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H Ni - 2004
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a ch lin h:
D n gio dc k thut v ngh
nghip
Tiu ban Pht trin Chng trnh Hc
liu................
M ti liu:.................
M quc t ISBN:......
Li ta
(Vi nt gii thiu xut x ca chng trnh v ti liu)
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(Li cm n cc c quan lin quan, cc n v v c nhn tham gia )
MC LC
MC LC ...................................................................................................... 4
GII THIU V MN HC ........................................................................... 5
V tr, ngha, vai tr mn hc: ...................................................................... 5
Mc tiu ca mn hc: ................................................................................... 5
Mc tiu thc hin ca mn hc:................................................................... 5
Ni dung chnh ca mn hc: ........................................................................ 6
YU CU V NH GI HON THNH MN HC ................................... 7
LIT K CC NGUN LC CN THIT CHO MN HC .......................... 8
GI T CHC THC HIN BI DY .................................................... 10
Bi 1 : Cc khi nim c bn....................................................................... 10
BI 2: Phn tch h thng cation nhm 1 ................................................... .12
BI 3: Phn tch h thng cation nhm 2 .................................................. .20
BI 4 : Phn tch h thng cation nhm 3 .................................................. .26
BI 5 : Phn tch khi lng ....................................................................... .32
BI 6 : Phng php chun th tch ..................................................... .37
BI 7 : Phng php chun acid baz................................................. .40
BI 8 : Phng php chun oxy ha kh ............................................. .58
BI 9 : Phng php chun to phc. ................................................... 69
BI 10: Phng php chun to ta ...................................................... 80
HNG DN GII CC BI TP BI ....................................................... 86
GII THIU V MN HC
V tr, ngha, vai tr mn hc
Mn hc Ho hc phn tch l mt trong nhng kin thc c bn ban u
trong cc mn hc lin quan n vic phn tch cc sn phm du kh.
Mn hc ny s cung cp cho cc hc vin cc kin thc c bn ca
Ngnh phn tch ha hc, t hc vin s t hnh thnh cc k nng s
dng cc dng c trong phng th nghim phn tch c th phn tch c
cc ch tiu trong sn phm ca du kh phn c s, cng nh vn dng
sng to cc kin thc c hc hiu v tm ti khc phc trong cc th
nghim tng t ca thc t.
Ngoi ra, mn hc cng rn luyn cho hc vin nhng thc v thi
quen qua cc bi thc hnh, luyn tp trong tng giai an.
Mc tiu ca mn hc
Hc xong mn hc, hc vin c kh nng:
-
+
Phng php phn tch nh lng.
Xc nh c cc phng php thch hp cho mu cht phn tch.
Tnh c cc loi sai s.
5
Tit dy
LT
TH
25
3
3
3
5
5
5
10
6
10
10
10
10
10
30
5
TNG CNG
90
120
30
30
CC HNH THC DY HC
Hc trn lp v:
Cc cn bng trong dung dch
-
c tnh ton
Tho lun v xy dng cc cng thc tnh ton, cc h thng phn
tch nh tnh
YU CU V NH GI HON THNH MN HC
V kin thc
-
ng nghim trung
Kp ng nghim
n cn
Pipet cc loi
Buret cc loi
Cn phn tch
ng nh git
2. Ha cht
-
HNO3 6N 1:1
HCl 0,1N - 6N 2N 1:4 - 1:1
NH4OH 2N - 6N 1:10 CH3COOH 2N
H2SO4 4N 2N 1N
H2C2O4 0,05N
H3PO4
KSCN 10%
NaOH 2N 5N 0,1N
NH3 1: 10
EDTA 0,02N
CaSO4 bo ha
BaCl2 0,02N
FeCl3
AgNO3 0.05N
KMnO4 0,05N
8
K2CrO4 5%
KCN 0,1N
KI 0,1N 0,05N 5%
KBr 0,1N
K4[Fe(CN)6] 0,1N
KSCN 0,1N
KNO3 0,03N
K2Cr2O7 0,05N (Z = 6)
Na2S2O3 0,1N
NaHPO4 0,1N
Na2HPO4 0,1N
Na2SO4 0,1N
CH3COONa 2N
Ch th: ETOO; MO 0,1 %,MR Bromcresol lc, axit sunfosalicilic,
Phenolphtalein, h tinh bt1%
L Cu
Dung dch ru Etylic
dung dch Mg2+ 0,02N
Dung dch Aluminon 0,1%
Dung dch H2O2 5%
Dung dch AgNO3 0,1N 0,05N
Dung dch ru Amylic
Hn hp bo v zymmerman
(NH4)6Mo7O240,05N
(NH4)2MoO4 0,1N
(NH4)2C2O4 0,1N
(NH4)2CO3 0,1N
NH4Cl bo ha
NH4NO3 0,05N(NH4)2HPO4 0,1N.
Dung dch m:pH=9 pH = 5,5 pH = 10
4.
Khi nim v ho tan, tch s tan.
5.
Khi nim c bn v phc cht.
6.
Phn ng thy phn
Chun b ti liu pht tay: bng tra cu v cc i lng ha hc
10
Hc vin lm v d, lm bi tp c giao.
Bi tho lun nhm
Hnh thc nh gi
-
11
T chc cc hot ng dy hc
-
vin.
Tin hnh ti phng th nghim. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi
Ni dung
1. nh tnh Ag+
a. Th nghim 1
1/ Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra?
2/ C th dung dch HCl bng dung dch NaCl c c khng? Gii thch
Gii thch
1/ Phng trnh phn ng:
-
Ag+ + Cl-
+ 2NH4OH
[Ag(NH3)2]Cl +2H2O
AgCl
+ NH4NO3
Ag2CrO4
(mu gch). Kt
13
c. Th nhim 3
1/ Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong cc th nghim ?
2/ Gii thch s thay i lng ta c trong hai ng nghim ng vi tng
dung dch lm thuc th.
3/ So snh kh nng tan ca c 2 kt ta trong NH 4OH v trong
Na2S2O3
Gii thch
1/ Cc phng trnh phn ng: Ag+ + IAg+ + Br-
AgI
AgBr
(mu vng)
(mu vng nht)
2[Ag(NH3)2]OH + 3H2O
Ag2O + 2 HNO3
2AgNO3 + H2O
+
2/ Sn phm ca Ag vi NaOH l Ag2O khng phi l hp cht lng
tnh. y chng khng th hin tnh cht acid v baz, v c ch tan
trong phn ng vi HNO3 l c ch trung ho nhng trong dung dch
NH3 tan theo c ch to phc
e. Th nghim 5
1/ Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v gii thch.
2/ Nu thay dung dch NH4OH bng dung dch NaOH 2N th c thay i
hin tng khng ? Gii thch
Gii thch
14
Ag3PO4
+ H+ (mu vng)
+ 6NH4OH
[Ag(NH3)2]3PO4 + 6H2O
2/ C thay i hin tng: ta Ag 3PO4 khng tan trong dung dch NaOH
m chuyn thnh ta en:
2Ag3PO4 + 6 OHf. Th nghim 6
1/
2/
1/
Gii thch
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra:
-
2/
+3 NH4OH
3AgCN +3NH4CN + Ag +
+ Fe(OH)3.
C thay i hin tng: ta trng chuyn thnh ta en nu
1/
2/
1/
[Ag(SCN)2]- .
1/
2/
Gii thch
1/
Pb2+ + 2OH-
2/
1/
Pb2+ + CrO42-
PbCrO4
PbCl2 ( mu trng)
2/
3/
PbCl2
d. Th nghim 4
+ HCl
H2[PbCl4]
+ KI
K2[PbI4]
2/
e. Th nghim 5
1/
2/
1/
+ H2SO4
PbSO4 (trng)
Pb(HSO4)2
PbMoO4
+ 2NH4+ (trng)
1/
2/
3/
1/
Hg2Cl2
+ 2HNO3
2/
3/
ta Hg2Cl2
Khi cho NH3 tc dng vi kt ta Hg2Cl2 ta s c NH2HgCl mu
trng v Hg kim loi mu en tch ra di dng bt nh
17
Hg2Cl2 + 2NH3
-
NH2HgCl + Hg
+ NH4Cl
3NH2HgCl + 3Hg
b. Th nghim 2
1/
2/
+ 14HNO3
1/
2/
Hg2I2
+ 2I-
[HgI42-] + Hg
(mu xm en)
HgCl2 + Hg
c. Th nghim 3
1/
2/
1/
2/
+ 2HNO3
Hg2(NO3)2 + H2O
d. Th nghim 4
Vit phng trnh phn ng? Gii thch hin tng?
Gii thch
Phng trnh phn ng
2HgNO3 + 4NH3 + H2O
e. Th nghim 5
Hg2CrO4
(mu )
f. Th nghim 6
18
2Hg
Hnh thc nh gi
-
tng c nhn.
nh ga c th thao tc th nghim v ly vic tm c ion trong
dung dch ca hc vin nh ga
BI TP:
1. Tnh th tch nc ct cn pha vo:
1.1. 100mL dung dch HCl 20% (d= 1,1g/mL) thu c dung
dch c nng 5%
1.2. 100g dung dch H2SO4 20% (d= 1,12g/mL) thu c
dung dch c nng 5%
1.3. 100g dung dch NH3 2M (c d = 1,14g/mL) thu c
dung dch c nng 1,5M
2. pha c dung dch m loi:
2.1 m acid th phi pha theo t l nh th no v th tch
gia V1(mL) dung dch CH3COOH C1M vi V2 (mL) ddch
CH3COONa C2M ?
2.2. m baz th phi pha theo t l nh th no v th tch
gia V1(mL) dung dch NH3 C1M vi V2 (mL) dung dch
NH4Cl C2M ?
19
2.
3.
4.
5.
T chc cc hot ng dy hc
-
cy
Trnh by cc v d minh ha.
nhnh cy
Gii bi tp mu v nhn bit cation nhm 2
T chc cho hc vin t gii quyt cc bi tp t thp n nng cao
T chc nhm hay c nhn thit k cch phn tch cation nhm 2
tch
Hc vin s tnh ton thit k c cc dng phn tch
To iu kin cho hc vin theo di cc v d ca ging vin trong
20
Ni dung
1. nh tnh Ca2+
a. Th nghim 1
1/
2/
1/
Ca2+ + C2O42+
CaC2O4 ( mu trng)
Phn ng ny xy ra pH = 4 5 v un nng th tc phn ng
tng ng thi kt ta d vn li.
4 - 5 vn xut hin
Vit phng trnh phn ng v gii thch vai tr ca C 2H5OH trong phn
ng?
Gii thch
Phn ng:
Ba2+ + SO42+
BaSO4
(mu trng)
21
2/
1/
Gii thch
Amoni cacbonat tc dng vi ion Ca2+ to kt ta mu trng, kt ta
ny tan trong cc axt v c
Ca2+ + (NH4)2CO3
CaCO3 + 2H+
2/ Cng xy ra s ho tan ta ny
d. Th nhim 4
CaCO3
+ 2NH4+
1/
2/
3/
1/
2/
Gii thch
Khi cho K4[Fe(CN)6] tc dng vi Ca2+ c ln NH4Cl ta thu c kt
ta trng ca mui kp:
Ca2+ + 2NH4+ + [Fe(CN)6]4Ca(NH4)2[Fe(CN)6]
V phc ta trng ny ch tn ti pH = 9.
1/
2/
1/
2/
trng Baz
Dung dch NaOH to mi trng, v nu mi trng acid th phc s
b dch chuyn nghch trong phn ng:
H4Ind- + H2O
H3O+ + H3Ind2 tm
tm
H3Ind2- + H2O
H3O+ + H2Ind3Tm
xanh tm
Ca2+ + H2Ind3CaH2Ind-
22
2. nh tnh Ba2+
a. Th nghim 1
1/
2/
1/
Phn ng:
2/
BaSO4
(trng)
1/
BaCrO4
2+
2+
(mu vng)
1/
2/
1/
2/
BaCO3
+ 2NH4+
BaCO3 + 2H+
Ba2+ + CO2 + H2O
Cc mui cacbonat u c kh nng to kt ta vi ion Ba 2+ to
BaC2O4
(mu trng)
+ HCl
BaCl2 + H2C2O4
23
e. Th nghim 5
1/
2/
1/
BaHPO4
(mu vng)
Ba2+ + H2PO42-
a. Th nghim 1
1/
1/
2/
1/
2/
Phng trnh
Sr2+ + CrO42SrCrO4 (mu vng)
Kt ta SrCrO4 tan trong CH3COOH, nhng BaCrO4 khng tan trong
d. Th nghim 4
1/
24
; TCaSO4 = 6.10-5.
CaSO4 + Sr2+
SrSO4 + Ca2+
Hnh thc nh gi
Cho hc vin lm bi tp v cho im.
-
BI TP:
1.
2.
Khi trn 100mL dung dch Pb(NO3)2 104M vi 400mL dung dch
Na2SO4104M th c kt ta to thnh khng ? Bit tch s tan
(T) ca PbSO4=10 7,8.
Bin lun cc gi tr a v b khi pha V 1mL dung dch BaCl2
nng 2a(M) vi V2 mL dung dch H2SO4 nng 2b(M) th:
2.1. Dung dch thu c khng c ta BaSO 4 hnh thnh.
2.2. Dung dch thu c c ta BaSO4 to ra.
25
T chc cc hot ng dy hc
-
Ni dung
1. nh tnh Al3+
a. Th nghim 1
1/
2/
1/
Phng trnh
Al3+ + 3NH4OH
Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+ (kt ta mu trng)
Kt ta ny tan trong dung dch NaOH
2/
Al(OH)3 + NaOH d
NaAlO2 + 2H2O
Khi cho NH4Cl a v mi trng axit th kt ta li xut hin
NaAlO2 + NH4+ + H2O
Al(OH)3 + NH3 + Na+
un si lm thc y s thot NH3, th cn bng chuyn nhanh sang
Al(OH)3 + 3 NH4+
c. Th nghim 3
1/
2/
1/
2/
1/
2/
1/
1/
2/
3/
1/
Cr
3+
Gii thch
kt hp vi NaHPO4 to kt ta Cr(HPO4)3 mu hi tm
Cr2+
2/
HPO4-
1/
2/
1/
2Cr3+ +
-
3H2O2 +
10 OH-
2CrO42-
8H2O
vng
CrO4 kt ta c vi Ag trong mi trng trung tnh hay
acid yu
2-
CrO42-
2Ag+
Ag2CrO4
nu (trng nu)
2/
2/
1/
K2Zn3[Fe(CN)6]2 (trng)
29
2/
cao hn.
Cc ion cn tr phn ng nh: Cu2+; Fe2+; Fe3+; Cd2+...
b. Th nghim 2
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong th nghim ?
Gii thch
Ion Hg(SCN)42- to vi ion Zn2+ mt kt ta trng Zn[Hg(SCN)4]. Thuc
th cng phn ng vi Cu2+ cho kt ta xanh lc, vi ion Co2+ cho kt
ta xanh m. Nu trong dung dch c ng thi hai ion Zn2+ v Cu2+ cho
kt ta tinh th hn hp mu tm.
Zn2+ + Co2+ + 2(Hg(SCN)4)2
Zn[Hg(SCN)4].Co[Hg(SCN)4]
Hnh thc nh gi
-
30
2.
hoc OH-. Ngoi ra Hg2+ cn c kh nng to phc vi OHtheo 3 phng trnh kt hp, cn EDTA l mt dung dch acid
a chc phn ly 4 nc. Cc gi tr hng s cho trc l:
+
31
2.
3.
4.
T chc cc hot ng dy hc
-
+
nh lng Mg2+ bng phng php khi lng
Tin hnh ti phng th nghim. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi
cho hc vin, phng thc hnh p ng y cc yu cu phn
-
tch.
Phi lm cho hc vin tp thao tc nh lng theo phng php
khi lng
dung dch
Trong qu trnh th nghim ca hc vin, gao vin tin hnh vic n
bi l thuyt hc v ng thi hng dn thao tc ng trong
thc hnh i vi hc vin
Ni dung
1. Th nghim v Fe3+
1/
2/
3/
1/
Fe(OH)3 + 3NH4Cl
Fe2O3 + 3H2O
33
2Fe3O4 + O2
Vai tr ho cht:
-
3/
Cho vo NH3 to ta
Thm nc ct nng lm gim hp ph
gy sai s cho mu
2. Th nghim v Mg2+
1/
2/
Vai tr:
HCl: tm mu khng lm thay i tnh cht mu khi tin
34
3/
hnh ho tan
MR: d dng nhn bit mi trng
(NH4)2HPO4 l cht s to ta vi Mg
1.
2.
Cu
0
= 0,34(v) v E Ag
=0,8(v)
Ag
35
Nhm:...........
Kho:........
Tn tr gio:.............................
Cho mt dung dch nc cha r cha loi ion no. Hy trnh by cch
nhn bit cc ion Al3+, Zn2+, Pb 2+, Ba2+ c trong dung dch :
a)
b)
Cu 2:
Khi phn tch hm lng Na 2SO4 c trong 0,3579(g) mui rn NaCl, th
em nh mc mui ny thnh 250mL dung dch, sau ht ra 50mL dung
dch em phn tch bng phng php khi lng th thu c 0,0041(g)
BaSO4 khan.
a) Tnh hm lng % Na2SO4 c trong mui rn NaCl ban u
b) Tnh nng dung dch NaCl trong 250mL bnh nh mc, bit rng
khi lng ring ca dung dch ny l 1.12g/mL v mui NaCl ch
ln Na2SO4 m thi
36
2.
3.
4.
T chc cc hot ng dy hc
-
Ho tan 1(g) mt loi qung thnh dung dch (A) cha Fe 3+.
Hi cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch NH3 1,19% (d = 0,99
g/ml) kt ta hon ton lng Fe 3+. Bit trong qung c
38
3.
cha n 10% Fe
Lng K trong mt loi phn c chuyn t dng K 2O thnh
KClO4. Hi khi lng phn l bao nhiu % K2O thu c
gp 100 ln khi lng dng cn KClO4
39
2.
ng cong chun pH - V.
3.
4.
Dung dch m.
ng cong chun a acid.
5.
3.
T chc cc hot ng dy hc
-
40
ca mn hc
Lp mt s tnh hung hc vin t tr li, c th bng hnh thc
ti liu pht tay.
Thc hnh th nghim cc bi:
+
nh lng hn hp acid
nh lng hn hp baz
41
+
nh lng mui
c tin hnh trong phng th nghim
+
+
S dng bng khong i mu ca cc ch th, giy i mu Ph
GV hng dn tr li phn thc hnh trong gio trnh SV theo gi
sau:
Ni dung
1. Th nghim nh lng acid mnh baz mnh
1.1. nh lng NaOH
Nguyn tc
Da trn c s ca phn ng trung ha axit oxalic bit chnh xc
nng vi dung dch NaOH, vi ch th phenolphtalein. S chuyn mu ti
im tng ng ng vi sai s ca ch th pH = 8,2
hng
Phn ng trung ho: NaOH + H+
10 l khng mu sang
Na+ + H2O
a. Th nghim 1
1/
2/
1/
2/
3/
42
1/
v ) gy sai s b hn.
2/ Khi thm nc ct vo dung dch NaOH th kt qu chun vn
khng thay i.Do s dng nng ng lng nn ta da trn
ng lng tnh.
1.2. nh lng dung dch HCl
Nguyn tc:
Da trn c s ca phn ng trung ha ca NaOH bit chnh xc
nng vi dung dch HCl, vi ch th phenolphtalein, ti im tng ng,
dung dch t khng mu chuyn qua mu hng nht bn 10 giy.
1/ Hy tnh khong nng dung dch HCl trong 4 th nghim trn vi
tin cy 95%
2/ V sao th nghim 4 khng th thay i v tr: trn Buret cha dung
dch Na2B4O7 v erlen cha HCl ?
2/
Gii thch
Khi chun HCl bng Na2B4O7 th dung dch HCl phi trn buret
l v:
43
6,2 l gn vi im tng ng
pH kh
ln so vi im tng ng s gy sai s ln hn
2. Th nghim nh lng acid yu baz mnh
Nguyn tc
Da trn phn ng trung ha gia baz mnh NaOH vi axit CH3COOH
vi ch th phenolphtalein.
Phn ng chun :
CH3COOH + NaOH
Cu hi:
1/
2/
3/
1/
CH3COONa + H2O
Cl =
V d .C d
Vd V H 2O
3/
9.
Nguyn tc
Da trn phn ng trung ha gia axit mnh vi baz yu NH 3 vi ch th
metyl .
Phn ng chun :
NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl
Cu hi:
1/
2/
3/
1/
Khi tin hnh chun NH 3 bng dung dch HCl vi ch th pp, khi
thay PP = MO hoc MR th vi cc gi tr th tch NH 3 thu c ta
thy i vi MR l gy sai s b nht. V qua kho st ng cong
chun baz yu bng axit mnh c im tng ng l 5,13;
ri vo khong chuyn mu ca ch th MR (pH= 4,2 6,2) th php
2/
3/
: H3PO4 + OH
Nc II : H2PO4 + OH
2-
Nc III: HPO4
+ OH
Nn nc 1: pH =
2.12
7.21
Ka3 = 10
12.38
1
(p Ka1 + p Ka2 ) = 4,6
2
46
V nc 2: pH =
1
(p Ka2 + p Ka3 ) = 9,8
2
Cu hi:
1/
2/
1/
2/
10 ca ch th PP (mu ny l do s hn
(V .C ) MO
0,1.V
NaOH
=
= V(MO). 10 - 2.
10
VH 3PO4
0,1.(VMO VPP )
(V .C ) NaOH
=
= V(Buret). 10 - 2.
10
VH 3 PO4
Khi tin hnh chun hn hp HCl + H3PO4 bng dung dch NaOH
vi ch th MO th do trong hn hp c HCl v H 3PO4 m HCl l axt
mnh nn n s phn ng vi NaOH trc v dung dch chuyn t
sang cam. Ri sau khi chun tip tc bng NaOH vi ch
th PP th lc H3PO4 s phn ng dung dch chuyn t cam sang
cam.
Cng thc tnh nng tng axt trong hn hp:
CN (HCl) =
CN (H3PO4 ) =
(C.V MO ) NaOH
Vhut
(V PP
V MO )C NaOH
V hut
C Cb
h.K1 .K 2 2K1 .K 2 .K 3 h 3
10 14
- h ). a
+ 3
C a .C b
h
h K1 .h 2 K1 .K 2 .h K1 .K 2 .K 3
Sai s chun nc 2 c xc nh l:
S=(
2C a C b
K1 .K 2 .K 3 K1 .h 2 2h 3
10 14
- h ).
+
2C a .C b
h
2(h 3 K1 .h 2 K1 .K 2 .h K1 .K 2 .K 3 )
+ H = HCO3
Ka1 = 10
HCO3
+ H = H2CO3
Ka2 = 10
6.35
H2O + CO2
10.32
48
Nn nc 1: pH =
V nc 2: pH =
1
(p Ka1 + p Ka2 ) = 8,2 (so vi pTPP = 9,1)
2
1
(p Ka2 - lg Ca )
2
3],
v so vi pTMO = 3,8)
Cu hI:
1/
V sao vic chun dung dch Na 2CO3 li dng dung dch NaHCO 3
lm chng so snh mu ti im tng ng.
2/
Thit lp cng thc tnh nng Na2CO3. Gii thch v sao phi
dng n hai ch th ?
Gii thch
1/
2/
Na2CO3 nc I
Cng thc tnh nng Na2CO3:
-
Nc 1:
CN (Na2CO3 ) =
Nc 2:
CN (Na2CO3 ) =
(V PP C ) HCl
V hut
(VMOC ) HCl
Vhut
im dng s l mu cam.
Lc ny cn un si dung dch y ht lng CO 32- cn st (rt vi
lng) v dng HCO- 3 hon ton v ui ht lng CO2
Tin hnh chun HCl tip, im tng ng nc 2 chuyn mu t cam
sang am (pH = 4,4 3,1 : gi tr pH gim i)
7. Th nghim nh lng hn hp baz
a. nh lng hn hp NaOH v Na2CO3
Nguyn tc
Khi chun dung dch chun HCl xung hn hp, NaOH c trung
ha ng thi vi Na2CO3 cng c trung ha ti nc I ng vi s i mu
ca ch th phenolphtalein sang mu ca bnh i chng NaHCO3 vi ch th
phenolphtalein. Sau nc II ca Na2CO3 tip tc c trung ha bng HCl
ng vi s chuyn mu ca ch th MO t mu ca bnh i chng sang mu
da cam, l ni dung phng php song ch th.
Cn i vi phng php n ch th (ch dng mt ch th) th chun
tng NaOH + Na2CO3 bng dung dch chun HCl vi ch th MO, sau chun
ring phn NaOH vi cng lng mu bng cch kt ta Na 2CO3 vi dung
dch BaCl2, vi ch th phenolphtalein.
Cu hi:
1/
2/
3/
1/
(1)
(2)
50
Th nghim 2:
NaOH + Na2CO3 + 3HCl
BaCl2 + Na2CO3
NaOH + HCl
TN1:
BaCO3 + NaCl
(3)
(4)
NaCl + H2O
(5)
(1)
(2)
S D (HCl/MO) = S D (NaHCO3 )
M: S D (NaHCO3) = S D ( Na2CO3 )
Do : S D (HCl/PP) - S D ( Na2CO3 )= S D (NaOH)
Kt qa: [Na2CO3 ] =
[NaOH] =
nc 2: (3)
(5)
(V PP
(VMOC ) HCl
0,1
=
VMO = 0,02. VMO
5
Vhut
V MO ).C HCl
0,1
=
(Vpp - VMO) = 0,02. (Vpp - VMO )
Vhut
5
do :
[Na2CO3 ] =
[ NaOH] =
2/
(V MO
V PP ).C HCl
0,1
=
(VMO - VPP) = 0,02. (VMO - VPP)
2.Vhut
2.10
V PP .C HCl
0,1
=
Vpp = 0,01. Vpp.
V hut
10
Sai s nc 1:
S = ([H+] [OH-] - [A2-]). ( 1.
C
Cb
1
[ ([H+] - [OH-]) a
-.
C a .C b
2
1
Ca Cb
C a .C b
1
1
.h
.h
2
2
1 . 2 .h
h2 - 1)]
Sai s nc 2:
S =
2.
2/
3/
1/
2/
to nht ca ht.
NH4NO3 l cht in ly mnh cho vo lm ngn cn s tng
ta.
KNO3 l dung dch trung tnh cng c vai tr nh NH 4NO3 dng
trng v ra kt ta.
Ch th pp: nhn bit im tng ng khi dung dch chuyn
mu.
NaOH cho vo ha tan kt ta.
Dng dung dch HCl chun lng NaOH d.
(V NaOH
V HCl )C NaOH
Vhut
53
Nguyn tc
Mui amoni s phn ng vi mt lng kim d chnh xc, lng kim
d c xc nh bng cht chun HCl, ch th s dng l MR ng vi s
chuyn mu ti im tng ng t vng qua hng da cam.
Cu hi:
1/
2/
1/
Xc nh CH3COOH:
CH3COO- + H3O+.
CH3COOH + H2O
H3O+ + OH-
2 H2O
Nn:
S D (CH3COOH) = S D (H3O+ ) = S D ( OH- ) = S D ( NaOH)
Vy: Cng thc tnh: CN (CH3COOH ) =
- Xc nh NH3:
(VC ) NaOH
VCH 3COOH
NH4+ + OH-
NH3 + H2O
OH- + H+
H2O
(VC ) NaOH
V NH 3
- Xc nh NH4Cl:
NH4+ + OH-
NH3 + H2O
H2O
NaCl + NH4OH
NaOH + HCl
NaCl + H2O
+
Nn: S D ( OH ) = S D ( NH4 ) + S D ( HCl)
-
CN (NH4 Cl) =
Hnh thc nh gi
Trong qu trnh o to hc vin c lm cc bI kim tra, bi bo co
sau:
-
lp ng nh phn
Mt bI t nghin cu: Thit lp ng nh phn, v th chun
, chn ch th, tnh sai s php chun
BI TP
1. em chun 100ml dung dch HCl 0,025M bng V(ml) dung dch
NaOH 0,1M
a) Tnh gi tr pH ca dung dch chun c khi V(ml) ln
b)
c)
2.
V0 (mL)
9,8
9,75
9,7
9,6
Bit rng:
S th nghim
10
12,7
4,3
3,18
2,78
2,57
2,45
2,37
2,31
2,23
1,22
0,94
0,77
0,64
0,56
0,51
0,47
0,44
0,41
56
Nhm:...........
Kho:..........
Tn tr gio:.............................
57
2.
3.
T chc cc hot ng dy hc
-
nh c nng ca chng
Cho hc vin hiu c cch nh lng ca phng php
vin.
Tin hnh th nghim cc bi sau:
+
nh lng Pb2+theo phng php Cromat
Tin hnh ti phng th nghim. Yu cu c bng vit v gh ngi cho
hc vin, phng thc hnh p ng y cc yu cu phn tch
Phi lm cho hc vin tp thao tc nh lng chun oxy ho
kh
Hc vin s thc hnh tm hm lng cc ion trong dung dch
-
Ni dung
1. nh lng Fe2
Nguyn tc:
Ion st (II) s b pemanganat oxi ha trong mi trng axit, im tng
ng nhn c khi dung dch c mu hng nht ng vi lc d mt git
dung dch chun KMnO4.
Khi dung dch c nhiu ion Cl , th phi dng hn hp bo v. Khi dung
dch c nng cao, th phi dng axit H3PO4 6N trnh sai s nhn mu.
Phn ng chun :
MnO4 + 5Fe2+ + 8H+ = Mn2+ + 5Fe3+ + 4H2O
E
o
MnO4 /Mn2+
= 1.51 V
o
Fe3+/Fe2+
= 0.771 V
Cu hi:
1/
2/
nng?
Gii thch vai tr ca cc dung dch H 2SO4
nghim.
v H3PO4 trong th
Gii thch
1/
2/
-
2+
2/
3/
1/
Gii thch
Nu chun chm dung dch nitrit c axit ho bng KMnO 4
th s thu c kt qu thp do axit nitr khng bn d b phn hu,
ngoi ra oxi khng kh cng oxi ho nitrit thnh nitrat, v vy, lc u
cn chun nhanh hn ch lng NO2- b phn hu.
Cng cn lu l ion NO2- phn ng chm vi MnO4- do c th
o
O2/H2O2
= + 0.682 V
Cu hi:
1/
2/
3/
3/
4. nh lng Fe3+
Nguyn tc: gm ba bc nh sau:
-
SnCl 2
SnCl 4
2HgCl 2
Hg 2 Cl 2
SnCl 4
iu kin: Pha long dung dch ngui, cho ngay ton b dung
dch HgCl2 lc mnh. Nh vy s trnh c phn ng to kt ta
en.
SnCl 2
Hg 0
HgCl 2
SnCl 4
2/
Vai tr ca hn hp Zymmerman?
Gii thch
Khi xc nh Fe3+, giai on cho SnCl2 vo, nu thy kt ta xm
en th phi ht mu khc lm li t u v:
1/
en
+ SnCl4
pemanganat chun .
Cho d 2 git SnCl2 khi dung dch mt mu vng phn ng vi
lng HgCl2 cho vo to kt ta di la trng
SnCl2 + 2HgCl2 = SnCl4 + Hg2Cl2
( kt ta di la trng )
3+
o
Fe3+/Fe2+
= 0.77 V
o
MnO4 /Mn2+
= 1.51 V
Cu hi:
1/
2/
2/
63
Vai tr ca cc ho cht:
CH3COOH 10%: to mi trng to ta CaC2O4
-
2/
ta
H2SO4 10%: ho tan ta
Cng thc
CN (Ca2+) =
5
trnh tan
(VC ) KMnO 4
VCa
V sao khi pha dung dch Na 2S2O3 phi cho thm lng 0,1(g)
Na2CO3 ?
2/
1/
64
2/
1/
2+
+ 5I
= 2CuI
I3 + 2S2O32
+ I3
(1)
= 3I + S4O62
o
Cu2+,I /CuI
(2)
o
I3 /3I
= 0.78 V
= 0.545 V
CuSCN
+ I
pTCuI = 11.96
pTCuSCN = 14.32
(3)
Gii thch quy trnh nh lng Cu2+ bng phn ng minh ho.
65
2/
1/
( n 4 ) KId + I2 KI3 + ( n 5 ) KI
KI3 + 2Na2S2O3 KI + 2NaI + Na2S4O6
2/ Thm KSCN vo giai on cui ca qu trnh chun khi xc nh
Cu2+ v KSCN gip trnh c s hp ph It trn kt ta CuI v to
c ta CuSCN t tan hn CuI.Khng c cho SCN- vo dung
dch cn nhiu It v c th xy ra s kh I2 bi SCN- nn ch c
cho KSCN vo giai on cui ca qu trnh chun .
11. nh lng hm lng H2O2
Nguyn tc:
Hydropeoxyt trong mi trng axit c molypdat xc tc, phn ng vi
mt lng d KI, lng it sinh ra tng ng c chun bng dung dch
chun thiosunfat vi ch th h tinh bt, im tng ng nhn c khi
dung dch mt mu xanh.
Cu hi:
1/
2/
1/
66
trn giy lc bng HCl nng sinh ra mt lng bicromat tng ng, c
chun bng dung dch chun Fe 2+ trong mi trng axit vi ch th feroin,
im tng ng nhn c khi dung dch c mu nu.
Cu hi:
Vit y cc phng trnh phn ng trong bi tp ?
Gii thch y vai tr ca tng ha cht s dng trong bi
thc tp ?
Gii thch:
1/
2/
1/
2/
m acetat: n nh pH=5 6
Ti im tng ng
Sau xa im tng ng
0
Bit E Fe
2.
/ Fe2
0
= + 0,68 (v), ECe
/ Ce 3
= + 1,44(v)
Tin hnh pha trn dung dch Cu+ 10 4 M vi dung dch Na2S
0,1M, ri o th in ca dung dch bng in cc ng-SCE
th c gi tr - 0,906(volt). Gi s trong dung dch khng xy
ra qu trnh to phc hydroxo ca ion Cu+, pH dung dch o
0
c l 8, th in cc chun ca ng l E Cu
= + 0,34 v
Cu
68
2. nh lng mt s mu th.
Chun b ti liu pht tay
T chc cc hot ng dy hc
69
Ni dung
1. nh lng Ca2+
Nguyn tc:
Ion Ca2+ trong mi trng pH = 8 10, to phc vi ch th ETOO c mu
nho, phc ny km bn hn phc ca Ca2+ vi EDTA. Khi chun dung
dch cha phc ca Ca2+ vi ch th bng dung dch chun EDTA th phc ca
Ca2+ vi ch th b ph hy bi EDTA, im tng ng nhn c ng vi
thi im EDTA thay th ton b ch th trong phc Ca 2+, dung dch chuyn t
mu nho sang mu xanh lc (mu ca ch th th t do).
Trng hp pH = 12, ion Ca2+ to phc vi ch th murexit c mu
nho phc ny km bn hn phc ca Ca2+ vi EDTA. Khi chun dung dch
cha phc ca Ca2+ vi ch th bng dung dch chun EDTA th phc ca Ca 2+
vi ch th b ph hy bi EDTA, im tng ng nhn c ng vi thi
im EDTA thay th ton b ch th trong phc Ca2+, dung dch chuyn t mu
nho sang mu tm hoa c (mu ca ch th t do).
Phn ng chun :
H2Y2 + Ca2+ = CaY2 + 2H
Phn ng ch th:
+
CaY
= 1010.6
Xanh
vng da cam
CaInd- +NH4+
xanh nht
CaY2- + 2H2O
Ti im dng chun :
2/
xanh tm
2+
T kt qu thc nghim: chun Ca vi ch th ETOO chnh xc
72
Vmurexit
2/
1/
CaY2- + 2NH4+
MgY2- + 2NH4+
MgInd- + NH4+
CaH2Ind-
=> s mol NaOH trong dung dch ban u:1012. 50.10 - 3 = 5.10 -14
s mol ca NaOH cn li trong dung dch l: 2x 10 - 3 - - 5.10 - 14
2x 10 - 3
Vy: x = 0,25 (ml)
3. nh lng dung dch Zn2+
Cu hi:
1/
2/
2/
3+
Nguyn tc:
Ion Al3+ trong mi trng pH = 5 6, tc dng chm vi EDTA. V vy phi
dng k thut chun ngc bng cch cho d chnh xc mt lng dung
dch chun EDTA phn ng vi nhm. Chun lng EDTA d bng dung dch
chun Zn2+ vi ch th BromCrezol, im tng ng nhn c ng vi thi
im dung dch chuyn t mu vng chanh sang mu hng tm. Nu dng
dung dch chun Fe3+ chun EDTA d vi ch th axit sunfosalixilic th im
tng ng nhn c khi dung dch t khng mu sang mu nu.
+
1/
2/
Vai tr ca ha cht:
EDTA: v y l phn ng chun phn d nn EDTA c dng
phn ng vi Al3+ v lng EDTA d s c chun li.
Bromcresol lc: y l ch th gip cho ta d nhn bit im tng
ng.
pH = 5,5: v ch th bromcresol lc chuyn mu trong khong pH=3,8
FeY = 1012.7
AlY = 109.6
ZnY = 109.9
AlF6 = 1020.19
Phn ng ch th:
H2Y2 + FeIn = FeY + In + 2H
H2Y2 + AlIn = AlY + In + 2H
Nguyn tc:
Ion Zn2+ v Mg2+ trong mi trng pH = 8 10, to phc vi ch th ETOO
75
2/
3/
1/
2/
Gii thch
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
Mg2+ + Ind3- = MgIndZn2+ + Ind3- = ZnIndMg2+ + H2Y2- = MgY2- + 2H+
Zn2+ + H2Y2- = ZnY2- + 2H+
Zn2+ + KCN = [Zn(CN)4]2- + K+
Vai tr ca ha cht:
pH = 10: V phn ng ny s dng ch th ETOO xc nh m
ETOO thc hin pH = 10 l tt nht nn s dng pH = 10 n
nh mi trng.
KCN: Vi ch th ETOO pH = 10 trong hn hp Mg 2+,Zn2+ th cn
xc nh Mg2+ do ta cn che Zn2+ nn phi dng KCN xc nh
Mg2+.
3/
3/
1/
2/
Vai tr ca ha cht:
Chun hn hp Ca2+, Mg2+:
-
3/
(VC) EDTA
(1)
Vhh
(VC) EDTA
(2)
Vhh
(VC) EDTA
(VC) EDTA
(1) (2)
Vhh
Vhh
(CV)Mg2+
Chun Al3+, Fe3+:
= (CV)EDTA(1) - (CV)EDTA(2)
CN (hn hp) =
(VC) EDTA
Vhh
77
(VC ) Zn 2
V hh
(VC ) Zn 2
(VC) EDTA
V hh
Vhh
8. nh lng Ba2+
Nguyn tc:
pH = 9 10, Ba2+ l ion to phc vi EDTA bn hn Mg 2+, nn khi cho
mt lng d MgY2 vo dung dch cha ion Ba2+ th c phn ng trao i v
sinh ra mt lng ion Mg 2+ tng ng vi lng ion Ba2+ c trong mu,
lng Mg2+ ny c chun bng dung dch chun EDTA vi ch th ETOO
pH = 9 10, im tng ng nhn c khi dung dch t mu nho
sang xanh lc.
Phn ng chun : BaIn + MgY2
MgIn + BaY2
Phn ng ch th:
H2Y2
MgIn
MgY 2 -
o nho
In
2H
xanh cham
Cu hi:
1/
2/
C.V2 0,02
=
V2 = 0,004. V2
5
V Ba
0,02
C
(V2 - V1 ) =
= 0,004 (V2 - V1 )
5
V
TBaSO4 = 10-9.97
BaSO4
BaY = 107.7
Cu hi:
1/
2/
3/
1/
2/
m pH = 10 n nh mi trng.
Hnh thc nh gi
Trong qu trnh o to hc vin c lm cc bI kim tra, bi bo co
sau:
-
BI TP:
1. Vit cng thc tnh pMg khi chun V0 (ml) dung dch Mg2+ C0N
bng V (ml) dung dch EDTA CN trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Tng qut khi chun
b) Trc xa im tng ng
c) Ti im tng ng
d) Sau xa im tng ng
Gi s rng Mg c kh nng to phc vi EDTA v hydroxyt, EDTA l
acid a chc phn ly bn nc, hng s bn iu kin ca phc gia M v
EDTA ln.
2. Ht 5mL dung dch mu (c cha ion Al 3+ ) cng vi 10 mL dung dch
chun EDTA 0,1N thm 3 git ch th Bromcresol lc vo cng mt erlen, ri
chnh dung dch pha trn v pH = 5-6 bng cch cho NH4OH vo n khi dung
dch c mu xanh. Thm tip 2mL dung dch m pH = 5,5. un nh khong
60 - 800C, ri li thm 2 mL m pH = 5,5 + 1 git ch th Xylenon da cam (lm
4 mu trong cc bnh nn loi 250mL). Chun bng dung dch Zn2+ 0,1N
(chun nng) cho n khi dung dch chuyn t xanh sang vng th o c
th tch dung dch Zn2+ l V0(mL), theo kt qu:
Mu s
V0 (mL)
9,8
2
9,7
9,7
9,6
10
12,7
4,3
3,18
2,78
2,57
2,45
2,37
2,31
2,23
1,22
0,94
0,77
0,64
0,56
0,51
0,47
0,44
0,41
80
3.
T chc cc hot ng dy hc
-
81
phng php
Phi cho hc vin nm c thnh phn chnh trong dung dch v
cch xc nh c nng ca chng ng vi tng phng php
chun
sau:
Ni dung
1. nh lng hm lng ca NaCl trong mui n cng nghip theo
phng php Mohr
Nguyn tc:
Da trn c s ca phng php chun kt ta trc tip, dng dung
dch AgNO3 tiu chun chun trc tip xung dung dch mu c cha
thnh phn NaCl. Thc hin phn ng trong mi trng trung tnh hoc kim
yu v nhn bit im tng ng bng ch th K2CrO4 khi kt ta xut hin
kt ta mu gch.
Phn ng chun :
Cl
Ag
AgCl
t AgNO 3
2Ag
pTAgCl = 9.75
Ag 2 CrO 4
pTAg2CrO4 = 11.95
= Ag2O
+ H2O
pTAg(OH) = 7.8
Nguyn tc:
Da trn c s ca phng php chun kt ta ca phn d, dng
dung dch AgNO3 tiu chun d chnh xc xung dung dch mu c cha
thnh phn NaCl. Chun phn d ca dung dch AgNO 3 bng dung dch
NH4SCN thc hin phn ng trong mi trng axit nhn bit im tng
ng bng ch th Fe3+ khi kt ta xut hin mu hung .
Phn ng chun :
83
Cl + Ag
d
+
Ag
AgCl
pTAgCl = 9.75
kt ta trng
SCN
cn li
t KSCN
Phn ng ch th:
AgSCN
pTAgSCN = 11.97
kt ta trng
+ SCN
AgSCN
+ Cl
Cu hi:
1/
2/
1/
2/
2/
1/
Gii thch
Phng php Mohr: c dng nh phn Cl - &Br- ch khng
dng nh phn I- & SCN- v vi cc anion ny s hp th xy ra
kh mnh v phng php ny chun pH=6,5 8,5 ( v pH
thp hn nng cromat
H+ + CrO4-
to HcrO4-)
HCrO4-
phn tch
Cho hc vin lm bi tp v cho im.
Cho tng nhm ln trnh by vn va tho lun, cc nhm khc
hi li v cho im., Da vo kt qu trung bnh tnh im cho
mu
tng c nhn.
a ra mt s bi tp lin quan n vic xc nh:s to ta trong
dung dch, xc nh sai s trong phng php chun to ta
BI TP
85
1.
Ho tan 1(g) mt loi qung thnh dung dch (A) cha Fe 3+.
Hi cn dng bao nhiu ml dung dch NH3 1,19% (d = 0,99
g/ml) kt ta hon ton lng Fe 3+. Bit trong qung c
cha n 10% Fe
2.
86
P N CC CU HI V BI KIM TRA
HNG DN GII CC BI TP BI 1
1.
Gii
1. 1. Trong dung dch c s in ly:
NH3 + H2O
Nng ban u
:
0,1
Nng phn ly
:
x
Nng cn bng:
M: =
x
0,1
Nn: KCB =
0,1 x
Nn: KCB =
x2
(1,35. 10 -3 ) 2
=
1,35. 10 5
-3
0,1 x 0,1 1,35. 10
Nng phn ly
Nng cn bng:
x
0,001
NH4+ + OH0
0
x
x
CCl3COO0
:
x
0,001 x
x
x
H+
0
x
x
x = 0,001. 54 % = 54. 10 5.
x2
(54. 10 -5 ) 2
=
54. 10 7
-5
0,001 x 0,001 54. 10
2.1. Xt cn bng trong dung dch: HCl H+ + ClNn: [H+] = [HCl] = 5.10 4 M
pH = 3,3
87
CH3COO- + Na+
CH3COO- + H2O
CH3COOH + OH-
Nng ban u:
0,01
x
0,01 x
x
x
x
x
pKa = 4,75
ka = 10
4,75
x2
Kb =
0,01 x
10 14
Kb =
= 10 9,25
4,75
10
x2 + 10 9,25 x - 10 11,25 = 0
Gii phng trnh ny c: x = 2,371.10 6
Vy pOH = 5,62
[OH-] = 2,371.10 6
pH = 14 - 5,62 = 8,38.
CH3COO- + H+
Nng ban u:
Nng phn ly:
0,1
x
0,2
x
0
x
Nng cn bng:
0,1 x
0,2 + x
pKa = 4,75
ka = 10 4,75 =
x(0,2 x )
0,1 x
[H+] = 8,89.10 6
Vy: pH = 5,05.
3.2. Nng khi pha trn cc cht l:
[CH3COOH] =
100.0,1
= 6,67. 10 2 M
100 50
[CH3COONa] =
50.0,2
= 6,67. 10 2 M
100 50
6,67. 10 2
x
6,67. 10 2 x
ka = 10 4,75 =
CH3COO- + H+
6,67. 10 2
0
x
6,67. 10 2 + x
x
x
x(6,67 .10 2 x )
6,67 .10 2 x
[H+] = 1,77.10 5
88
NH4+ + OH-
Nng ban u:
0,1
0,2
Nng cn bng:
0,1 x
0,2 + x
Nn: Kb = 10 4,75 =
x(0,2 x )
0,1 x
[OH-] = 8,89.10 6
pH = 14 - 5,05 = 8,95
50.0,1
= 3,33. 10 2 M
100 50
[NH4Cl ] =
100.0,2
= 13,3. 10 2 M
100 50
Nng ban u:
Nng phn ly:
Nng cn bng:
Nn: Kb = 10 4,75 =
NH4+
13,3. 10 2
x
13,3. 10 2 + x
OH0
x
x
x(0,133 x )
0,033 x
[OH-] = 4,41.10 6
pH = 14 - 5,05 = 8,65
HNG DN GII CC BI TP BI 2
1.
2.
100
1.3. Th tch dung dch NH3 2M l 1,14 = 87,72 (mL)
cn thm l
29,24(mL)
2.1. Nng khi pha trn cc cht l:
[CH3COOH] =
V .C
V1.C 1
M v [CH3COONa] = 2 2 M
V1 V2
V1 V2
V1.C 1
V1 V2
Nng cn bng:
CH3COOV2 .C 2
V1 V2
x
V2 .C 2
+x
V1 V2
V1.C 1
x
V1 V2
H+
0
x
x
V2 .C 2
x)
V1 V2
V1.C1
x
V1 V2
x(
V .C
V1.C 1
M v [NH4Cl] = 2 2 M
V1 V2
V1 V2
90
NH4+
OH-
V2 .C 2
V1 V2
Nng ban u:
V1.C 1
V1 V2
Nng cn bng:
V1.C 1
x
V1 V2
V2 .C 2
+x
V1 V2
V2 .C 2
x)
V1 V2
V1.C1
x
V1 V2
x(
vo biu thc
trn lp t l V1 / V2.
HNG DN GII CC BI TP BI 3
1.
2.
Khi trn 100mL dung dch Pb(NO 3)2 104M vi 400mL dung dch
Na2SO4104M th c kt ta to thnh khng ? Bit tch s tan (T)
ca PbSO4=10 7,8.
Bin lun cc gi tr a v b khi pha V1mL dung dch BaCl2 nng
2a(M) vi V2 mL dung dch H2SO4 nng 2b(M) th:
2.1. Dung dch thu c khng c ta BaSO 4 hnh thnh
1.
100 .10 4
= 0,2. 10 - 4.
100 400
400 .10 4
= 0,8. 10 - 4.
100 400
ta PbSO4
Phn ng khi pha trn dung dch:
BaCl2 + H2SO4
BaSO4 + 2 HCl
91
V1.2a
V .2b
v [SO42 ] = 1
V1 V2
V1 V2
Do : [ Ba2+ ]. [ SO42 ] =
V1.2b
V . 2a
4.V1.V2 .a.b
. 1
=
V1 V2
V1 V2
V1 V2
HNG DN GII CC BI TP BI 4:
1.
2.
10
92
10
Gii
1.
CuY 2 -
Cu(OH)i
Y 4 - + H+
Dung dch c pH = 4
( = 10 18,8 )
Hj Y
[H+] = 10 - 6
(i = 1
4)
(j = 1
4)
[OH-] = 10 - 8
Nn
(Cu2+ / OH- ) = 1 +
[OH-]i =
= 1 + 10 7 10 -8 + 10 7 10 6,68 10 -16 +
+10 7.106,6810 3,3210 -24 +10 710 6,68 10 3,3210 1,5
4-
+ j
(Y /H ) = 1 + [H ]
=1 +9,1.1010.10-6 + 9,1.1010.1,85.106.10-12
+ 9,1.10 10 1,85.10 6 4,76.10 2 10-18 + 9,1.10
10
1,85.10
(Cu2+ / OH- ).
(Y4 - / H+ ) = 10 5,414
= 10 13,386
[CuY ]
Ta c: ' =
[Cu ][Y ]
10
13,386
10
(Vi x = [Cu2+ ])
10 13,386 x2 + x - 0,01 = 0
x = 2,02768. 10 - 8.
Vy: [Cu2+ ] = 2,02768. 10 - 8 = 10 - 7,69 M
2.
CuY 2 -
+ H
Cu(OH)i
Hj Y
Dung dch c pH = 10
Nn:
(Hg2+ / OH- ) = 1 +
( = 10 18,8 )
(j = 1
[H+] = 10 - 10
(i = 1
6)
4)
[OH-] = 10 - 4
+ 10 21,7 10 -24
5,012. 10 13 10 13,7
(Y4 - / H+ ) = 1 +
[H+] j =
= 1 + 9,1.10 10.10 -10 + 9,1.10 10.1,85.10 6.10 -20 +
+ 9,1.10 10 1,85.10 6 4,76.10 2 10-30
+
+ 9,1.10 10 1,85.10 6 4,76.10 2 103 10 -40 = 9,9
(CuY) =
(Cu2+ / OH- ).
Do : gi tr
= 10 7,1
10 4
= 10 17,7 M.
10 13, 7
HNG DN GII CC BI TP BI 5
1.
2.
1,235(g) Mg2P2O7.
Ho tan 1(g) mt loi qung thnh dung dch (A) cha Fe3+. Hi cn
dng bao nhiu ml dung dch NH3 1,19% (d = 0,99 g/ml) kt ta
3.
1.
H s chuyn K (P
Mg2P2O7 ) =
H s chuyn K (P2O5
Nn:
(%) P = K.
(%) P2O5 = K.
2.
2.31
= 0,2793
222
Mg2P2O7 ) =
142
= 0,6396
222
m2
1,235
. 100 = 0,2793.
.100 = 6,8987(g)
5
m1
m2
1,235
. 100 = 0,6396.
.100 = 15,7981(g)
5
m1
Ta c:
Khi lng Fe c trong qung = khi lng Fe3+ = 1. 10% = 0,1(g)
s mol ca Fe3+ =
0,1
56
Fe(OH)3 + 3 NH4+
3.
0,1
V .0,99.1,19
=
56
100.17
V = 7,73(ml)
3.
m 2 V1
.
. 100
m1 V 2
94
% K2O = 100.mKClO4
K.
mKClO4
. 100 = 100. mKClO4
mphan
mphan =
94
= 0,009(g)
2.138 ,5
HNG DN GII CC BI TP BI 7
1.
em chun 100ml dung dch HCl 0,025M bng V(ml) dung dch
NaOH 0,1M
a)
b)
c)
2.
V0 (mL)
9,8
9,75
9,7
4
9,6
Bit rng:
S th nghim
10
12,7
4,3
3,18
2,78
2,57
2,45
2,37
2,31
2,23
1,22
0,94
0,77
0,64
0,56
0,51
0,47
0,44
0,41
NaCl + H2O
100 .0,025
= 25 (mL)
0,1
100.0,025 10.0,1
= 0,0136
100 10
Ti V = 20: [H+] =
100.0,025 20.0,1
= 4,167. 10 - 3
100 20
pH dung dch =
95
2,38
Ti V = 24,9: [H+] =
pH dung dch =
4,09
Ti V = 25: [H+] = [OH-] = 10 - 7
pH dung dch = 7
pH dung dch =
pH (NaOH d)
M: [OH-] = [OH-]bd - [OH-]phn ng =
pOH = 4,09
pH = 14 - pOH = 9,90
26.0,1 100.0,025
=
26 100
7,9310 - 4
pOH = 3,10
pH = 14 - pOH = 10,90
30.0,1 100.0,025
= 3,85.10- 3
30 100
pH = 14 - pOH = 11,59
1.b) Sai s chun l 0,2%, ngha l lng NaOH cho vo dung dch
s thiu ( - 0,2%) hoc tha (+ 0,2%) so vi lng acid HCl ti st
im tng ng, do :
([OH-] - [H+]).
Hay: (
C C
10 14
- [H+]). 0
C .C 0
[H ]
C0 C
=
C .C 0
= 0,002
0,002
(
0,025 0,1
10 14
- [H+]).
=
0,025 .0,1
[H ]
0,002
(
10 14
- [H+]) =
[H ]
4. 10 5
[H+]2
4.10 - 5 [H+] - 10 - 14 = 0
pH = { 4,39 ; 9,60 }
10.
0,1
. V0 = 0,01.V0.
10
Nn:
96
Mu s
Cx. 10 2
1
9,8
2
9,75
3
9,7
4
9,6
0,098 0,0975
= 0,25 < QLth.
0,098 0,096
Cx (2) =
0,0975 0,097
= 0,25 < QLth.
0,098 0,096
Cx (3) =
0,097
0,098
0,096
= 0,5 < QLth.
0,096
t.S
n
3,18 .0,000835912
0,00135772.
Vy Nng ca NaOH l:
0,097125 0,00135772 0,097 0,001
Hay: 0,096(N) nng NaOH
HNG DN GII CC BI TP BI 8
1.
2.
0,098 (N)
0
0,34(v) v E Ag
Cu
=0,8(v)
Ag
3.
Vit cng thc tnh th in cc E (v) khi chun V0 (ml) dung dch
Fe2+ C0N bng V (ml) dung dch Ce4+ CN trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Tng qut khi chun
b) Trc xa im tng ng
c) Ti im tng ng
d) Sau xa im tng ng
0
Bit E Fe
4.
/ Fe2
0
= + 0,68 (v), ECe
/ Ce 3
= + 1,44(v)
Tin hnh pha trn dung dch Cu+ 10 4 M vi dung dch Na 2S 0,1M,
97
Gii
Cc bn phn ng Oxy ho kh:
MnO-4 + 8 H+ + 5. e
ClO3- + 6 H+ + 6 e
Mn2+ + 4 H2O
E10 = 1,51(v)
Cl- + 3 H2O
E 20 = 1,45(v)
- E 20
phn ng:
6 MnO-4 + 5 Cl- + 18 H+
2.
0
x
x
0,01 x
3.
x
= 10 15,6
0,01 x
m.n. E
0,059
= 10
=10 15,6
x = 2,071. 10 3
Ce3+
Fe2+
Fe2+ + Ce4+
(1)
E 20 = 0,68 (v)
(2)
Fe3+ + Ce3+
V0 C 0
V0 V
98
VC
V0
V .C
= F : Cng thc tng qut s l:
V0 C 0
([Ce4+ ] - [Fe2+ ])
V0 V
= F-1
V0 C 0
E=
E + 0,059 lg
(3)
0:
F
[ Fe3 ]
= 0,68 + 0,059 lg
2
1 F
[ Fe ]
4.
1,44 0,68
= 1,06
2
+
Cu
0,059
lg [Cu+] = 0,34 + 0,059 lg [Cu+]
n
Vit cng thc tnh pMg khi chun V0 (ml) dung dch Mg2+ C0N
bng V (ml) dung dch EDTA CN trong cc trng hp sau:
a)
b)
c)
d)
V0 (mL)
9,8
9,7
9,7
9,6
10
12,7
4,3
3,18
2,78
2,57
2,45
2,37
2,31
2,23
1,22
0,94
0,77
0,64
0,56
0,51
0,47
0,44
0,41
MY
( )
V0 C 0
V0 V
V0
(1)
(2)
(3)
V .C
= F: Phng trnh tng qut nh phn chun l:
V0 C 0
V0 .C 0
[M ]
V V
V0 V
( [M] ) 0
=1-F
V0 C 0
.[M ]
(5)
[Y] << [M]
V0 C 0
V0 V
Ti im tng ng: ( F = 1)
.[M]2 + [M] -
V0 C 0
=0
V0 V
100
(5)
2.
V0 .C 0
[M ]
V0 V
= (F - 1)
.[M ]
V0 C 0
.
V0 V
Cx = (10 - V0).
0,1
. V0 = 0,02. (10 - V0).
5
M
Z
C.V.M C X .5.27
=
= 9. Cx.
3.5
Z.V '
1
4
2
6
3
6
4
8
0,072
0,072
0,054
= 0,5 < QLth.
0,036
0,054
0,072
Cx (2) =
72.10 3
0,036
= 0,5 < QLth.
0,036
t.S
n
3,18 .0,014687
4
= 0,02337
0,077 (g/L)
Ho tan 1(g) mt loi qung thnh dung dch (A) cha Fe3+. Hi cn
dng bao nhiu ml dung dch NH3 1,19% (d = 0,99 g/ml) kt ta
hon ton lng Fe3+. Bit trong qung c cha n 10% Fe.
101
2.
Gii
1. Ta c khi lng Fe c trong qung = khi lng Fe3+ = 1. 10% =
0,1(g)
s mol ca Fe3+ =
0,1
56
Fe(OH)3 + 3 NH4+
3.
0,1
V .0,99.1,19
=
56
100.17
= 7,73(ml)
2. S phn tch:
Mui n
AgCl
0,8849(g) 100mL
5mL
100m L
(99,5%)
Ti dung dch (3) c:
s ng lng gam Cl- = s ng lng gam Ag+
= 5,67.0,1. 10 - 3
Nn khi lng NaCl trong dung dch (1) l:
5,76. 10 - 4.
58,5.100
100.100
.
= 76,54%
0,8849 .99 ,5
5
102
b)
a)
-2,18
K b .Cb = 10
pOH = 2,18
pH = 11,82
T
CA
2,3.10
0,5
4,6.10 9 mol / L
0.2486 6
294 0.5
CN ( Na2 S2O3 )
0.0101 20.00
20.05
0.0101N
0.01N
% NaOH
250 100
.
.40 89,15%
25 0,9210
% Na2CO3
1, 2
ln hn
1,1
[Ag+] = 10
9 , 75
10
= 10-
8,75
.
M
1, 2
[ Ag[ NH 3 ) 2 ]
[ Ag ][NH 3 ]
= 107,24
CU 6: em chun 50ml dung dch HCl 0,05M bng V(ml) dung dch NaOH
0,1M.
a) Tnh gi tr pH ca dung dch chun c khi V(ml) ln lt l: 0 104
b)
c)
a)
NaCl + H2O
50 .0,05
= 25 (mL)
0,1
50.0,05 10.0,1
= 0,025
50 10
50.0,05 20.0,1
= 7,14. 10
50 20
- 3
pH dung dch =
2,15
Ti V = 24,9: [H+] =
50 .0,05 24 ,9.0,1
= 1,34. 10 - 4
50 24 ,9
pH dung dch = 7
pH dung dch =
25 .0,1 50 .0,05
= 1,33. 10 - 4
25,1 50
pH = 14 - pOH = 10,12
[OH-]phn ng
26.0,1 50.0,05
=
26 50
1,315. 10 - 3
pOH = 2,88
pH = 14 - pOH = 11,12
30.0,1 50.0,05
= 6,25.
30 50
10 - 3
pOH = 2,2
b)
pH = 14 - pOH = 11,8
([OH-] - [H+]).
Hay (
V0 V
=
V0 C 0
0,002
V V
10 14
- [H+]). 0
= 0,002
V0 C 0
[H ]
[H+]2
6,67.10 - 5 [H+] - 10 - 14 = 0
Vy pH = 4,176
n v pH
pH = { 4,176 ; 9,824 }
106
M dc 100
10
M pha P
50 1000
392 100
10
56 99.8
0.3507 g
b.(0.5) 500mL dung dch Fe2+ 0.1N (dng lm cht chun cho phn ng
oxy ha kh)
m CN Vpha D
100
P
0.1 0.5
392 100
16.4830 g
1 99.8
107
Cu 3: 2 im
H s chuyn K
M xd
M dc
M CaCO3
M CaO
100
1.7857
56
K F
m
0.1236
100 1.7857 1
100 62.42%
a
0.3536
Cu 4: 3 im
a.(1) Tnh khong bc nhy pH ca php chun ng vi th tch ca
cht chun l 9.99ml v 10.01ml?
Khi V = 9.99ml ta p dng cng thc tnh:
[H ]
5.10 5 M pH = 4.3
5.10 5 M pH = 9.7
th
Vi pT=5 khi dng cht ch th ny s mc sai s m
%S
10
pT
(VHCl VNaOH )
100
(CV ) HCl
10
(10 10)
100
10 0.1
0.02%
10
14 pT
(VHCl VNaOH )
100
(CV ) HCl
10
14 9
(10 10)
100
10 0.1
0.02%
0.1 10 0.1 7
17
0.0176M pH = 1.75
Cu 5: 2 im
a. (1) Gii thch v vit cc phn ng xy ra?
108
(CV ) EDTA
50
0.04016 29.61
0.02378M
50
pH=5: ta c
C Al 3
0.02787 M
P N S 2
Cu 1 : 2 im
Khi khng c KI th th oxy ha ca cp Cu2+/Cu+ ng vi phng trnh:
Cu2+ + 1e- Cu+
c xc nh bng cng thc:
E=E0Cu2+/Cu++ 0.059lg[Cu2+/Cu+] trong E0Cu2+/Cu+=0.170V (0.5)
Khi c KI lm kt ta CuI th th oxy ha ca cp Cu 2+/Cu+ ng vi
phng trnh phn ng: Cu2+ + I- + 1e- CuI (0.5)
c xc nh bng cng thc:
E = E0 + 0.059lg[Cu2+][I-]
Trong E0 l th oxy ha kh tiu chun iu kin:
E = E0 khi [Cu2+][I-] = 1
(1)
+
+ Ta c Cu + I CuI c T=[Cu ][I ]
(2) (0.5)
t (1) v (2) ta suy ra: [Cu2+]/[Cu+]=1/T
Vy:
E0 = E0Cu2+/Cu+ + 0.059lg(1/T) = 0.170 + 0.059lg1012 = 0.878V (0.5)
109
Cu 2 : 1 im
a. 1L dung dch K2Cr2O7 0.1N (dng lm cht chun oxy ha trong mi
trng axit) (0.5)
m CN Vpha D
b.
100
P
294 100
1 99.8
0.1 1
29.4589 g
M dc 100
10
M pha P
5 500
100
10
99.8
2 40
222
0.3604
25.0501g
Cu 3 : 2 im
H s chuyn: K
M xd
M dc
2 M MgO
M Mg2 P2O7
K F
m
250 0.1278
100 0.3604
100 22.88%
a
25 2.0132
Cu 4: 3 im
a. (2) Tnh pH v v ng nh phn ti cc im khi th tch cht
chun HCl l: 0.00ml; 5.00ml; 9.00ml; 9.99ml; 10.00ml; 10.01ml;
12.00ml; 15.00ml.
Phng trnh chun : HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O
Trc im tng ng pH trong bnh chun c tnh theo cng
thc:
[H ]
Ti im tng ng pH=7
p dng cng thc tnh trn ta th c kt qu sau: (0.5)
VNaOHml 0.00
5.00
9.00
9.99
10.00
pH
2.00
2.48
3.28
5.30
7.00
ng nh phn c v nh sau: (0.5)
10.01
8.70
12.00
10.95
15,00
11.30
110
pH
2
1
1
8
6
4
2
0
V(mL)
5
1
0
1
5
20
19 0.01 10 0.01
3.1 10 3 M
19 10
pH = 11.49
Cu 5 : 2 im
a. (1) Vit cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh phn tch trn?
TN 1:
Fe3+ + Ag Fe2+ + Ag+
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72- + 14H+ 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
TN 2:
Fe3+ + Ag Fe2+ + Ag+
TiO2+ + Ag + 2H+ Ti3+ + Ag+ + H2O
6Fe2+ + Cr2O72- + 14H+ 6Fe3+ + 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
6TiO2+ + Cr2O72- + 26H+ 6Ti3+ + 2Cr3+ + 13H2O
b. (1) Tnh s mg st v titan c trong dung dch ban u?
TN 1: Ta xc nh c hm lng Fe
111
100
25
0.05 25.50 56
100
25
285.60mg
TN 2: Ta xc nh c tng titan v st
Ta c nTi = nT nFe = (CV)T (CV)Fe
= 0.0540.25 0.0525.50 = 0.7375
mg (Ti)
n,Ti DTi
100
25
0.7375 47.9
100
141.31mg
25
P N S 3
Cu 1: 2 im
a. Trong nc nguyn cht (1)
BaSO4 Ba2+ + SO42SBaSO4= TBaSO
10
10
10 5 M
10
10
2.5
3.16 10 3 M
TBaSO 4
CM
10 10
10 2
10 8 M
TCaSO 4
CM
10
10
10 3 M
Cu 2 : 1 im
a. 1L dung dch EDTA 0.1N (0.5)
m CN Vpha D
100
P
0.1 1
372.24 100
18.6493g
2
99.8
100
P
100
18.6493g
99.8
Cu 3: 2 im
H s chuyn: K
M xd
M dc
MS
M CuS
32
96
0.3333
Phn trm ca S
%S
K F
m
0.0872
100 0.3333
100 2.91%
a
1.0000
112
Cu 4 : 3 im
a. Tnh khong bc nhy pH ca php chun ng vi th tch ca
cht chun NaOH l 9.99ml v 10.01ml? (1)
Khi V = 9.99ml ta p dng cng thc tnh:
[OH ]
5.10 5 M pH = 9.7
b.
5.10 5 M pH = 4.3
th pT=5 v pT=9.
Vi pT=5 khi dng cht ch th ny s mc sai s dng
%S
10
pT
(VHCl VNaOH )
100
(CV ) NaOH
10
(10 10)
100
10 0.1
0.02%
c.
10
14 pT
(VHCl VNaOH )
100
(CV ) NaOH
10
14 9
(10 10)
100
10 0.1
0.02%
VHCl
0.1 10 10
0.1 10
2
2
10
8.18ml
113
1.2500 1000
M
50
b.
(CV ) NaOH
50
0.0900 41.2
50
0.07416M
M=337.2
Tnh hng s phn ly ca axit HA (1)
Ti thi im pH=4.3 dung dch l dung dch m
pH=pKa lgCa/Cb vi Ca = [HA] =
(CV ) NaOH
VT
pKa = pH + lg
41.20 0.0900
50 41.20
0.0407 M
114
2.
Cc phn ng xy ra:
Ag+ + Cl
AgCl + 2 NH3
AgCl (trng)
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 2 H+
AgCl + 2NH4+
- Nhn bit Ag+
Fe3+ + 3 OHFe(OH)3
2+
Mn + 2 OH
Mn(OH)2
3+
Al + 3 NH3 + 3 H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3 NH4+.
Al(OH)3 + 3 H+
Al3+ + 3 H2O
Al3+ + Alizarin
phc ca Al3+ - Nhn bit Al3+
Zn2+ + S2ZnS (trng)
- Nhn bit Zn2+
Mn(OH)2 + NH4Cl
2 MnCl2 + 2 NH4OH
+
Fe(OH)3 + 3 H
Fe3+ + 3 H2O
Fe3+ + SCNFe(SCN)3 () - Nhn bit Fe3+
MnCl2 + (NH4)2S
MnS + 2 NH4Cl - Nhn bit Mn2+
Cu 2: (2 im)
1.
2.
1.
M Aa Bb 10 -4
392 .10 4
= 200.10.1,02.
.
2.96 .98
a.M Ab
p
V .C.M .
(g)
z. p.10
i vi mi trng acid:
m=
V .C.M . 200.0,05.158.
=
0,3258(g)
z. p.10
5.97.10
V .C.M . 200.0,05.158.
=
0,5429(g)
z. p.10
3.97.10
Cu 3: (2 im)
xc nh hm lng Al 3+ c trong mt mu qung Boxit, ngi ta
tin hnh phng php phn tch khi lng m0(g) mu , v chuyn v
dng Al(OH)3, sau nung thnh Al 2O3 nng m1(g), th qua 5 ln th nghim
c cc gi tr cn nh sau:
STN
m0(g)
0,5124
0,5001
0,5204
0,5099
0,5112
m1(g)
0,4981
0,4882
0,4996
0,4788
0,5019
3,18
2,78
2,57
2,45
0,77
0,64
0,56
0,51
Gii
S chuyn ho: Mu (Al)
Nn: % Al3+ = K.
Al(OH)3
Al2O3
m1
m1
m
2.27
. 100 =
. 100= 52,94. 1
27.2 16.3 m 0
m0
m0
116
m0(g)
0,5124
0,5001
0,5204
0,5099
0,5112
m1(g)
0,4981
0,4882
0,4996
0,4788
0,5019
% Al
51,4637
51,6814
50,8251
49,7122
51,9780
Xc nh dy s thc:
49,7122
50,8251
51,4637
51,9780
51,9780
Ta c: Q (51,9780) =
51,6814
51,9780
51,6814
= 0,1309 < Q lt = 0,64
49,7122
Q (51,6814) =
51,6814
51,9780
51,4637
= 0,096 < Q lt = 0,64
49,7122
Q (51,4637) =
51,4637 50,8251
= 0,282 < Q lt = 0,64
51,9780 49,7122
Q (50,8251) =
50,8251 49,7122
= 0,491 < Q lt = 0,64
51,9780 49,7122
t.S
n
2,78 .0,8996667
5
= 1,118514
%Al
52,25%
Cu 4: 2 im
Thit lp cng thc tnh th in cc E (v) khi chun V 0 (ml) dung dch
Fe2+ C0N
a)
b)
c)
d)
0
Bit E Fe
/ Fe2
0
= + 0,68 (v), ECe
/ Ce 3
= + 1,44(v)
Gii
Phn ng chun :
Ce4+ + 1 e
Fe3+ + 1 e
Fe2+ + Ce4+
Ce3+
Fe2+
(1)
E 20 = 0,68 (v)
(2)
Fe3+ + Ce3+
117
Khi chun :
V0 C 0
V0 V
VC
V0
VC V0 C 0
V0 V
V V
V .C
= F : ([Ce4+ ] - [Fe2+ ]) 0
= F-1
V0 C 0
V0 C 0
(3)
V0 C 0
V0 V
[Fe2+ ] = (1 - F)
0 : (3)
V0 C 0
V0 V
E + 0,059 lg
F
[ Fe3 ]
=
[ Fe 2 ] 1 F
F
[ Fe3 ]
= 0,68 + 0,059 lg
2
1 F
[ Fe ]
0
1
Nn: E1 = E
E2 = E
Do : Etd =
0
2
[ Fe3 ]
+ 0,059 lg
= Etd.
[ Fe 2 ]
1,44 0,68
= 1,06
2
0 : (3)
[Ce4+ ] = (F - 1)
V0 C 0
(4)
V0 V
V0 C 0
V0 V
[Fe3+ ] = [Ce3+ ]
Nn: (4)
[Ce 4 ]
[Ce 4 ]
=
F
1.
Do
:
E
=
E
+
0,059
lg
[Ce 3 ]
[Ce 3 ]
118
Cu 5: 2 im
Cho 50mL dung dch CH 3COOH 0,1M c chun bi V (mL) dung dch
NaOH 0,1M
a)
b)
c)
S bin i mu
Khong pH
Dng acid
Dng baz
Metyl vng
2,9 4,0
Vng
BromCresol lc
3,8 5,4
Vng
Xanh bin
Clo phenol
4,8 6,4
Vng
Alizarin
10 12
Vng
Tm
Gii
a)
V a Vb
[H ]
+
=1-F
C a .Va
K a [H ]
V(mL)
pH
2,88
10
4,16
25
4,76
40
5,36
49
6,45
49,9
7,46
50
8,73
50,1
10,00
60
11,96
75
12,30
119
S = ([H+] [OH-]).
S = (10
-7,46
-6,54
- 10
C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
)
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
Khong pH
pT
Metyl vng
2,9 4,0
3,45
BromCresol lc
3,8 5,4
4,6
Clo phenol
4,8 6,4
5,6
Alizarin
10 12
11
Vi MY: pT = 3,45
S = ([H+] [OH-]).
-3,45
= (10
C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
-10,55
- 10
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
)
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
= (10-4,6 - 10-9,4 )
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
= (10-5,6 - 10-8,4 )
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
120
= (10-11 - 10-3 )
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
2,1949%
2.
1.
2.
Cc phn ng xy ra:
Ag+ + Cl
AgCl (trng)
AgCl + 2 NH3
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 2 H+
AgCl + 2NH4+
Fe3+ + 3 OHMn2+ + 2 OHCu2+ 2 OH-
Fe(OH)3
Mn(OH)2
Cu(OH)2
121
Cu2+ + S2-
CuS (en)
Mn(OH)2 + NH4Cl
2 MnCl2 + 2 NH4OH
+
Fe(OH)3 + 3 H
Fe3+ + 3 H2O
Fe3+ + SCNFe(SCN)3 ()
- Nhn bit Fe3+
MnCl2 + (NH4)2S
MnS + 2 NH4Cl - Nhn bit Mn2+
CuS + 2H+
Cu2+ + H2S
- Nhn bit Cu2+
Cu 2: 2 im
1. Pha 1(L) dung dch K4[Fe(CN)6] 200ppm (d= 1,12 g/mL) t dung dch
2.
1.
Cppm.V .d
.10 - 4, th th
%
d 0 .C
M Aa Bb 10 -4
572 .10 4
.
= 200.10.1,02.
62,65.10-4 (g)
2.96 .98
a.M Ab
p
0,0063(g)
Cu 3: 2 im
xc nh hm lng Fe3+ c trong mt mu qung Pyrit, ngi ta
tin hnh phng php phn tch khi lng m0(g) mu , v chuyn v
dng Fe(OH)3, sau nung thnh Fe 2O3 nng m1(g), th qua 5 ln th nghim
c cc gi tr cn nh sau:
STN
m0(g)
0,5124
0,5001
0,5204
0,5099
0,5112
m1(g)
0,4981
0,4882
0,4996
0,4788
0,5019
122
3,18
2,78
2,57
2,45
0,77
0,64
0,56
0,51
Gii
S chuyn ho: Mu (Fe)
Nn: % Fe3+ = K.
Fe(OH)3
Fe2O3
m1
m1
m
2.56
. 100 =
. 100= 0,7. 1
56.2 16.3 m 0
m0
m0
m0(g)
0,5124
0,5001
0,5204
0,5099
0,5112
m1(g)
0,4981
0,4882
0,4996
0,4788
0,5019
% Fe
68,0464
68,3343
67,2021
65,7305
68,7265
Xc nh dy s thc:
65,7305 67,2021
68,0464
68,3343
68,7265
Ta c:
Q (68,7265) =
68,7265
68,7265
68,3343
= 0,1309 < Q lt = 0,64
65,7305
Q (68,3343) =
68,3343
68,7265
68,0464
= 0,096 < Q lt = 0,64
65,7305
Q (68,0464) =
68,0464
68,7265
67,2021
= 0,282 < Q lt = 0,64
65,7305
Q (67,2021) =
67,2021 65,7305
= 0,491 < Q lt = 0,64
68,7265 65,7305
t.S
n
2,78 .1,1895544
5
= 1,47891
%Fe
69,09 %
Cu 4: 2 im
Thit lp cng thc tnh pMg khi chun V0 (ml) dung dch Mg2+ C0N
bng V (ml) dung dch EDTA CN trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Tng qut khi chun
b) Trc xa im tng ng
123
c)
d)
Ti im tng ng
Sau xa im tng ng
MY
( )
V0 C 0
V0 V
VC
(1)
V0
(3)
V0 C 0 V .C
V0 V
(2)
(4)
Do (4)
[ MY ]
.[ M ]
V0 .C 0
[M ]
V0 V
[Y] =
.[M ]
V0 .C 0
[M ]
V V
V C V .C V 0 V
V0 V
( [M] ) 0
=( 0 0
)
V0 C 0
V0 V
V0 C 0
.[M ]
V0 .C 0
[M ]
V V
V0 V
( [M] ) 0
=1-F
V0 C 0
.[M ]
(5)
V0 C 0
V0 V
Ti im tng ng : ( F = 1)
Phng trnh (5) vit li: .[M]2 + [M] Ti st im tng ng : [M]
V0 C 0
=0
V0 V
[Y]
(5)
V0 .C 0
[M ]
V0 V
= (F - 1)
.[M ]
V0 C 0
V0 V
124
Cu 5: 2 im
Cho 50mL dung dch CH3COOH 0,001M c chun bi V (mL) dung
dch NaOH 0,001M
a)
b)
c)
S bin i mu
Khong pH
Dng acid
Dng baz
Metyl vng
2,9 4,0
Vng
BromCresol lc
3,8 5,4
Vng
Xanh bin
Clo phenol
4,8 6,4
Vng
Alizarin
10 12
Vng
Tm
Gii
a)
b)
V a Vb
[H ]
+
=1-F
C a .Va
K a [H ]
V(mL)
pH
3,91
10
4,30
25
4,80
40
5,38
49
6,45
49,9
7,46
50
7,73
50,1
8,00
60
9,96
75
10,30
125
Nn S = ([H+] [OH-]).
S = (10
-7,46
-6,54
- 10
C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
)
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
Khong pH
pT
Metyl vng
2,9 4,0
3,45
BromCresol lc
3,8 5,4
4,6
Clo phenol
4,8 6,4
5,6
Alizarin
10 12
11
Vi MY: pT = 3,45
C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
S = ([H+] [OH-]).
= (10
-3,45
-10,55
- 10
0,001 0,001
10 7,46
)
+
0,001 .0,001
10 4,75 10
7, 46
Vi B.C.L: pT = 4,6
C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
S = ([H+] [OH-]).
= (10-4,6 - 10-9,4 )
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
C a Cb
[H ]
+
C a .C b
K a [H ]
S = ([H+] [OH-]).
= (10-5,6 - 10-8,4 )
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
126
= (10-11 - 10-3 )
0,1 0,1
10 7,46
+
0,1.0,1
10 4,75 10
7, 46
200,20 %
2.
1.
2.
Cc phn ng xy ra:
Ag+ + Cl
AgCl (trng)
AgCl + 2 NH3
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + 2 H+
Ca2+ + SO42
CaSO4 + CO32-
[Ag(NH3)2]+ + Cl
AgCl + 2NH4+
CaSO4
CaCO3 + SO42
127
CaCO3 + 2 CH3COOH
(CH3COO)2 Ca + CO2 + H2O
Ca2+ + C2O4 2CaC2O4
- Nhn bit Ca2+
Al3+ + 3 NH3 + 3 H2O
Al(OH)3 + 3 H+
Al3+ + 3 H2O
Al3+ + Alizarin
Fe3+ + 3 OHMn2+ + 2 OHCu2+ 2 OHZn2+ + S2-
Al(OH)3 + 3 NH4+.
phc ca Al3+
Fe(OH)3
Mn(OH)2
Cu(OH)2
ZnS (trng)
Fe(OH)3 + 3 H+
Fe3+ + SCN-
Fe3+ + 3 H2O
Fe(SCN)3 ()
Cu 2: 2 im
1. Pha 500(mL) dung dch K3[Fe(CN)6] 20ppm (d= 1,12 g/mL) t dung
dch K3[Fe(CN)6] 5% (d=1,24g/mL)
2. Tnh khi lng tinh th rn (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.16H2O (M=572 vC)
97% pha c 200(mL) dung dch (NH4+) 10ppm (khi lng
1.
Cppm.V.d
.10 - 4,
%
d 0 .C
M Aa Bb 10 -4
572 .10 4
.
= 200.10.1,02.
334,16.10-4 (g)
2.18 .97
a.M Ab
p
0,0334(g)
Cu 3: 2 im
Ht 5 ml dung dch mu Al 3+ Cx (chnh mu v pH = 5 bng cch cho
NH4OH vo) + 5ml m pH = 5,5 + 10 ml dung dch EDTA 0,1N+ 3 git ch th
axit Sunfosalicilic, lm 5 mu trong 5 bnh nn 250ml
Chun bng dung dch Fe 3+ 0,1N cho n khi dung dch chuyn t
khng mu sang nu th o c th tch dung dch Fe 3+ l V0(mL), theo kt
qu:
128
Mu s
V0 (mL)
1
9,8
2
9,7
3
9,7
4
9,6
5
9,8
10
12,7
4,3
3,18
2,78
2,57
2,45
2,37
2,31
2,23
1,22
0,94
0,77
0,64
0,56
0,51
0,47
0,44
0,41
5. Cx = (10 -
V0). 0,1
Cx = (10 - V0).
Mu s
0,1
. V0 = 0,02. (10 - V0).
5
Cx. 10
8
6
6
4
8
Vi = 95%, n = 5 th: QLth = 0,64 v t= 2,78: dy s vit li l:
4
4
6
6
8
Kim tra sai s th bo:
Cx (8) =
8 6
= 0,5 < QLth.
8 4
Cx (6) =
6 4
= 0,5 < QLth.
8 4
t.S
n
2,78 .0,00167332
5
= 2,08. 10 -3.
Cx (Al3+)
0,00768 M
Thit lp cng thc tnh pAg khi chun V0 (ml) dung dch Cl- C0N
bng V(ml) dung dch Ag+ CN trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Tng qut khi chun
129
b)
c)
Trc xa im tng ng
Ti im tng ng
d)
Sau xa im tng ng
Gii
+
b)
[Cl- ]
V0 V
V0 C 0
[Ag+ ] =
V0 C 0
V0 V
(t
V .C
= F)
V0 C 0
= 1-F
(1)
V0 V
Tt
[ Ag ] V 0 C 0
= 1-F
= 1-F
V0 V
Tt
V 0 C 0 (1 F )
Tt
=
[ Ag ]
Tt
pAg = -
d)
V0
c)
VC
V0 C 0 V .C
V0 V
V0 V
V0 C 0
(Tt = 10 - 9,75 )
AgCl
( [Ag+ ] -
1
lg Tt
2
[Cl-]
V V
Tt
) 0
= F-1
V0 C 0
[ Ag ]
[Ag+ ]
V0 V
= F-1
V0 C 0
[Ag+ ] = (F-1)
V0 C 0
V0 V
dung dch 40 - 45 0C. Thm 2ml NH3 c cho n khi dung dch ha vng.
ngui hn thm tip 5ml NH 3 c. un cch thy 30 pht. Tin hnh lc
nng qua giy lc bng xanh vi k thut lc gn (bng cch dng dung dch
NH3 1:10 ra kt ta cho n ht ion Cl , th bng AgNO3). Tip tc ra kt
ta 2 ln, mi ln 5ml NH 4NO3 0,05N. Chuyn giy lc cha kt ta vo chn
nung, tro ha chn mu trn bp in n khi giy lc ha en, chuyn vo l
nung chnh ti nhit 850 oC, nung khong 40 pht (ti khi kt ta trng),
ly ra bnh ht m 5 pht, cn c phn rn l 0,0725(g).
b)
c)
a)
b)
b)
a)
S chuyn ho mu (MgSO4.7H2O)
Nn %MgSO4 =K.
MgNH4PO4
Mg2P2O7.
0,0725
m1
2.246
. 100 =
. 100 = 82,72(%)
222 0,1982 .0,98
m0
P N TRC NGHIM
1a - 2b - 3d - 4d - 5a - 6c - 7b - 8c - 9b - 10b - 11d - 12d 13a - 14b - 15b - 16a - 17d - 18a - 19d - 20a - 21a - 22a - 23d
- 24d - 25d - 26b
131
m
216
m
= 10 - 2
216
m = 2,16(g)
m.20
100.90
m = 4,5 (g)
V ( H2C2O4 20%) =
4,5
= 3,63(ml)
1,24
Nn:
b/
a)
a/
80.50
= 0,2083 (mol)
100.192
khi lng ca
100
= 83,363(g)
98
158
= 0,1317 (g)
3
132
100
= 0,1344(g)
98
b.
c.
100
= 87,72 (mL)
1,14
4.
Ho tan 0,2g qung thnh dung dch (A) cha Fe 3+. Hi cn phi dng
bao nhiu mL dung dch NH3 1,89% (d = 0,99g/mL) kt ta hon ton
Fe3+. Bit trong qung c cha n 30% Fe
Gii
Khi lng Fe trong qung = 0,2. 0,3 = 0,06g Fe
Phn ng to ta: Fe3+ +3 NH4OH
Fe(OH)3 + 3 NH4+
Th s mol ca Fe l
0,06
56
s mol ca NH3 = 3.
0,06
56
1
0,06 17
.
.100
.
56 1,89 0,99
2,92 (mL)
hm lng 10 - 4 g/L
lng (NH4)2C2O4 cho vo vi Ca2+, tc (A)
gm 2 lng:
(A) to c CaC2O4 kt ta
(A) tan to CaC2O4 d tan ( 10 - 4 g/L)
Do : s mol ca Ca2+ ban u =
0,4154.0,43
= 3,189. 10 - 3 .
56
2-
(V
0,25 ). 10
128 .0,25
T
1,78.10 9.128.0,25
d] =
=
[Ca 2 ]
(V 0,25).10 4
1,78.10 9.128.0,25
.(V + 0,25). 124 = 0,0763 (g)
(V 0,25).10 4
0,07063
100 = 1,76(g)
4
Vy khi lng dung dch (A) ban u l 1,76 + 9,875 = 11,635 (g)
6.
a/
b/
a)
Tnh pH dung dch thu c khi pha trn 100 ml NaOH 0,1 N v 50
ml NH4OH 0,1 N (Kb =1,78.10 -5)
Tnh pH dung dch thu c khi pha trn 100 ml HCl 0,1 N v 100
ml NaOH 0,1 N v 100ml Na2SO4 0,2M
Gii
Theo cch gii gn ng:
V tnh baz ca NaOH ln hn rt nhiu so vi NH4OH, nn pH
trong dung dch cng l pH ca NaOH, do :
[OH-] = 0,1N
pOH = 1
pH = 13
Theo cch gii chnh xc:
Trong dung dch c s in ly ca NH4OH :
NH4OH
NH4+ + OH(Kb )
Nng ban u:
Nng cn bng
50.0,1
100 50
50.0,1
:
-x
100 50
100.0,1
100 50
x+
100.0,1
100 50
134
Kb =
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
[ NH 4 OH ]
1
x)
15
1
(
x)
30
x(
x2 + (
1
+ 1,78.10
15
- 5
) x -
1
.
30
1,78.10 - 5 = 0
Gii phng trnh bc hai trn theo x ta c x = 7,958. 10 - 4
pOH = 1,17
Vy: trong dung dch thu c pH = 12,83
b) Do s ng lng gam ca HCl bng NaOH v dung dch thu
c l cc mui trung ho, nn pH dung dch thu c l 7 (pH
=7)
7.
a/
b/
a)
b)
Tnh pH dung dch thu c khi pha trn 100 ml HCl 0,1 N v 100
ml NaOH 0,1 N v 50ml Na2SO4
Tnh pH hn hp 50 ml NaOH 0,1 N v 150 ml NH4OH 0,1 N
Gii
Do s ng lng gam ca HCl bng NaOH v dung dch thu
c l cc mui trung ho, nn pH dung dch thu c l 7 (pH
=7)
Theo cch gii gn ng: (khng chm im cho cch gii ny, v
qu sai)
Vi tnh baz ca NaOH ln hn rt nhiu so vi NH4OH, nn pH trong
dung dch cng l pH ca NaOH, do :
[OH-] = 0,1N
pOH = 1
pH = 13 (khng chn p s ny)
Theo cch gii chnh xc:
Xt s in ly ca NH4OH:
NH4OH
NH4+ + OH(Kb )
Nng ban u:
Nng cn bng
Kb=
8.
150.0,1
150 50
150.0,1
:
-x
150 50
50.0,1
150 50
50.0,1
+x
150 50
a)
b)
a)
x
0,1
Nn: KCB =
b)
x
0,001
Nn: KCB =
9.
OH0
x
x
CCl3COO- + H+
0
0
x
x
x = 0,001. 54 % = 54. 10 5.
x2
(54. 10 -5 ) 2
=
54. 10 7
-5
0,001 x 0,001 54. 10
ka = 10
x2
Kb =
0,01 x
4,75
10 14
Kb =
= 10 9,25
4,75
10
x2 + 10 9,25 x - 10 11,25 = 0
b)
c)
d)
a)
b)
ka = 10 4,75 =
x(0,2 x )
0,1 x
[H+] = 8,89.10 6
100.0,1
= 6,67. 10 2 M
100 50
50.0,2
[CH3COONa] =
= 6,67. 10 2 M
100 50
[CH3COOH] =
c)
ka = 10 4,75 =
CH3COO+
2
6,67. 10
x
6,67.10 2 + x
H+
0
x
x
x(6,67 .10 2 x )
6,67 .10 2 x
x(0,2 x )
0,1 x
[OH-] = 8,89.10 6
137
d)
50.0,1
= 3,33. 10 2 M
100 50
100.0,2
= 13,3. 10 2 M
100 50
NH4+
+
2
13,3. 10
x
13,3. 10 2 + x
OH0
x
x
x(0,133 x )
0,033 x
[ H ].[IO3 ]
h2
=
0,01 h
[ HIO3 ]
h2 + 10 - 0,79 h - 10 - 2,79 = 0
b)
h 9,45 .10
=
0,01
C
pH = 2,0245
= 0,945
= 94,5%
0,02. 10 -4
0,01 0,02
0,01.0,01
;
0,01 0,02
138
Nn [H+] =
c)
0,02. 10 -4
0,01.0,01
+
= 0,0034
0,01 0,02
0,01 0,02
pH = 2,47
19. 10 -4
19
=
. 10 - 2 .
0,01 0,02
3
[NaIO3 ] =
1. 10 -4
1
= .10 - 2
0,01 0,02
3
d)
19
. 10 - 2
3
pOH = 1,2
Vy pH = 12,8
Phn ng trung ho: HIO3 + NaOH
Na IO3 + H2O
Theo :
S mol ca HIO3 l 0,01. 0,01 = 10 - 4 (mol)
S mol ca NaOH l 0,001. 0,02 = 0,2.10 - 4 (mol)
Nn sau khi pha trn dung dch c:
S mol ca HIO3 d l: 0,8. 10 - 4 (mol)
[HIO3 ] =
0,8. 10 -4
8
= . 10 - 3
0,01 0,02
3
0,2. 10 -4
2
= . 10 - 3 .
0,01 0,02
3
8
. 10 - 3
3
pH = 2,57
Cch gii chnh xc:
Nu khng xem HIO3 l mt acid mnh tng ng vi NaOH th
hng trinh in ly:
HIO3
H+ + IO3- (K = 10 - 0,79 )
Nng ban u:
8
. 10 - 3
3
2
. 10 - 3 .
3
139
8
2
. 10 - 3- h
h
. 10 - 3 + h
3
3
2
h( .10 3 h)
[ H ].[IO3 ]
Th: K(A) =
= 3
8
[ HIO3 ]
.10 3 h
3
2
8
h2 + ( . 10 - 3 + 10 - 0,79) h - . 10 - 3 . 10 - 0,79 = 0
3
3
Nng cn bng:
Gii tm c h = 2,61. 10 - 3
pH = 2,58
12. Dung dch A l dung dch HClO2 0,01N (pKa = 1,97)
a) Tnh in ly v pH ca dung dch A.
b) Ht chnh xc 10ml dung dch A cho vo 20ml dung dch HCl 10- 4 N.
Tnh pH ca dung dch to thnh
c) Ht chnh xc 10 ml dung dch A cho vo 20 ml dung dch NaOH 10 1
N. Tnh pH ca dung dch to thnh
d) Ht chnh xc 10 ml dung dch A cho vo 20 ml dung dch NaOH 103
N. Tnh pH ca dung dch to thnh.
Gii
a) Phng trinh in ly: HClO2
H+ + ClO2- (K = 10 - 1,97 )
Tm pH ca dung dch:
Ta c: K(A) =
h2
0,01 h
h2 + 10 - 1,97 h - 10 - 3,97 = 0
6,29 .10
h
=
0,01
C
pH = 2,2
= 0,629
= 62,9%
0,01.0,01
0,01 0,02
0,02. 10 -4
0,01 0,02
Nng cn bng
0,01
:
3
2.10
3
2
.10 4 )
3
Nn: K(A) =
= 10 - 1,97
0,01
x
3
2
0,01
x2 + ( .10 - 4 + 10 - 1,97 ) x 10 - 1,97 = 0
3
3
2
[H+] = .10 - 4 + 2,65794.10 - 3
pH = 2,56
3
x.(x
140
c)
19. 10 -4
19
=
. 10 - 2 .
0,01 0,02
3
1. 10 -4
1
= . 10 - 2 .
0,01 0,02
3
d)
19
. 10 - 2
3
pOH = 1,2
Vy pH = 12,8
Phn ng trung ho: HClO2 + NaOH
NaClO2 + H2O
Theo :
S mol ca HClO2 l 0,01. 0,01 = 10 - 4 (mol)
S mol ca NaOH l 0,001. 0,02 = 0,2.10 - 4 (mol)
Nn sau khi pha trn dung dch c:
S mol ca HClO2 d l: 0,8. 10 - 4 (mol)
[HIO3 ] =
0,8. 10 -4
8
= . 10 - 3
0,01 0,02
3
0,2. 10 -4
2
= . 10 - 3
0,01 0,02
3
8
. 10 - 3
3
8
. 10 - 3- h
3
H+ + ClO2-
(K = 10 - 1,97 )
2
. 10 - 3 .
3
2
. 10 - 3 + h
3
2
h( .10 3 h)
Th: K(A) = 3
8
.10 3 h
3
2
8
h2 + ( . 10 - 3 + 10 - 1,97) h - . 10 - 3 . 10 - 1,97 = 0
3
3
Gii tm c h = 2,117. 10 - 3
pH = 2,67
141
[ H ].[ SCN ]
h2
=
[ HSCN ]
0,01 h
h2 + 10 - 0,6 h - 10 - 2,6 = 0
b)
h 9,63 .10
=
0,01
C
pH = 2,016
= 0,963
= 96,3%
0,02. 10 -4
0,01 0,02
0,01.0,01
0,01 0,02
0,02. 10 -4
0,01.0,01
Nn [H ] =
+
= 0,0034
0,01 0,02
0,01 0,02
+
c)
pH = 2,47
19. 10 -4
19
=
. 10 - 2 .
0,01 0,02
3
1. 10 -4
1
= . 10 - 2 .
0,01 0,02
3
142
d)
19
. 10 - 2
3
pOH = 1,2
Vy pH = 12,8
Phn ng trung ho: HSCN + NaOH
Na SCN + H2O
Theo :
S mol ca HSCN l 0,01. 0,01 = 10 - 4 (mol)
S mol ca NaOH l 0,001. 0,02 = 0,2.10 - 4 (mol)
Nn sau khi pha trn dung dch c:
S mol ca HSCN d l: 0,8. 10 - 4 (mol)
[HSCN ] =
0,8. 10 -4
8
= . 10 - 3 .
0,01 0,02
3
0,2. 10 -4
2
= . 10 - 3 .
0,01 0,02
3
8
. 10 - 3
3
pH = 2,57
Cch gii chnh xc:
Nu khng xem HSCN l mt acid mnh tng ng vi NaOH th
theo hng trinh in ly:
HSCN
H+ + SCN(K = 10 - 0,79 )
Nng ban u:
8
. 10 - 3
3
2
. 10 - 3 .
3
8
2
. 10 - 3- h
h
. 10 - 3 + h
3
3
2
h( .10 3 h)
[ H ].[ SCN ]
Th: K(A) =
= 3
8
[ HSCN ]
.10 3 h
3
2
8
h2 + ( . 10 - 3 + 10 - 0,79) h - . 10 - 3 . 10 - 0,79 = 0
3
3
Nng cn bng:
Gii tm c h = 2,61. 10 - 3
pH = 2,58
14. Trong bnh nh mc 100ml dung dch CH3 COOH 20% ( d = 1,1g/ml),
pKa = 4,75
a) Ht chnh xc 20 ml dung dch CH 3 COOH trn, ri pha vi V ml H2O
th thu c dung dch mi c nng 0,5M. Tnh V.
143
10.C%.d 10.20.1,1 11
=
= M
M
60
3
20
0,5
=
11
V
0,5
3
a)
b)
CH3COO- + H+
11
3
Nng ban u:
20 80
11
20.
3 -h
Nng cn bng:
20 80
11
(
h)
15
20.
Ta c c:KA =
(ka = 10 4,75)
80 .10 3
20 80
80 .10 3
+h
20 80
(0,8.10 3 + h)
h(0,8.10 3 h)
11
h
15
h2 + (0,8.10 3 + 10 4,75 )h -
c)
V = 126,67mL
11
.10 4,75 = 0
15
h = 3,225. 10 3
pH = 2,49
Khi pha trn xy ra phn ng:
CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
11
22
. 10 3 =
. 10 2
3
3
1,5
s mol ca NaOH = 10. 0,5. 10 3 =
. 10 2
3
20,5
Nn s mol ca CH3COOHd l:
. 10 2
3
s mol ca CH3COOH = 20
20 ,5.10 2
v nng n l
= 0,62M
3.0,11
144
V s mol ca mui to ra l
v nng ca n l
1,5
. 10 2
3
1,5.10 2
= 0,045M
3.0,11
h(0,045 h)
0,62 h
b)
20
1
=
2 1
V
Nng ban u:
20.2
20 80
Nng cn bng:
20.2
-h
20 80
(0,4 - h)
Ta c c:KA =
c)
V = 20mL
CH3COO- + H+
(ka = 10 4,75)
80 .10 3
20 80
80 .10 3
+h
20 80
(0,8.10 3 + h)
h(0,8.10 3 h)
0,4 h
3,5.10
0,11
= 0,32M
0,5.10
0,11
= 0,045M
h(0,045 h)
0,32 h
x2
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
0,1 x
[ NH 4 OH ]
x2 + 10 - 4,75 x - 10 - 5,75 = 0
- 3
146
Nng cn bng:
Kb =
0,01 - x
x2
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
0,01 x
[ NH 4 OH ]
x2 + 10 - 4,75 x - 10 - 6,75 = 0
x2
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
0,1 x
[ NH 4 OH ]
x2 + 10 - 4,75 x - 10 - 5,75 = 0
x2
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
0,01 x
[ NH 4 OH ]
x2 + 10 - 4,75 x - 10 - 6,75 = 0
x2
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
0,1 x
[ NH 4 OH ]
x2 + 10 - 9,24 x - 10 - 10,24 = 0
Nng ban u
100.0,1
100 50
100.0,1
x+
100 50
Nng ban u
100.0,01
100 50
100.0,01
x+
100 50
NaOH
Do s in ly ca NH4OH:
NH4OH
NH4+ + OH-
50.0,1
100 50
50.0,1
Nng cn bng :
-x
x
100 50
1
x.(x
)
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
150
Kb =
=
5
[ NH 4 OH ]
x
150
1
1
x2 + (
+ 10 - 4,75) x .10 - 4,75 = 0
30
150
Nng ban u
(Kb)
100.0,01
100 50
100.0,01
x+
100 50
150.0,1
150 50
150.0,1
:
-x
150 50
50.0,1
150 50
50.0,1
x+
150 50
x.( x 0,025 )
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
0,075 x
[ NH 4 OH ]
150.0,1
150 50
50.0,01
150 50
149
Nng cn bng
Kb =
150.0,1
-x
150 50
x+
50.0,01
150 50
x.( x 0,0025 )
[ NH 4 ].[OH ]
=
0,075 x
[ NH 4 OH ]
50 .0,05
= 25 (mL)
0,1
[H+] =
50 .0,05 24 ,9.0,1
= 1,34. 10 - 4
50 24 ,9
150
25 .0,1 50 .0,05
= 1,33. 10 - 4
25,1 50
pOH = 3,88
pH = 14 - pOH = 10,12
26. Vit phng trnh phn ng v tnh th oxy ha kh ca phn ng khi
cho 10 ml Fe2+ 0,1N pha trn vi 10 ml dung dch KMnO 4 0,1N trong mi
trng acid. Nu ch thm 5 ml dung dch KMnO 4 0,1N th th oxy ha
kh ca phn ng l bao nhiu.
0
0
Bit E Fe
= + 0,68 (v), E MnO
= + 1,52(v)
/ Fe
/ Mn
3
Gii
Fe3+ + 1 e
Fe2+
MnO-4 + 8 H+ + 5 e
Mn2+ + 4 H2O
E 20 = 1,51(v)
5 Fe3+ + MnO-4 + 8 H+
Mn2+ + 5 Fe3+ + 4 H2O
Theo :
S ng lng gam ca Fe3+ = 0,01. 0,1 = 0,001
S ng lng gam ca MnO-4 = 0,01. 0,1 = 0,001
Nn s ng lng gam ca chng bng nhau, tc l s pha trn ny
t ti im tng ng, khi : E =
0,68 5.1,52
= 1,38 (v)
6
1
Etd = 0,69 (v)
2
F
1 F
= 0,68 (v)
151
Nhm:...........
Kho:........
Tn tr gio:.............................
Cho mt dung dch nc cha r cha loi ion no. Hy trnh by cch
nhn bit cc ion Al3+, Zn2+, Pb 2+, Ba2+ c trong dung dch :
a)
b)
Cu 2
Khi phn tch hm lng Na 2SO4 c trong 0,3579(g) mui rn NaCl, th
em nh mc mui ny thnh 250mL dung dch, sau ht ra 50mL dung
dch em phn tch bng phng php khi lng th thu c 0,0041(g)
BaSO4 khan.
a) Tnh hm lng % Na2SO4 c trong mui rn NaCl ban u
b) Tnh nng dung dch NaCl trong 250mL bnh nh mc, bit rng
khi lng ring ca dung dch ny l 1.12g/mL v mui NaCl ch
ln Na2SO4 m thi
Gii
Cu 1
a)
152
b)
Cc phn ng xy ra:
(1): Pb2++ 2Cl
PbCl2
(2): Pb2++ 2I
PbI2
BaSO4
BaCO3 + SO42
Ba2+ + CO2 + CH3COO-
BaCO3 + CH3COOH
Ba2+ + CrO4 2(5): Al3+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O
Zn2+ + 3NH3 + 3H2O
Zn(OH)2 + 2NH3
(6): Al(OH)3 + 3H+
Al3+ + Alizarin S
(7): [Zn(NH3)2]2+ + S2-
BaCrO4
Al(OH)3 + 3NH4+
Zn(OH)2 + 3NH4+
[Zn(NH3)2]2+ + 2OHAl3+ + 3 H2O
phc mu (ta hoc dung dch)
ZnS + 2 NH3 .
Cu 2
a)
S chuyn i: Na2SO4
Nn K =
.M Na 2 SO4
.M BaSO4
250
142
= 0,609 v F =
=5
233
50
Vy hm lng % Na2SO4 =
b)
BaSO4 (t l 1: 1)
0,0041 .250
.0,609.100 3,49%.
0,3579 .50
100 3,49
0,3454(g)
100
s mol ca NaCl =
0,3454
58,5
5,9. 10 3 (mol)
V th nng % dung dch thu c l:
Hay nng mol/ L l:
0,3454
.100 0,12(%)
280.
0,0059
0,023(M)
0,25
154
Nhm:...........
Kho:........
Tn tr gio:.............................
Cu 1
Phn ng ti im tng ng:
Va .C a
V a Vb
Va .C a
Va
([H+] [OH-]).
Vb .C b
Vb
Va Vb
=1-F
Va .C a
Vb .C b
V a Vb
(V [H+]p = [OH-]p )
(t
Vb .C b
Va .C a
F)
(1)
(2)
Va Vb
=1-F
Va .C a
- [OH-].
[OH-]= (F 1)(
pOH
pH
Khi Va
(2)
Vb .C b
)
V a Vb
([H+] -
10
14
[H ]
1),( F
1)
Va Vb
= (1 F)
Va .C a
pH
Va Vb
=1-F
Va .C a
Tm [H+]
pH
Ti im tng ng ( Va = Vtng ng ) ( F = 1)
[H+] = [OH-] = 10-7
Cu 2
a)
b)
pH= 7
8,1 10,1
= 9,1. Nn [H+] = 10 9,1 v [OH-] =
2
10 4,9
M Sai s ca phng php chun acid mnh baz mnh l
S=
C a Cb
0,152 0,1
([H+] [OH-]) =
(10 9,1 - 10 4,9) = - 0,000208
0,152 .0,1
C a .C b
S = 0,0208%
Tng t khi xt s chun dng ch th MO c khong i mu l
3,1 - 4,4 th pT =
3,1 4,4
= 3,75, nn [H+] = 10 3,75 v [OH-] = 10
2
10,25
C a Cb
0,152 0,1
10 14
+
Do : S =
([H ]
) =
(10
0,152 .0,1
C a .C b
[H ]
3,75
- 10
10,25
) =
0,00295
S = 0,295%
156
157
tng kt
Thao tc thc hnh, cc cu tr li trong khi th nghim, tho lun
im thc
hnh, tho
im bi
kim tra
im bi bo
co, tiu lun,
lun (TH)
(KT)
bn v (BC)
30%
20%
40%
10%
V d:
im bi 1 = (TP)Bi 1 x 0,1 + (TH)bi 1 x 0,3 + (KT) bi 1 x 0,2 + (BC)
bi 1 x 0,4
im bi 2 = (TP)Bi
(BC) bi 2 x 0,4
...............
x 0,1 + (TH)bi
im mn hc thc hnh =
1
n
x 0,3 + (KT)
bi 2
x 0,2 +
( iem Bi i)
i 1
Cch xp loi im ca mn hc
im
Xp loi
Khng t
8- 10
Gii
7- cn 8
Kh
5- cn 7
Trung bnh
3,5-cn 5
Yu
< 3,5
Km
159
duy
Vi cc bi kim tra, cn c thang im r rng n 0,5 . Khng nht
thit mi i tng u c mt thang im ging nhau. V y vn t duy
v kh nng sng to trong bi gii c nh ga cao nht
Vi cc bi bo co th nghim, vic nh gi phi ng u cc khu:
tc phong lm thc hnh, hnh vi ng x trong thi gian phng th nghim,
kin thc tr li cu hi ca gio trnh v nht l s chun b nh trc khi
vo phng th nghim v c s l thuyt c hc trong gi ln lp l
thuyt
Trong khi chm im cc hot ng trong mn hc, gio vin cn dnh ra
mt t l phn trm im nht nh cho vic nh gi v hnh vi, ng x, thao
tc, s tun th ni qui, qui ch trong lp hc, trong phng th nghim.
160
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2000
A.P.Kreskov (ngi dch: T Vng Nghi, Trn T Hiu), C s ha
hc phn tch, tp I, II,. Nh xut bn i hc v Trung hc chuyn
7.
8.
161