Evolution of emission standards and antipollution technologies for passenger cars

Luc Vinckx Manager International Regulations General Motors Brussels Office

1er Colloque interdisciplinaire Sant Environnement: Transport et Sant - Informatique et tlmatique mdicale

H.E.C.T.OR, 4 october, 2003

Exhaust emissions from motor vehicles

Local pollutants: - Nitrogen oxydes: NO, N2O, NO2: NOx - Carbonmonoxyde: CO - Hydrocarbons: CH4, C 2H6,, C xHy: HC Result of incomplete combustion abatement: improved combustion (engine) or aftertreatment

Global pollutants: Carbondioxyde: CO2 Stable end product of combustion abatement: reduction of fuel consumption: engine, weight, aerodynamics,
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Emission standards passenger cars: Gasoline Engines

1993 - 2005 CO: -68% HC + NOx: -85%

[%]
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1993 0 1994 1995

Euro1 91/441/EWG Euro2 94/12/EG

Euro3 98/69/EG

HC + NO x

CO
Euro4 98/69/EG

1996

1997

1998

1999

CO

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

HC+NOx

2006

2007

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2008

Emission standards passenger cars: Diesel Engines

1993 - 2005 CO: -83% HC + NO x: -69% PM : -82%

Euro1 91/441/EWG

[%]
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1993 0 1994 1995

Euro2 94/12/EG Euro3 98/69/EG

PM

HC + NO x

Euro4 98/69/EG

CO
1996
HC+NOx [%]

1997

1998

1999

2000

2001

Partikel [%]

2002

2003

2004

2005

CO [%]

2006

2007

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2008

Evolution of tailpipe emission limit values

100

CO [%]

HC + NOx [%]

100

Test Cycle: ECE

90

MVEG-A

MVEG-B
90

HC + NO
80

x
80

HC
70 70

60

CO

60

50

50

40

30

1970-1993 CO: 1977-1993 HC + NOx:

-92% -86%

1993-2005 CO: HC + NOx:

40

-63% -81%

30

20

20

10

10

0 1970 1972 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2002 2004 2006 1974 1976 2000 2008

Euronorm

Euro I

Euro II

Euro III

Euro IV

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Political bodies involved in the development of emission standards (1)

1. United Nations Economical Commission for Europe (UNECE) WP. 29: World Forum for Harmonisation of Vehicle Regulations - GRPE: Groupe des Rapporteurs pour la pollution et lenergie Members: Minstries of Transport/Environment of virtually all industry countries and seveal developing countries
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Political bodies involved in the development of emission standards (2)

2. European Union

European Commission
DG ENTR DG ENV DG TREN

European Council of Ministers European Parliament

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Exhaust emission measurement (1)

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Exhaust emission measurement (2)

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History of EU emission legislation (1)

Directive 70/220/EEC + amendments: Tailpipe emissions NOx , CO, HC, Particles
Test cycle on roller bench Limit values Legislation does not impose a technology, but a performance

Amendment 91/441/EEC (Euro 1)

evaporative emissions Carbon canister durability requirements: 80.000 km
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limit values chosen in order to mandate 3-way catalyst for gasoline cars

History of EU emission legislation (2)

Until Euro 2 (94/12/EEC): Route = best available technology Then: no clear route for further progress Auto Oil programmes: (Auto Oil I and II):
focussing on Air Quality objectives (WHO standards) sound scientific information cost/effectiveness comparing different types of measures: emission standards, in-use
inspection, fuel quality, traffic measures, fiscal,...
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History of EU emission legislation (3)

Auto-Oil recommendations: Euro 3 standards (2001), maybe Euro 4 as basis for fiscal incentives; to be decided by Auto-Oil 2 European Parliament: Mandate Euro 4 at once in 2006. Amendment 98/96/EC

Limit values for 2000 and 2005 Especially the limit values for 2005 for diesel cars are a challenge Introduction of a cold-start test Introduction of On board diagnosis (OBD)
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History of EU emission legislation (4)

Actual situation:

Clean air for Europe programme: continuation of Auto-Oil Most gasoline cars already comply with Euro 4 limits Many diesel cars comply with Euro 4
some compact vehicles without diesel particulate filter some larger vehicles with diesel particulate filter

EU working on Euro 5 standard. More stringent particulate standards.

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Exhaust catalyst

H.E.C.T.OR, 4 october, 2003

Exhaust Catalyst: working principle

Channel wall Washcoat HC NOx CO NOx CO2 CO N2 HC CO2 + H2O Precious metals (Pt, Pd, Rh)

AECC

H.E.C.T.OR, 4 october, 2003

Conversion Efficiency of a 3-Way Catalyst Depending on the Gas Composition

NOx Efficiency

HC Operating Area 3-Way Catalyst CO 2 CO + O2 -> 2 CO2 (HC) + O2 -> CO2 + H2 O NOx + CO -> N2 + CO2

Conversion

rich

=1

lean

AECC

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Exhaust catalyst: lambda sond

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Close Coupled Euro 4 Catalyst System

AECC

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NOx Adsorber Reduction Mechanism (lean burn; diesel)

Red.
NO 3
NO 3

O+ O 2 NO 2 Pt NOx adsorber Support N2 NO x Pt NOx adsorber Support

NOx Adsorption
AECC

NOx Reduction
Source: SAE 950809

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Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR)

Reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia in presence of oxygen

4 NO + 4 NH3 + O2
Nitrogen oxide Ammonia Ammonia (gaseous) Ammonia from aqueous solution Oxygen

Catalyst

4 N2 + 6 H2O
Nitrogen Water

Ammonia from Urea solution Ammonia from solid material

AECC

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Schematic drawing of a Urea-SCR-System

Urea Tank

Urea Injection
Inp ut

Valve

Engine spee Engine torq Temperatur

Exhaust Gas

SCR Catalyst System

AECC

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Diesel Particulate filter

particles

AECC

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Engine improvement: Opel Twinport system

ottle ve in one of two ke ports

part load intensive swirl

very lean combusti

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Natural Gas as a fuel: Zafira CNG

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The fuel cell

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HydroGen 3: Liquid or Compressed Hydrogen

Fuel cell stack (200 cells): Power: 94 kW Start-up: 30 s at -20 C Electric motor: 60 kW Top speed: 160 km/h Fuel: 4.6 kg LH2 or 3.1 kg CH2 Range: 400 or 270 km (EDC)

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GM vision of an affordable fuel cell car

-Drive-by-wire -Steer-by-wire -Brake-by-wire

HyWire

AUTOnomy

-Skateboard chassis incorporating fuel cell, hydrogen tank, electric motor, -Interchangeable body work
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