K.L.N.

COLLEGE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Pottapalayam 630 611, !"a#a$#a! %!&t'!(t.
Y)a' * +00, -+00., )m)&t)' * 6

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FA:LT ANALYI /ALANCE% FA:LT
I$t'o;1(t!o$ /ala$(); t0')) p0a&) 6a11t &0o't (!'(1!t (apa(!ty
&y&t)mat!( 6a1lt a$aly&!& 1&!$# 21& !mp);a$() mat'!< al#o'!t0m 6o'
6o'mat!o$ o6 t0) 21& !mp);a$() mat'!<.
EE 1352 - POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS
VI semester EEE Branch (2!-21 Batch"
#n$t % III % &a'(t Ana()s$s % Ba(ance* &a'(t
1
S)((a+'s ,
Introduction Balanced three phase fau1t short circuit capacity systematic fault
analysis using bus impedance matrix algorithm for formation of the bus impedance
matrix.
Intr-*'ct$-n ,
.a'ses -/ /a'(t ,
1. Insulation failure cable, insulator, insulation failure
2. Falling of a tree on a line.
3. Wind and ice loading on transmission line.
4. Vehicles colliding with supporting structures.
. !"erloading of underground cables.
#. $irds shorting the lines etc.
Nee* /-r sh-rt-c$rc'$t st'*) ,
1. %o determine the magnitude of currents flowing in the s&stem during fault.
2. %o select the ratings of fuses, circuit brea'ers, switchgear and rela& setting.
3. %o ma'e cable (oints.
4. %o chec' the )V* ratings of e+isting ,$.
. %o design the grounding s&stem properl&.
.(ass$/$cat$-n -/ /a'(ts ,
1. -&mmetrical faults.
2. .ns&mmetrical faults.
I S)mmetr$ca( /a'(ts ,
*ll 3 phases are shorted to each other and to ground also.
a/ !ccurrence is rare.
b/ -e"erest of all the t&pes of faults.
c/ Fault current is ma+imum.
II0 #ns)mmetr$ca( /a'(ts ,
2
!nl& one phase or two phases are in"ol"ed.
1. 0ine to 1round fault 201 fault/
2. 0ine to 0ine fault 200 fault/
3. 0ine to 0ine to 1round fault 2001 fault/
%he computation of fault currents for uns&mmetrical faults re3uires the 'nowledge of
SYMMETRI.AL .OMPONENTS0
&re1'enc) -/ -cc'rrence -/ 2ar$-'s /a'(ts ,
34phase faults . . . . 5
001 faults . . . . 165
00 faults . . . . 15
01 faults . . . . 765
A33r-4$mat$-ns $n M-*e(($n5 ,
10 S)nchr-n-'s mach$ne ,
8
d
9
Immediatel& after fault subtransient reactance and subtransient "oltage
8
d
:
*fter about 3 c&cles, transient reactance and transient "oltage.
8
d
-teaed& state reactance.
;
g
1enerated emf of alternator.
30 Trans/-rmer ,
-hunt elements of magneti<ing current and core loss components are neglected.

3
60 Transm$ss$-n ($ne ,
-hunt capacitances are neglected.
. *ll series resistances in generators, transmission lines and transformers are
neglected.
#. Flat profile is assumed in the initial stage. Initial prefault "oltage is 1= (6.
7. 0oad impedances are neglected >refault s&stem is unloaded s&stem.
?. >refault currents are neglected. If it is to be considered, the prefault current is
superimposed on post4fault currents.
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4
Trans$ents *'e t- sh-rt c$rc'$t $n 3 3hase a(ternat-r
,onsider a 3 phase alternator running on no4load. If a 3 phase fault occurs at the
terminals of the alternator then a hea"& short circuit flows on the armature circuit. %he
oscillogram of the short circuit current after remo"ing the @, off set current is shown
below A
&$50 1 S)mmetr$ca( three 3hase /a'(ts -n s)nchr-n-'s mach$nes
%he s&mmetrical short circuit current shown abo"e, can be di"ided into three
regions called subtransient, transient and stead& state region.
.nder stead& state short circuit conditions, the armature reaction of a s&n.
generator produces the demagneti<ing flu+. %his effect is represented as a reactance
called armature reaction reactance 8
a
. %he sum of lea'age reactance, 8
l
and 8
a
is called
s&nchronous reactance and denoted b& 8
d
. !n neglecting the armature resistance the
stead& state short circuit model of an alternator will be as shown in 22a/. *t the instant of
short circuit the @, off set current appears in all the 3 phases of stator. %his dc offset
current can induce currents in rotor field winding and damper winding b& transformer
action. %he increase in field current and damper winding current will set up flu+ in a
direction to augument the main flu+. %his effect can be represented b& two reactances in
parallel with 8
a
as shown in fig. 2.2b/. Bere 8
f
represents the flu+ created b& induced
current in the field winding and 8
dw
represents the flu+ created b& induced currents in the
damper winding. %he combined effect of all the three reactances is to reduce the total
reactance of the machine and so the short circuit current is "er& high in this state which is
4
called as sub4transient state. %he total reactance under this condition is called sub-
transient reactance and denoted by X
d

.
dw f a
l d
X X X
X X
1 1 1
1
C
+ +
+
. . . . 21/
&$50 2 , E1'$2a(ent c$rc'$t -/ an a(ternat-r 'n*er s'+trans$ent7 trans$ent an* stea*)
state c-n*$t$-ns
%he induced currents in the damper winding disappears after few c&cles from the
instant of fault. $ecause the time constant of the damper winding is smaller than the field
winding. %his effect is e3ui"alent to open circuited 8
dw
and this state is called transient
state. %he transient state of the alternator is shown in fig. 22c/. %he total reactance in
transient state is called transient reactance and is denoted by X
d

.
f a
l d
X X
X X
1 1
1
D
+
+
. . . . 22/
%he transient state will e+ist for few c&cles and then stead& state conditions are
achie"ed. $ecause, the effect of field winding current will also die out in a short time
depending on its time constant. %his effect is e3ui"alent to open circuited 8
l
and this
state is referred as stead& state. In stead& state the total reactance is gi"en b& sum of 8
l
and 8
a
.
a l d
X X X +
. . . . 23/
From e3uations 21/, 22/ and 23/ we can sa& that the subtransient reactance of the
machine is smallest and stead& state reactance of the machine is highest among the
reactances. %herefore 8
d
9
E8
d
:
E8
d
.
0et FIF G H)- "alue of stead& state current.

FI:F G H)- "alue of transient current e+cluding dc component

FI9F G H)- "alue of subtransient current e+cluding dc component
2 I
C
C
oa

X
g g
d

2 I
D
D
ob

X
g g
d

2 I oc

X
g g
d

%he interrupting capacit& of the circuit brea'er is determined using subtransient
reactance for generators and transient reactance for motors.
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INTERNAL VOLTA8ES O& LOA9E9 SYN.:RONO#S MA.:INES
#N9ER TRANSIENT .ON9ITIONS
,onsider a generator connected to a bus with "oltage V
t
. 0et I
0
be the current
deli"ered b& the generator. %he circuit model of
a s&n. generator operator operating under stead&
state conditions suppl&ing a load current I
0
is
shown in fig. 3.. Bere ;
g
is the induced emf
under loaded condition and 8
d
is the direct a+is
s&nchronous reactance of the machine.
Jow,
d ! t g
X "I # +
0et a short circuit occur at the terminals of the generator while deli"ering the load
current I
0
. Jow in order to stud& the subtransient state the ;
g
and 8
d
should be replaced
b& ;
g
9
and 8
d
9
a shown in fig. 3.#. In order to stud& the transient state the ;
g
and 8
d
of
Fig. 3. should be replaced b& ;
g
:
and 8
d
:
as shown in fig. 3.#.
#
Bere, ;
g
9
G -ubtransient internal "oltage.
;
g
:
G %ransient internal "oltage.
In fig. 23.#/ and 23.7/ the prefault current is I
0
when the switch is not closed. %he
fault condition can be represented b& closing the switch. In fig. 23.#/ when switch is
closed subtransient fault current will in the fault path. In fig. 23.7/ when the switch is
closed, transient fault current will flow in the fault path.
With reference to fig. 23.#/ and 23.7/ if prefault load current is I
0
then we can
write,
C C
d ! t g
X "I # +

D D
d ! t g
X "I # +
It is important to note that the "alue of ;
g
9
and ;
g
:
are functions of prefault load
current. %herefore ;
g
9
and ;
g
:
ha"e to be estimated for each "alue of load current.
%he s&n. motors ha"e internal emfs and reactances similar to that of a generator
e+cept that the current direction is re"ersed. Bence for short circuit studies the circuit
models similar to that of fig. 23./ to 23.7/ can be used for s&n. motor with re"ersed
direction of current. %herefore for s&n. )otor,
C C
d ! t g
X "I #

D D
d ! t g
X "I #
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4
S)mmetr$ca( (Ba(ance*" 3 3hase /a'(ts
When a fault occurs in a power s&stem networ', the currents flowing is
determined b& its internal emf of the machines in the s&stem, b& their internal
impedances and b& impedances in the networ' between the machines and the fault.
When the fault current is e3ual in all the phases the fault is called s&mmetrical fault. %he
fault current will be s&mmetrical onl& in three phase faults in which all the three phases
are shunted to ground.
%he s&mmetrical fault can be anal&sed on per phase basis using reactance diagram
or b& using per unit reactance diagram. %he s&mmetrical fault anal&sis has to be
performed separatel& for subtransient, transient and stead& state conditions of the fault,
because the reactances and internal emfs of the s&nchronous machines will be different in
each state.
7
%he fault currents and "oltages in the "arious parts of the s&stem can be determined b&
an& one of the following methods A
1. .sing Kirchhoff:s "oltage and current law
2. .sing %he"enin:s %heorem
3. $& forming $us impedance matri+.
The2en$n e1'$2a(ent c$rc'$t0
f $
$
f
% %
#
I
+

Where L
f
G fault impedance
V
%
G %he"enin "oltage
L
%
G %he"enin impedance
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4
SYMMETRI.AL &A#LT ANALYSIS #SIN8 B#S IMPE9AN.E MATRI;
%he bus impedance matri+ can be used to estimate the fault at an& point of the
s&stem. .suall& this method is useful for large s&stem.
,onsider the following matri+ e3uation matri+ e3uation relating the bus "oltages,
currents in(ected to the buses and bus impedance matri+ for a n4bus s&stem.
<
+'s
I = V
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

n
&
n
&
nn n& n n
&n && & &
n &
n &
#
#
#
#
I
I
I
I
% % % %
% % % %
% % % %
% % % %
.
.
.
.
. .
. . . . . .
. .
. . . . . .
. .
. .
2
1
2
1
2 1
2 1
2 2 22 21
1 1 12 11
Where I
1
, I
2
,. . . . I
n
are currents in(ected to buses 1,2,. . . . n respecti"el&.
and V
1
, V
2
,. . . . . V
n
are "oltages at buses 1,2,. . . . n respecti"el&.
0et a three phase fault occur in bus '.
%he prefault "oltage at bus ' be V
pf
. 0et the prefault condition be represented b&
a source of "alue V
pf
as shown in fig. 2a/. %he fault condition can be represented b& a
source of V
pf
in series with prefault "oltage source as shown in fig. 2b/, so that the total
?
bus "oltage in bus ' is <ero. @ue to this fault all other bus "oltages will change. 0et the
change in bus "oltage be MV
1
, MV
2
, . . . . . MV
n
.
(a" Pre/a'(t c-n*$t$-n (+" &a'(t c-n*$t$-n
0et us assume that the prefault current is <ero. %herefore the prefault "oltages of
all the buses including bus4' will be 1 p.u. When a three phase fault occurs in bus4' the
fault current If will flow awa& from the bus4' and so the current in(ected to bus4' is I
f
.
Jow if we replace all other sources b& <ero "alue sources then the current in(ected to all
other buses will be <ero. .nder this condition the onl& source in the networ' is V
pf
and
current in(ected to bus4' is I
f
.
*lso the "oltages in all other buses are onl& the change in "oltages. %his
condition can be represented b& the following matri+ e3uation.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

n
&
nn n& n n
&n && & &
n &
n &
#
#
#
#
If
% % % %
% % % %
% % % %
% % % %
.
.
6
.
.
6
6
. .
. . . . . .
. .
. . . . . .
. .
. .
2
1
2 1
2 1
2 2 22 21
1 1 12 11
From the abo"e matri+ e3uation, we get,
& f
% I #
1 1

& f
% I #
2 2

.
&& f pf
% I #
&n f n
% I #
%he fault current in bus',
&&
pf
f
%
#
I
N
In general the change in bus43 "oltage due to a three phase fault in bus4' is gi"en
b&
'& f '
% I #
%he "oltage at a bus during a fault in bus4' is gi"en b& sum of prefault bus
"oltage and change in bus "oltage. -ince the s&stem is unloaded s&stem the prefault
"oltage at all buses be Vpf G 1.6 p.u. 2i.e. same as bus ' "oltage/.
& f & f pf
% I % I # #
1 1 1
6 1

& f & f pf
% I % I # #
2 2 2
6 1

6
pf pf &
# # #

n& f n& f pf n
% I % I # # 6 1
%he postfault "oltages at the buses can be determined as shown abo"e. %hen the
fault current flowing through the lines can be estimated from the 'nowledge of line
impedances. * sample calculation for fault current in the line43r is shown below.
'r r '
'r
r '
'r
y # #
%
# #
I / 2

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4
SELE.TION O& .IR.#IT BREA>ERS
%he circuit brea'ers are protecti"e de"ices which are used in power s&stem
to automaticall& open the fault& part of the s&stem in the e"ent of a fault. -ince the
power s&stem is predominantl& inducti"e in nature, the interruption of hea"& current
when the ,$ open its contacts is associated with large "oltage induced across its contacts
which inturn results in spar'ing at the contacts. Bence in ,$ the amount of current it has
to interrupt is an important criteria.
%he ,$ for a particular application 2or load/ is selected based on the
following ratings A
1. Jormal wor'ing power le"el specified as rated interrupting current or rated
interrupting 'V*.
2. %he fault le"el specified as either the rated short circuit interrupting current or
rated short circuit interrupting )V*.
3. )omentar& current rating.
4. Jormal wor'ing "oltage.
16
. -peed of circuit brea'er.
%he speed of ,$ is the time between the occurrence of the fault to the
e+tinction of the arc. It is normall& specified in c&cles of power fre3uenc&. %he standard
speed of ,$s are ?, , 3 or 1O c&cles.
-hort circuit interrupting )V*G
f! pf!
I # 3
where
pf!
#
G )agnitude of prefault "oltage at fault point in 'V.

f!
I
G )agnitude of line "alue of short circuit interrupting current at the fault in '*.
or -hort circuit interrupting )V*G
b pu f! pu pf!
x(#) I x #
, ,
where
pu pf!
#
,
G )agnitude of prefault "oltage at fault point in pu.

pu f!
I
,
G )agnitude of line "alue of short circuit interrupting current at the fault in pu.
N-te , Bere, the short circuit interrupting )V* is a 3 phase power rating.
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S:ORT .IR.#IT .APA.ITY (S.."
%he short circuit capacit& 2-,,/ of a bus of
a networ' is defined as the product of the magnitudes of the prefault "oltage and the post
fault current. %he -,, is also 'nown as the fault le"el.

F-,,F G FV
6
F + FI
F
F V*
where V
6
G prefault "oltage in "olts and
I
F
G post fault current in amps.
(#)
%
*
*++
pu f
b
,
3 ,
3

%he fault current 2short circuit current/ can be found as followsA
3
,
#
3
16 3
16
x x#
x *++
I
b !
f

where -
b
G base "olt ampere in V*
V
b
G base "oltage in "olts
-,,
3P
G 3 phase -hort circuit capacit& in V*
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A(5-r$thm /-r sh-rt c$rc'$t st'*$es ,
-hort circuit studies for larger s&stems need s&stematic algorithm so that a digital
computer can be used.
,onsider an n4bus s&stem shown in fig. 3.# which is ha"ing a stead& load. %he following
steps are to be followed.
11
&$50 30! Sam3(e n-+'s s)stem
Ste3 1 ,
!btain prefault "oltages at all buses and currents in all transmission lines b& conducting
load flow stud&. 0et the prefault bus "oltage "ector be
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

6
6
2
6
1
6
.
.
n
Bus
#
#
#
# . . .. . 21/
0et us assume that a fault occurs at r
th
bus through a fault impedance Lf. %he postfault
bus "oltage "ector is gi"en b&,
# # #
Bus
f
Bus
+
6
. . . . . .22/
where MV is the "ector of changes in bus "oltages caused b& the fault.
Ste3 2 ,
%he ne+t step is to draw the passi"e %he"enin:s networ' for the s&stem with generators
replaced b& transient or subtransient reactances with their emfs shorted as shown in fig.
3.7.
12
Ste3 3 ,
Je+t we e+cite the %he"enin:s networ' with V
r
6
in series with L
f
as shown in fig. %he
"ector MV comprises the bus "oltages of this networ'.
f bus
, % #
. . . . 23/
where L
$.-
is the bus impedance matri+ of %he"enin:s networ' and is gi"en b&,
1
1
1
1
]
1

nn n
n
Bus
% %
% %
%
. .
. . . .
. . . .
. .
1
1 11
. . . . . 24/
and Q
f
is the bus current in(ection "ector.
-ince the networ' is in(ected with current Q
f
onl& at the r
th
bus,
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1

6
.
.
6
6
f r
f
I I
, . . . . . 2/
-ubstituting in e3uation 2/ in e3uation 23/, we get the changes in "oltage in r
th
bus
f rr r
I % #
. . . . 2#/
Ste3 6 ,
%he "oltage at the rth bus under fault is,
f rr r r r r
I % # # # # +
6 6 6
. . . . 27/
*lso,
f f r
I % #
6
We ha"e from e3uation 2#/ and 27/
S-(2e* Pr-+(ems ,
13
1. * 3 phase transmission line operating at 33 'V and ha"ing a resistance and reactance of
ohm and 26 ohm respecti"el& is connected to a generating station bus bar through a 1
)V* step up transformer which has a reactance of 6.6# pu. %wo generators one 16 )V*
ha"ing 6.1 pu reactance and another )V* ha"ing 6.67 pu reactance are connected to
the bus bars. ,alculate the short circuit )V* and the fault current when a 3 phase short
circuit occurs at 2i/ the high "oltage terminals of the transformer 2ii/ at the load end of the
transmission line.
S-('t$-n ,
%he single line diagram is drawn as
-electing 16 )V* as base )V* and 33'V as base 'V in transmission line
1?3## . 6 64# . 6
N . 16?
26
N . 16?
16
33
64 . 6
1
16
6# . 6
1 . 6

16
67 . 6
1 . 6
.
2
1
2
1
"
"
%
%
x X
x X
X
! $
base
$
g
g
+
+

From the single line diagram, the reactance diagram is drawn as

When a 3 phase fault occurs at point *,
We get the "alue of p.u. impedance as
14
. . 1 . 6 6# . 6 64 . 6
2 . 6
1 . 6 1 . 6
64 . 6
. .
u p " " "
"
x" "
" %
u $p
+ +
-hort circuit )V* fed into the fault is,
. . 174N
16 33 3
16 166
166
1 . 6
16
3
#
. .
)mps
x x
x
nt -aultcurre
(#)
%
*
*++
u $p
b


When a 3 phase fault occurs at the point $
We get the "alue of p.u. impedance as
L
%p.u
. G 6.64#=(6.2?3## G 6.2?74E?6.7NR
G
. ? . #6?
16 33 3
16 7N . 34
7N . 34
2?74 . 6
16
3
#
. .
)mps
x x
x
nt -aultcurre
(#)
%
*
u $p
b


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Pr-+(em 2 ,
For the radial networ' shown, a 3 phase fault occurs at F. @etermine the fault current and
the line "oltage at 11 'V bus under fault conditions.
S-('t$-n ,
$ase )V* G 166
$ase 'V on 1enerator side G 11
$ase 'V on !"erhead %ransmission 0ine G 33 'V.
$ase 'V on ,able G #.# 'V
Heactance of 1enerator 1 G . . . 1
11
11
16
166
1 . 6
2
u p " x x "
,
_

1
Heactance of 1enerator 2 G . . 2 . 1
11
11
16
166
12 . 6
2
u p " x x "
,
_

Heactance of %ransformer 1 G . . 6 . 1
11
11
16
166
1 . 6
2
u p " x x "
,
_

Heactance of %ransformer 2 G . . # . 1
33
33

166
6? . 6 . 6
2
u p " x x "
,
_

L
bus
in o"erhead transmission line G ?N . 16
166
33
2
L
bus
in cable G 43# . 6
166
# . #
2
p.u. impedance of o"erhead transmission line G . . NN . 6 744 . 6
?N . 16
/ 6? . 6 13 . 6 2 36
u p "
" x
+
+
p.u. impedance of cable G . 6 N3 . 6
43# . 6
/ 6? . 6 13 . 6 2 3
"
" x
+
+
%he p.u. reactance diagram is shown below A
%he fault occurs when the generators are at no load. %herefore the& are considered at
Vt G 1E6R
#?2 . 6
7 . 2
2 . 1 . 1
"
"
x" "
X
e'

%he"enin:s impedance G (6.#?2 = (1.6 = 6.744 = (6.NN = (1.# = 6.N3 = (6.
G 1.#74 = (4.?22
L
%B
G .1E76.?R p.u.
.sing %he"enin:s theorem,
. 71 . 1 ?76 1N# . 6
. ?76
16 # . # 3
16 166
. ? . 76 1N# . 6
? . 76 1 .
6 1
3
#
&)mp x I
)mp
x x
x
I
)mp
%
#
I
*+actual
base
$.
$
*+






%otal impedance between F and 11 'V bus G 6.N3 = (6. = (1.# = 6.7## = (6.NN = (1.6
G 1.#74 = (4.14
G 4.43E#7.?R ohms
Voltage at 11 'V bus G 4.43E#7.?R + 6.1N#E476.?R G 6.??E43R G N.#? 'V.
1#
444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
Pr-+(em 3 ,
* s&n. 1enerator and a s&n motor each rated 2 )V*, 11 'V ha"ing 15 subtransient
reactance are connected through transformers and a line as shown in fig. %he
transformers are rated 2 )V*, 11I## 'V and ##I11 'V with lea'age reactance of 16 5
each. %he line has a reactance of 165 on a base of 2 )V*, ## 'V. %he motor is
drawing 1 )W at 6.? pf lead and a terminal "oltage of 16.# when a s&mmetrical 3
phase fault occurs at the motor terminals. Find the subtransient current in the generator
motor and fault.
S-('t$-n ,
,hoose a base of 2 )V*, 11 'V.
*ll reactances are gi"en in proper bases.
%herefore, the p.u. reactance diagram is
$ase "oltage is 11 'V at fault point.
0oad "oltage in p.u., . . N#3# . 6
11
# . 16
. .
u p #
u p

0oad )V* G (#) 7 . 1?
? . 6
1

0oad )V* in p.u.G . . 7 . 6

2
7 . 1?
u p
0oad current in p.u.,
77?3 . 6
N#3# . 6
7 . 6
. .
. .
. .

u ep !oad/oltag
u !oad(#)p
I
u !p
-ince the pf is 6.? lead, the pf angle is
P G cos416.?G3#.NR
I0p.u. G 6.77?3E3#.NR
%he emf behind subtransient reactance of the generator
17
. . 2? . 6 73# . 6
/ 4 . 6 N . 3# 77?3 . 6 2 6 N#3# . 6
C C
u p "
x"
X I #
d ! t g
+
+
+
%he emf behind the subtransient reactance of the motor
. . 6N33 . 6 633# . 1
/ 4 . 6 N . 3# 77?3 . 6 2 6 N#3# . 6
C C
u p "
x"
X I #
d ! t m



.nder faulted condition,
. . #3 . ?
. . ?N6# . # #22# . 6
1 . 6
6N33 . 6 633# . 1
#74# . 1 #22# . 6
4 . 6
2? . 6 73# . 6
C C
C
C
C
C
C
C
u p " I I I
u p "
"
"
X

I
"
"
"
X

I
m 0 f
t otortofaul totalfromm
m
m
fault eneratorto totalfromg
g
g
+

+

$ase current G . 2 . 1312
16 11 3
16 2
3
#
)mp
x x
x

Jow I
g
9
G 1312.2 + 26.#22# 4 (1.#74#/ G ?1#.4 (21N7.4*mps.
I
m
9
G 1312.2 + 246.#22# 4 (#.?N6#/ G 4?1#.4 (N641.? *mps.
. 1123N
C C
)mps I I I
m g f
+
44444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444444
4
Pr-+(em 6 ,
,onsider the 34bus s&stem shown in figure below. %he generators are 166 )V*,
with transient reactance 165 each. $oth the transformers are 166 )V* with a lea'age
reactance of 5. %he reactance of each of the lines to a base o 166 )V*, 116 'V is 16
5. !btain the short circuit solution for a three phase solid short circuit on bus 3.
*ssume prefault "oltages to be 1 p.u. and prefault currents to be <ero.
S-('t$-n ,
1?
-tep 1A
*ddition of element connected between nodes 26/ and 21/. %his is adding an element of
"alue 6.1 ohms. from the new bus to the reference bus.
21/
[ ] 1 . 6 / 1 2 " %
bus

-tep 2 A
*ddition of element connected between nodes 21/ and 22/. %his is adding an element of
"alue 6.1 ohms from the e+isting bus to the new bus.


1
]
1

. 2 . 1
. 1 . 1
/ 1 2
" "
" "
%
bus
-tep 3 A
*ddition of element connected between nodes 26/ and node 22/. %his is adding an
element of "alue 6.1 ohms from the e+isting bus to reference bus. ,reate a factious bus
2l/ and generate L
bus.

1N
21/ 22/ 2l/
1
1
1
]
1

4 . 6 2 . 6 1 . 6
2 . 6 2 . 6 1 . 6
1 . 6 1 . 6 1 . 6
/ 1 2
" " "
" " "
" " "
%
bus
;liminating the factious node 2l/
1
]
1

6N37 . 6 6#2 . 6
6#2 . 6 6N37 . 6
" "
" "
%
bus
( )
( )
( )
6N37 . 6
4 . 6
2 . 6
2 . 6
6#2 . 6
4 . 6
/ 1 . 6 2 2 . 6
1 . 6
6N37 . 6
4 . 6
1 . 6
1 . 6
22
12 21
2
11
"
"
"
" %
"
"
x
" % %
"
"
" %



-tep 4 A
*ddition of element connected between nodes 21/ and 23/. %his is adding an element of
6.1 ohms between the e+isting bus 21/ and the new bus 23/.

26
Re2$e? @'est$-ns (2 marAs"
1. Bow do short circuits occur on a power s&stem S
2. @istinguish between s&mmetrical and uns&mmetrical short circuits.
3. What are the applications of short4circuit anal&sisS
4. @efine short circuit capacit& of a power s&stem.
. What are the different t&pes of fault which occur in a power s&stemS
#. @efine s&mmetrical fault.
7. Jame an& two methods of reducing short circuit current.
Re2$? @'est$-ns (1! marAs"
1. 2a/ ;+plain the need for short circuit studies.
2b/ @raw the oscillogram when an unloaded alternator is sub(ected to s&mmetrical
short circuit and hence e+plain how to obtain +
d
, +
d
:
and +
d
9
from it.
2. With the help of a detailed flow chart, e+plain how a s&mmetrical fault can be
anal&<ed using L
$.-
.
3. What are the "arious t&pes of faults S @iscuss the fre3uenc& of occurrence and
se"erit&.
21
4. ;+plain the difference between direct a+is transient reactance and direct a+is
sub4transient reactance of alternators.
. ;+plain the method of calculation of fault currents in the transmission s&stem
using %he"enin:s theorem.
#. * 1enerator4transformer unit is connected to a line through a circuit brea'er. %he
unit ratings are A
1enerator A 16 )V*, #.# 'V, 8
d
9
G 6.1 p.u., 8
d
:
G 6.26 p.u. and 8
d
G 6.?6 p.u.
%ransformer A 16 )V*, #.NI33 'V, reactance G 6.6? p.u.
%he s&stem is operating at no load at a line "oltage at 36 'V, when a three phse
fault occurs on the line (ust be&ond the circuit brea'er. Find
2a/ the initial s&mmetrical rms current in the brea'er.
2b/ the ma+imum possible @, off4set current in the brea'er
2c/ the momentar& current rating of the brea'er
2d/ the current to be interrupted b& the brea'er and the interrupting 'V and
2e/ the sustained short circuit current in the brea'er.
?. %he s&stem shown in figure is deli"ering 6 )V* at 11 'V, 6.? lagging power
factor into a bus which ma& be regarded as infinite. >articulars of "arious s&stem
components are A
1enerator A #6 )V*, 12 'V, 8
d
:
G 6.3 p.u.
%ransformers 2each/ A 16 )V*, 12I## 'V, reactance 6.6? p.u.
0ine A Heactance A 12 ohms, resistance negligible.
,alculate the s&mmetrical current that the circuit brea'ers * and $ will be called
upon to interrupt in the e"ent of a three phase fault occurring at F near the circuit
brea'er $.
N. In the s&stem configuration of figure, the s&stem impedance data is gi"en below A
%ransient reactance of each generator G 6.1 p.u.
0ea'age reactance of each transformer G 6.6 p.u.,
L
12
G (6.1, L
13
G (6.12, L
23
G (6.6? p.u.
For a solid 3 phase fault on bus 3, find all bus "oltages and - , currents in each
component.
*ssume prefault "oltages to be 1 p.u. and prefault currents to be <ero.
22
16. For a fault 2solid/ location shown in figure, find the short circuit currents in
line 142 and 143. >refault s&stem is on no4load with 1 p.u. "oltage and prefault
currents are <ero. .se L
$.-
method and compute its elements b& the current in(ection
techni3ue.
23
24