The 12

th
International Conference of
International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG)
1-6 October, 2008
Goa, India
Formulations for the Response of Saturated Porous Media: Validity
for Geomechanics Problems
M.B.C. Ulker, M.. !ah"an
Dept. of Civil Engineering, North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC, U.S.A
Keywords: porous media, flow, deformation, dynamics, response
#BT!#CT$ #nal%tical &ol'tion& are de(elo)ed for the re&)on&e of &at'rated )oro'& "edia 'nder t*o-
di"en&ional )lane &train condition. +e)endin, on the nat're of loadin, (i&---(i& the characteri&tic& of the
"edia, different for"'lation& .f'll% d%na"ic, )artiall% d%na"ic, /'a&i-&tatic0 are )o&&ible. The &ol'tion& for
the&e for"'lation& are de(elo)ed in ter"& of non-di"en&ional )ara"eter&. The re,ion& of (alidit% for the three
for"'lation& are identified in a )ara"etric &)ace. #n a&&e&&"ent of the needed for"'lation for fe*
,eo"echanic& )roble"& i& )re&ented.
1 ntroduction
In thi& &t'd%, anal%tical &ol'tion& are de(elo)ed for the re&)on&e of &at'rated )oro'& "edia 'nder t*o-
di"en&ional .2+0 )lane &train condition. +e)endin, on the nat're of loadin, (i&---(i& the characteri&tic& of the
"edia, different for"'lation& of f'll% d%na"ic .1+0, )artiall% d%na"ic .2+0, /'a&i-&tatic .30 are )o&&ible. In
/'a&i-&tatic anal%&i& '&'al a&&'")tion& of drained or 'ndrained beha(io'r are "ade de)endin, on the rate of
loadin, a& *ell a& the rate of draina,e. 1or inter"ediate ca&e&, f'll con&olidatin, beha(io'r need& to be
con&idered. In d%na"ic anal%&i&, the for"'lation i& f'rther co")licated b% the )re&ence of inertial ter"&
a&&ociated *ith both the "otion of &olid &keleton and that of the )ore fl'id. The )o&&ible ideali4ation& are
defined a&$
Fully dynamic$ In thi& ca&e, the co')led e/'ation& of flo* and defor"ation are for"'lated incl'din, both the
acceleration of &olid &keleton and fl'id.
artially dynamic$ In thi& ca&e, the co')led e/'ation& of flo* and defor"ation con&ider onl% the acceleration of
&olid &keleton and not that of )ore fl'id.
!uasi"static$ 5ere, all inertial ter"& are i,nored re&'ltin, in /'a&i-&tatic co')led flo* and defor"ation
for"'lation.
6ienkie*ic4 et al., .17800 de(elo)ed anal%tical &ol'tion& for the one-di"en&ional .1+0 &it'ation and &t'died the
re&)on&e of &at'rated )oro'& "edia *ith all the abo(e three for"'lation& and e8a"ined the ran,e& of their
(alidit%. In thi& &t'd%, anal%tical &ol'tion& are )re&ented for the re&)on&e of &at'rated "edia 'nder t*o-
di"en&ional )lane &train condition. The &ol'tion& for different for"'lation& are de(elo)ed in ter"& of non-
di"en&ional )ara"eter&. The re,ion& of (alidit% for (ario'& for"'lation& are identified in )ara"etric &)ace. #n
a&&e&&"ent of the needed for"'lation for fe* ,eo"echanic& )roble"& i& ill'&trated.
! General Formulation
Con&iderin, the inertial force& a&&ociated *ith both &oil &keleton and )ore fl'id, the follo*in, e/'ation& ,o(ern
the ,eneral d%na"ic re&)on&e of )oro'& "edi'"$
,
+ +
&&
&&
ij j i i f i
g u w
.1a0
,
+ + +
&&
&
&&
f i f i
i f i f i i
i
w g
p g u w
n k


.1b0
, ,
+
&
& &
i i i i
f
n
u w p
K

.1c0
5ere,
ij

i& the total &tre&&,

p
i& the )ore fl'id )re&&'re,
i
u&&i& the &olid acceleration,
i
w
&
and
i
w
&&
are the a(era,e
1
The 12
th
International Conference of
International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG)
1-6 October, 2008
Goa, India
relati(e fl'id (elocit% and acceleration,
i
g i& the a))ro)riate co")onent of the ,ra(itational acceleration,
i
k i&
the co")onent of )er"eabilit%,
n
i& the )oro&it%,
f
K
i& the b'lk "od'l'& of )ore fl'id,

i& the total den&it% and
f
i& the den&it% of the fl'id. 1or )artiall% d%na"ic ca&e, the inertial ter"& a&&ociated *ith the "otion of )ore
fl'id,
i
w
&&
, are i,nored and for the /'a&i-&tatic ca&e, both inertial ter"&,
i
u&&and
i
w
&&
, are ne,lected. In addition,
the effecti(e &tre&& relation i& *ritten a&,
'
ij ij ij
p
.20
*here
'
ij

i& effecti(e &tre&& and

ij

i& 9ronecker delta. In linear ela&tic )lane &train ca&e, &tre&&-&train

relation&hi) in ter"& of :a"e;& )ara"eter& andG , i& *ritten a&,

' 2
ij kk ij ij
G +
.<0
5ere,
kk
and
ij

are the (ol'"etric and de(iatoric co")onent& of &train, re&)ecti(el%. The e/'ation&, .10-.<0
)ro(ide the co")lete for"'lation for the co')led flo* and defor"ation in a &at'rated )oro'& "edi'" &'b=ected
to a ,eneral d%na"ic loadin,.
" #nalytical Solution
In thi& &ection, an anal%tical &ol'tion to a ,eneral )roble" .1i,'re 10 i& )re&ented. #fter inte,ratin, the e/'ation
.1c0 *ith re&)ect to ti"e, *e can *rite$

( )
, , ,
f
i i i i i
i
K
u w p
n
+ .>0
and if *e &'b&tit'te .>0 into .1b0 and '&e the effecti(e &tre&& relation of .20, *e obtain t*o final co')led
e/'ation& a&$

( )
, ,
f f i f i
i i i i f i i
i
i
K w g
u w u w
n n k

+ + +
&&
&
&&
.?a0

( )
, , ,
'
f
ij j i i i i i f i
i
K
u w u w
n
+ + +
&&
&& .?b0





1i,'re 1. T*o di"en&ional )oro'& "edi'" 'nder har"onic load.
# n'"ber of non-di"en&ional )ara"eter& are defined in the &ol'tion of .?0. The&e are$
f
f
K
n
K
K
n

+
, a& the
ratio of the b'lk "od'l'& of fl'id to the b'lk "od'l'& of &keleton, K , )l'& the )ore fl'id and i& clo&e to 1 for
2
8
at'rated
)oro'&
"edi'"
h

+
( )
0
2
,
i kx t
q q e k
L

4 :@*a(elen,th
The 12
th
International Conference of
International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG)
1-6 October, 2008
Goa, India
"o&t of the &oil&A
1
f
K
K
n

+
, a& the ratio of the (ol'"etric )art of :a"e;& con&tant& to the b'lk "od'l'&
of the &%&te"A
2
f
G
K
K
n

+
, a& the ratio of the &hear "od'l'& to the b'lk "od'l'& of the &%&te"A m kh ,
a& the &)atial (ariation of the loadin, *here
2
k
L

i& the *a(e n'"ber and h i& the de)th of the "edi'"A
f

, a& the den&it% ratioA

2
1 2
x c
x
k V
g h
, a& the ratio of ti"e for )ore fl'id flo* in 8 direction to ti"e for
co")re&&ion *a(e to tra(el, bein, the fre/'enc% of load and 2
f
c
K
K
n
V

a& the &)eed of

co")re&&ion *a(eA
2
1 2
z c
z
k V
g h
, &a"e a&
1x
acco'ntin, for the flo* in 4-directionA
2 2
2 2
c
h
V

, a& the
ratio of the rate of d%na"ic loadin, to the &)eed of co")re&&ion *a(e,
c
V . The ne* for" of e/'ation&, in ter"&
of the&e )ara"eter& %ield& a re&'ltin, &%&te" that can be *ritten in "atri8 for" a&,
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
1
2 2 2
2
1
2 2 2
2 2 1 2 2
2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2
0
x
x
z
z
x
z
i
m im DD m im DD
n
U
i
U
im DD DD im DD DD
n
W
m DD im DD m im DD
W
im DD m DD im DD DD

1 _
+
1

, 1
1
1
1
_
1
1
+ + +


1 1
,
1
1
+ + + 1
1
]
1
1 + + + +
]
.60
*here DDdenote&
z

and
2
DD
,
2
2
z

. Thi& linear &%&te" lead& to a characteri&tic e/'ation of order 6

*ith *ith coefficient& of
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
a&A

6 4 2
1 2 3 4
0 + + + DD DD DD .B0
If in the abo(e "atri8 for", *e ne,lect the *a(e n'"ber, #, and take m@0, then it beco"e& the one di"en&ional
&ol'tion .6ienkie*ic4 et al., 17800, )ro(ided that
1
0
x
and &o
1 1

z
.
The bo'ndar% condition& that "'&t be &ati&fied for the )roble" ill'&trated in 1i,'re 1 areA at $%"h, the three
di&)lace"ent& ,o to 4ero, 0
x z z
U U W and at $%0, (ertical effecti(e &tre&& and &hear &tre&& (ani&h,
' 0
zz xz
and
( )
0
i kx t
p q e

*here,
0
q i& the a")lit'de of the load. U&in, the&e bo'ndar% condition&, a
linear &%&te" of e/'ation& i& obtained *ith 686 "atri8 of coefficient&
j
a
*ith ele"ent&
ij

( ) , 1,2,3,4,5,6 i j . The&e
ele"ent& areA
1

j
j
e

,
2
j
j j
b e

,
3
j
j j
d e

,
4 j j j
K
b ik
h
+ ,
5
j
j j
G ikb
h

_
+

,
,
( ) ( )
6
1
j
j j j j
ik c b d
h

+ + + .5ere,
j
are the ei,en(al'e& of the characteri&tic e/'ation of .60. Thi& linear
&%&te" i& readil% &ol(ed and
j
a coefficient& are e(al'ated. Then, the re&)on&e (ariable& .)ore )re&&'re and
&tre&&e&0 can be e(al'ated a&,
( )
6
1
'
j i kx t
j j
j
j
z
h
xx
ikK b a e e
h

1 _
+
1
, ]

.80
3
The 12
th
International Conference of
International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG)
1-6 October, 2008
Goa, India

( )
6
1
'
z
j
h
j j
j
j
i kx t
zz
ik b K a e e
h

+
1 _
1
, ]

.70

( )
6
1
z
h
j
j
j j
j
i kx t
xz
G ikb a e e
h

1 _
+
1
, ]

.100
( ) ( )
( )
6
1
1
j
z
f j
h
j j j j
j
i kx t
K
p ik c b d a e e
n h

1 _
+ + +
1
, ]

.110
*here
j
b
,
j
c
,
j
d
are the ele"ent& of the ei,en(ector& a&&ociated *ith the ei,en(al'e& of .60. The clo&ed for"
&ol'tion& for the abo(e re&)on&e (ariable& .al&o for the di&)lace"ent& *hich are not &ho*n here0 for &i")lified
ideali4ation& &'ch a& )artiall% d%na"ic and /'a&i-&tatic for"& follo* the &a"e &te)& a& de&cribed abo(e.
5o*e(er, for the &i")lified ca&e&, the "atri8 &%&te" of .60 i& red'ced d'e to the re"o(al of inertial ter"&.
Be&ide&, the fo'r coefficient& of the characteri&tic e/'ation obtained fro" .60,
1
,
2
,
3
,
4
and hence the
ei,en(al'e&,
j

and al&o the ele"ent& of the ei,en(ector&,

j
b
,
j
c
,
j
d
*ill be different leadin, to different
(al'e& of
( ) , 1,2,3,4,5,6 i j
ij

alon, *ith the calc'lated coefficient&,
j
a
.
$ %omains of Validity
In thi& &ection, different ideali4ation& for the for"'lation of the re&)on&e of )oro'& "edia are &t'died *ith
reference to their (alidit% and ade/'ac% in the &)ace of non-di"en&ional )ara"eter&
1
,
2
and m. 1i,'re 2a
)re&ent& the re&'lt& for the ca&e of 0 m . The line identified a& C'))er bo'nd; and Clo*er bo'nd;, di(ide the
&ol'tion &)ace into three re,ion& of 1+, 2+ and 3. In the re,ion of 1+, onl% f'll% d%na"ic for"'lation *ill
)ro(ide correct re&)on&e. Thi& i& the re,ion of hi,h fre/'enc% loadin, andDor hi,h )er"eabilit% "edi'" *here
the )roce&& of flo* and defor"ation i& Cfa&t;. In the re,ion of 2+, a )artiall% d%na"ic for"'lation *ill be
ade/'ate and &o the 1+ for"'lation i& not needed. In the re,ion identified a& 3, all the inertial effect& can be
ne,lected and a /'a&i-&tatic for"'lation of the re&)on&e *ill be ade/'ate. Thi& i& the re,ion of lo* fre/'enc%
andDor lo* )er"eabilit% *here the )roce&& of flo* and defor"ation i& C&lo*;. It &ho'ld be noted that the&e
re,ion& ha(e been deter"ined con&iderin, a "a8i"'" difference of <E bet*een the &ol'tion& of three
for"'lation&. 5ere *e ha(e '&ed the 2+ &ol'tion *ith a (er% lo* (al'e of m corre&)ondin, to 1+ re&)on&e. 1or
co")ari&on, the '))er and lo*er bo'nd& for 1+ re&)on&e of 6ienkie*ic4 et al., .17800 are al&o &ho*n in the
fi,'re. In obtainin, the&e re,ion& *e a&&'"ed an i&otro)ic "edi'", th'&
1 1 1 z x
. It &ho'ld be noted
that, there are &o"e 4one& in the )oro'& "edi'" *here for &o"e e8tent draina,e al*a%& take& )lace e(en if
"o&t of the do"ain i& 'ndrained. In the&e re,ion& *hich are ,enerall% clo&e to the i")er"eable bo'ndar% and
&oil la%er &'rface *here the load i& a))lied, "a8i"'" error i& ,reater than <E. The li"it& of (alidit% of the
for"'lation& e8cl'de the&e &"all re,ion&.
#bo(e anal%&e& are re)eated for a hi,her (al'e of m, .m@0.010. The '))er and lo*er bo'nd& and the three
re,ion& are identified in 1i,'re 2b. The&e re,ion& ,et &hifted in relation to tho&e for 1+ re&)on&e.
1i,'re < ill'&trate& the re,ion& for
m
@0.1, and 1. Fith an increa&e in m, the area of the re,ion for 1+ &ol'tion
beco"e& lar,er and hence the area of 2+ re,ion decrea&e&. 5o*e(er, the li"it& of 'ndrained and drained
re&)on&e do not chan,e &i,nificantl%.
4
The 12
th
International Conference of
International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG)
1-6 October, 2008
Goa, India
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

2
6ienkie*ic4 et al, 1780
Thi& &t'd%
&pper 'ound
(ower 'ound
F%
P%
)S
.a0
0.000001
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1G-06 1G-0? 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
1

2
6ienkie*ic4 et al, 1780
Thi& &t'd%
&pper 'ound
(ower 'ound
F%
P%
)S
&ndrained (imit %rained (imit
.b0

1i,'re 2. a0 !e,ion& of (alidit% for one di"en&ional )oro'& "edia re&)on&e, b0 Co")ari&on of the re,ion&
co(erin, the three for"'lation& for )oro'& "edia re&)on&e
0.000001
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1G-06 1G-0? 1G-0> 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
1

2
m*+,1
S*1
F%
P%
)S
&ndrained (imit %rained (imit
.a0
.b0

1i,'re <. !e,ion& of (alidit% co(erin, the for"'lation& for a0 m@0.1, b0 m@1
- #pplications: #n #ssessment of #de.uate Formulation /eeded For Some Problems
In thi& &ection *e )re&ent a )reli"inar% a&&e&&"ent of the re/'ired for"'lation for the re&)on&e of a )oro'&
"edi'" in &o"e i")ortant cla&& of )roble"& in ,eo"echanic&. 1or &o"e of the )roble"& the&e in(ol(e a
&i,nificant e8tra)olation. In the )roble"&, t%)ical ran,e& of the ,o(ernin, (ariable& and the characteri&tic
di"en&ion& are '&ed to e(al'ate the ran,e& of the follo*in, non-di"en&ional )ara"eter& and their a))ro8i"ate
re,ion& are identified in the corre&)ondin, )lot& of Cdo"ain& of (alidit%; of (ario'& for"'lation&. U&in, the
e8citation fre/'enc%,
2
T

, the co")re&&ion *a(e (elocit%,

2
c
h
V
T

%
, and con&iderin, the "edi'" a&
i&otro)ic, *e can re*rite the non-di"en&ional )ara"eter& defined )re(io'&l% a&,

2
1 1 2 2
2
c
x z
kV T
k
g h g T
_
_


,
,
%
.120

2
2 2
2
2 2
c
h T
V T

_


,
%

.1<0
5ere,
T
%
i& the re)re&entati(e nat'ral )eriod of the &%&te".
0.000001
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1G-06 1G-0? 0.00010.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
1

2
m*1
F%
P%
)S
&ndrained (imit %rained (imit
5
The 12
th
International Conference of
International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG)
1-6 October, 2008
Goa, India
?.1 Fa(e-ind'ced re&)on&e of &eabed
Thi& )roble" con&ider& *ater *a(e loadin, *ith a )eriod of &@? &. 5ere, *e con&ider *a(e& that ori,inate in
dee) *ater and tra(el to*ard the &hore d'rin, *hich len,th, (elocit% and hei,ht (ar% .1i,'re >a0. In dee) *ater,
*a(elen,th de)end& on the *a(e )eriod thro',h,

0
2
2
gT
L

.1>0
The *a(elen,th in &hallo* *ater, L, i& calc'lated a&,
0
2
tanh
d
L L
L
_

,
.1?0
*here d i& the *ater de)th. 1or 5 T &, the *a(elen,th calc'lated fro" .1?0 *ill ha(e a ran,e of
a))ro8i"atel% 20 40 L " and for 1
h
L
> leadin, to 2 2
h
m
L
> . 5ere *e *ill take 10 m . #l&o b%
takin,
1
f

tD"
<
for the den&it% of *ater, 2
s
tD"
<
a& the den&it% of &oil &olid& and 0.33 n a& the )oro&it%,
*hich lead to the den&it% ratio, , calc'lated a&,
( )
0.6
1
f f
f s
n n

+
. The co")re&&ion *a(e
(elocit%,
c
V i& taken a& 1000 "D& for S@1 for a *ater de)th of 30m d .Hen, and Cha, 200<0. The calc'lation
of
1
and
2
de)end& al&o on
*
2
c
h
T
V

%
*here
*
h
i& a characteri&tic len,th and i& taken a& half of the
*a(elen,th. The area& co(erin, thi& *ater *a(e )roble" obtained fro" the li"it& of
1
and
2
are identified
a& &haded re,ion& in 1i,'re >b. 1or t%)ical )er"eabilitie& of &oil&, the &haded re,ion& ca)t're the )o&&ible
)roble"& of *a(e ind'ced &eabed re&)on&e for
5 T s
. 5ere, for "o&t ,ran'lar &oil& the 1+ for"'lation &ho'ld
be '&ed for the re&)on&e of &eabed. 1or cla%, ho*e(er, the f'll% 'ndrained for"'lation &ee"& to be &'fficient.
1or the inter"ediate )er"eabilit% &oil&, 3 &ol'tion co'ld be &'fficient ne,lectin, all the inertial ter"& leadin,
to &tead% &tate con&olidation for"'lation. 1or other *a(e )eriod& .i.e.
10,15 T s
0, for *hich the re,ion&; )lot&
are not &ho*n here, 2+ &ol'tion "a% a))l%.
0.000001
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1G-06 1G-0? 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
1

2
m*1+
S*1
F%
P%
)S
Undrained :i"it +rained :i"it
0lay

Silt
Sand Gra1el
!,2e3$
.a0 (b)
1i,'re > a0 Fater *a(e )roble", b0 #rea& (alid for m@10 for different &eabed t%)e&
?.2 Garth/'ake re&)on&e of &oil
The &econd )roble" deal& *ith the d%na"ic re&)on&e of an earth da" 'nder earth/'ake loadin, .1i,'re ?a0.
1or thi& )roble", *e can take a t%)ical e8citation )eriod of
0.05 2 T s
and the co")re&&ion *a(e (elocit%
a& 1000 "D&. Fe *rite,
6
The 12
th
International Conference of
International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG)
1-6 October, 2008
Goa, India
*
2 100
0.1
1000
c
h
T s
V

%
.160
*here
*
h
i& taken a& half of the da" hei,ht. Then *e find,
2
2
2min
0.1
0.025
2

_

,
A
2
2
2max
0.1
39.5
0.05

_

,

.1B0
If *e con&ider the 2-*a(e, *e can take it& (elocit% for &at'rated ca&e a& 2000
p
V "D&, .1ratta et al. 200?0.
#l&o, if *e choo&e 0.3 T &, then *e can *rite,
100
2 1
2000 0.3
m
x

.
The area& of thi& )roble" are in 1i,'re ?b. 1ro" the &haded re,ion&, *e &ee that "o&tl% for fine ,rained &oil&,
f'll% 'ndrained &ol'tion *o'ld &'ffice. If the &oil i& "o&tl% &and, then the for"'lation to be '&ed *ill de)end on
the fre/'enc% of loadin, a& *ell a& the )er"eabilit%. 1or e8a")le, in the ca&e of co'r&e &and 'nder hi,h
fre/'enc% loadin,, 1+ &ol'tion *ill %ield acc'rate re&'lt& ho*e(er in the ca&e of &and% &oil *ith &o"e a"o'nt
of fine& content then 2+ &ol'tion co'ld be &'fficient e8ce)t for "'ch hi,her fre/'enc%.

0.000001
0.00001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
10
100
1G-06 1G-0? 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
1

2
F%
P%
Undrained :i"it +rained :i"it
0lay
Sand
Gra1el
Silt
m*1
)S
1?00 2.Be->
.a0 (b)
1i,'re ? a0 Garth/'ake )roble", b0 #rea& (alid for m@1 for different &oil t%)e&
?.< Bla&t loadin, re&)on&e of &oil
:a&t e8a")le i& that of the d%na"ic re&)on&e of &at'rated &oil la%er 'nder a hi,h fre/'enc% bla&t loadin,,
.1i,'re 6a0. 5ere, *e can con&ider that the e8citation )eriod of the bla&t load i& "'ch &horter than the nat'ral
)eriod of the &%&te", and take the )eriod of the bla&t (ibration a&
0.005 0.2 T s
, .+o*din,, 178?0 and the
de)th of &oil a& 20". Fe can then *rite,
2 10
0.02
1000
x
s T
%
.180
re&'ltin, in,
2
2 2
2min
0.02
9.87 10
0.2
x


_

,
A
2
2
2max
0.02
157.9
0.005

_

,
.170
and also

1max 2
2 0.2
64.93
0.5 0.02
k k
g

_
_

, ,
; ,
1min 2
2 0.005
1.62
0.5 0.02
k k
g

_
_

, ,
; .200
If *e take the (elocit% of )re&&'re *a(e a& 1500
p
V "D& .+o*din,, 178?0, and choo&e 0.08 T &, then *e
7
The 12
th
International Conference of
International Association for Computer Methods and Advances in Geomechanics (IACMAG)
1-6 October, 2008
Goa, India
calc'late,
20
2 2 1
1500 0.08
h
m
L x

. #,ain for t%)ical &oil&, the re,ion& ill'&trated in 1i,'re 6b are
obtained. It can be &een that for "o&t ,ran'lar &oil&, the beha(ior i& f'll% d%na"ic b't a& the fine& content
increa&e&, )er"eabilit% *ill decrea&e and re&)on&e of &oil to bla&t loadin, can ade/'atel% be ca)t'red b% 2+
for"'lation.


.a0 (b)
1i,'re 6. a0 Bla&t loadin, )roble", b0 #rea& (alid for m@1 for different &oil t%)e&.
In the re,ion& for the bla&t loadin,, a,ain for "o&t ,ran'lar &oil& incl'din, &o"e &ilt% &oil&, the re&)on&e i&
ca)t'red b% cond'ctin, 1+ anal%&i&. In addition, for &o"e &and& and &ilt& 2+ &ol'tion co'ld be '&ed in
obtainin, the re&)on&e. If the &oil i& "o&tl% cla%e%, ho*e(er, then a,ain 'ndrained anal%&i& *o'ld be &'fficient
in ca)t'rin, the re&)on&e 'nder bla&t loadin, &ince there *ill not be eno',h ti"e for the draina,e to take )lace.
4 0losure
In thi& &t'd%, anal%tical &ol'tion& are de(elo)ed for the re&)on&e of &at'rated )oro'& "edia 'nder t*o-
di"en&ional )lane &train condition. The &ol'tion& for different for"'lation& .1+, 2+, 30 are de(elo)ed in
ter"& of non-di"en&ional )ara"eter& *hich define the characteri&tic& of loadin, and the )oro'& "edi'". The
re,ion& .in )ara"etric &)ace0 of (alidit% for (ario'& for"'lation& are identified. The&e *ill )ro(ide in&i,ht for the
'&e of an a))ro)riate for"'lation. #n a&&e&&"ent of the needed for"'lation for &o"e i")ortant ,eo"echanic&
)roble"& i& al&o )re&ented. Ba&ed on the li"ited re&'lt& obtained here, the follo*in, can be ob&er(ed$ .i0 the
re,ion& of (alidit% for different for"'lation& de)end "ainl% on three )ara"eter&$
1
,
2
and m' .ii0 for the
*ater *a(e ind'ced &eabed re&)on&e, for lo* )eriod *a(e, the 3 for"'lation i& ade/'ate e8ce)t for lar,e
)er"eabilit% &oil&A for lar,er )eriod *a(e&, 2+ for"'lation "a% be neededA .iii0 for earth/'ake ind'ced
re&)on&e e8ce)t for hi,h fre/'enc% andDor lar,e )er"eabilit%, a 2+ for"'lation "a% be ade/'ate and of co'r&e
for fine ,rained &oil& an 'ndrained for"'lation *ith
i
u&&*ill be neededA .i(0 for bla&t ind'ced re&)on&e, the
ob&er(ation "ade for earth/'ake ind'ced re&)on&e re"ain& "o&tl% (alid e8ce)t that 1+ for"'lation *ill be
needed "ore beca'&e of the )re&ence of hi,her fre/'encie&.
2 References
+o*din, C. 5. 178?. (last vi)ration monitoring and control. 2rentice 5all, .U#0.
1ratta +., #l&hibli 9.#., Tanner F.M., !o'&&el :. 200?. Co"bined T+! and -*a(e (elocit% "ea&'re"ent& for the deter"ination of
in &it' &oil den&it%, *eotechnical &esting +ournal, !5.60, ??<-?6<.
Hen, +.-., Cha +. 5. 200<. Gffect& of d%na"ic &oil beha(ior and *a(e nonlinearit% on the *a(e ind'ced )ore )re&&'re and effecti(e
&tre&&e& in )oro'& &eabed, ,cean Engineering, "+, 206?-2087.
6ienkie*ic4 O. C., Chan, C. T., Bette&& 2. 1780. +rained, 'ndrained, con&olidatin, and d%na"ic beha(ior a&&'")tion& in &oil&,
*eotechni-ue, "+.>0, <8?-<7?.
8