Firescape: Dahej, Gujarat, India

FIRESCAPE
Dahej, Gujarat, India
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
To my instructors and all my classmates in Landscape Urbanism of the AA, especially to the helps from Shruti Dabir and Gunjan Rustagi during the field trip in India, as well as to the great supports from my team-mate, Ayumi Nakagawa, over the year. Also, to the following individuals who provided local information to this project:
Sr. Principal Planner HCP Design and Project Management Pvt. Ltd. (HCPDPM) Partiosh, Usmapura Ahmedabad, India
Shirley Ballaney
Director HCP Design and Project Management Pvt. Ltd. (HCPDPM) Partiosh, Usmapura Ahmedabad, India
Bimal Patel
Chairman Graduate School of Design Harvard University
Ranvir Shan
FIRESCAPE
AA Landscape Urbanism 2012-2013 Final Project Booklet
Submitting: Ada Chang Liu, Ayumi Nakagawa Visiting Studio Master: Eva Castro Master Co-Director: Jose Alfredo Ramirez Eduardo Rico Design Tutor: Clara Oloriz Seminar Tutors: Tom Smith Douglas Spencer Architectural Association School of Architecture London, September 2013
CONTENTS
0. Introductions AA Landscape Urbanism Abstract 1. Contexts and Argument Growth of India: Global Context Growth of India: Indian Context Growth of India: Conclusion Site Overview Governmental Proposal Petrochemical Industry Risk of Fire Demolishment of Existing Fabric Fire and City Fire Resistant Landscape Vision 2. Strategy Design Strategy 3. Implementation of Strategy on Site 1. Re-connect the Existing Fabric 2.1 Escape Route Design 2.2 Escape Network System 3.1 Industrial Fire Resistant Fabric 3.2 Residential Fire Resistant Fabric 4.1 Berm Fabrication Process 4.2 Berm Section 09 4. Phasing Development of Dahej in Phases Developing Phases Matured Phases Growing Behaviors 55
33
37
61 5. Ground Construction Evolution Scale Boundary Shifting Process Study1: Role of Pond in Dahej Area Organization Structure Prototype Construction Prototype Escape Route Network Study2: Role of Pond in Urban Setting Study3: Activity around Pond Prototype Plan Development Prototype Section Development Landscape Topography, Step, and Architecture Firescape Overview 6. Appendix Appendix A: Industrial Cycle Trend Appendix B: Study Case of Fire Risk Appendix C: Fire Resistant Technique Bibliography Image Reference 89
AA LANDSCAPE URBANISM
The discipline of Landscape Urbanism is, by definition, transdisciplinary. Whilst drawing upon the legacy of landscape design, it integrates knowledge and techniques from environmental engineering, urban strategy and landscape and political ecology. This is achieved through the use of digital design tools deploying the science of complexity and emergence. All these means are combined to project new interventions in an urbanism conceived as social, material, ecological and modulated by the spatial and temporal forces in the which it operates.
Landscape Urbanism engages both critically and opportunistically with the plans for Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor, a mega-infrastructure project linking the political and business capitals of India, We are exploring the generation of proto-strategies for new large-scale agglomerations as a means of critically addressing the phenomena of mass-produced cities.
AA Project Review 2013
FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA
ABSTRUCT
The Firescape project explores the role of fire resistant infrastructure as a mediator to create a time- and space-sensitive model for industrial cities. Based on the specific economic and social situation in India, the Firescpape project challenges the boundary between the industry and city, in particular:
The Firescape acts as a flexible boundary that negotiates the growth of the industry and city over different stage of industrialization. The Firescape provides more than the safe city environment by separating the potential fire risk of the industry from the urban activities. It also houses public space in order to improve the local workers life quality. Taking advantage of the exiting economic and social fabric, the Firespcape merges the traditional spatial use to the new created urban area.
LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013
CONTEXTS AND ARGUMENT
GROWTH OF INDIA : GLOBAL CONTEXT
India in the World Industry Map

Since the late mid- 20th Century, a few countries in Latin America, Asia and Africa such as China, India and Brazil have experienced substantial inthat have bigger economics such as U.S and the EU. These countries are those economies have not yet reached developed country status but have outpaced their developing counterparts. These countries are undergoing rapid economic growth, usually export-oriented. Their common features include 1: A switch from agricultural to industrial economies, especially in the manufactur ing sector. An increasingly open-market economy, allow ing free trade with other nations in the world. Large national corporations operating in sever al continents. Strong capital investment from foreign coun tries. Political leadership in their area of influence. Rapid growth of urban centers and population. According to the Goldman Sachs review of Emerging economics, by 2005 the largest economies in the world will be China, USA, India, Brazil and Mexico .
2
Manufacturing as Percent of GDP 1980-2010
Percent of GDP
dustrial growth, fuelled by exporting to countries
Year
tires are taking less presentation of their GDP, Indias manufacturing has been growing rapidly in the last 10 years. Indias economy benefited greatly from information technology and call center jobs for economic growth. Very few other emerging economies have had alternatives to manufacturing to grow their economies quicklyIndia still is manufacturing far below their potential for several reasons: poor infrastructure, incredibly poorly functioning bureaucracy standing in the way of manufacturing business opportunities and corruption. Without addressing these issues much more successfully it is hard for me to believe they will become a serious manufacturer 3.
Source: 1. CIA World Factbook, 2013 2. Golden Sachs, 2005 3. Curious Cat Investing and Econom- ics Blog, 2012 http://investing.curiouscatblog.net
As manufacturing in most of the industrial coun
10
Devleped and Developing Countries
Advanced Economics In Transition Less Developed Least Developed
Newly Industrial Countries
11
GROWTH OF INDIA : INDIAN CONTEXT
Unstable Economy
Because India increasing involve into global economy, global economic fluctuation has increased its impact on the economy and industries in India. According to the ciclye of global economic crisis, the frequency of the economic cirsis has become more often in this two decades than before. There are 4 major international economic crises during 1989-2001, which also affect to the other countries including India. While in the years before 1989, economic crises lasted longer but the global effect is not smaller. For the domestic economic growth in India, the GDP growth is generally increasing over the past 10 years because of the exported oriented industries. However, this means that the domestic economy is more fragile to protect itself from the global crisis. Therefore, the future GDP growth for a newly industrial country like India remains uncertain.
PERCENTATAGE OF COUNTRIES IN DEFAULT 1826-28 Argentina, Greece, Chile, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala,Venezuela, Ecuador 1833 Mexico 1837 Spain, Portugal 1932-1945 Austria, Germany, Italy, Greece, Hungary, Colombia, Brazil, Japan, China, Turkey 1870-1890, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Colombia, Peru, Turkey, Bolivia, Uruguay, Venezuela 1998 Russia, Ukraine 1989 Argentina 2000 Ecuador 2001 Argentina
60% 50
% INDIA GDP PERCENTAGE CHANGE
40
Year-ended
30 20 10 0 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880
Quarterly
-4
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2007
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Diverse Decision Makers

India is a diverse country with numbers of nationalities, religions and political parties. Decision making process is influenced by different powers. Similar for the future city proposal, the master plans for the future cities (most of the future townships that under proposed are driven by the growth of industry) are affected by different actors such as foreign investors and private sector to provide financial support for the infrastructure. Government that composited by different political parties could change the direction of the master plan depends on which parties in power. The power for the villagers also affects the process of land acquisition. Even tough the master plan itself is already depends on many actors, the change of relationship and cooperation among those actors makes the process to achieve some visions of future city more complicated and uncertain.
Congress SP BSP BJP
Inverster
Foreign
CPM
Government
NCP
Private Developer
Master Plan
Villager
Land holder
Land-less Farmer
13
GROWTH OF INDIA : CONCLUSION
Future of Industrial City

Cities have historically grown exponentially with industrialization; in the developed world, they shrank when the secondary sector declined. Compared with the past industrial economies, the next wave of manufacturing will differ greatly. Improvements in productivity and global competition mean a bleak future for large scale, low value-added, routinized production. The era where an assembly plant provided thousands of good jobs at good wages is a thing of the past other than for the lucky few. This posts a question of what need to be done for the future industrial city. One answer is to build a new industrial city focusing on small-scale craft and specialty manufacturing with high value added.
Lately, trends emerge that indicate that the age of manufacturing is not over, not even in the United States. New York City recently started a Made in New York campaign to emphasize its manufacturing that other cities have since adopted. Meanwhile industrial centers in the developing world may leapfrog straight into an era where industrial production can be made sustainable and well- integrated into cities.
14
Project Intension and Application

Even in this modern age of service and knowledge economies, manufacturing is still essential. Clean and flexible technologies, combined with increasing cost for transportation, will bring manufacturing back to cities. Production facilities can be stacked and mixed with other uses, fitting well into an urban environment. This trend has just begun and can become much stronger. A renaissance in manufacturing and advanced technologies, paired with a widespread live where you work mentality, represents important opportunities for future industrial cities, as well as old industrial centers. Firescape Project is a experiment to explore the relationship between industries and the city, and to challenge the boundary between them over the life cycle of industrialisation. Combining landscape techniques, the Firescape project navigates the way to lead the future industrial city in a developing country towards to the new model of industrial city under the current economic turbulence and complex India context. This experiment can also shed the light to the campaign of the manufactory naissance in the developed world.
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SITE OVERVIEW
Port of Dahej
Gujarat is one of the fast developing state located in the west of India. Dahej is an all weather direct berthing multi cargo port situated on the Southwest coast of Gujarat, in the Gulf of Cambay, at the junction of Guljaria and Ban Creek. It is a natural deep-water port with draft availability ranging up to 25m depending upon the length of the trestle proposed for construction of a berthing arrangement. The port is about 45 kilometres from Bharuch, which is now being connected to the Port of Dahej through a broad gauge rail siding with an initial capacity of 25-30 rakes a day. Because of the well-connected transportation, a deep draft multi cargo berthing facility is being proposed with Dahej as per the directions of Gujarat Maritime Board. In addition to this there are four other port facilities at Dahej, owned by Petronet LNG Limited (including bulk terminal sub-concussed at Dahej, owned by Petronet LNG Limited (including bulk terminal sub-concussed to Adani), GCPTCL, Birla Copper and Reliance Industries. Port & Industries Villages & Agriculture Gujarat State Dahej
Area: 180 Sq. km Focus Sector: Petrochemical & Chemical Targeting Population: 15,000
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Villages provide basic infrastructure to house the local farmers and immigrated workers for the new-developed industries. The growth rate of the village population is decreasing over year because of the industrialisation in this area.
Most of the lands are covered by agriculture. The major agriculture products in Dahej are rice and cotton. However, the area of agriculture land is declining because of the land acquisition for the industries.
Several jetties for import of crude material such as copper, gas and coal were built to support the local industries.
Industries are growing in Dahej. Currently, there are over 50 petrochemical industries on site. Most of the employment is from the nearby cities. Hundreds of industries are proposed to come in the near future.
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GOVERNMENT PROPOSAL
Petrochemical Industrial City

The industries employ large number of workers out of Dahej. However, local infrastructure and housing are under developed. This results in an increasing heavy daily commute. New townships and infrastructure are demanded to cater the rapid growth of the industries. Facing the pressure of the growing industries and demand of local new townships, the local government proposed a industrial city of 453 sq kilometre. Gujarat PCPIR (GPCPIR) is a specifically delineated Investment Region planned for the establishArea: 453 Sq. km Focus Sector: Petrochemical & Chemical Targeting Population: 1,400,659 ment of facilities for petroleum, chemicals and petrochemicals. PCPIR located at Dahej, is spread over the blocks of Vagra and Bharuch, South Gujarat. Future GPCPIR is estimated to sustain 1,400, 659 residing population. Infrastructure Development will achieve USD 727 billion. Leading by the anchor tenant: the ONGC Petro additions Limied (OPaL), investment that already committed was USD 205 billion.
Labour & Materials
Labour & Materials
Imported Materials
18
Contraditions
Local accommodation and infrastructure is unmatched with the development of the industries. Common housing near industrial construction in Dahej is simple temporary shelters which does not provided proper lighting and water. Most of the employees of the industries in Dahej is from the near by cities. Typical travelling time to work at Dahej is about one hour for one trip by bus provided by the industries, or private motorcycles. The Industries is growing rapidly in Dahej. Largescale industrial facilities such as coal track were built to transport material more efficiently. Major infrastructure was built to connect to the nearby cities.
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PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY
Petrochemical Industry Petro-related Industry & Cargo Green Space
open sapce: 50%
Residential Area Commercial Area
Industrial Town Organisation: Jurong Island, Singapore

Singapore is a small country with only 700 square kilometres, but with good condition of cargo port. Limited by the area and dense population, a 70 hectares artificial island: Jurong Island was built to create a petrochemical hub of Singapore. Jurong Island is 40 kilometres away from the city center. All the toxic and flammable industries are located on the island with underground pipelines and storage for petrochemical material storage and transportation. Petro-relative manufactory, ship building industries and logistic facilities are located near the harbour of Singapore, facing the Jurong Island. Between the industries and commrcial area, a large piece of linear green space that acts as a buffer separates the industries with the dense residential area and of the whole island. The accessibility of petrochemical industries is also limited to only industrial employees and guests for security reason. commercial area. Open space for buffer is about 50% of the area
20
Composition of Industries: Chemical Industry Park, Shanghai, China.

Detail study of the industries organisation within the Chemical Industry Park shows that factories that produce lower value product have lager industrial pot, fewer employment, and higher flammability level than factories that produce higher value products. Petrochemical industries can be groups into the following 4 types based on the value of product, size, employment and flammability.
Type 0 Industry
Hydrocabon Feedstock Building Block Gas Cracker
Type 1 Industry
Large Scale Intermediate Oil Refinery
Type 2 Industry
Medium Scale Intermediate Fertiliser Plastic
Type 3 Industry
Small Scale Intermediate Engineering Chemical
Size
Employment
Product Value
Flammable Level
21
RISK OF FIRE
Fire Accidents of Petrochemical Industry

A main issue of petrochemical industry to the city and peoples life is the risk of fire and explosion. Depends on the fire caused by different types of petrochemical a factory, the level of fire and explosion varies. The reasons for fire and explosion accidents of petrochemical industries could be resulted from the inefficient fire alarm, fail administration, operation mistake, etc. Even though the fire speculated technology is increasing, fire accidents happen every year. In the past 15 years, 123 major fire and explosion accidents of petrochemical industries resulted over 150 dead and billions of cost of the industries. For example, a recent fire accident happened in a fertilizer factory in Taxes, U.S. caused 16 dead, 150 injured, and over 150 buildings in the surrounding neighbourhoods (including industrial and residential buildings) destroyed and damaged. Petrochemical industries required special spatial arrangement in the city because of its risk of fire and explosion.
22
23
DEMOLISHMENT OF EXISTING FABRIC
Separation of Industries and City

Considering the risk of fire and other toxic emission of the petrochemical industries. A typical way to arrange a petrochemical industrial city is to isolate the industries area from the city. From the study case of Jurong Island in Singapore and Chemical Industry Park in Shanghai, the separation between the industries and the city is evident. For example, the Chemical Industry Park is located near a port 45 kilometres away from the Shanghai city center; While the Jurong Island is an isolated island 40 kilometres away from Singapore. This spatial arrangement is efficient for industrial production, but it requires large area of empty space for the agglomeration of industries. It In most of the case, water, green space and agriculture lands can be a buffer between industry district and the other city facilities to ensure the safety of urban facilities and peoples life from the risk of fire and explosion, as well as other dangerous emission of petrochemical industries.
Typical Industrial City
Industry
City
picture of Chemical Industry Park in Shanghai (top), and Jurong Island in Singapore (down)
24
Relocation of Local Villagers

Following the typical way of arranging the petrochemical industry in the city, the governmental master plan proposes a industry district in the west of Dahej near the river port, while a new township is proposed on the east side of Dahej port. The separation of the industry and city required a demolishment of around 40 villages on site. The demolishment is affected over 15, 000 villagers and total areas around 200 square kilometres. These proposal associated land acquisition and land compensation. However, land acquisition and compensation in India has been the main conflict in the process of industrialisation in India. Unfair land acquisition process and compensation caused farmers protest and social instability.
Governmental Master Plan on Dahej
Industry
City
Number of DemolisingVillage: 40 Relocating Population: 15,000
Farmers marched 22 kilometers to New Delhi in Oct, 2012
25
FIRE AND CITY
Bousaihaku (n.d.) Fire after Earthquake, [drawing] (Bousaihaku)
City Fabric Developed with Fire Preventing Technique

In the city of Edo (todays Tokyo, Japan), frequent occurring of city-scale fire was one of the main issues. As a fact, Saito and Tabata (1992) explain that city-scale fire happened 89 times during the Edo Period of 286 years, which means once in 3 years. To deal with the fire, the government introduced fire resistant landscape in addition to creation of fire fighters association and architecture regulation. The fire resistant strategy was composed of three elements; open flat area, expansion of road, and embankment.
26
In a modern city, one of the strategies to deal with fire is to create fire resistant landscape between neighbourhoods. First, cluster is created by identifying community group. Each cluster can be modified to around 65 hector, and fire resistant landscape is introduced between those clusters. Then, the expanded roads are introduced as fire resistant landscape. In this way, when fire happens in one cluster, the road can prevent it for the fire to move into the next cluster.
Embankment was introduced to enforce the fire resistance of open spaces and expanded roads in the city of Edo. One example is Hakugin-cho embankment. It was 1050m in length, 20-30m in width, about 7.2 meter high, and it had plantation of top. Santo and Tabata (1992) explain that this embankment was set to specifically protect adjacent merchant district. Some of the embankment still exists today, and they offer recreational space for citizens.
27
FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE
Conventional Buffer
Proposed Buffer
Residential Area
Low Risk Industry
High Risk Industry
Residential Area
Berm
High Risk Industry
Emergency
Emergency
Daily
pollution
Daily
park / garden / market plaza
From the previous study, two major fire resistant techniques were identified. The First one is landscaped berm. Fire resistant berm can perform better than conventional buffer in case of fire emergency, and it also can provide urban park on its residential side slope for daily use.
28
Emergency Escape Area Hierarchy
Daily Use
sport
urban park
community garden
street market
plaza
Industry Cluster
Residential Cluster A
Residential Cluster B
playground
community garden
street market
plaza
plaza
Second technique is escape route network. This is composed of different levels of refuge area and network. Safety level of Refuge area was identified in relationship to its size, distance from urban setting, and other conditions such as whether if the area has water resource or not. This technique makes sure that infrastructure system develops in a way that it performs properly in case of emergency.
29
Considering the different stages of industrialization, FIRESCAPE aims to design the model for industrial cities that is sensitive to the moment of negotiation between industry and urban development, integration of traditional culture and new urban environment, and separation of fire risk and urban activity.
STRATEGY
DESIGN STRATEGY
SEZs
Low Fire Resisting Techniques
Highway
Petrochemical Industrial City Exisitng industries
Medium
Conventional Buffer High
LANDSCAPE TECHNIQUE
INDUSTRY GROWTH ATTRACTION
GROWTH RATE
34
By using the Fire Resisting Landscape Techniques, the Firescape project explores possible ways to develFire Resisting Techniques R I I R
op industrial city for Dahej. In order to meet the governmental target of the future city of Dahej, the project follows the quantity requirement for industrial development in Dahej, but explores a way that can handle the different growth rate as well as growth direction to challenge the orR I I I R R
Conventional Buffer
Fire Resisting Techniques
ganization of conventional industrial cities.
Conventional Buffer
R R R R I I I R R R I
Fire Resisting Techniques
Conventional Buffer
CITY ORGANISATION
35
IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGY ON SITE
1. RE-CONNECT THE EXISITNG FABRIC
Conection level High
Low
5 km
Connectivity of Existing Villages Because the growth of industries directly link to the transportation connectivity, to take advantage to the existing infrastructure and social fabric, we started to look at the connectivity of the local villages. The numbers of the circle around the villages shows the level of connectivity of each village.
38
Connection Method
5 km
Model A
Model B
Model C
Village Residential Area Industrial Area
Proposed Residential Area Assume that poor connected villages will tend to attach the closest better-connected villages to form village clusters. The area in yellow shows residential area around village clusters as the future residential areas to meet the targeted area for residential landuse and the rest area will be for the industries to develop.
Governmental Master Plan
Existing Condition
Firescape Proposal
39
2.1 ESCAPE ROUTE DESIGN
Exisitng Pond Proposed Residential Area Pond in Proposed Industrial Area Pond in Proposed Residential Area
5 km
Highway & River
Pond Connection Because the industries are flammable, we use escape route technique to form the major road infrastructure for the whole area in case emergency. This drawing shows the direct connection of each pond as future refuge for fire escape.
Escape Route
Pond Connction
40
Exisitng Pond Proposed Residential Area Pond in Proposed Industrial Area Conection Junction in Proposed Industrial Area
5 km
Highway & River
Escape Route Formation To provide transportation for industrial material transportation and safety of people, the escape route is located in the future industrial area. Here we try to find the efficient way to connect industrial refuge area to the external network.
Escape Route
Pond Connction
41
2.2 ESCAPE NETWORK SYSTEM
Emergency Refuse Area Hierarchy
Daily Use of Refuse Area
Primary Escape Network
Secondary Escape Network

Thirdly Escape Network
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To Muler: 24km
To Amod: 32km
Varaga
Ankot
Kadodara
Aragama
Atali Dahej Jolva
Bhelsli Navetha
To Bharuch: 28km
5 km
Highway & River
Escape Route System This drawing is showing the system of escape network from the local refuge area around each pond to the external network through the escape routes.
Escape Route
Pond Connction
43
3.1 INDUSTRIAL FIRE RESISTANT FABRIC
Firebreak
Breaking down the continuing flammable fabric is a common technique to prevent fire spread in the accidents. Typical example appears in the forest management. A large piece of forest usually is break down by many small pieces to provide access to many locations in the forest for management (plant, trim and harvest). More importantly, when fire happens this breaking down roads help to prevent fire spread from one small piece to the others, therefore, reduce the cost in fire accidents.
Navalcan, Portugal
Firebreaks in Industrial Area Firebreaks in the industrial area are used as roads that specifically need to be kept clean and clear in order to prevent fire spread in accidents. First, consider the easy water access of existing water recourse for fire extinguish and peoples safety. Second, the radian layout also serves as a guide for people to escape in the emergency case. The existing ponds in the proposed industrial area can be naturally transform into greeneries for entertainment use for the workers in normal time. During fire emergency, they serve as refuge areas. Their center location in the radiant layout informs the refuge area by the daily use of them as greeneries or daily gathering points.
Pond in Porposed Industrial Area Industrial Plot
Proposed Industrial Refuge Area Direct Connetion between Ponds
Proposed Fire break Roads for Industries
44
Industrial Road Industrial Refuge Area
5 km
Width of Fire-proof Streets 0.5-0.8 0.3-0.4 Tpye 0 Industry Tpye 1 Industry
Industrial Fabric As roads can help to prevent fire spread, the major roads for industrial area are designed to ensure safety of industrial refuge area. And its radiate layout also suggests the location refuge area for emergency use by daily use of the infrastructure.
0.08-0.2
0.2-0.3
Tpye 2 Industry
Tpye 3 Industry
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3.2 RESIDENTIAL FIRE RESISTANT FABRIC

Primary Network Primary network connect pond in residential area to the pond in industrial area. This connection is critical in fire emergency to transfer people to refuge area, hospital and other civil facilities in the city.
PEDESTRIAN BIKE CAR (4 LANE) BIKE PEDESTRIAN PEDESTRIAN BIKE CAR (2 LANE) BIKE PEDESTRIAN
3.5M
2M
12.8M
2M
3.5M
3.5M
2M
6.4M
2M
3.5M
PEDESTRIAN
BIKE
CAR (4 LANE)
BIKE
PEDESTRIAN
PEDESTRIAN
BIKE
CAR (2 LANE)
BIKE
PEDESTRIAN
PEDESTRIAN + BIKE
Secondary Network
3.5M
2M
12.8M
2M
3.5M
3.5M
2M
6.4M
2M
3.5M
6M
Secondary network is to connect each village into a larger city networks in the residential area. It also connects to the residential ponds as refuge areas to the rest of the city.
PEDESTRIAN BIKE CAR (2 LANE) BIKE PEDESTRIAN PEDESTRIAN + BIKE
CAR (4 LANE)
BIKE
PEDESTRIAN
12.8M
2M
3.5M
3.5M
2M
6.4M
2M
3.5M
6M
BIKE
PEDESTRIAN
PEDESTRIAN
BIKE
CAR (2 LANE)
BIKE
PEDESTRIAN
PEDESTRIAN + BIKE
2M
3.5M
Thirdly Network
3.5M
2M
6.4M
2M
3.5M
6M
Thirdly network is mainly for pedestrian and bike to support the very local use in the India context. People are encouraged to use non-automobile vehicle in each neighborhood.
PEDESTRIAN + BIKE
BIKE
PEDESTRIAN
2M
3.5M
6M
46

PEDESTRIAN + BIKE
6M
5 km
Residential Fabric For the residential network we also have three hexarchies. The primary road connects the residential refuge area to the industrial refuge area for escaping to the external connection. The secondary and thirdly roads to connect residential refuge areas to the rest of the residential areas. And they are focus on daily use within the residential areas.
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4.1 BERM FABRICAITON PROCESS
Proposed Buffer
Residential Area Berm Flamerable Industry Emergency
Protective Berm When the industrial fabric and residential fabric meet to each other, there are berms in between to separate the fire to spread from industries into the residential area.
Daily
park / garden / market plaza
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Entrance of Industry Berm Orientation Peoples Movment

200 m
Entrance of Industry Main Berm Orientation

0 100 200 m
Entrance of Industry Berm Orientation

0 100 200 m
100
1.Movement Analysis People movement between industries and residential area are analysed to help to shape the berms placement.
2.Movement Negotiation The main orientation of the berm negotiates the movement of people and the protective function of the berm.
0m
3.Berm Orientation The berm orientation is negotiated with the peoples movement.
Near Primary Rd:1 Berm Outline Entrance of Industry Berm Orientation

0 100 200 m
0 100 200 m
Btw Primary and Thirdly Rd: 1-3 Near Thirdly Rd:3

0 100 200 m
4.Berm Outline Based on the orientation of the berm, the mesh suggested the possible outline of the berm.
5.Path Different hierarchies of the roads decide the number of the path that is required for urban activities.
6.Berm Plan Finally the berm is created based on the movement and function of both industrial use and urban use.
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4.2 BERM SECTION

We design a flatter slope of the berm facing the residential sides to provide more urban land use and steeper slope on the industrial side to prevent peoples activity in case of fire emergency from the industries. Here are some sections example on one of the berm.
0m
a
a b c d
CITY
INDUSTRY
100
200
b
Residential
Residential Side Industry Side
Industry
Park
Plaza
Agriculture
Market
AGRICULTURE
50
SHORT GRASS
PAVEMENT
2.00 2.00 10.00
10.00
2.00
10.00
2.00
10.00
2.00
10.00
COMMUNITY FARM GARDEN

FARM GARDEN
2.00
FARM GARDEN
COMMUNITY FARM GARDEN FARM GARDEN OMMUNITY 2.00 Residential Side Activity Catalog RM GARDEN
2.00 2.00 2.00 5.00
10.00
2.00
10.00
10.00
2.00
10.00
10.00
2.00
10.00
Park
PARK NO MARKET
COMMUNITY
15 degree slope
2.00 2.00 5.00 2.00 2.00 5.00
COMMUNITY PARK MMUNITY RK

2.00 4.00 2.00 2.00
2.00
2.00
5.00
30 degree slope
5.00 10.00
WHEN MARKET HAPPENS

2.00 2.00 2.00 5.00
2.00
2.00
5.00
NO MARKET
WHEN MARKET HAPPENS WHEN MARKET HAPPENS PUBLIC MARKET

4.00
NO MARKET NO MARKET
10.00 2.00 4.00 10.00 2.00
CAFE PUBLIC MARKET
BLIC MARKET
15.00
Plaza
4.00
Plaza
4.00 10.00 2.00 4.00 10.00 2.00
10.00 4.00 1.50
2.00 15.00
4.00
10.00
CAFE
2.00
PLAZA
Plaza with Cafe
CAFE
PLAZA
4.00 1.50
4.00
CAFE 1.50
15.00
4.00
1.50
15.00
AZA
4.00
15.00
4.00
1.50
15.00
1.50
15.00
4.00
1.50
15.00
HIGHER LEVEL OF RURAL AGRICULTURE HIGHER LEVEL OF RURAL AGRICULTURE
LOWER LEVEL OF RURAL AGRICULTURE LOWER LEVEL OF RURAL AGRICULTURE
RURAL RURAL AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURE
Agriculture
Horiculture LOWER LEVEL OF RURAL AGRICULTURE

2.00 2.00 10.00 10.00 2.00 2.00 10.00 10.00 2.00 2.00
HORICULTURE HORICULTURE
FARM LAND FARM LAND
10.00 10.00
2.00 2.00
10.00 10.00
Farm Land
FARM LAND
2.00
10.00
2.00
10.00
2.00
10.00
COMMUNITY COMMUNITY FARM GARDEN FARM GARDEN
Garden
2.00 2.00
FARM GARDEN FARM GARDEN
10.00 10.00
2.00 2.00
10.00 10.00
2.00
10.00
51
COMMUNITY COMMUNITY PARK PARK

2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 5.00 5.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 5.00 5.00
PHASING
DEVELOPMENT OF DAHEJ IN PHASES
The industrial types with different requirements on areas, are significantly effect the city that developed based on the industries. From the research on industrialization and petrochemical industry, we know that types of industries changed over time. In general, industries that produce lower value per products and higher risk to the city (such as type 0 and 1 industry in Dahej) will be replaced by the industries that produce higher value per products and lower risk to the city velop to a matured phase. Instead of seeing a city as an object, we see Dahej as a process that driven by the development and changes of the industries. This development and changes are recorded by the fire resisting landscape techniques, which are the berms. Because type 2 and 3 industries required less land and more employment, the total industrial land use will decrease. This abandon industrial lands will be turned into residential deboundary of between industrial land use and non-industrial lands use changes over time, new berms will be built to defend the new developed residential area each time this boundary changes. The city landscape records how the industry works with the city, similar to the river pattern records the flooding history of itself.
Large Scale Intermediate Medium Scale Intermediate Small Scale Intermediate
employments, investment, and impact on the environment Type 3 Industry
Engineering Fertiliser Building Block Oil Refinery
(such as type 2 and 3 industry in Dahej) as the industries deType 2 Industry
velopment to house more employment in the design. As the Type 1 Industry
Type 0 Industry
Hydrocabon Feedstock
Gas Cracker
Plastic
Chemical
Size
Employment
Product Value
Flammable Level
54
Industrial Development City Development Year Phase 1 2020
Developing Phases Phase 2 2030 Phase 3 2040 Phase 4 2050
Matured Phases Phase 5 2060
Buffer Development
Type 3 Type 2 Type 1 Type 0 Village
1% 3% 7% 5% 17%
2% 3%
Industry Land Use Boundary
8%
9%
13%
8%
9% 12%
12% 17%
15%
11%
8%
New Township
6% 10% 9%
4% 12% 9%
NonIndustry Land Use

Agriculture
68%
9% 23%
9%
52% 40% 42%
31%
10%
10%
10%
55
DEVELOPING PHASES
The industries grow from the existing industrial location near the port. Residential clusters near the new development industrial area are full developed. As the growth of the industrial fabric and residential fabric, berms grow when the residential area tough the industrial area in order to prevent fire accident. In Phase 3, the proposal achieves the governmental master plan standard in terms of quantity.
Berm Location Berm Location
Phase 1 (2020)
Phase 2 (2030)
Berm Location
Phase 3 (2040)
56
MATURED PHASES
Boudary of Expanded Residential Area Boudary of Expanded Industrial Area
Phase 4 (2050)
15 Degree 30 Degree 40 Degree 45 Degree 55 Degree Residential Area Core Block Periphary Block
Original Boudary Type 3 Industry New Boundary Type 2 Type1 Industry Industry Type0 Industry Industrial Area New Berm Old Berm
In Phase 4, Lower value industries shrink. The surrounding residential area expands to the previous industrial area. Higher value Industries, however, expand into the surrouding residential area.
Boudary of Expanded Residential Area Boudary of Expanded Industrial Area
Phase 5 (2060)
In Phase 5, as more residential area are in demand, more lower value industries turn into residential.
57
GROWING BEHAVIORS
74.74 hectare 14.22 hectare 25.5 hectare 111.35 hectare 169.45 hectare 53.98 hectare 109.2 hectare 13.7522.5 hectare hectare 99.15 hectare 91.55 hectare 161.69 hectare 143.03 hectare 101.43 hectare 28.72 hectare 51.99 hectare 102.99 hectare 112.59 hectare 22.53 hectare 63.31 hectare 208.91 hectare 103.18 hectare 198.38 hectare 147.85 hectare 483.81 hectare
1001.35 hectare
613.69 hectare 192.39 hectare 358.13 hectare 111.06 hectare 844.62 hectare 953.89 hectare
255.11 hectare 196.54 hectare
3
408.15 hectare 167.05 hectare 423.95 hectare 428.22 hectare 175.17 hectare 196.91 hectare 101.52 hectare 53.19 hectare
211.22 hec 1
182.62 hectare 109 hectare
66.4 31.64 hec
121.55 hectare 125.57 hectare 82.08 hectare 61.64 hectare 152.58 hectare 191.94 hectare 45.85 hectare 47.16 hectare
108.21 hectare 44.0822.43 hectare hectare 61.9 hectare 9.37 hectare 91.42 hectare 30.2 hectare 53.66 hectare 2.47 hectare 55.85 hectare 27.09 hectare 66.62 hectare 85.27 hectare 65.68 hectare 198.84 hectare 59.27 hectare 64.45 hectare
197.33 hectare
55.09 hectare 391.47 hectare 68.18 hectare 82.92 hectare 126.06 hectare 302.97 hectare 61.05 hectare 36.08 hectare 22.7 hectare 58.96 hectare 29.31 hectare 528.68 hectare 30.88 hectare 66.96 hectare86.07 hectare 48.85 hectare 153.23 hectare 9.94 hectare 70.38 hectare 23.37 hectare 131.03 hectare 24.02 hectare 382.8 hectare 21.32 hectare 24.52 hectare 53.76 hectare 43.03 hectare 14.46 hectare 8.39 hectare 172.71 hectare 36.19 hectare 53.12 hectare 22.02 hectare 40.36 hectare 114.7 hectare 60.61 hectare 11.41 hectare 383.59 hectare 2.08 hectare 110.5 hectare 17.18 hectare 14.47 hectare 6.35 hectare 18.5928.67 hectare hectare 2.17 hectare 28.55 hectare 13.33 hectare 18.51 7.14hectare hectare 22.8 hectare 6.58 hectare 11.44 hectare 352.33 hectare 67.39 hectare 8.55 hectare 43 hectare 94.01 hectare 47.37 hectare 22.24 hectare 66.74 hectare 305.83 hectare 41.48 hectare 109.91 hectare 27.64 hectare 32.89 hectare 156.78 hectare 19.54 hectare 77.28 hectare 121.97 hectare 128.46 hectare 217.04 hectare 68.68 hectare 338.63 hectare 183.75 hectare 112.23 hectare 23 hectare 178.13 hectare 148.72 hectare 9.59 hectare 81.56 hectare 158.65 hectare 601.7 hectare
120.09 hectare 37.
161.57 he 31.89 hectare 83.8 hectare
168
152.99 hectare 27.21 hectare 49.89 hectare 63.09 hectare 31.4 hectare 95.38 hectare 95.12 hectare 79.03 hectare 33.63 hectare 86.05 hectare 44.42 hectare 79.05 hectare 58.95 hectare 38.6 hectare87.35 hectare 225.22 hectare 23.55 hectare 72.6 hectare 22.89 hectare 188.65 hectare 68.34 hectare 22.86 hectare 46.21 hectare 162.15 hectare 103.89 hectare 37.73 hectare 91.42 hectare 69.89 hectare 42.02 hectare50.52 hectare 15.13 hectare 111.09 hectare 54.8 hectare 15.62 hectare 53.09 hectare 35.94 hectare 13.47 hectare 120.4 hectare 108.42 hectare 68.56 hectare 146.81 hectare 36.65 hectare 104.26 hectare 247.47 hectare 129.15 hectare 44 hectare 85.44 hectare 100.82 hectare 15.63 hectare 35.91 hectare 77.93 hectare 20.06 hectare 95.1 hectare 198.62 hectare 59.62 hectare 60.47 hectare 82.36 hectare 33.08 hectare 35.13 hectare 305.89 hectare
154 29.2 hectare
39.77
72
328.78 hectare
30.45 hectare
241.3 hectare 183.43 hectare 139.29 hectare 33.94 hectare 105.59 hectare
135.85 hectare 477.52 hectare 231.1 hectare
153.67 hectare 180.56 hectare 133.03 hectare 221.65 hectare
152.82 hectare 622.09 hectare 166.23 hectare 124 hectare
42.44 hectare 50.37 hectare 120.66 hectare 24.73 hectare
276.87 hectare
199.19 hectare 164.71 hectare 74.14 hectare 137.07 hectare 48.33 hectare 34.82 hectare 140.9 hectare 124.44 hectare 116.19 hectare 20.73 hectare
92.06 hectare 77.91 hectare 10.99 hectare 73.85 hectare 22.51 hectare hectare 60.6285.38 hectare 44.41 hectare 98.07 hectare 10.29 hectare 9.94 hectare 123.58 hectare 10.18 hectare 5.62 hectare 162.47 hectare 104.77 hectare 11.94 hectare 24.04 hectare 73.11 hectare 6.31 hectare 24.33 hectare 235.61 hectare 107.96 hectare 190.86 hectare 427.85 hectare 189.84 hectare 113.51 hectare 184.09 hectare 157.98 hectare 98.66 hectare 96.1 hectare 77.51 hectare 18.23 hectare 49.63 hectare 22.23 hectare 38.35 hectare 10.37 hectare 52.87 hectare 22.83 hectare 84 hectare 110.3 hectare 116.01 hectare 154.71 hectare 84.81 hectare 113.96 hectare
37.21 hectare 89.33 hectare 114.13 hectare 41.39 hectare 177.31 hectare 38.64 hectare 323.34 hectare 75.6 hectare 133.13 hectare
627.21 hectare
467.83 hectare
409.02 hectare
191.94 hectare
187.75 hectare
263.94 hectare 715.35 hectare 244.67 hectare 239.79 hectare 117.44 hectare 104.27 hectare 187.17 hectare 123.02 hectare 88.48 hectare 186.93 hectare 104.06 hectare 42.37 hectare 76.57 hectare 20.53 hectare 78.16 hectare 105.65 hectare 15.39 hectare 49.47 hectare
111.84 hectare
466.56 hectare
68.47 hectare
58
1. Incremental Growth
139.29 hectare 119.19 hectare 48.45 hectare 67.63 hectare 94.4 hectare 86.01 hectare 59.19 hectare 123.1 hectare 207.64 hectare 153.37 hectare 12.64 hectare 221.97 hectare 79.84 hectare 96.33 hectare 36.06 hectare 98.74 hectare 166.93 hectare 135.99 hectare 153.3 hectare 90.74 hectare 34.54 hectare 84.52 hectare 55.13 hectare 210.02 hectare 52.25 hectare 72.44 hectare 244.24 hectare 61.46 hectare 94.37 hectare 42.65 hectare 128.21 hectare 5.24 hectare 32.22 hectare 94.49 hectare 6.57 hectare 40.28 hectare 84.94 hectare
145 hectare 45.32 hectare 80.68 hectare 37.04 hectare 57.47 hectare 99.53 hectare 36.03 hectare 77.49 hectare 38.85 hectare 39.57 hectare 133.14 hectare 61.54 hectare 52.04 hectare 181.75 hectare 25.06 hectare 56.07 hectare 100.06 hectare 56.03 hectare 25.39 hectare 45.85 hectare 125.52 hectare 90.9 hectare 34.4 hectare 60.79 hectare 144.11 hectare 250.54 hectare 267.59 hectare
2. Steady Growth
ctare 126.53 hectare 40.8 hectare
281.71 hectare
98.51 hectare
45 hectare ctare 15.32 hectare 48.62 hectare
e .65 hectare 54.97 hectare ectare 124.3 hectare 268.41 hectare 14.35 hectare
102.62 hectare 68.63 hectare 47.74 hectare 37.05 hectare 89.05 hectare 217 hectare 29.76 hectare 55.96 hectare 25.92 hectare 59.64 hectare 70.8 hectare 26.2 hectare 118.57 hectare
496.69 hectare
8.87 hectare
715.76 hectare
371.18 hectare
3. Increasing Growth
1023.79 hectare
4.33 hectare e 32.34 hectare 7 hectare
190.82 hectare
5
68.76 hectare 117.61 hectare 59.47 hectare 96.82 hectare 25.03 hectare 43.53 hectare 67.24 hectare 130.09 hectare 159.46 hectare 147.78 hectare 106.27 hectare 156.12 hectare
4. Competitive Growth
5. Linear Growth
59
GROUND CONSTRUCTION
EVOLUTION
Built environment and infrastructure in the city are more then physical facility to support the development of the city. They also record the paths of the citys development. The development of the burg cities are the typical example to show how a ancient defensible city scape can be break down and grow by multiplying its structure when population increase over time. However, the previous structure still remained as part of the new structure of the city. Inspired by this structure, the groundwork creates the city prototypes to achieve the demand of city expansion and fire resisting urban environment. Start from the phase 4 of the mater plan, the demand of housing and the shifting of industries create the opportunity to turn the previous industrial land into residential area. New berms are created to protect the expanded residential area. The process of the groundwork for the new berm creates different spatial conditions, while recording the path of development on the site.
Ref:348
192.39 hectare
1. Incremental Growth
Ref:336
53.19 hectare
Ref:340
101.52 hectare
Ref:341
Ref:339
Ref:334
Ref:295
175.17 hectare
88.87 hectare
Ref:332
196.91 hectare
182.62 hectare
Ref:337
109 hectare
Ref:338
Ref:325
302.97 hectare
391.47 hectare
Ref:331
Ref:326
61.05 hectare
528.68 hectare
Ref:330
Ref:327
382.8 hectare
131.03 hectare
Ref:329
601.7 hectare
Ref:328
Ref:297
383.59 hectare
Ref:296
94.01 hectare
2. Steady Growth
96.33 hectare
Ref:139
166.93 hectare
Ref:121
36.06 hectare
Ref:122
98.74 hectare
Ref:138
Ref:120
Ref:137 28.29 hectare 57.65 hectare Ref:124 Ref:136 Ref:125

369.52 hectare
Ref:123
159.07 hectare
75.22 hectare
Ref:118
102.63 hectare
281.71 hectare
Ref:119
220.2 hectare
Ref:126 Ref:117
377.51 hectare
263.33 hectare
Ref:116
496.69 hectare
Ref:114
217 hectare
Ref:115
273.46 hectare
3. Increasing Growth
Ref:347
1001.35 hectare
Ref:346
74.74 hectare
Ref:345
613.69 hectare
Ref:344
358.13 hectare
Ref:343
111.06 hectare
844.62 hectare
Ref:294
Ref:342 Ref:335
483.81 hectare
953.89 hectare
Ref:293
408.15 hectare
Ref:336
Ref:340 Ref:339
Ref:341
53.19 hectare
101.52 hectare
Ref:295
88.87 hectare
Ref:338
109 hectare
4. Competitive Growth
202.56 hectare
139.29 hectare
Ref:239
116.23 hectare
Ref:232
Ref:231
Ref:228 12.25 hectare 27.69 hectare Ref:226

37.21 hectare
Ref:230
108.82 hectare
Ref:233
Ref:229
Ref:234
41.39 hectare
Ref:227
Ref:225
Ref:235
Ref:223
133.13 hectare
Ref:224
Ref:221
467.83 hectare
845.91 hectare
Ref:222
Ref:220
191.94 hectare
520.47 hectare
Ref:219
Ref:217
466.56 hectare
5. Linear Growth
Ref:180 Ref:177
Ref:159
268.41 hectare
Ref:181
14.35 hectare
Ref:179 Ref:178
39.77 hectare
32.34 hectare
Ref:158
72.66 hectare
Ref:157
Ref:156
Ref:154
Ref:155
Ref:152
Ref:153
Ref:140
67.24 hectare
Ref:151
25.03 hectare
130.09 hectare
Ref:149
147.78 hectare
Ref:150
159.46 hectare
Ref:148
106.27 hectare
Ref:144
156.12 hectare
Ref:147
Ref:146
Ref:145
63.6 hectare
Ref:143
Ref:142
44.97 hectare
23.98 hectare
Ref:141
62
SCALE
0m
Industries
Residential Area
100
200 m
Industrial Area Residential Area Core Block
New Berm Old Berm Periphary Block
63
STUDY 1 : ROLE OF POND IN DAHEJ AREA

Network Structure
Local context was analysed so the groundwork provides not only safety, but environment that is familiar to the area. We found out that People in Dahej often use pond as community centre. Interestingly, even a city can be observed as aggregation of those pond-cantered community.
Vadadla Dahej
Main Circulation
Housing Distribution
Religious Space
Greenary
64
City of Bharuch Population: 168,729 Area: 50 sq km
65
BOUNDARY SHIFTING PROCESS

Original Groundwork Residential Boundary Industry
Step 1 Groundwork Residential Boundary Industry
Residential Development
66
67
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
Road Layout Option 1
Berm Area Berm Area
Road Layout Option 2

Berm Area Berm Area
1. The main connection from the cell to the nearest highway was determinate, which also act as the division of soil excavation in different phases.
Road Requirement on Berm

Berm Height 10m
Rd lengh 114 m
Max. Rd Slope 5 Rd lengh 114 m
Berm Width
Rd le 11 ngh 4m
Berm Width
Berm Width
t gh len Rd 14 m 1
2. Adopting the option 2 of the road layout. The basic orientation of the road network in the cell is created. 68
3. Based on the main orientation of the road network, father subdivision of blocks and roads are developed.
5. Soil from most of the blocks are excavate for the construction of the new berms, which will create pond. The location of pond are located in the conjunction of the main connection for share water resource in the fire emergency.
10948 m3
29975 m3 12182 m3 23036 m3 2425 m3 19482 m3 86847 m3 6884 m3
11394 m 3
15983 m 3
17940 m3
4. The soil demand for different phases of berm construction determined the way to combine some of the blocks into one. The green lines indicate the main connections of the cell.
6. According to the excavation process, the shapes of ponds are created.
69
PROTOTYPE CONSTRUCTION
Orginal
Residential
Industry
The observation and cut and fill operation informed the ground organization which is going to be constructed through the process of boundary shifting.
Step 1
Prototype B-1 10m Prototype B-1
20m
B-1-1 B-1-4 B-1-2
30m
Residential
Industry
The new berm is created through three construction layers. This creates three types of ground prototype with different step width. The width is corresponding to the amount of soil which is required for construction of each layer of the berm.
B-1-3
Step 2
10m Prototype B-2
Prototype B-2 B-2-1 B-1-1 B-2-2 Residential B-1-4 B-1-2 B-2-3
20m
30m
Industry
B-2-4 B-1-3
70
Step 3
10m Prototype B-3
20m B-2-1 B-3-1 B-1-1 B-2-2 Residential B-1-4 B-1-2 B-2-3 Prototype B-3 30m
Those three ground types can collect rain water at its lowest point. We label those ground conditions as prototype b.
B-3-2
Industry
B-2-4 B-1-3
Step 4
10m Prototype A-1
A-1 (1) B-2-1 A-1 (2) B-3-1 B-2-2 Residential B-1-1 B-1-4 B-1-2 B-2-3
20m
30m
B-3-2
Industry
Prototype A-1
The prototype A provides soil to reform the previous industry side of existing berm. This prototype can happen at once or incrementally depends on several factors, such as available budget, need for housing, and need for urban park.
B-2-4 B-1-3
Step 5
Prototype A-2 10m
A-1 (1) A-1 (3) B-2-1 A-1 (4) A-1 (2) B-3-1 B-2-2 Residential
20m
B-1-1 B-1-4 B-1-2 B-2-3
30m
B-3-2
Industry
Prototype A-2
B-2-4 B-1-3
71
PROTOTYPE
Type A
Prototype A-1
Ground Section
Residential
Boundary
Industry
Prototype A-2 A-1 (3) A-1 (1) Residential A-1 (2) Boundary Industry
Ground Plan
A-1 (4)
Building on the Ground
Residential
Existing Berm Prototype A

72
Residential Area Prototype B-1 Prototype B-1 Prototype B-2
Pro
Type B - 1
Type B - 2
Type B - 3
Ground Section
10m
20m
30m
Ground Plan
B-1-4
B-2-2
B-3-1
Circulation
Industry
PrototypeA is the ground condition that was created through the cut and fill to reform the slope of existing berm. Since the amount of soil excavation is small in this prototype and it does not create specific ground condition, any conventional housing type can be constructed on the ground. In contrast, prototypeB contains specific ground condition that was created as a result of cut and fill operation to construct new berm.
Newly Constructed Berm
ototype B-3
73
ESCAPE ROUTE NETWORK
[Emergency Escape Area Hierarchy]
[Daily Use]
sport
urban park community street garden market
plaza
Industry Cluster
Residential Cluster A
Residential Cluster B
level 2
playgroundcommunity street garden market plaza
level 1
plaza
Existing Village Centre (level 2)
Prototype B Pond (level 1)
The ponds constructed through the ground excavation can be used as water resource in case of emergency. The escape area network connects those pond and centre of existing village which performs as higher level of refuge area.
74
Level 1
Escape Route Network
Level 2 Refuge Area
Level 1
Level 1
newest boundary oribinal boundary
Berm
oribinal boundary
newest boundary
Infrastructure
Existing Village
New Residential
New Residential
A-1
B-1
Ground Construction
B-3 B-2
75
STUDY 2: ROLE OF POND IN URBAN SETTING
Name: Banganga Tank Location: Munbai, India Built Year: 1127 AD System: Spring fed Function: Cultural Hub
76
Everyday Use Banganga tank is located near the historical district where some of the village housing has insufficient tap water. Direct circulation between each village building and the pond is observed in everyday use for collecting tank water and washing.
residential
Religious Use Because the Tank in India is a religious holy place, many temples from different religions are located near the pond. During traditional and religious events, people from the city come to the temple and then reach to the tank. The tank as a attraction point in the city is observed in during the religious use.
residential religous centre
Event / Tourism The linear connection from main transportation center to the tank is observed in international events such as music festival or touristic activities.
bus stop temporary retail
77
STUDY 3: ACTIVITY AROUND POND

Relationship between pond, step, building and activities that is specific in Banganga Tank Section was analysed.
Tourist/ Event Use

walking
temporary retail display pods dry clothes
Everyday Use
seating praying
play ground
Religious Use
washing bathing
pond
building
78
Tourist / Event Use
Everyday Use
Religious Use
79
PROTOTYPE PLAN DEVELOPMENT
Event Circulation
Outline of building
Everyday Circulation
Circulation in Relatonship to Pond Everyday Event / Tourist

80
Outline of Building
Location of Temporary Retail (along tourist circulation)
public open space (adjacent to public facilities)
Religious Centre (at attracting point)
Plantation (to provide shading to public space)
Retail (along busy circulation path)
Water Feature
Program Distribution Temporary Retail Commercial Religious
Public Space Use Open Space Water Tank Plantation

81
PROTOTYPE SECTION DEVELOPMENT

To create ground that can house observed activities, landscaped topography, stepping to pond, and architecture form were developed. Also it was made sure that each level of ground has small retention pond. They are connected to the main pond through the pumping system for them to function as water resource in case of fire.
b c d
event deck ecological pond social gathering washing rooftop cafe temporary retail gathering sky bridge seating play ground oversee deck
jogging praying washing bathing
82
Commercial
Commercial
Commercial
Religious
Temporary Retail
Commercial
Built Surface
Tourist Circulation
Rooftop Terrace
Circulation Path
Open Space Busy Traffic Attracting Point
Greenery
Open Space
Ground
Step
Pond
83
LANDSCAPED TOPOGRAPHY, STEP, AND ARCHITECTURE
open space
terrace
pond
religious centre pond
84
85
13.4 15.5
14.0 3.2
14.2
5.0
B-3-3
9.88
B-3-2
10.0 10.3
A-2 (1)
A-2 (2) A-1 (1)
A-1 (2)
B-1-6
B-2-3 B-3-2 B-1-4 B-2-2
B-1-3
B-2-1
86
B-1-1
6.5
8.2
12.0 12.1
B-2-3 B-3-1
B-2-4 B-2-1
B-2-2
B-1-4
B-1-3
B-1-2
11.1
13.0
13.2 13.3
B-1-1
10.2
7.0 15.0
B-1-2
8.56
17.5
87
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A: INDUSTRIAL CYCLE TREND Trend of Industralisation

Mid 1800 Mid 1900 1980 2013 Financial & Service Industry Prosperous Regentrification Manufacturial Fall
UK
Infrastructurial Boom Manufacturial Boom
Infrastructurial Boom Manufacturial Boom
Manufactury Crisis Change of Industries
China
Infrastructurial Boom Industrial Boom Textile Industiral Fall
India
Time
History Record of Industrialisation
Shift of Industries
Compared with the trend of industrialisation in UK, China, and India, different types of industries dominate different stages in the life cycle of industrialisation. In the later phase of Industrialisation, higher value industry plays a main role in the economy. Based on this observation, the Firescape project predicts that Dahej will face a industry shifting as the industry developed toward matured stage.
90
Service & Finance Industry Higher Value Manufactory Lower Value Manufactory
Predition of Indias Industrial Trend

Mid 1800 Mid 1900 1980 2013
Infrastructurial Boom Industrial Boom Textial Industiral Fall
Shifting of Industries
Historial Record: Prediction Trend:
Time
Predition of Industry Shifting in Dahej

2013 2040 2055
Governmental Master Plan
Firescape Proposal
91
APPENDIX B: STUDY CASE OF FIRE RISK
San Juanic, Mexico City. 1984 (Type 0 Industry)
200 200m m
$$ $$ $$ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$ $ $ $$ $$ $$ $$ $,000 $ $$ $$ $ $ $Injured: $ $$ $5,000-7 $ $$ Dead: 300-400

Affacted Area: 60,000 sq m Cost: 41 billion
Phillis Complex 66, Huston, 1989 (Type 1 Industry)
$ $$ $$ $$ $ $ $ $$ $$ $$
200 200m m
Injured: 314 Dead: 26 Affacted Area: 40,000 sq m Cost: 360 million
92
$ $$ $$ $
$$$$
200 m 200 m
Formosa Plastics Corporation, Illinois, 2004 (Type 2
$$$ $$$
Injured: 13 Dead: 7 Affacted Area: 30,000 sq. m Cost: 145 million
200 m 200 m
Indias Gujarate Namada Valley, Fertilisers Co, India, 2010 (Type 3 Industry)
200 m 200 m
$Injured: $ $ 16 Dead:7 $ Affacted $ $ Area: 2,4000 sq.m

Cost: 95 million
Industrial Area Affected Circle Explosion Circle Green Space Residential Area
93
APPENDIX C: FIRE RESISTANT TECHNIQUE [ Passive Fire Resistant Technique ]

Size of Open Space with Fire Preventing Functions in City of Edo
Fire Extinction Factor in Tokyo Earthquake Fire 1923
The illustration shows that passive fire extinction factor played bigger role than human factor in city scale fire accident.
94
[ Active Fire Extinction Preparation ]

Location of Cistern for Residential Housing
Water Supplies for Fire Fighting Besides the use of passive fire resistant technique throughout various scales, active fire extinction preparation was introduced to small scale design in order to take advantage of pond surrounding community structure.
95
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Firescape: Dahej, Gujarat, India

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FIRESCAPE

Dahej, Gujarat, India

Chairman Graduate School of Design Harvard University

AA Project Review 2013

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

CONTEXTS AND ARGUMENT

GROWTH OF INDIA : GLOBAL CONTEXT

India in the World Industry Map

Manufacturing as Percent of GDP 1980-2010

dustrial growth, fuelled by exporting to countries

As manufacturing in most of the industrial coun

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Devleped and Developing Countries

Advanced Economics In Transition Less Developed Least Developed

Newly Industrial Countries

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

GROWTH OF INDIA : INDIAN CONTEXT

30 20 10 0 1800 1820 1840 1860 1880

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Diverse Decision Makers

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

GROWTH OF INDIA : CONCLUSION

Future of Industrial City

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Project Intension and Application

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

Petrochemical Industrial City

Labour & Materials

Labour & Materials

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

Petrochemical Industry Petro-related Industry & Cargo Green Space

open sapce: 50%

Residential Area Commercial Area

Industrial Town Organisation: Jurong Island, Singapore

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Composition of Industries: Chemical Industry Park, Shanghai, China.

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

Fire Accidents of Petrochemical Industry

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

DEMOLISHMENT OF EXISTING FABRIC

Separation of Industries and City

Typical Industrial City

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

Relocation of Local Villagers

Governmental Master Plan on Dahej

Number of DemolisingVillage: 40 Relocating Population: 15,000

Farmers marched 22 kilometers to New Delhi in Oct, 2012

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

FIRE AND CITY

Bousaihaku (n.d.) Fire after Earthquake, [drawing] (Bousaihaku)

City Fabric Developed with Fire Preventing Technique

FIRESCAPE / DAHEJ, GUJARAT, INDIA

LANDSCAPE URABNISM 2012-2013

FIRE RESISTANT LANDSCAPE

Low Risk Industry

High Risk Industry

High Risk Industry

park / garden / market plaza