UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION 1) Define irrigation ?

? Irrigation is defined as the science of artificial application of water to the land in accordance with the crop requirements. 2) What are the necessity of irrigation ? 1.inadequate rainfall 2.increasing yield of crops 3.growing perennial crops 4.une en distri!ution of rainfall. 3) What are the ad antages of irrigation? 1.increase in food production 2.optimum !enefits 3.general prosperity 4.afforestation. 4) What are the disad antages of irrigation? 1.o er irrigation may lead to water logging 2.it may reduce cropyield 3.it is e"pensi e and comple". #) What are the types of irrigation? 1.surface irrigation 2.su!$surface irrigation. %) what are the techniques of water distri!ution in the farms? 1.free flooding 2.!order flooding 3.chec& flooding 4.!asin flooding' furrow irrigation method' drip irrigation method. () What are the types of sprin&ler system? 1.permanent system 2.semi$permanent system 3.porta!le system ))What are the ad antages of sprin&ler irrigation? 1.land le elling is not required 2.fertilisers can !e uniformly applied 3.it is less la!our oriented

*) What are the limitations of sprin&ler irrigation? 1.initial cost of the system is ery high 2.it requires larger electrical power 3.high wind may distort sprin&ler pattern 1+) What is arid region? ,he area where irrigation is must for agriculture is called arid region 11) What is semi$arid region? ,he area in which inferior crops can !e grown without irrigation 12) What is crop period? ,he time period that elapses from the instant of its sowing to the instant of its har esting is called crop period. 13) What is !ase period? ,he time !etween the first watering of a crop at the time of its sowing to its last watering !efore har esting is called the !ase period 14) What is rotation period? ,he time inter al !etween two such consecuti e watering is called frequency irrigation. 1#) Define duty of water? It is the relationship !etween the olume of water and the area of crops it matures is called duty of water. 1%) Define delta of a crop? each crop requires a certain amount of water after a certain fi"ed inter al of time' through its period of growth is called delta of a crop 1() What are the factors on which duty depends? 1.type of crop 2.climate and seasons 3.useful rainfall 4.type of soil #.efficiency of culti ation method 1)) What are &harif crops? ,he &harif crops are rice'!a-ra'-awar'mai.e'cotton'to!acco' groundnut'etc.

1*) What are ra!i crops? /a!i crops are wheat'!arley'gram'linseed'mustard'potatoes'etc 2+) Define irrigation efficiency? It is the efficiency of water output to the water input'and is usually e"pressed as percentage. 21) What is called effecti e rainfall? 0recipitation falling during the growing period of a crop that is a aila!le to meet the e apo$transpiration needs of the crop' is called effecti e rainfall. IRRIGATION METHOD 1) 1ist some types of irrigation ? canal irrigation'lift irrigation'tan& irrigation'etc 2) What are the necessity of irrigation ? 1.inadequate rainfall 2.increasing yield of crops 3.growing perennial crops 4.une en distri!ution of rainfall. 3) What are the ad antages of irrigation? 1.increase in food production 2.optimum !enefits 3.general prosperity 4.afforestation. 4) What are the disad antages of irrigation? 1.o er irrigation may lead to water logging 2.it may reduce cropyield 3.it is e"pensi e and comple". #) What are the types of irrigation? 1.surface irrigation 2.su!$surface irrigation. %) What are the techniques of water distri!ution in the farms? 1.free flooding 2.!order flooding 3.chec& flooding 4.!asin flooding'furrow irrigation method'drip irrigation method. ()What are the types of sprin&ler system? 1.permanent system 2.semi$permanent system

3.porta!le system ))what are the ad antages of sprin&ler irrigation? 1.land le elling is not required 2.fertilisers can !e uniformly applied 3.it is less la!our oriented *) what are the limitation of sprin&ler irrigation? 1.initial cost of the system is ery high 2.it requires larger electrical power 3.high wind may distort sprin&ler pattern 1+) What are the types of canals? 1.allu ial canal 2.non$allu ial canal 11)what are alignment of canals? 1.watershed canal or ridge canal 2.contour canal 3.side slope canal 12)what are distri!ution system of canal irrigation? 1.main canal 2.!ranch canal 3.ma-or canal 4.watercourses #.minor canal 13)define tan& irrigation?2 it is defined as the storage irrigation scheme'which utili.es the water stored on the upstream side of a smaller earth dam 14)define tan& !an&s? the earthen !unds'spanning across the steams are called tan& !unds or tan& !an&s 1#)what is called allu ial soil? the process of silt deposition may continue o er long periods of time'resulting in the formation is called allu ial soil 1%)what is called non$allu ial soil? moutaineous regions may go on disintegrating o er a period of time'resulting in the formation of a roc&y plain area called non$allu ial soil

1()what is called watershed canal? the di iding ridge line !etween the catchment areas of two streams is called watershed canal2 1).what is the other name for drip irrigation? drip irrigation is also called as tric&le irrigation. 1*.what is called sprin&ler irrigation system? water is applied to the soil in the form of a spray through a networ& of pipes and pumps is called sprin&ler irrigation system 2+.what is called called !orders? land is di ided into a num!er of strips separated !y low lee es called !orders. 34I,$3 1) What is meant !y canal escape? 5anal escapes are the safety al es of canals 6must !e pro ided at regular inter als depending upon the importance of channel6 a aila!ility of suita!le drainage for the disposal of the e"posed water. 2) Define !ase period. the time period that elapses from the instant of sowing to instant of har esting is called crop or !ase period. 3) 7tate diff types of sprin&ler system. 1.permanent system 2.semi$permanent system 3.porta!le system 4) 7tate arious &inds of dams. 1.earth dams 2.roc& fill dams 3.solid masonry gra ity dams 4.hollow 8 8 8 8 #.tim!er dams %.steel dams (.arch dams #). 7tate diff types of spillways. 1.straight drop spillway 2.ogee spillway 3.trough spillway 4.side channel spillway #.shaft spillway

%.syphon spillway %) Define gross commanded area. it is the total area !ounded with in the irrigation !oundary of a pro-ect. it includes the culti a!le as well as unculti a!le areas.

(). What are the arious types of dams? 1.earth dams 2.roc&fill dams 3.solid masonry gra ity 4.hollow 9 9 #.tim!er dams %.steel dams (.arch dams ))What is weir? ,he ma-or part of the water is achie ed !y a raised crest or a small part is achie ed !y raising shutters then this !arrier is &nown as weir. *) What is tan& sluices? it is an opening in the form of cul ert under the tan& !und and supplying water to the distri!utory channel. 1+) :orces acting on arch dams. 1.water pressure 2.uplift 9 9 3.earthqua&e forces 4.silt pressure #.wa e pressure %.ice 9 9 11) Define sluiceway. 0ipe or tunnel pro ided for the withdrawl of water from the dams is &nown as sluiceway. 12) What is spillway? 7pillway is a structure constructed at a dam site for disposing the surplus water from upstream to downstream.

13) ,ypes of earthen dams. 1.homogeneous em!an&ment type 2. .oned 9 9 9 3. diaphragm type. 14) Define !arrage. the most of the ponding is done !y gates and a smaller of it is done !y raised crest then the !arrier is &nown as !arrage. 1#). What are the modes of failure in gra ity dams? 1. !y o er turning a!out the toe 2.!y crushing 3.!y de elopment of tension 4.!y sliding 1%) Define di ersion headwor&. ;ny hydraulic structure' which offers water to the offta&ing canal' is called di ersion headwor&. 1() What is gra ity dam? a structure which is designed in such a way that its own weight resist e"ternal forces and it is more dura!le . 1))Define stream line. it represent the path along which the water flows through the su!soil.at a gi en point in upstream of hydraulic structure will tra el its ownpath 6will represented the stream line. 1*). ,ypes of aeration tan&s. 1.air diffusion 2.mechanical aeration 3.com!ined 9 9 2+) 1imitations of !lighs creep theory. 1. no difference !<w h.l 6 tl creep 2.h.l distance !<w pipe line is greater than 2 times the depth 3.no idea a!out e"it gradient IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT 1).what are the causes of water loss?

1. seepage from the canal 2. o er irrigation of field 3. hea y surface runoff 2) what are ways of water loss in the canal? 1. seepage loss 2. e aporation loss 3) What are factors on which seepage loss depends? position of water ta!le porosity of su!$soil porosity of soil e"tend of a!sor!ing medium 4) What are two different condition of seppage? 1.perculation 2.a!sorption #. What are the remedial measures for losses? 1.efficient surface drainage 2..restriction of irrigation 3. change in crop pattern %) What are the ad antages of irrigation water managements? 1 .achie ement of optimum irrigation efficiency 2.economical and efficient operation and maintanence of irrigation system 3.equita!le distri!ution of supplies to irrigators especially at the end () Discuss some components of water management? 1.water shed management 2.land management 3.rain water management 4.reser oir management ).What are the impact of water user association? 1.con eyance efficiency 2.operation efficiency 3.equity 4.area water unit ratio *.) What are the ad antages of water user association? 1.!etter maintenance of the distri!utry 2.possi!ility of high alue of crop programme 3.a aila!ility of water and irrigation process

1+) What are optimi.ation of water user association? 1.to reduce the seepage loss and con eyance 2.control o er the usage of water 3.planning 4.to a oid e"cess supply of water 11).what are the factors which influence e aporation loss? 1.temperature 2.wind elocity 3.relati e humidity 12. What is land management? ,he intensity of raising producti ity per unit area per unit time needs to !e increased which amounts to increasing croped area. 13. What are the irrigation methods for culti ation? 1.!order strip$wheat 2.furrow method =cotton 3.!asin method =orchard 14. What is meant !y cad? 5ommand area de elopments.the concept of this de elopments is to ensure efficient water utili.ation. 1#. What are the uses of irrigation waters? 1.wastages due to o er irrigation 2.wastages due to surface runoff 3.wastages due to escape of water 1%. What are the wor& of on farm de elopment? 1.irrigation practice 2.crop planning 3.irrigation method 4.right amount of irrigation 1(. what are the components of on farm de elopments? 1.field drain 2.crossing in field channel 3.crossing of field channel 4.formation of field channel 1). What is called optimum water depth? ,he quantity of water at which the yield is ma"imum' is called the optimum water depth. 1*. What is called optimum utilisation of irrigation?

It generally means' getting ma"imum yield with any amount of water. 2+.what is the relation !etween efficieny and losses? efficieny is in ersely proportional to the losses. SIXTEEN MARK QUESTIONS 1) 2) 3) 4) #) What are the merits and demerits of irrigation? What are the factors affecting duty? >riefly e"plain a!out irrigation efficiencies? What are the consumpti e use of water? >riefly e"plain a!out planning and de elopment of irrigation pro-ect?

1.>riefly e"plain a!out c anal irrigation? 2.>riefly e"plain a!out lift irrigation? 3.>riefly e"plain a!out tan& irrigation? 4.>riefly e"plain a!out flooding methods? #.>riefly e"plain a!out sprin&ler irrigation methods? 1.What are the factors affecting location and types of dams? 2.>riefly e"plain a!out tan&s'sluices'and wiers? 3.What are types of dams and dam arches? 4.What are forces acting on a dam? #.?"plain the design features of cross drainage wor&s? 1.What is the necessity of ri er training wor&s? 2.Descri!e in !rief different types of ri er training wor&s? 3.What is mean !y guide !an&s?what are their functions and effects? 4.7tate the necessity and location of canal falls? #.>riefly e"plain a!out classification of canals? 1.>riefly e"plain a!out on$farm$de elopment wor&s? 2.What is the need for water user@s association? 3.What is the need for optimisation of water use? 4.>riefly e"plain a!out perculation pond? A.7hi-umon'1ecturer 5i il ?ngg Dept '4I5? 11 #.Discuss the role of farmers in water management?