.
/ AODV
HERA ZigBee .

6.4.

802.15.4
, , , , .
, , . ,
, , .
.

115,2 kbps 10 kbps
.
20.30
802.15.4
.

7. IEEE 802.15.3a Ultra WideBand

WPANs
,
. UWB, FCC
(Federal Communications Commission),
(10 .) . FCC 500 MHz
UWB. IEEE 802.15.3a (high rate (HR) WPAN)

104

 IEEE 802.15.3 WPAN

- 20 55 Mbps
(< 10 m).
20.31
FCC UWB ;
-
IEEE 802.15.3a;
20.32
802.15.3a
.

8. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)

(radio frequency identification, RFID)
,
RFID (tags)
(transpoders). RFID
, . RFID
. (passive tags)
, (active tags) .
RFID , , .

. RFID
(readers). ,
, RFID ,
. RFID ,
.
( ).
.
20.33
RFID ;
20.34
RFID ;
RFID
RFID ;

105

 20.21
RFID.
20.22

RFID -,
/
.
20.23

RFID
. .
20.24
RFID ;
;
RFID.
20.25

RFID NFC (Near field communication).
;
20.35
RFID
(barcodes) ;

106

 21

WLANs
LAN. (RF),
WLANs ,
. , WLANs
. , IEEE 802.11 WLAN
IEEE 802.16 WiMAX ( WLAN).

107

,
WLANs.

WLAN.

WLAN .

, UHF
.

802.11.

PHY, DLL MAC 802.11.

CSMA/CA 802.11,
.

/ AP
IEEE 802.11.

IEEE 802.11b IEEE

802.11n.

Bluetooth IEEE 802.11

.

WiMAX
802.11.

WLAN, ISM, IEEE 802.11, , , , , , ,
, , , , UHF , , DSSS,
FHSS, ALOHA, CSMA, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CA, -, p-, ,
, , RTS/CTS, SIFS, PIFS, DIFS, EIFS, HIPERLAN, , IEEE
802.16, WMAN, WiMAX.

1.
WLANs (wireless local area networks)
.
, , WLANs
LAN. WLANs
, (industrial, scientific, and medical, ISM)
- - (unlicensed-national
information infrastructure, U-NII) . WLANs
o 54 Mbps .
IEEE 802.11 WLAN . WLANs to IEEE 802.11a
(WiFi 5), IEEE 802.11b (WiFi), IEEE 802.11g IEEE 802.11n. WLANs
, hot-spots. IEEE 802.16
(wireless metropolitan area network, WMAN).
,
.
WLANs
, RF (IR) , .
LAN (access point, AP)
. AP
,
.
WLAN .
100
.

108

, WLANs AP
APs .
(2.4 - 2.5 GHz).
WLANs 802.11b (
11 Mbps).
21.1
WLANs.
21.2
WLANs.

2. WLAN
WLAN:

LAN (adapter):
: PCMCIA, , PCI USB.

.

(AP): AP (hub) .
, WLAN
, .

LAN (bridges): LAN

. WLAN

.

21.3
APs ;
;
21.4
LAN; WLAN
LAN;
;

109

3. WLAN
WLANs :

(peer-to-peer ad hoc)

(AP-based)

(point-to-multipoint bridge)

, .
APs
WLAN .
, LANs LANs
, .
21.5
WLAN .
;

4. WLAN
4.1.
(Infrared)

.
. WLAN :
(diffused-beam) (direct-beam line-of-sight).

4.2.
UHF (narrowband)
UHF 430 - 470
MHz. ,
12,5 kHz 25 kHz RF . (430-450 MHz)
( ) , 450-470 MHz
( ) .
(1 2 watt)
.

4.3.
(spread spectrum)
WLANs ,
,
(

110

).
. ,
, .

(direct sequence spread spectrum , DSSS)
(frequency hopping spread spectrum, FHSS).
21.6
WLAN;
;
21.7
. WLAN
; ;

.
21.8
UHF (, , ,
); UHF ;
21.1
UHF WLAN
.
21.9
,
;
;
21.2
:
Sorin M. Schwartz, Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) vs. Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum (DSSS) in Broadband Wireless Access (BWA) and Wireless LAN (WLAN), http://sorinschwartz.com/white_papers/fhvsds.pdf.
FHSS DSSS
, ;

111

5. IEEE 802.11 WLAN

H 1997 WLANs, 802.11. IEEE 802
, 802.11 OSI,
(PHY) (DLL). IEEE 802.11
(MAC), MAC ,
PHYs ,
. IR PHY, FHSS
2,4 GHz, DSSS 2,4 GHz.

5.1.
IEEE 802.11 Architecture
802.11 WLAN
. IEEE 802.11
:

(infrastructure network):
.
AP.

-- (point-to-point ad hoc):
. ,
.
AP.

IEEE 802.11 WLAN :

(independent basic service set, IBSS):

,
.

(basic service set, BSS): AP

WLAN . AP
WLAN WLAN
LAN.

(extended service set, ESS): BSS

.

21.10
IEEE 802.11;
21.11

112

 IEEE 802.11; ,
;
IEEE 802.11
APs.
21.3
ESS ;
IEEE 802.11;
ESS
.

5.2.
802.11 (PHY)
, IEEE 802.11 WLAN :
(baseband), DSSS FHSS. 1 2 Mbps.
DSSS FHSS 2,4 GHz ISM (2,4 2,4835 GHz).
: (1) MAC PHY
PLCP (physical layer convergence procedure), (2)
(SS)
PMD (physical medium dependent), (3)
MAC .
21.12
DSSS PHY. SYNC, SFD, Signal, Service,
Length CRC DSSS PHY PPDU (PLCP protocol data unit) ;
DSSS PHY
;
21.13
FHSS PHY PPDU.
(hop channels) IEEE 802.11;
FHSS; ;

5.3.
IEEE 802.11 (Data Link Layer)
802.11 :
(LLC) (MAC). 802.11 MAC
802.3,
, . 802.3
(CSMA/CD)

113

 LAN. 802.11 WLAN,

/ (near/far problem).
21.14
DLL IEEE 802.11;
;

5.4.
IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control
MAC : ALOHA (, ),
(carrier-sense multiple-access, CSMA), CSMA
(CSMA/collision detection, CSMA/CD), CSMA CSMA/collisionavoidance, CSMA/CA) - (non-persistent) p- (p-persistent)
. WLANs , CSMA/CA
, (hidden
terminal problem). CSMA 60%.
, .
p- CSMA.
MAC
. .
(.. CSMA/TDMA)
. , .

, .
IEEE 802.11 CSMA/CA
(distributed coordination function, DCF). CSMA/CA
(ACK), ACK
.
MAC .
DIFS (distributed inter-frame space),
. (
DIFS)
(exponential backoff).
.
, ,
.
(contention window, CW). ,

. CW,

114

 . CW . (CWmin = 31)
, (CWmax = 1023).
O CSMA/CA BO + DIFS + 2PLCP + D/R + SIFS + A/R s, :

BO: (backoff)

DIFS: DIFS (distributed inter-frame space)

PLCP: PLCP

D:

R:

SIFS: SIFS (short inter-frame space)

A: ACK

CSMA/CA ,
. IEEE 802.11
:

SIFS (Short inter-frame space):

, .. - (fragment-ACK),
. DSSS PHY 802.11, SIFS 10 s.

PIFS (distributed inter-frame space): AP

. SIFS , 30
s).

DIFS (distributed inter-frame space):

. PIFS
, 50 s.

EIFS (extended inter-frame space):

.

MAC WLANs
(hidden terminal), AP
AP, ,
. , 802.11
/ (request/clear to send, RTS/CTS) MAC .
RTS AP CTS.
AP, CTS

115

 ,
.
, RTS/CTS
(handshake) :
BO + DIFS + 4PLCP + (D + A + RTS + CTS)/R + 3SIFS s, :

RTS: request to send (bits)

CTS: clear to send (bits)

(exposed terminal):
C D,
( D
B).
21.15
/
, MAC .
21.16
CSMA/CD
WLANs.
21.4
CSMA/CD
.
21.17
(CRC) MAC
IEEE 802.11.
21.18
. o
CW. CW ;
;
21.5

116


. CW
.
21.19

IEEE 802.11 (SIFS, PIFS, DIFS, EIFS); ;
21.6
. IEEE 802.11;
21.7
IEEE 802.11 WLAN
RTS/CTS ;
21.20
IEEE 802.11b WLAN 10Mbps 200 bytes
. ; :
RTS CTS ,
SIFS, PIFS, DIFS, EIFS RTS, CTS, ACK
IEEE 802.11b WLAN.

5.5.
IEEE 802.11 MAC
IEEE 802.11, MAC (..
MAC MSDUs (MAC service data units)), (,
, ) MSDU.
MAC MSDU
MAC MPDU (MAC protocol data unit). MAC
. IEEE 802.11 48-bit. /,
: , ,
BSS (BSSID). BSSID BSS IEEE 802.11
WLAN ( MAC AP).
21.21
MAC IEEE 802.11.
;

117

6. BSS
802.11 APs,
AP
. AP, AP.

AP ( ), -
AP.
21.22
APs WLAN.
AP;
IEEE 802.11 ;
21.23
(scanning)
AP. AP ;
;

7. IEEE 802.11
IEEE 802.11 MAC . ,
WEP (wireline equivalent privacy).
WEP, IEEE 802.11i
, WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access). , ESSID
AP AP.
21.24
status MAC IEEE
802.11.

8.

.
, (continuous aware mode)
(power save polling mode). ,

118

, , AP
.
21.25

.

9. IEEE 802.11b DSSS

1999, IEEE 802.11b .
802.11b WLAN
, 5,5 11 Mbps. , DSSS
.
21.26
IEEE 802.11b;
.

10.

IEEE 802.11n

WLANs , IEEE
802.11n.
MAC 100 Mbps.

WLANs. , -
. ,
. ,

.
21.27
IEEE 802.11n; ;
IEEE 802.11n ;

119

11.

WLAN

11.1. HIPERLAN
HIPERLAN/1 IEEE 802
Ethernet. HIPERLAN/1,
1996, OSI,
.
, (channel access control, CAC)
(media access control, MAC).
HIPERLAN/2 IEEE 802.11 WLAN. HIPERLAN / 2
: (PHY), (data link control,
DLC), (convergence layer, CL).
(preamble) .
DLC. IEEE
802.11 WLAN, HIPERLAN/2
/ (time division duplex/time division multiple access,
TDD/TDMA) MAC 2 ms. AP
MAC
.
.
21.28
IEEE 802.11 WLAN HIPERLAN/2.
21.8
status HIPERLAN.
; .

11.2. Multimedia Access Communication (MMAC) - High Speed Wireless Access Network
(HiSWAN)
MMAC-HiSWAN 1996. HiSWAN
5 GHz HIPERLAN/2. , MMAC-HiSWANa
HIPERLAN/2
.

120

12.

Bluetooth Piconet IEEE 802.11 WLANs

To Bluetooth IEEE 802.11 WLAN 2,4 GHz.

,
, .
Bluetooth IEEE 802.11 FH
1/79 ( 79 ). 802.11 DS,
, 22 MHz. ,
Bluetooth IEEE 802.11 DS
802.11 FH , DS 22
Bluetooth ( 22/79).
21.29
Bluetooth IEEE 802.11 FH
Bluetooth IEEE 802.11 DS . .
21.30
1000 bytes IEEE 802.11 FH 2 Mbps
Bluetooth. 3 ms 802.11. PER IEEE
802.11 DS ; Bluetooth = 0,625 ms.

13.

Bluetooth IEEE 802.11

(interference range)
, .
, (processing
gain) , .
Bluetooth (BT-1)
(MS) IEEE 802.11 FH ( AP)
. , -- (signal-to-interference, SIR) MS
AP Bluetooth ,
(path loss exponent) , d AP IEEE 802.11
r Bluetooth IEEE 802.11 .
21.31
; ;
Bluetooth IEEE 802.11 FH
.

121

 21.32
Bluetooth IEEE 802.11 FH: (a)
10-5, (SIR)min
, (b) (SIR)min (a) rmax
d=10m, =4, PBT=20 dBm PAP=40 dBm.

14.

IEEE 802.16

IEEE 802.16 , DSL T1

. 802.16 :
, ,
,
. (operators) , 802.16
,
.
802.16 .

. 802.16
.
WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microaccess)


802.16.
21.33
802.16; 802.11
WLAN .
802.16a;

15.

WiMAX

WiMAX
(metropolitan area network, MAN). WiMAX
IP,
Internet.
, WiMAX 802.11 hotspots
Internet. , ( ,

122

 , ) WiMAX,
802.11.
WiMAX , (fixed) WiMAX (IEEE 802.16d - 2004),
(mobile) WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e - 2005). WiMAX -- (point-to-multipoint) , WiMAX - (multipoint-to-multipoint) ,
.
.
802.16 point-to-multipoint ,
,
. point-to-multipoint
,
. 802.16
(mesh mode),
.
,
.
21.34
WiMAX;
WiMAX; WiMAX
; ;
21.35
WiMAX.
21.9

IEEE 802.16d IEEE 802.16e.
21.36
Wi-Fi and WiMAX.
21.37
WiMAX.
IEEE 802.16 MAC IEEE 802.11b Wi-Fi MAC ;
IEEE 802.16 MAC;

123