PERFORMANCE OF BUILDINGS DURING EARTHQUAKES AND LESSON LEARNT

D.K. Paul, Ph.D

Professor

Department of Earthquake Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India

TYPES OF BUILDINGS

Load Bearing wall system Beam-column Frame system Dual system Slab and column frame system

FRAMED BUILDINGS

Damage to reinforced concrete multi-storeyed buildings

Remaining core shaft of a multi-storeyed building

ONGC Residential Apartments, Ahmedabad

ONGC Office, Ahmedabad

Damage to r.c.c. shopping centre, Bachhau

Damage to short column

Apartment building with first storey collapse

First storey collapse of residential building

Soft storey collapse Flexural failure at top of first storey columns

DAMAGE TO SIDHSHILA APARTMENTS

Bending of columns and partial collapse of parking structure, Northridge earthquake

Soft Middle storey collapse (Bhuj)

20

Lack of shear connection between floors and the elevator shaft

21

Identical 4 storeyed R.C. buildings (Amdavad) two out of four collapsed

22

Building Collapse in Taiwan 1999 Earthquake

A Building Collapsed in Taiwan 1999 Earthquake

Comparison of Realistic and Design Earthquake Forces

1.00
1. REALISTIC FORCE LEVEL FOR MAJOR EARTHQUAKE IN HIGH SEISMIC ZONE

FORCE LEVEL (as a fraction of weight of structure)

0.80
2. DESIGN FORCE LEVEL ASSUMING RESPONSE REDUCTION FACTOR R=3

0.60
3. REALISTIC FORCE LEVEL FOR LOW-MODERATE EARTHQUAKE IN HIGH SEISMIC ZONE

0.40
4. EARLY (pre-1971)CODE DESIGN FORCES

0.20

0.00 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0

3.5

4.0

PERIOD (seconds)

BUILDINGS WITH SOFT STOREY

Soft storey stiffness is significantly lower than adjacent floors Buildings on stilts ( for parking) are most common examples of soft-storey The in-fill wall provide additional stiffness against lateral loads which is not considered in the analysis Floors without infill walls have lower stiffness Floors with in-fill walls and with out in-fill walls are treated as same in analysis

BUILDINGS WITH SOFT STOREY

No consideration is given to soft storey which experiences greater drift Moment demand of column increases due to P- delta effect buildings with soft storey collapsed due to Many failure of columns at joints in soft storey The failure occurred due to

Lack of strength and stiffness of soft storey strong beam-weak column behaviour of moment resisting frame lack of ductility of columns due poor detailing

WHAT IS A SOFT STOREY ?

A storey having lateral stiffness less than 70% of the stiffness of the storey above or less than 80% of the average lateral stiffness of the three storeys above.
- IBC 2000, IS 1893

WHY A SOFT STOREY ?

Large open spaces with high ceiling at the ground floor level, for parking or some other architectural purpose. Absence of infills and shear-walls, and sometimes, increased length of columns at ground storey reduces the lateral stiffness significantly.

BUILDING ON STILT

Absence of masonry infills at ground storey for parking purpose.

BUILDING WITH DROPPED COLUMNS/SHEAR WALLS

Columns and shear-walls are dropped to have large spaces for commercial purposes at ground storey.

DAMAGE TO SOFT GROUND STOYEY

Soft storey attracts large force Requires large ductility Failure results due to large P-Delta shear forces

LESSONS FROM GUJARAT

Many buildings with soft storey collapsed due to failure of columns at joints in soft storey The failure occurred due to

Lack of strength & stiffness of soft storey strong beam-weak column behaviour of moment resisting frame lack of ductility due to poor detailing

DESIGN OF SOFT GROUND STOREY BUILDINGS

Option 1: Detailed non-linear dynamic analysis to ensure the deflection of the ground storey columns to be within safe limits Option 2: Increased lateral stiffness of the ground storey to avoid soft storey effect

INCREASED BEAM-COLUMN SIZE

The size of the ground storey beams and columns is increased to have the stiffness of the ground storey comparable with upper storeys

SHEAR WALLS AT GROUND STOREY

The ground storey should be provided with shear walls to increase the stiffness at ground storey

REINFORCEMENT DETAILING IN BUILDINGS HAVING SHEAR WALLS AT GROUND STOREY

Second storey columns have stiffness discontinuity and should be provided with special confining reinforcement throughout the length

SOFT STOREY IN UNIFORMLY INFILLED BUILDINGS

Uniformly infilled buildings may have soft storey effect due to failure of the infills in the bottom storeys To avoid soft storey effect in the uniformly infilled buildings, a minimum area of shear wall should be provided throughout the height of the building

DAMAGE TO APOLLO APARTMENTS

15th August Building, Swaminarayan School (21 students killed)

DAMAGE TO BUS STATION, BACHHAU

COLLAPSE OF SHIKHAR APARTMENTS

RETROFITTING OF EXISTING STILT BUILDINGS

Increasing the size of ground storey columns by jacketing Addition of RC walls at ground floor Steel bracings at ground storey Use of energy dissipating devices such as yielding bracing or viscous dampers

Damage to short column

Collapse of 4-storied apartment at first floor

Inside view of the apartment

First storey Column collapse of the above apartment

Open first storey collapse

8-storey building with collapsed 6th storey

8-storey building with collapsed 4th storey

10-storey building with collapsed 3rd storey

9-storey building with collapsed 5th storey

Damage to apartment in lower stories

The other side of apartment

Collapse of first storey of four storied school building

Soft storey collapse

Mid-height collapse of a mixed-use building (built circa 1977) in Nishinomiya. This type of collapse was very common in this earthquake.

15th August Building, Swaminarayan School (21 students killed)

DAMAGE TO STONE INFILL

COLLAPSE OF A R.C.C. ELEVATED WATER TANK

A R.C.C. WATER TANK - FINE CRACKS AT BASE CONSTRUCTION JOINTS

A R.C.C WATER TANK IN BHUJ - NO APPARENT DAMAGE

BEAM, COLUMN, FOOTING AND JOINT REINFORCEMENT DETAIL

FLEXURAL MEMBERS

In an external joint, both the top and the bottom bars of the beams shall be provided with anchorage length in tension plus 10 times the bar diameter In the internal joint, both face bars of the beam shall be taken continuously through the column The longitudinal bars shall be spliced, only if hoops are provided over the entire splice length, at a spacing not exceeding 150 mm The lap length shall not be less than the bar development length in tension

DETAIL OF REINFORCEMENT IN STAGING BEAMS

A Building collapsed in Taiwan Earthquake 1999

LACK OF TIE BARS

LACK OF TIE BARS

ROLE OF TIE BARS

LATERAL TIES PROVIDE CONFINEMENT TO CONCRETE AND PREVENTS PREMATURE BUCKLING OF REINFORCEMENT

FORCES ACTING ON AN INTERIOR BEAM-COLUMN JOINT

LIQUEFACTION

DAMAGE DUE TO LIQUEFACTION

150 m Navigation tower at Kandla port got tilted by 30 cm at the top because of liquefaction in foundation soil

Ground settlement due to liquefaction (Kandla port)

Los Angeles 1994 earthquake damage to freeway

Natural gas leakage causing damage due to fire

Los Angeles 1994 earthquake damage to Anaheim stadium

Mountain of books fell during the earthquake

The great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake collapsed highway

The great Hanshin-Awaji earthquake Fire after earthquake in Kobe city

FRAMED BUILDINGS

Dynamic Analysis of Framed Building Design of Building Detailing of Reinforcement Supervision of Construction

Bending of bars Quality Control Curing of concrete

LESSONS LEARNT

Implementation of Building Code/ Land Use Restrictions Good Construction Practice with Accountability Active Role of Structural Engineers Incorporation of Earthquake Engineering Aspects in Engineering Courses Rehabilitation & Reconstruction Communinity Awareness Development of Human Resource in Trained Manpower ( Structure/Earthquake Engineers)

INDIAN STANDARD CODES OF PRACTICE

IS : 4326-1993 Code of practice for earthquake resistant design and construction of buildings IS : 13827-1993 Guidelines for improving earthquake resistance of earthen buildings IS : 13828-1993 Guidelines for improving earthquake resistance of low strength masonry IS : 13920-1993 Code of practice for ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structures subjected to seismic forces IS : 13935-1993 Guidelines for repair and seismic strengthening of buildings

INDIAN STANDARD CODES OF PRACTICE IS : 1893-2001 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures Part 1- General Provisions and Buildings Part 2 - Liquid Retaining Tanks-Elevated and Ground Supported Part 3 - Bridges and Retaining Walls Part 4 - Industrial Structures Including Stack Like Structure Part 5 - Dams and Embankments