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Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel by Ignatius onnelly

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Ragnarok: the Age of Fire and Gravel [Redactor's Notes: "Ragnarok" is a sequel to "Atlantis" but goes far beyond presaging the pseudo science of !elikovsky's ""orlds in #ollision"$ %he original scans and &%'( )ere provided by 'r$ *$+$ &are$ ,n this edition the illustrations and figures have been replaced by the glyph "---"$ +ecause of the nu.erous notes/ they have been retained on

the original page$ 0earching on "[" )ill reveal the set of notes for the current page$ %he page nu.bers of the original have been retained as 1p$2234 for e5a.ple$ %he &%'( is plain vanilla )ith no illustrations$ For a fully illustrated version the reader is referred to the )ebsite http:66)))$sacred te5ts$co.6atl6rag6inde5$ht. )here other e5planatory .aterial prepared by 'r$ &are is available$7

RAG!AR"#: T$E AGE "F FIRE A! GRA%E&' B( IG!ATI)* "!!E&&(+ A)T$"R "F ,AT&A!TI*: T$E A!TE I&)%IA! -"R& ',
"I am not inclined to conclude that man had no existence at all before the epoch of the great revolutions of the earth. He might have inhabited certain districts of no great extent, whence, after these terrible events, he repeopled the world. Perhaps, also, the spots where he abode were swallowed up, and the bones lie buried under the beds of the present seas."--

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1p$ 24 RAG!AR"#: T$E AGE "F FIRE A! GRA%E&' PART I' The rift .$APTER I' T$E .$ARA.TERI*TI.* "F T$E RIFT' R=A:=R/ (et us reason together: "hat do )e d)ell onC %he earth$ "hat part of the earthC %he latest for.ations/ of course$ "e live upon the top of a .ighty series of stratified rocks/ laid do)n in the )ater of ancient seas and lakes/ during incalculable ages/ said/ by geologists/ to be fro. ten to twent, miles in thic-ness$ %hink of thatL Rock piled over rock/ fro. the pri.eval granite up)ard/ to a height four times greater than our highest mountains/ and every rock stratified like the leaves of a bookM and every leaf containing the records of an intensely interesting history/ illustrated )ith engravings/ in the shape of fossils/ of all for.s of life/ fro. the pri.ordial cell up to the bones of .an and his i.ple.ents$ +ut it is not )ith the pages of this subli.e volu.e 1p$ ;4 )e have to deal in this book$ ,t is )ith a vastly different but equally )onderful for.ation$ @pon the top of the last of this series of stratified rocks )e find %&= :R,F%$ "hat is itC Go out )ith .e )here yonder .en are digging a )ell$ (et us observe the .aterial they are casting out$ First they penetrate through a fe) inches or a foot or t)o of surface soilM then they enter a vast deposit of sand/ gravel/ and clay$ ,t .ay be fifty/ one hundred/ five hundred/ eight hundred feet/ before they reach the stratified rocks on )hich this drift rests$ ,t covers )hole continents$ ,t is our earth$ ,t .akes the basis of our soilsM our railroads cut their )ay through itM our carriages drive over itM our cities are built upon itM our crops are

derived fro. itM the )ater )e drink percolates through itM on it )e live/ love/ .arry/ raise children/ think/ drea./ and dieM and in the boso. of it )e )ill be buried$ "here did it co.e fro.C %hat is )hat , propose to discuss )ith you in this )ork/ if you )ill have the patience to follo) .e$ 0o far as possible/ [as , shall in all cases speak by the voices of others7 , shall su..on .y )itnesses that you .ay cross e5a.ine the.$ , shall try/ to the best of .y ability/ to buttress every opinion )ith adequate proofs$ ,f , do not convince/ , hope at least to interest you$ And to begin: let us understand )hat the :rift is/ before )e proceed to discuss its origin$ ,n the first place/ it is .ainly unstratifiedM its lo)er for.ation is altogether so$ %here .ay be clearly defined strata here and there in it/ but they are such as a te.pest .ight .ake/ )orking in a dust heap: picking up a patch here and laying it upon another there$ +ut there 1p$ 94 are no continuous layers reaching over any large e5tent of country$ 0o.eti.es the .aterial has been subsequently )orked over by rivers/ and been distributed over li.ited areas in strata/ as in and around the beds of strea.s$ +ut in the lo)er/ older/ and first laid do)n portion of the :rift/ called in 0cotland "the till/" and in other countries "the hard pan/" there is a total absence of stratification$ *a.es Geikie says: ",n describing the till/ , re.arked that the irregular .anner in )hich the stones )ere scattered through that deposit i.parted to it a confused and tu.ultuous appearance$ %he clay does not arrange itself in layers or beds/ but is distinctly unstratified$"[27 "%he .aterial consisted of earth/ gravel/ and stones/ and also in so.e places broken trunks or branches of trees$ ?art of it )as deposited in a pell .ell or unstratified condition during the progress of the period/ and part either stratified or unstratified in the opening part of the ne5t period )hen the ice .elted$"[;7 "%he unstratified drift .ay be described as a heterogeneous .ass of clay/ )ith sand and gravel in varying proportions/ inclosing the transported frag.ents of rock/ of all di.ensions/ partially rounded or )orn into )edge shaped for.s/ and generally )ith surfaces furro)ed or scratched/ the )hole .aterial looking as if it had been scraped together$"[97

%he "till" of 0cotland is "spread in broad but so.e)hat ragged sheets" through the (o)lands/ "continuous across )ide tracts/" )hile in the &ighland and upland districts it is confined principally to the valleys$[D7
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ ;2$ ;$ :ana's "%e5t +ook/" p$ ;;<$ 9$ "A.erican #yclopNdia/" vol$ vi/ p$ 222$ D$ "Great ,ce Age/" Geikie/ p$ G$7

1p$ D4 "%he lo)est .e.ber is invariably a tough/ stony clay/ called 'till' or 'hard pan$' %hroughout )ide districts stony clay alone occurs$"[27 ",t is hard to say )hether the till consists .ore of stones or of clay$"[;7 %his "till/" this first deposit/ )ill be found to be the strangest and .ost interesting$ ,n the second place/ although the :rift is found on the earth/ it is unfossiliferous$ %hat is to say/ it contains no traces of pre e5istent or conte.poraneous life$ %his/ )hen )e consider it/ is an e5traordinary fact: "here on the face of this life .arked earth could such a .ass of .aterial be gathered up/ and not contain any evidences of lifeC ,t is as if one )ere to say that he had collected the detritus of a great city/ and that it sho)ed no .arks of .an's life or )orks$ ", )ould reiterate/" says Geikie/[97 "that nearly all the 0cotch shell bearing beds belong to the ver, close of the glacial periodM only in one or t)o places have shells ever been obtained/ )ith certainty/ fro. a bed in the true till of 0cotland$ %hey occur here and there in bo)lder clay/ and underneath bo)lder clay/ in .ariti.e districtsM but this clay/ as , have sho)n/ is .ore recent than the till fact/ rests upon its eroded surface$" "%he lo)er bed of the drift is entirely destitute of organic re.ains$"[D7 0ir #harles (yell tells us that even the stratified drift is usually devoid of fossils: ""hatever .ay be the cause/ the fact is certain that over large areas in 0cotland/ ,reland/ and "ales/ , .ight add throughout the northern he.isphere/ on both sides of the Atlantic/ the stratified drift of the glacial period is very co..only devoid of fossils$"[F7
[2$ "Great ,ce Age/" Geikie/ p$ 3$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ H$

9$ ,bid$/ p$ 9D;$ D$ Rev$ >$ Fisher/ quoted in "%he "orld before the :eluge/" p$ DG2$ F$ "Antiquity of 'an/" third edition/ p$ ;G8$7

1p$ F4 ,n the ne5t place/ this "till" differs fro. the rest of the :rift in its e5ceeding hardness: "%his till is so tough that engineers )ould .uch rather e5cavate the .ost obdurate rocks than atte.pt to re.ove it fro. their path$ &ard rocks are .ore or less easily assailable )ith gunpo)der/ and the nu.erous Ooints and fissures by )hich they are traversed enable the )ork.en to )edge the. out often in considerable lu.ps$ +ut till has neither crack nor OointM it )ill not blast/ and to pick it to pieces is a very slo) and laborious process$ 0hould streaks of sand penetrate it/ )ater )ill readily soak through/ and large .asses )ill then run or collapse/ as soon as an opening is .ade into it$" --%,(( >!=R(A,: ",%& +>"(:=R #(AB/ R,!=R 0%,N#&AR$ r/ RockM t/ %illM g/ +o)lder #layM x/ Fine Gravel/ etc$ %he acco.panying cut sho)s the .anner in )hich it is distributed/ and its relations to the other deposits of the :rift$ ,n this "till" or "hard pan" are found so.e strange and characteristic stones$ %hey are bo)lders/ not )ater )orn/ not rounded/ as by the action of )aves/ and yet not angular for every point and proOection has been ground off$ %hey are not very large/ and they differ in this and other respects fro. the bo)lders found in the other portions of the :rift$ %hese stones in the "till" are al)ays striated that is/ cut by deep lines or grooves/ usually running length)ise/ or parallel to their longest dia.eter$ %he cut on the follo)ing page represents one of the.$ 1p$ G4 Above this clay is a deposit rese.bling it/ and yet differing fro. it/ called the "bo)lder clay$" %his is not so tough or hard$ %he bo)lders in it are larger and .ore angular so.eti.es they are of i..ense siPeM one at --0#RA%#&=: 0%>N= Q+(A#A 0&A(=R/ FR>' %&= %,(($ +radford/ 'assachusetts/ is esti.ated to )eigh D/F<</<<< pounds$ 'any on #ape #od are t)enty feet in dia.eter$ >ne at "hitingha./ !er.ont/ is forty three feet long by thirty feet high/ or D</<<< cubic feet in bulk$ ,n so.e

1p$ 34 cases no rocks of the sa.e .aterial are found )ithin t)o hundred .iles$[27 %hese t)o for.ations the "till" and the "bo)lder clay" so.eti.es pass into each other by insensible degrees$ At other ti.es the distinction is .arked$ 0o.e of the stones in the bo)lder clay are furro)ed or striated/ but a large part of the. are notM )hile in the "till" the stone not striated is the rare exception$ Above this bo)lder clay )e find so.eti.es beds of loose gravel/ sand/ and stones/ .i5ed )ith the re.ains of .an and other ani.als$ %hese have all the appearance of being later in their deposition/ and of having been )orked over by the action of )ater and ice$ %his/ then/ is/ briefly stated/ the condition of the :rift$ ,t is plain that it )as the result of violent action of so.e kind$ And this action .ust have taken place upon an unparalleled and continental scale$ >ne )riter describes it as/ "A re.arkable and stupendous period a period so startling that it .ight Oustly be accepted )ith hesitation/ )ere not the conception unavoidable before a series of facts as e5traordinary as itself$"[;7 Re.e.ber/ then/ in the discussions )hich follo)/ that if the theories advanced are gigantic/ the facts they seek to e5plain are not less so$ "e are not dealing )ith little things$ %he pheno.ena are continental/ )orld )ide/ globe e.bracing$
[2$ :ana's "%e5t +ook/" p$ ;;2$ ;$ Gratacap/ ",ce Age/" "?opular 0cience 'onthly/" *anuary/ 2838$7

.$APTER II' T$E "RIGI! "F T$E RIFT !"T #!"-!' "&,(= several different origins have been assigned for the pheno.ena kno)n as "the :rift/" and )hile one or t)o of these have been )idely accepted and taught in our schools as established truths/ yet it is not too .uch to say that no one of the. .eets all the require.ents of the case/ or is assented to by the profoundest thinkers of our day$ 0ays one authority: "%he origin of the unstratified drift is a question )hich has been .uch controverted$"[27 (ouis Figuier says/[;7 after considering one of the proposed theories:

"No such hypothesis is sufficient to e5plain either the cataclys.s or the glacial pheno.enaM and )e need not hesitate to confess our ignorance of this strange/ this .ysterious episode in the history of our globe$ $ $ $ Nevertheless/ )e repeat/ no e5planation presents itself )hich can be considered conclusiveM and in science )e should never be afraid to say/ I do not -now$" Geikie says: "'any geologists can not yet be persuaded that till has ever for.ed and accu.ulated under ice$" [97 A recent scientific )riter/ after su..ing up all the facts and all the argu.ents/ .akes this confession:
[2$ "A.erican #yclopNdia/" vol$ vi/ p$ 22;$ ;$ "%he "orld before the :eluge/" pp$ D9F/ DG9$ 9$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ 93<$7

1p$ H4 Fro. the foregoing facts/ it see.s to .e that )e are Oustified in concluding: "2$ %hat ho)ever si.ple and plausible the (yellian hypothesis .ay be/ or ho)ever ingenious the e5tension or application of it suggested by :ana/ it is not sustained by any proof/ and the testi.ony of the rocks see.s to be decidedly against it$ ";$ %hough .uch .ay yet be learned fro. a .ore e5tended and careful study of the glacial pheno.ena of all parts of both he.ispheres/ the facts already gathered seem to be incompatible with an, theor, ,et advanced )hich .akes the ,ce period si.ply a series of telluric pheno.ena/ and so far strengthens the argu.ents of those )ho look to e5traneous and cos.ical causes for the origin of these pheno.ena$"[27 %he reader )ill therefore understand that/ in advancing into this argu.ent/ he is not invading a real. )here 0cience has already set up her )alls and bounds and land.arksM but rather he is entering a foru. in )hich a great debate still goes on/ a.id the cla.or of .any tongues$ %here are four theories by )hich it has been atte.pted to e5plain the :rift$ %hese are: ,$ %he action of great )aves and floods of )ater$ ,,$ %he action of icebergs$

,,,$ %he action of glaciers$ ,!$ %he action of a continental ice sheet$ "e )ill consider these several theories in their order$
[2$ "?opular 0cience 'onthly/" *uly/ 283G/ p$ ;H<$7

1p$ 2<4 .$APTER III' T$E A.TI"! "F -A%E*' "&=N .en began/ for the first ti.e/ to study the drift deposits/ they believed that they found in the. the results of the Noachic :elugeM and hence the :rift )as called the :iluviu./ and the period of ti.e in )hich it )as laid do)n )as entitled the :iluvial age$ ,t )as supposed that "0o.eho) and so.e)here in the far north a series of gigantic )aves )as .ysteriously propagated$ %hese )aves )ere supposed to have precipitated the.selves upon the land/ and then s)ept .adly over .ountain and valley alike/ carrying along )ith the. a .ighty burden of rocks and stones and rubbish$ 0uch deluges )ere called ')aves of translation$'"[27 %here )ere .any difficulties about this theory: ,n the first place/ there )as no cause assigned for these )aves/ )hich .ust have been great enough to have s)ept over the tops of high .ountains/ for the evidences of the :rift age are found three thousand feet above the +altic/ four thousand feet high in the Gra.pians of 0cotland/ and si5 thousand feet high in Ne) =ngland$ ,n the ne5t place/ if this deposit had been s)ept up fro. or by the sea/ it )ould contain .arks of its origin$ %he shells of the sea/ the bones of fish/ the re.ains of seals and )hales/ )ould have been taken up by these great deluges/ and carried over the land/ and have re.ained
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ ;G$7

1p$ 224 .ingled in the d.bris )hich they deposited$ %his is not the case$ %he unstratified :rift is unfossiliferous/ and )here the stratified :rift contains fossils they are the re.ains of land ani.als/ e5cept in a fe) lo) lying districts near the sea$ , quote:

">ver the interior of the continent it contains no marine fossils or relics$"[27 Geikie says: "*ot a single trace of an, marine organism has ,et been detected in true till$"[;7 'oreover/ if the sea )aves .ade these great deposits/ they .ust have picked up the .aterial co.posing the. either fro. the shores of the sea or the beds of strea.s$ And )hen )e consider the vastness of the drift deposits/ e5tending/ as they do/ over continents/ )ith a depth of hundreds of feet/ it )ould puPPle us to say )here )ere the sea beaches or rivers on the globe that could produce such inconceivable quantities of gravel/ sand/ and clay$ %he production of gravel is li.ited to a s.all .arge of the ocean/ not usually .ore than a .ile )ide/ )here the )aves and the rocks .eet$ ,f )e suppose the )hole shore of the oceans around the northern half of A.erica to be piled up )ith gravel five hundred feet thick/ it )ould go but a little )ay to for. the i..ense deposits )hich stretch fro. the Arctic 0ea to ?atagonia$ %he stones of the "till" are strangely .arked/ striated/ and scratched/ )ith lines parallel to the longest dia.eter$ No such stones are found in river beds or on sea shores$ Geikie says: ""e look in vain for striated stones in the gravel )hich the surf drives back)ard and for)ard on a beach/
[2$ :ana's "%e5t +ook/" p$ ;;<$ ;$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ 2F$7

1p$ 2;4 and )e .ay search the detritus that beaches and rivers push along their beds/ but we shall not find an, stones at all resembling those of the till$"[27 +ut )e need not discuss any further this theory$ ,t is no) al.ost universally abandoned$ "e kno) of no )ay in )hich such )aves could be for.edM if they )ere for.ed/ they could not find the .aterial to carry over the landM if they did find it/ it )ould not have the .arkings )hich are found in the :rift/ and it )ould possess .arine fossils not found in the :riftM and the )aves )ould not and could not scratch and groove the rock surfaces underneath the :rift/ as )e kno) they are scratched and grooved$ (et us then dis.iss this hypothesis/ and proceed to the consideration of the ne5t$
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ GH$7

1p$ 294

.$APTER I%' -A* IT .A)*E B( I.EBERG*/ "= co.e no) to a .uch .ore reasonable hypothesis/ and one not )ithout nu.erous advocates even to this day/ to )it: that the drift deposits )ere caused by icebergs floating do)n in deep )ater over the sunken land/ loaded )ith d.bris fro. the Arctic shores/ )hich they shed as they .elted in the )ar.er seas of the south$ %his hypothesis e5plains the carriage of enor.ous blocks )eighing hundreds of tons fro. their original site to )here they are no) foundM but it is open to .any unans)erable obOections$ ,n the first place/ if the :rift had been deposited under )ater deep enough to float icebergs/ it )ould present throughout unquestionable evidences of stratification/ for the reason that the larger .asses of stone )ould fall .ore rapidly than the s.aller/ and )ould be found at the botto. of the deposit$ ,f/ for instance/ you )ere to go to the top of a shot to)er/ filled )ith )ater/ and let loose at the sa.e .o.ent a quantity of cannon balls/ .usket balls/ pistol balls/ duck shot/ reed bird shot/ and fine sand/ all .i5ed together/ the cannon balls )ould reach the botto. first/ and the other .issiles in the order of their siPeM and the deposit at the botto. )ould be found to be regularly stratified/ )ith the sand and the finest shot on top$ +ut nothing of this kind is found in the :rift/ especially in the "till"M clay/ sand/ gravel/ stones/ 1p$ 2D4 and bo)lders are all found .i5ed together in the ut.ost confusion/ "higgledy piggledy/ pell .ell$" 0ays Geikie: "Neither can till o)e its origin to icebergs$ ,f it had been distributed over the sea botto./ it )ould assuredly have sho)n so.e kind of arrange.ent$ "hen an iceberg drops its rubbish/ it stands to reason that the heavier blocks )ill reach the botto. first/ then the s.aller stones/ and lastly the finer ingredients$ %here is no such assort.ent visible/ ho)ever/ in the nor.al 'till/' but large and s.all stones are scattered pretty equally through the clay/ )hich/ .oreover/ is quite unstratified$"[27 %his fact alone disposes of the iceberg theory as an e5planation of the :rift$ Again: )henever deposits are dropped in the sea/ they fall unifor.ly and cover the surface belo) )ith a regular sheet/ confor.ing to the inequalities of the ground/ no thicker in one place than another$ +ut in the :rift this is not the case$ %he deposit is thicker in the valleys and thinner on the hills/ so.eti.es absent altogether on the higher elevations$

"%he true bo)lder clay is spread out over the region under consideration as a so.e)hat )idely e5tended and unifor. sheet/ yet it .ay be said to fill up all s.all valleys and depressions/ and to be thin or absent on ridges or rising grounds$"[;7 %hat is to say/ it fell as a sno) stor. falls/ driven by high )indsM or as a se.i fluid .ass .ight be supposed to fall/ draining do)n fro. the elevations and filling up the hollo)s$ Again: the sa.e difficulty presents itself )hich )e found in the case of "the )aves of transplantation$" "here did the .aterial of the :rift co.e fro.C >n )hat sea shore/ in )hat river beds/ )as this incalculable .ass of clay/ gravel/ and stones foundC
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ 3;$ ;$ "A.erican #yclopNdia/" vol$ vi/ p$ 22;$7

1p$ 2F4 Again: if )e suppose the supply to have e5isted on the Arctic coasts/ the question co.es/ "ould the icebergs have carried it over the face of the continentsC 'r$ #roll has sho)n very clearly[27 that the icebergs no)adays usually sail do)n into the oceans )ithout a scrap of d.bris of any kind upon the.$ Again: ho) could the icebergs have .ade the continuous scratchings or striN/ found under the :rift nearly all over the continents of =urope and A.ericaC "hy/ say the advocates of this theory/ the icebergs press upon the botto. of the sea/ and )ith the stones adhering to their base they .ake those striN$ +ut t)o things are necessary to this: First/ that there should be a force great enough to drive the berg over the botto. of the sea )hen it has once grounded$ "e kno) of no such force$ >n the contrary/ )e do kno) that )herever a berg grounds it stays until it rocks itself to pieces or .elts a)ay$ +ut/ suppose there )as such a propelling force/ then it is evident that )henever the iceberg floated clear of the botto. it )ould cease to .ake the strive/ and )ould resu.e the. only )hen it nearly stranded again$ %hat is to say/ )hen the )ater )as deep enough for the berg to float clear of the botto. of the sea/ there could be no striNM )hen the )ater )as too shallo)/ the berg )ould not float at all/ and there )ould be no striN$ %he berg )ould .ark the rocks only )here it neither floated clear nor stranded$ &ence )e )ould find striN only at a certain elevation/ )hile the rocks belo) or above that level )ould be free fro. the.$ +ut this is not the case )ith the drift .arkings$ %hey pass over .ountains and do)n into the deepest valleysM they are
[2$ "#li.ate and %i.e/" p$ ;8;$7

1p$ 2G4

universal )ithin very large areasM they cover the face of continents and disappear under the )aves of the sea$ ,t is si.ply i.possible that the :rift )as caused by icebergs$ , repeat/ )hen they floated clear of the rocks/ of course they )ould not .ark the.M )hen the )ater )as too shallo) to per.it the. to float at all/ and so .ove on)ard/ of course they could not .ark the.$ %he striations )ould occur only )hen the )ater )asM Oust deep enough to float the berg/ and not deep enough to raise the berg clear of the rocksM and but a s.all part of the botto. of the sea could fulfill these conditions$ 'oreover/ )hen the )aters )ere si5 thousand feet deep in Ne) =ngland/ and four thousand feet deep in 0cotland/ and over the tops of the Rocky 'ountains/ )here )as the rest of the )orld/ and the life it containedC 1p$ 234 .$APTER %' -A* IT .A)*E B( G&A.IER*/ "&A% is a glacierC ,t is a river of ice/ cro)ded by the )eight of .ountain ice do)n into so.e valley/ along )hich it descends by a slo)/ al.ost i.perceptible .otion/ due to a po)er of the ice/ under the force of gravity/ to rearrange its .olecules$ ,t is fed by the .ountains and .elted by the sun$ %he glaciers are local in character/ and co.paratively fe) in nu.berM they are confined to valleys having so.e general slope do)n)ard$ %he )hole Alpine .ass does not .ove do)n upon the plain$ %he .ove.ent do)n)ard is li.ited to these glacier rivers$ %he glacier co.plies )ith so.e of the conditions of the proble.$ "e can suppose it capable of taking in its giant pa) a .ass of rock/ and using it as a graver to carve deep grooves in the rock belo) itM and )e can see in it a great agency for breaking up rocks and carrying the detritus do)n upon the plains$ +ut here the rese.blance ends$ %hat high authority upon this subOect/ *a.es Geikie/ says: "+ut )e can not fail to re.ark that/ although scratched and polished stones occur not infrequently in the frontal .oraines of Alpine glaciers/ yet at the sa.e ti.e these .oraines do not at all resemble till$ %he .oraine consists for the .ost part of a confused heap of rough angular stones and blocks/ and loose sand and d.brisM scratched 1p$ 284 stones are decidedly in the .inority/ and indeed a close search will often fail to show them$ #learly/ then/ the till is not of the nature of a ter.inal .oraine$ !ach stone in the 'till' gives evidence of having been subOected to a grinding process$ $ $ $

""e look in vain/ ho)ever/ a.ong the glaciers of the Alps for such a deposit$ %he scratched stones )e .ay occasionally find/ but where is the cla,/ $ $ $ ,t is clear that the conditions for the gathering of a stony clay like the , till' do not obtain Qas far as )e kno)R a.ong the Alpine glaciers$ %here is too .uch )ater circulating belo) the ice there to allo) any considerable thickness of such a deposit to accu.ulate$"[27 +ut it is questionable )hether the glaciers do press )ith a steady force upon the rocks beneath so as to score the.$ As a rule/ the base of the glacier is full of )aterM rivers flo) fro. under the.$ %he opposite picture/ fro. ?rofessor "inchell's "0ketches of #reation/" page ;;9/ does not represent a .ass of ice/ bugging the rocks/ holding in its grasp great gravers of stone )ith )hich to cut the face of the rocks into deep grooves/ and to deposit an even coating of rounded stones and clay over the face of the earth$ >n the contrary/ here are only angular .asses of rock/ and a strea. )hich )ould certainly )ash a)ay any clay )hich .ight be for.ed$ (et 'r$ :a)kins state the case: "%he hypothesis upon )hich the southern e5tension is founded that the bo)lder clays have been for.ed by ice .elting on the land is open to this obOection/ that no similar cla,s have been proved to have been so formed/ either in the Arctic regions/ )here the ice sheet has retreated/ or in the districts forsaken by the glaciers in the Alps or ?yrenees/ or in any other .ountain chain$ $ $ $ %he =nglish bo)lder clays/ as a )hole/ differ fro.
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" pp$ 3< 3;$7

1p$ 2H4 the moraine profonde in their softness/ and the large area )hich they cover$ 0trata of bo)lder clay at all co.parable to the great clay .antle covering the lo)er grounds of +ritain/ north of the %ha.es/ are conspicuous by their absence fro. the glaciated regions of #entral =urope and the ?yrenees/ )hich )ere not depressed beneath the sea$" --A R,!=R ,00@,NG FR>' A 0",00 G(A#,=R$ 'oreover/ the :rift/ especially the "till/" lies in great continental sheets of clay and gravel/ of co.paratively unifor. thickness$ %he glaciers could not for. such sheetsM they deposit their .aterial in long ridges called "ter.inal .oraines$" AgassiP/ the great advocate of the ice origin of the :rift/ says:

"All these .oraines are the land .arks/ so to speak/ by )hich )e trace the height and e5tent/ as )ell as the
[2$ :a)kin's "=arly 'an in +ritain/" pp$ 22G/ 223$7

1p$ ;<4 progress and retreat/ of glaciers in for.er ti.es$ 0uppose/ for instance/ that a glacier )ere to disappear entirely$ For ages it has been a gigantic ice raft/ receiving all sorts of .aterials on its surface as it traveled on)ard/ and bearing the. along )ith itM )hile the hard particles of rocks set in its lo)er surface have been polishing and fashioning the )hole surface over )hich it e5tended$ As it no) .elts it drops its various burdens to the groundM bo)lders are the .ilestones .arking the different stages of its OourneyM the ter.inal and lateral .oraines are the fra.e )ork )hich it erected around itself as it .oved for)ard/ and )hich define its boundaries centuries after it has vanished$"[27 --%=R',NA( '>RA,N=$ And ?rofessor AgassiP gives us/ on page 9<3 of the sa.e )ork/ the above representation of a "ter.inal .oraine$" %he reader can see at once that these se.icircular
[2$ "Geological 0ketches/" p$ 9<8$7

1p$ ;24 ridges bear no rese.blance )hatever to the great drift deposits of the )orld/ spread out in vast and nearly unifor. sheets/ )ithout stratification/ over hills and plains alike$ And here is another perple5ity: ,t .ight naturally be supposed that the s.oothed/ scratched/ and s.ashed appearance of the underlying rocks )as due to the rubbing and rolling of the stones under the ice of the glaciersM but/ strange to say/ )e find that "%he scratched and polished rock surfaces are by no .eans confined to till covered districts$ %hey are .et )ith ever,where and at all levels throughout the country/ fro. the sea coast up to near the tops of so.e of our higher .ountains$ %he lo)er hill ranges/ such as the 0idla)s/ the >chils/ the ?entlands/ the Ailbarchan and ?aisley &ills/ and others/ e5hibit polished and s.oothed rock surfaces on their ver, crest$ 0i.ilar .arkings streak and score the rocks up to a great height in the deep valleys of the &ighlands$"[27 "e can realiPe/ in our i.agination/ the glacier of the .ountain valley crushing and .arking the bed in )hich it .oves/ or even the plain on )hich it discharges itselfM but it is i.possible to conceive of a glacier upon the bare top of a .ountain/ )ithout )alls to restrain it or direct its flo)/ or higher ice accu.ulations to feed it$

Again: ",f glaciers descended/ as they did/ on both sides of the great Alpine ranges/ then )e )ould e5pect to find the sa.e results on the plains of Northern ,taly that present the.selves on the lo) grounds of 0)itPerland$ +ut this is not the case$ >n the plains of ,taly there are no traces of the stony clay found in 0)itPerland and all over =urope$ Neither are any of the stones of the drift of ,taly scratched or striated$"[;7
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ 39$ ;$ ,bid$/ pp$ DH2/ DH;$7

1p$ ;;4 +ut/ strange to say/ )hile/ as Geikie ad.its/ no true "till" or :rift is no) being for.ed by or under the glaciers of 0)itPerland/ nevertheless "till" is found in that country disassociated from the glaciers$ Geikie says: ",n the lo) grounds of 0)itPerland )e get a dark/ tough clay/ packed )ith scratched and )ell rubbed stones/ and containing here and there so.e ad.i5ture of sand and irregular beds and patches of earthy gravel$ %his clay is quite unstratified/ and the strata upon )hich it rests frequently e5hibit .uch confusion/ being turned up on end and bent over/ e5actly as in this country the rocks are so.eti.es broken and disturbed belo) till$ %he )hole deposit has e5perienced .uch denudation/ but even yet it covers considerable areas/ and attains a thickness varying fro. a fe) feet up to not less than thirty feet in thickness$"[27 &ere/ then/ are the obOections to this theory of the glacier origin of the :rift: ,$ %he glaciers do not produce striated stones$ ,,$ %he glaciers do not produce drift clay$ ,,,$ %he glaciers could not have for.ed continental sheets of "till$" ,!$ %he glaciers could not have e5isted upon/ and consequently could not have striated/ the .ountain tops$ !$ %he glaciers could not have reached to the great plains of the continents far re.ote fro. valleys/ )here )e still find the :rift and drift .arkings$ !,$ %he glaciers are li.ited in nu.ber and confined in their operations/ and )ere utterly inadequate to have produced the thousands of square .iles of drift d.bris )hich )e find enfolding the )orld$
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ 939$7

1p$ ;94 .$APTER %I' -A* IT .A)*E B( ."!TI!E!TA& I.E0*$EET*/ "=/ co.e no) to the theory )hich is at present .ost generally accepted: ,t being apparent that glaciers )ere not adequate to produce the results )hich )e find/ the glacialists have fallen back upon an e5traordinary hypothesis to )it/ that the )hole north and south regions of the globe/ e5tending fro. the poles to 9FS or D<S of north and south latitude/ )ere/ in the :rift age/ covered )ith enor.ous/ continuous sheets of ice/ fro. one .ile thick at its southern .argin/ to three or five .iles thick at the poles$ As they find drift scratches upon the tops of .ountains in =urope three to four thousand feet high/ and in Ne) =ngland upon elevations si5 thousand feet high/ it follo)s/ according to this hypothesis/ that the ice sheet .ust have been considerably higher than these .ountains/ for the ice .ust have been thick enough to cover their tops/ and high enough and heavy enough above their tops to press do)n upon and groove and scratch the rocks$ And as the stri0 in Northern =urope )ere found to disregard the confor.ation of the continent and the islands of the sea/ it beca.e necessary to suppose that this polar ice sheet filled up the bays and seas/ so that one could have passed dry shod/ in that period/ fro. France to the north pole/ over a steadily ascending plane of ice$ No atte.pt has been .ade to e5plain )here all this 1p$ ;D4 ice ca.e fro.M or )hat force lifted the .oisture into the air )hich/ after)ard descending/ constituted these )orld cloaks of froPen )ater$ ,t is/ perhaps/ easy to suppose that such )orld cloaks .ight have e5istedM )e can i.agine the )ater of the seas falling on the continents/ and freePing as it fell/ until/ in the course of ages/ it constituted such gigantic ice sheetsM but so.ething .ore than this is needed$ %his does not account for these hundreds of feet of clay/ bo)lders/ and gravel$ +ut it is supposed that these )ere torn fro. the surface of the rocks by the pressure of the ice sheet .oving south)ard$ +ut )hat )ould .ake it .ove south)ardC "e kno) that so.e of our .ountains are covered to day )ith i..ense sheets of ice/ hundreds and thousands of feet in thickness$ :o these descend upon the flat countryC NoM they lie there and .elt/ and are rene)ed/ kept in equipoise by the contending forces of heat and cold$ "hy should the ice sheet .ove south)ardC +ecause/ say the "glacialists/" the lands of the northern parts of =urope and A.erica )ere then elevated fifteen hundred feet higher than at present/ and this gave the ice a sufficient descent$ +ut )hat beca.e of that elevation after)ardC "hy/ it )ent do)n again$ ,t had acco..odatingly perfor.ed its function/ and then the land resu.ed its old placeL

+ut did the land rise up in this e5traordinary fashionC #roll says: "%he greater elevation of the land Qin the ,ce periodR is si.ply assu.ed as an hypothesis to account for the cold$ %he facts of geology/ ho)ever/ are fast establishing the opposite conclusion/ viP$/ that )hen the country )as covered )ith ice/ the land stood in relation to the sea at a lo)er level than at present/ and that the continental periods or ti.es/ )hen the land stood in relation to the 1p$ ;F4 sea at a higher level than no)/ )ere the )ar. inter glacial periods/ )hen the country )as free of sno) and ice/ And a .ild and equable condition of cli.ate prevailed$ %his is the conclusion to)ard )hich )e are being led by the .ore recent revelations of surface geology/ and also by certain facts connected )ith the geographical distribution of plants and ani.als during the Glacial epoch$"[27 &$ +$ Norton says: ""hen )e co.e to study the cause of these pheno.ena/ )e find .any perple5ing and contradictory theories in the field$ A favorite one is that of vertical elevation$ +ut it see.s i.possible to ad.it that the circle inclosed )ithin the parallel of D<S so.e seven thousand .iles in dia.eter could have been elevated to such a height as to produce this re.arkable result$ %his )ould be a supposition hard to reconcile )ith the present proportion of land and )ater on the surface of the globe and )ith the pheno.ena of terrestrial contraction and gravitation$"[;7 "e have seen that the surface rocks underneath the :rift are scored and grooved by so.e e5ternal force$ No) )e find that these .arkings do not all run in the sa.e directionM on the contrary/ they cross each other in an e5traordinary .anner$ %he cut on the follo)ing page illustrates this$ ,f the direction of the .otion of the ice sheets/ )hich caused these .arkings/ )as/ as the glacialists allege/ al)ays fro. the elevated region in the north to the lo)er ground in the south/ then the .arkings .ust al)ays have been in the sa.e direction: given a fi5ed cause/ )e .ust have al)ays a fi5ed result$ "e shall see/ as )e go on in this argu.ent/ that the deposition of the "till" )as instantaneousM and/ as these .arkings )ere .ade before or at the sa.e ti.e the "till" )as laid do)n/ ho) could the land
[2$ "#li.ate and %i.e/" p$ 9H2$ ;$ "?opular 0cience 'onthly/" >ctober/ 283H/ p$ 899$7

1p$ ;G4 possibly have bobbed up and do)n/ no) here/ no) there/ so that the elevation fro. )hich the ice sheet descended

--0A=%#& >F G(A#,=R F@RR>"0 AN: 0#RA%#&=0 A% 0%>NB ?>,N%/ (AA= =R,=/ ',#&,GAN$ aa/ deep )ater lineM bb border of the bank of earthy .aterialsM cc/ deep parallel grooves four and a half feet apart and t)enty five feet long/ bearing north G<S eastM d/ a set of grooves and scratches bearing north G<S )estM e/ a natural bridge$ ["inchell's "0ketches of #reation/" p$ ;29$7 )as one .o.ent in the northeast/ and the ne5t .o.ent had )hirled a)ay into the north)estC As the poet says: "$ $ $ "ill these trees/ %hat have outlived the eagle/ page thy steps And skip/ )hen thou point'st outC" 1p$ ;34 +ut if the point of elevation )as )hisked a)ay fro. east to )est/ ho) could an ice sheet a .ile thick instantaneously adapt itself to the changeC For all these .arkings took place in the interval bet)een the ti.e )hen the e5ternal force/ )hatever it )as/ struck the rocks/ and the ti.e )hen a sufficient body of "till" had been laid do)n to shield the rocks and prevent further )ear and tear$ Neither is it possible to suppose an ice sheet/ a .ile in thickness/ .oving in t)o dia.etrically opposite directions at the sa.e ti.e$ Again: the ice sheet theory requires an elevation in the north and a descent south)ardlyM and it is this descent south)ardly )hich is supposed to have given the .o.entu. and .ove.ent by )hich the )eight of the superincu.bent .ass of ice tore up/ plo)ed up/ ground up/ and s.ashed up the face of the surface rocks/ and thus for.ed the :rift and .ade the stri0$ +ut/ unfortunately/ )hen )e co.e to apply this theory to the facts/ )e find that it is the north sides of the hills and .ountains that are striated/ )hile the south sides have gone scot-free1 0urely/ if )eight and .otion .ade the :rift/ then the groovings/ caused by )eight and .otion/ .ust have been .ore distinct upon a declivity than upon an ascent$ %he school boy toils patiently and slo)ly up the hill )ith his sled/ but )hen he descends he co.es do)n )ith railroad speed/ scattering the sno) before hi. in all directions$ +ut here )e have a school boy that tears and scatters things going up hill/ and sneaks do)n hill snail fashion$ "?rofessor &itchcock re.arks/ that 'ount 'onadnock/ Ne) &a.pshire/ 9/;F< feet high/ is scarified fro. top to botto. on its northern side and )estern side/ but not on/ the southern$"[27

%his state of things is universal in North A.erica$

[2$ :ana's "'anual of Geology/" p$ F93$7

1p$ ;84 +ut let us look at another point: ,f the vast deposits of sand/ gravel/ clay/ and bo)lders/ )hich are found in =urope and A.erica/ )ere placed there by a great continental ice sheet/ reaching do)n fro. the north pole to latitude 9FS or D<SM if it )as the ice that tore and scraped up the face of the rocks and rolled the stones and striated the./ and left the. in great sheets and heaps all over the land then it follo)s/ as a .atter of course/ that in all the regions equally near the pole/ and equally cold in cli.ate/ the ice .ust have for.ed a si.ilar sheet/ and in like .anner have torn up the rocks and ground the. into gravel and clay$ %his conclusion is irresistible$ ,f the cold of the north caused the ice/ and the ice caused the :rift/ then in all the cold north lands there .ust have been ice/ and consequently there ought to have been :rift$ ,f )e can find/ therefore/ any e5tensive cold region of the earth )here the :rift is not/ then )e can not escape the conclusion that the cold and the ice did not .ake the :rift$ (et us see: >ne of the coldest regions of the earth is 0iberia$ ,t is a vast tract reaching to the Arctic #ircleM it is the north part of the #ontinent of AsiaM it is intersected by great .ountain ranges$ &ere/ if any)here/ )e should find the :riftM here/ if any)here/ )as the ice field/ "the sea of ice$" ,t is .ore elevated and .ore .ountainous than the interior of North A.erica )here the drift deposits are e5tensiveM it is nearer the pole than Ne) Bork and ,llinois/ covered as these are )ith hundreds of feet of d.bris/ and yet there is no $rift in +iberia1 , quote fro. a high authority/ and a fir. believer in the theory that glaciers or ice sheets caused the driftM *a.es Geikie says: ",t is re.arkable that nowhere in the great plains of +iberia do an, traces of glacial action appear to have 1p$ ;H4 been observed. ,f cones and .ounds of gravel and great erratics like those that sprinkle so )ide an area in Northern A.erica and Northern =urope had occurred/ they )ould hardly have failed to arrest the attention of e5plorers$ 'iddendorff does/ indeed/ .ention the occurrence of trains of large erratics )hich he observed along the banks of so.e of the rivers/ but these/ he has no doubt/ )ere carried do)n by river ice$ %he general character of the 'tundras' is that of )ide/ flat plains/ covered for the .ost part )ith a grassy and .ossy vegetation/ but here and there bare and sandy$ Frequently nothing intervenes to break the .onotony of the landscape$ $ $ $ ,t )ould appear/ then/ that ill Northern Asia representatives of the glacial deposits )hich are .et )ith in si.ilar latitudes in =urope

and A.erica do not occur$ %he northern drift of Russia and Ger.anyM the Tsar of 0)edenM the ka.es/ eskers/ and erratics of +ritainM and the iceberg drift of Northern A.erica have/ apparently/ no equivalent in 0iberia$ #onsequently )e find the great river deposits/ )ith their .a..alian re.ains/ )hich tell of a .ilder cli.ate than no) obtains in those high latitudes/ still lying undisturbed at the surface$"[27 %hink of the significance of all this$ %here is no :rift in 0iberiaM no "till/" no "bo)lder clay/" no stratified .asses of gravel/ sand/ and stones$ %here )as/ then/ no :rift age in all Northern Asia/ up to the 2rctic Circle1 &o) pregnant is this ad.ission$ ,t de.olishes at one blo) the )hole theory that the :rift ca.e of the ice$ For surely if )e could e5pect to find ice/ during the so called Glacial age/ any)here on the face of our planet/ it )ould be in 0iberia$ +ut/ if there )as an ice sheet there/ it did not grind up the rocksM it did not striate the.M it did not roll the frag.ents into bo)lders and pebblesM it rested so quietly on the face of the land that/ as Geikie tells us/ the pre glacial deposits throughout 0iberia/ )ith their .a..alian re.ains/ are still found "l,ing undisturbed
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ DG</ published in 2839$7

1p$ 9<4 on the surface"M and he even thinks that the great .a..als/ the .a..oth and the )oolly rhinoceros/ ".ay have survived in Northern Asia do)n to a co.paratively recent date/"[27 ages after they )ere crushed out of e5istence by the :rift of =urope and A.erica$ 'r$ Geikie seeks to account for this e5traordinary state of things by supposing that the cli.ate of 0iberia )as/ during the Glacial age/ too dry to furnish sno) to .ake the ice sheet$ +ut )hen it is re.e.bered that there )as .oisture enough/ )e are told/ in Northern =urope and A.erica at that ti.e to for. a layer of ice fro. one to three miles in thic-ness/ it )ould certainly see. that enough ought to have blo)n across the eastern line of =uropean Russia to give 0iberia a fair share of ice and :rift$ %he e5planation is .ore e5traordinary than the thing it e5plains$ >ne third of the )ater of all the oceans .ust have been carried up/ and )as circulating around in the air/ to descend upon the earth in rain and sno)/ and yet none of it fell on Northern AsiaL And as the line of the continents separating =urope and Asia had not yet been established/ it can not be supposed that the :rift ref used to enter Asia out of respect to the geographical lines$ +ut not alone is the :rift absent fro. 0iberia/ and/ probably/ all AsiaM it does not e5tend even over all =urope$ (ouis Figuier says that the traces of glacial action "are observed in all the north of =urope/ in Russia/ ,celand/ Nor)ay/ ?russia/ the +ritish ,slands/ part of Ger.any in the north/ and even in so.e parts of the south of 0pain$"[;7 '$ =douard #ollo.b finds only a "a shred" of the glacial evidences in France/ and thinks they )ere absent from part of "ussia1
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ DG2$

;$ "%he "orld before the :eluge/" p$ DF2$7

1p$ 924 And/ even in North A.erica/ the :rift is not found every)here$ %here is a re.arkable region/ e.bracing a large area in "isconsin/ ,o)a/ and 'innesota/ )hich ?rofessor *$ :$ "hitney[27 calls "the driftless region/" in )hich no drift/ no clays/ no gravel/ no rock strive or furro)s are found$ %he rock surfaces have not been ground do)n and polished$ "%his is the .ore re.arkable/" says Geikie/ "seeing that the regions to the north/ )est/ east/ and south are all .ore or less deeply covered )ith drift deposits$"[;7 And/ in this region/ as in 0iberia/ the re.ains of the large/ e5tinct .a..alia are found i.bedded in the surface )ash/ or in cracks or crevices of the li.estone$ ,f the :rift of North A.erica )as due to the ice sheet/ )hy is there no drift deposit in "the driftless region" of the North)estern 0tates of A.ericaC 0urely this region .ust have been as cold as ,llinois/ >hio/ etc$ ,t is no) the coldest part of the @nion$ "hy should the ice have left this oasis/ and refused to for. on itC >r )hy/ if it did for. on it/ did it refuse to tear up the rock surfaces and for. :riftC Again/ no traces of northern drift are found in #alifornia/ )hich is surrounded by high .ountains/ in so.e of )hich frag.ents of glaciers are found even to this day$[97 According to Foster/ the :rift did not e5tend to >regonM and/ in the opinion of so.e/ it does not reach .uch beyond the )estern boundary of ,o)a$ Nor can it be supposed that the driftless regions of 0iberia/ North)estern A.erica/ and the ?acific coast are due to the absence of ice upon the. during the Glacial
[2$ "Report of the Geological 0urvey of "isconsin/" vol$ i/ p$ 22D$ ;$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ DGF$ 9$ "hitney/ "?roceedings of the #alifornia Acade.y of Natural 0ciences$"7

1p$ 9;4 age/ for in 0iberia the re.ains of the great .a..alia/ the .a..oth/ the )oolly rhinoceros/ the bison/ and the horse/ are found to this day i.bedded in great .asses of ice/ )hich/ as )e shall see/ are supposed to have been for.ed around the. at the very co.ing of the :rift age$ +ut there is another difficulty: (et us suppose that on all the continents an ice belt ca.e do)n fro. the north and south poles to 9FS or D<S of latitude/ and there stood/ .assive and terrible/ like the ice sheet of Greenland/ fro)ning over the re.nant of the )orld/ and giving out continually fogs/

sno) stor.s/ and te.pestsM )hat/ under such circu.stances/ .ust have been the cli.atic conditions of the narro) belt of land )hich these ice sheets did not coverC (ouis Figuier says: "0uch .asses of ice could only have covered the earth )hen the te.perature of the air )as lo)ered at least so.e degrees belo) Pero$ +ut organic life is inco.patible )ith such a te.peratureM and to this cause .ust )e attribute the disappearance of certain species of ani.als and plants in particular the rhinoceros and the elephant )hich/ before this sudden and e5traordinary cooling of the globe/ appeared to have li.ited the.selves/ in i..ense herds/ to Northern =urope/ and chiefly to 0iberia/ )here their re.ains have been found in such prodigious quantities$"[27 +ut if the no) te.perate region of =urope and A.erica )as subOect to a degree of cold great enough to destroy these huge ani.als/ then there could not have been a tropical cli.ate any)here on the globe$ ,f the line of 9FS or D<S/ north and south/ )as several degrees belo) Pero/ the equator .ust have been at least belo) the frost point$ And/ if so/ ho) can )e account for the survival/
[2$ "%he "orld before the :eluge/" p$ DG;$7

1p$ 994 to our o)n ti.e/ of innu.erable tropical plants that can not stand for one instant the breath of frost/ and )hose fossiliPed re.ains are found in the rocks prior to the :riftC As they lived through the Glacial age/ it could not have been a period of great and intense cold$ And this conclusion is in accordance )ith the results of the latest researches of the scientists: ",n his valuable studies upon the diluvial flora/ #ount Gaston de 0aporta concludes that the cli.ate in this period )as .arked rather by e5tre.e .oisture than e5tre.e cold$" Again: )here did the clay/ )hich is deposited in such gigantic .asses/ hundreds of feet thick/ over the continents/ co.e fro.C "e have seen Qp$ 28/ anteR that/ according to 'r$ :a)kins/ "no such clay has been proved to have been for.ed/ either in the 2rctic regions, whence the ice-sheet has retreated/ or in the districts forsaken by the glaciers$" ,f the Arctic ice sheet does not create such a clay no)/ )hy did it create it centuries ago on the plains of =ngland or ,llinoisC %he other day , traveled fro. 'innesota to #ape 'ay/ on the shore of the Atlantic/ a distance of about fifteen hundred .iles$ At scarcely any point )as , out of sight of the red clay and gravel of the :rift: it loo.ed up a.id the beach sands of Ne) *erseyM it )as laid bare by railroad cuts in the plains of Ne) Bork and ?ennsylvaniaM it covered the highest tops of the Alleghanies at AltoonaM the far.ers of >hio/ ,ndiana/ ,llinois/ and "isconsin )ere raising crops upon itM it )as every)here$ ,f one had laid do)n a handful of the

"isconsin :rift alongside of a handful of the Ne) *ersey deposit/ he could scarcely have perceived any difference bet)een the.$ 1p$ 9D4 &ere/ then/ is a geological for.ation/ al.ost identical in character/ fifteen hundred .iles long fro. east to )est/ and reaching through the )hole length of North and 0outh A.erica/ fro. the Arctic #ircle to ?atagonia$ :id ice grind this out of the graniteC "here did it get the graniteC %he granite reaches the surface only in li.ited areasM as a rule/ it is buried .any .iles in depth under the sedi.entary rocks$ &o) did the ice pick out its .aterials so as to grind nothing but graniteC %his deposit overlies li.estone and sandstone$ %he ice sheet rested upon the.$ "hy )ere the, not ground up )ith the graniteC :id the ice intelligently pick out a particular kind of rock/ and that the hardest of the. allC +ut here is another .arvel this clay is red$ %he red is due to the grinding up of .ica and hornblende$ Granite is co.posed of quartP/ feldspar/ and .ica$ ,n syenitic granite the .aterials are quartP/ feldspar/ and hornblende$ 'ica and hornblende contain considerable o5ide of iron/ )hile feldspar has none$ "hen .ica and hornblende are ground up/ the result is blue or red clays/ as the o5idation of the iron turns the clay redM )hile the clay .ade of feldspar is light yello) or )hite$ No)/ then/ not only did the ice sheet select for grinding the granite rocks/ and refuse to touch the others/ but it put the granite itself through so.e .ysterious process by )hich it separated the feldspar fro. the .ica and hornblende/ and .anufactured a )hite or yello) clay out of the one/ )hich it deposited in great sheets by itself/ as )est of the 'ississippiM )hile it ground up the .ica and hornblende and .ade blue or red clays/ )hich it laid do)n else)here/ as the red clays are spread over that great stretch of fifteen hundred .iles to )hich , have referred$ 1p$ 9F4 #an any one suppose that ice could so discri.inateC And if it by any .eans effected this separation of the particles of granite/ indissolubly knit together/ ho) could it perpetuate that separation )hile .oving over the land/ crushing all beneath and before it/ and leave it on the face of the earth free fro. co..i5ture )ith the surface rocksC

Again: the ice sheets )hich no) e5ist in the re.ote north do not .ove )ith a constant and regular .otion south)ard/ grinding up the rocks as they go$ A recent )riter/ describing the appearance of things in Greenland/ says: "%he coasts are deeply indented )ith nu.erous bays and fiords or firths/ )hich/ )hen traced inland/ are al.ost invariably found to ter.inate against glaciers$ %hick ice frequently appears/ too/ cro)ning the e5posed sea cliffs/ fro. the edges of )hich it droops in thic-, tongue-li-e, and stalactitic pro3ections/ until its o)n )eight forces it to break a)ay and topple do)n the precipices into the sea$"[27 %his does not represent an ice sheet .oving do)n continuously fro. the high grounds and tearing up the rocks$ ,t rather breaks off like great icicles fro. the caves of a house$ Again: the ice sheets to day do not striate or groove the rocks over )hich they .ove$ 'r$ #a.pbell/ author of t)o )orks in defense of the iceberg theory "Fire and Frost/" and "A 0hort A.erican %ra.p" )ent/ in 28GD/ to the coasts of (abrador/ the 0trait of +elle ,sle/ and the Gulf of 0t$ (a)rence/ for the e5press purpose of )itnessing the effects of icebergs/ and testing the theory he had for.ed$ >n the coast of (abrador he reports that at &anly &arbor/ )here
[2$ "?opular 0cience 'onthly/" April/ 283D/ p$ GDG$7

1p$ 9G4 the )hole strait is blocked up )ith ice each )inter/ and the great .ass s)ung bodily up and do)n/ "grating along the botto. at all depths/" he "found the rocks ground s.ooth/ but not striated$"[27 At #ape #harles and +attle &arbor/ he reports/ "the rocks at the )ater line are not striated$"[;7 At 0t$ Francis &arbor/ "the )ater line is .uch rubbed s.ooth/ but not striated$"[97 At 0ea ,slands/ he says/ "No striN are to be seen at the land )ash in these sounds or on open sea coasts near the present )aterline$"[D7 Again: if these drift deposits/ these vast accu.ulations of sand/ clay/ gravel/ and bo)lders/ )ere caused by a great continental ice sheet scraping and tearing the rocks on )hich it rested/ and constantly .oving to)ard the sun/ then not only )ould )e find/ as , have suggested in the case of glaciers/ the accu.ulated .asses of rubbish piled up in great )indro)s or ridges along the lines )here the face of the ice sheet .elted/ but )e )ould naturally e5pect that the farther north )e )ent the less )e )ould find of these .aterialsM in other )ords/ that the ice/ advancing south)ardly/ )ould s)eep the north clear of d.bris to pile it up in the .ore southern regions$ +ut this is far fro. being the case$ >n the contrary/ the great .asses of the :rift e5tend as far north as the land itself$ ,n the re.ote/ barren grounds of North A.erica/ )e are told by various travelers )ho have visited those regions/ "sand hills and erratics appear to be as co..on as in the countries farther south$"[F7 #aptain +ach tells us[G7 that he sa) great chains of sand hills/ stretching
[2$ "A 0hort A.erican %ra.p/" pp$ G8/ 2<3$

;$ ,bid$/ p$ G8$ 9$ ,bid$/ p$ 3;$ D$ ,bid$/ p$ 3G$ F$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ 9H2$ G$ "Narrative of Arctic (and =5pedition to the 'outh of the Great Fish River/" pp$ 2D</ 9DG$7

1p$ 934 a)ay fro. each side of the valley of the Great Fish River/ in north latitude GGS/ of great height/ and cro)ned )ith gigantic bo)lders$ "hy did not the advancing ice sheet drive these deposits south)ard over the plains of the @nited 0tatesC #an )e conceive of a force that )as po)erful enough to grind up the solid rocks/ and yet )as not able to re.ove its o)n d.brisC +ut there is still another reason )hich ought to satisfy us/ once for all/ that the drift deposits )ere not due to the pressure of a great continental ice sheet$ ,t is this: ,f the presence of the :rift proves that the country in )hich it is found )as once covered )ith a body of ice thick and heavy enough by its pressure and )eight to grind up the surface rocks into clay/ sand/ gravel/ and bo)lders/ then the tropical regions of the )orld .ust have been covered )ith such a great ice sheet/ upon the very equatorM for AgassiP found in +raPil a vast sheet of "ferruginous clay )ith pebbles/" )hich covers the )hole country/ "a sheet of drift/" says AgassiP/ "consisting of the sa.e ho.ogeneous/ unstratified paste/ and containing loose .aterials of all sorts and siPes/" deep red in color/ and distributed/ as in the north/ in uneven hills/ )hile so.eti.es it is reduced to a thin deposit$ ,t is recent in ti.e/ although overlying rocks ancient geologically$ AgassiP had no doubt )hatever that it )as of glacial origin$ ?rofessor &artt/ )ho acco.panied ?rofessor AgassiP in his 0outh A.erican travels/ and published a valuable )ork called "%he Geology of +raPil/" describes drift deposits as covering the province of ?arU/ +raPil/ upon the equator itself$ %he )hole valley of the A.aPon is covered )ith stratified and unstratified and unfossiliferous 1p$ 984 :rift/[27 and also )ith a peculiar drift clay Qargile plasti4ue bigarr.eR/ plastic and streaked$ ?rofessor &artt gives a cut fro. )hich , copy the follo)ing representation of drift clay and pebbles overlying a gneiss hillock of the 0erra do 'ar/ +raPil: ---

:R,F% :=?>0,%0 ,N %&= %R>?,#0$ a/ drift clayM f f/ angular frag.ents of quartPM c$ sheet of pebblesM d d/ gneiss in situM g g/ quartP and granite veins traversing the gneiss$ +ut here is the dile..a to )hich the glacialists are reduced: ,f an ice sheet a .ile in thickness/ or even one hundred feet in thickness/ )as necessary to produce the :rift/ and if it covered the equatorial regions of +raPil/ then there is no reason )hy the sa.e cli.atic conditions should not have produced the sa.e results in Africa and AsiaM and the result )ould be that the entire globe/ fro. pole to pole/ .ust have rolled for days/ years/ or centuries/ )rapped in a continuous easing/ .antle/ or shroud of ice/ under )hich all vegetable and ani.al life .ust have utterly perished$
[2$ "Geology of +raPil/" p$ D88$7

1p$ 9H4 And )e are not )ithout evidences that the drift deposits are found in Africa$ "e kno) that they e5tend in =urope to the 'editerranean$ %he "*ournal of the Geographical 0ociety" Q+ritishR has a paper by George 'an/ F$ G$ 0$/ on the geology of 'orocco/ in )hich he says: "Glacial .oraines .ay be seen on this range nearly eight thousand feet above the sea/ for.ing gigantic ridges and .ounds of porphyritic blocks/ in so.e places da..ing up the ravines/ and at the foot of Atlas are enor.ous .ounds of bo)lders$" %hese .ounds oftenti.es rise t)o thousand feet above the level of the plain/ and/ according to 'r$ 'an/ )ere produced by glaciers$ "e shall see/ hereafter/ that the sands bordering =gypt belong to the :rift age$ %he dia.ond bearing gravels of 0outh Africa e5tend to )ithin t)enty t)o degrees of the equator$ ,t is even a question )hether that great desolate land/ the :esert of 0ahara/ covering a third of the #ontinent of Africa/ is not the direct result of this signal catastrophe$ &enry "$ &aynes tells us that drift deposits are found in the :esert of 0ahara/ and that ",n the bottoms of the dry ravines/ or )adys/ )hich pierce the hills that bound the valley of the Nile/ , have found nu.erous speci.ens of flint a5es of the type of 0t$ Acheul/ )hich have been adOudged to be true palNolithic i.ple.ents by so.e of the .ost e.inent cultivators of prehistoric science$"[27 %he sand and gravel of 0ahara are underlaid by a deposit of clay$ +ayard %aylor describes in the center of Africa
[2$ "%he ?alNolithic ,.ple.ents of the !alley of the :ela)are/" #a.bridge/ 2882$7

1p$ D<4 great plains of coarse gravel/ dotted )ith gray granite bo)lders$[27 ,n the @nited 0tates ?rofessor "inchell sho)s that the drift deposits extend to the )ulf of 'exico$ At *ackson/ in 0outhern Alaba.a/ be found deposits of pebbles one hundred feet in thickness$[;7 ,f there are no drift deposits e5cept )here the great ice sheet ground the. out of the rocks/ then a shroud of death once )rapped the entire globe/ and all life ceased$ +ut )e kno) that all life/ vegetable/ ani.al/ and hu.an/ is derived fro. pre glacial sourcesM therefore ani.al/ vegetable/ and hu.an life did not perish in the :rift ageM therefore an ice sheet did not )rap the )orld in its death pallM therefore the drift deposits of the tropics )ere not due to an ice sheetM therefore the drift deposits of the rest of the )orld )ere not due to ice sheets: therefore )e .ust look else)here for their origin$ %here is no escaping these conclusions$ AgassiP hi.self says/ describing the Glacial age: "All the springs )ere dried upM the rivers ceased to flo)$ %o the .ove.ents of a nu.erous and ani.ated creation succeeded the silence of death$" ,f the verdure )as covered )ith ice a .ile in thickness/ all ani.als that lived on vegetation of any kind .ust have perishedM consequently/ all carnivores )hich lived on these .ust have ceased to e5istM and .an hi.self/ )ithout ani.al or vegetable food/ .ust have disappeared for ever$ A )riter/ describing Greenland )rapped in such an ice sheet/ says
[2$ "%ravels in Africa/" p$ 288$ ;$ "0ketches of #reation/" pp$ ;;;/ ;;9$7

1p$ D24 "%he )hole interior see.s to be buried beneath a great depth of sno) and ice/ )hich loads up the valleys and )raps over the hills$ %he scene opening to vie) in the interior is desolate in the e5tre.e nothing but one dead/ dreary e5panse of )hite/ so far as the eye can reach no living creature fre4uents this wilderness--neither bird, beast, nor insect$ %he silence/ deep as death/ is broken only )hen the roaring stor. arises to s)eep before it the pitiless/ blinding sno)$"[27 And yet the glacialists )ould have us believe that +raPil and Africa/ and the )hole globe/ )ere once )rapped in such a shroud of deathL &ere/ then/ in conclusion/ are the evidences that the deposits of the :rift are not due to continental ice sheets:

,$ %he present ice sheets of the re.ote north create no such deposits and .ake no such .arkings$ ,,$ A vast continental elevation of land surfaces at the north )as necessary for the ice to slide do)n/ and this did not e5ist$ ,,,$ %he ice sheet/ if it .ade the :rift .arkings/ .ust have scored the rocks going up hill/ )hile it did not score the. going do)n hill$ ,!$ ,f the cold for.ed the ice and the ice for.ed the :rift/ )hy is there no :rift in the coldest regions of the earth/ )here there .ust have been iceC !$ #ontinental ice belts/ reaching to D<S of latitude/ )ould have e5ter.inated all tropical vegetation$ ,t )as not e5ter.inated/ therefore such ice sheets could not have e5isted$ !,$ %he :rift is found in the equatorial regions of the )orld$ ,f it )as produced by an ice sheet in those regions/ all pre glacial for.s of life .ust have perishedM but they did not perishM therefore the ice sheet could not
[2$ "?opular 0cience 'onthly/" April/ 283D/ p$ GDG$7

1p$ D;4 have covered these regions/ and could not have produced the drift deposits there found$ ,n brief/ the :rift is not found )here ice .ust have been/ and is found )here ice could not have beenM the conclusion/ therefore/ is irresistible that the :rift is not due to ice$ 1p$ D94 .$APTER %II' T$E RIFT A GIGA!TI. .ATA*TR"P$E' ,N the first place/ the :rift fell upon a fair and lovely )orld/ a )orld far better adapted to give happiness to its inhabitants than this stor. tossed planet on )hich )e no) live/ )ith its endless battle bet)een heat and cold/ bet)een sun and ice$ %he pre glacial )orld )as a garden/ a paradiseM not e5cessively )ar. at the equator/ and yet )ith so .ild and equable a cli.ate that the plants )e no) call tropical flourished )ithin the present Arctic #ircle$ ,f so.e future daring navigator reaches the north pole and finds solid land there/ he )ill probably discover in the rocks at his feet the fossil re.ains of the oranges and bananas of the pre glacial age$ %hat the reader .ay not think this an e5travagant state.ent/ let .e cite a fe) authorities$

A recent )riter says: "%his )as/ indeed/ for A.erica/ the golden age of ani.als and plants/ and in all respects but one the absence of .an the country )as .ore interesting and picturesque than no)$ "e .ust i.agine/ therefore/ that the hills and valleys about the present site of Ne) Bork )ere covered )ith noble trees/ and a dense undergro)th of species/ for the .ost part different fro. those no) living thereM and that these )ere the ho.es and feeding grounds of .any kinds of quadrupeds and birds/ )hich have long since beco.e e5tinct$ %he broad plain )hich sloped gently sea)ard fro. the highlands .ust have been 1p$ DD4 covered )ith a sub tropical forest of giant trees and tangled vines tee.ing )ith ani.al life$ %his state of things doubtless continued through .any thousands of years/ but ulti.ately a change ca.e over the fair face of Nature .ore co.plete and terrible than )e have language to describe$"[27 Another says: "At the close of the %ertiary age/ )hich ends the long series of geological epochs previous to the Euaternary/ the landscape of =urope had/ in the .ain/ assu.ed its .odern appearance$ %he .iddle era of this age the 'iocene )as characteriPed by tropical plants/ a varied and i.posing fauna/ and a genial cli.ate/ so e5tended as to nourish forests of beeches/ .aples/ walnuts/ poplars/ and magnolias in )reenland and +pit5bergen/ )hile an e5otic vegetation hid the e5uberant valleys of =ngland$"[;7 :r$ :a)son says: "%his delightful cli.ate )as not confined to the present te.perate or tropical regions$ ,t e5tended to the very shores of the Arctic 0ea$ ,n *orth Greenland/ at Atane Aerdluk/ in latitude 3<S north/ at an elevation of .ore than a thousand feet above the sea/ )ere found the re.ains of beeches/ oaks/ pines/ poplars/ .aples/ walnuts, magnolias, limes/ and vines$ %he re.ains of si.ilar plants )ere found in 0pitPbergen/ in latitude 38S FG'$"[97 :r$ :a)son continues: ""as the 'iocene period on the )hole a better age of the )orld than that in )hich )e liveC ,n so.e respects it )as$ >bviously/ there )as in the northern he.isphere a vast surface of land under a .ild and equable cli.ate/ and clothed )ith a rich and varied vegetation$ &ad )e lived in the 'iocene )e .ight have sat under our o)n vine and fig tree equally in Greenland and 0pitPbergen and in those .ore southern cli.es to )hich this
[2$ "?opular 0cience 'onthly/" >ctober/ 2838/ p$ GD8$ ;$ ($ ?$ Gratacap/ in "A.erican Antiquarian/" *uly/ 2882/ p$ ;8<$

9$ :a)son/ "=arth and 'an/" p$ ;G2$7

1p$ DF4 privilege is no) restricted$ $ $ $ 0o.e reasons have been adduced for the belief that in the 'iocene and =ocene there )ere intervals of cold cli.ateM but the evidence of this .ay be .erely local and e5ceptional/ and does not interfere )ith the broad characteristics of the age$"[27 0ir =d)ard +elcher brought a)ay fro. the dreary shores of "ellington #hannel Qlatitude 3FS 9;' northR portions of a tree )hich there can be no doubt )hatever had actually gro)n )here be found it$ %he roots )ere in place/ in a froPen .ass of earth/ the stu.p standing upright )here it )as probably overtaken by the great )inter$[;7 %rees have been found/ in situ/ on ?rince ?atrick's ,sland/ in latitude 3GS 2;' north/ four feet in circumference$ %hey )ere so old that the )ood had lost its co.bustible quality/ and refused to burn$ 'r$ Geikie thinks that it is possible these trees )ere pre glacial/ and belonged to the 'iocene age$ %hey .ay have been the re.nants of the great forests )hich clothed that far northern region )hen the so called glacial age ca.e on and brought the :rift$ "e shall see hereafter that .an/ possibly civiliPed .an/ d)elt in this fair and glorious )orld this )orld that kne) no frost/ no cold/ no ice/ no sno)M that he had d)elt in it for thousands of yearsM that he )itnessed the appalling and sudden cala.ity )hich fell upon itM and that he has preserved the .e.ory of this catastrophe to the present day/ in a .ultitude of .yths and legends scattered all over the face of the habitable earth$ +ut )as it suddenC "as it a catastropheC Again , call the )itnesses to the stand/ for , ask you/ good reader/ to accept nothing that is not proved$ ,n the first place/ )as it suddenC
[2$ "=arth and 'an/" p$ ;GD$ ;$ "%he (ast of the Arctic !oyages/" vol$ i/ p$ 98<$7

1p$ DG4 >ne )riter says: "%he glacial action/ in the opinion of the land glacialists/ )as li.ited to a definite period/ and operated simultaneousl, over a vast area$"[27 And again: "%he drift )as accu.ulated )here it is by so.e violent action$"[;7

(ouis Figuier says: "%he t)o cataclys.s of )hich )e have spoken surprised =urope at the .o.ent of the develop.ent of an i.portant creation$ %he )hole scope of ani.ated nature/ the evolution of ani.als/ )as suddenl, arrested in that part of our he.isphere over )hich these gigantic convulsions spread/ follo)ed by the brief but sudden sub.ersion of entire continents$ >rganic life had scarcely recovered fro. the violent shock/ )hen a second/ and perhaps severer blo) assailed it$ %he northern and central parts of =urope/ the vast countries )hich e5tend fro. 0candinavia to the 'editerranean and the :anube/ )ere visited by a period of sudden and severe coldM the te.perature of the polar regions seiPed the.$ %he plains of =urope/ but no) orna.ented by the lu5urious vegetation developed by the heat of a burning cli.ate/ the boundless pastures on )hich herds of great elephants/ the active horse/ the robust hippopota.us/ and great carnivorous ani.als graPed and roa.ed/ beca.e covered )ith a .antle of ice and sno)$"[97 '$ #h$ 'artins says: "%he .ost violent convulsions of the solid and liquid ele.ents appear to have been the.selves only the effects due to a cause .uch .ore po)erful than the .ere e5pansion of the pyrosphereM and it is necessary to recur/ in order to e5plain the./ to so.e ne) and bolder hypothesis than has Bet been haParded$ 0o.e philosophers have belief
[2$ A.erican #yclopNdia/" vol$ vi/ p$ 22D$ ;$ ,bid$/ vol$ vi/ p$ 222$ 9$ "%he "orld before the :eluge/" p$ D9F$7

1p$ D34 in an astrono.ical revolution )hich .ay have overtaken our globe in the first age of its for.ation/ and have .odified its position in relation to the sun$ %hey ad.it that the poles have not alwa,s been as the, are now/ and that some terrible shoc- displaced them/ changing at the sa.e ti.e the inclination of the a5is of the rotation of the earth$"[27 (ouis Figuier says: ""e can not doubt/ after such testi.ony/ of the e5istence/ in the froPen north/ of the al.ost entire re.ains of the .a..oth$ %he ani.als see. to have perished suddenl,6 enveloped in ice at the moment of their death/ their bodies have been preserved fro. deco.position by the continual action of the cold$"[;7 #uvier says/ speaking of the bodies of the quadrupeds )hich the ice had seiPed/ and )hich have been preserved/ )ith their hair/ flesh/ and skin/ do)n to our o)n ti.es: ",f they had not been froPen as soon as killed/ putrefaction )ould have deco.posed the.M and/ on the other hand/ this eternal frost could not have previously prevailed in the

place )here they died/ for they could not have lived in such a te.perature$ ,t )as/ therefore/ at the same instant when these animals perished that the countr, the, inhabited was rendered glacial$ %hese events .ust have been sudden, instantaneous, and without an, gradation$"[97 %here is abundant evidence that the :rift fell upon a land covered )ith forests/ and that the trunks of the trees )ere s)ept into the .ass of clay and gravel/ )here they are preserved to this day$ 'r$ "hittlesey gives an account of a log found fort, feet below the surface/ in a bed of blue clay/ resting
[2$ "%he "orld before the :eluge/" p$ DG9$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ 9HG$ 9$ ">sse.ents fossiles/ :iscours sur les RVvolutions du Globe$"7

1p$ D84 upon the "hard pan" or "till/" in a )ell dug at #olu.bia/ >hio$[27 At +loo.ington/ ,llinois/ pieces of )ood )ere found one hundred and twent,-three feet below the surface/ in sinking a shaft$[;7 And it is a very re.arkable fact that none of these ,llinois clays contain an, fossils$[97 %he inference/ therefore/ is irresistible that the clay/ thus unfossiliferous/ fell upon and inclosed the trees )hile they )ere yet gro)ing$ %hese facts alone )ould dispose of the theory that the :rift )as deposited upon lands already covered )ith )ater$ ,t is evident/ on the contrary/ that it )as dry land/ inhabited land/ land e.bo)ered in forests$ >n top of the Nor)ich crag/ in =ngland/ are found the re.ains of an ancient forest/ "sho)ing stu.ps of trees standing erect )ith their roots penetrating an ancient soil$"[D7 ,n this soil occur the re.ains of .any e5tinct species of ani.als/ together )ith those of others still livingM a.ong these .ay be .entioned the hippopota.us/ three species of elephant/ the .a..oths/ rhinoceros/ bear/ horse/ ,rish elk/ etc$ ,n ,reland re.ains of trees have been found in sand beds belo) the till$[F7 :r$ :a)son found a hardened peaty bed under the bo)lder clay/ in #anada/ )hich "contained .any s.all roots and branches/ apparently of coniferous trees allied to the spruces$"[G7 'r$ #$ "hittlesey refers to decayed
[2$ "0.ithsonian #ontributions/" vol$ 5v$

;$ "Geology of ,llinois/" vol$ iv/ p$ 23H$ 9$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ 983$ D$ ,bid$/ p$ 9D<$ ":ublin Euarterly *ournal of 0cience/" vol$ vi/ p$ ;DH$ F$ "Acadian Geology/" p$ G9$7

1p$ DH4 leaves and re.ains of the elephant and .astodon found belo) and in the drift in A.erica$[27 "%he re.ains of the .astodon/ rhinoceros/ hippopota.us/ and elephant are found in the pre glacial beds of ,taly$"[;7 %hese ani.als )ere slaughtered outright/ and so suddenly that fe) escaped: Ad.iral "rangel tells us that the re.ains of elephants/ rhinoceroses/ etc$/ are heaped up in such quantities in certain parts of 0iberia that "he and his .en cli.bed over ridges and .ounds co.posed entirely of their bones$"[97 "e have seen that the :rift itself has all the appearance of having been the product of so.e sudden catastrophe: "0tones and bo)lders alike are scattered higgledy piggledy/ pell .ell/ through the clay/ so as to give it a highl, confused and tumultuous appearance$" Another )riter says: ",n the .ass of the 'till' itself fossils so.eti.es/ but very rarely/ occur$ %usks of the .a..oth/ reindeer antlers/ and fragments of wood have fro. ti.e to ti.e been discovered$ %hey al.ost invariably afford .arks of having been subOected to the sa.e action as the stones and bo)lders by )hich they are surrounded$"[D7 Another says: "(ogs and frag.ents of )ood are often got at great depths in the buried gorges$"[F7
[2$ "0.ithsonian #ontributions/" vol$ 5v$ ;$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ DH;$ 9$ AgassiP/ "Geological 0ketches/" p$ ;<H$ D$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ 2F<$ F$ ",llustrations of 0urface Geology/" "0.ithsonian #ontributions$"7

1p$ F<4 'r$ Geikie says: "+elo) a deposit of till/ at "oodhill Euarry/ near Ail.aurs/ in Ayrshire Q0cotlandR/ the re.ains of .a..oths and reindeer and certain .arine shells have several ti.es been detected during the quarrying operations$ $ $ $ %)o elephant tasks )ere got at a depth of seventeen and a half feet fro. the surface$ $ $ $ %he .a..alian re.ains/ obtained fro. this quarry/ occurred in a peaty layer bet)een t)o thin beds of sand and gravel )hich lay beneath a .ass of 'till/' and rested directl, on the sandstone roc-$"[27 And again: "Re.ains of the .a..oth have been .et )ith at #hapelhall/ near Airdrie/ )here they occurred in a bed of la.inated sand/ underl,ing 'till$' Reindeer antlers have also been discovered in other localities/ as in the valley of the =ndrick/ about four .iles fro. (och (o.ond/ )here an antler )as found associated )ith .arine shells/ near the botto. of a bed of blue clay/ and close to the underl,ing roc- the blue clay being covered )ith t)elve feet of tough/ stony clay$"[;7 ?rofessor "inchell says "+uried tree trunks are often e5hu.ed fro. the glacial drift at a depth of fro. t)enty to sixt, feet from the surface$ :r$ (ocke has published an account of a .ass of buried drift )ood at 0ale./ >hio/ fort,-three feet below the surface/ i.bedded in ancient .ud$ %he .useu. of the @niversity of 'ichigan contains several frag.ents of )ell preserved tree trunks e5hu.ed fro. )ells in the vicinity of Ann Arbor$ 0uch occurrences are by no .eans unco..on$ %he encroach.ents of the )aves upon the shores of the Great (akes reveal )hole forests of the buried trunks of the )hite cedar$"[97 %hese citations place it beyond question that the :rift ca.e suddenly upon the )orld/ slaughtering the ani.als/
[2$ %he Great ,ce Age/" p$ 2DH$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ 2F<$ 9$ "inchell/ "0ketches of #reation/" p$ ;FH$7

1p$ F24 breaking up the forests/ and over)hel.ing the trunks and branches of the trees in its .asses of d.bris$ (et us turn to the ne5t question: "as it an e5traordinary event/ a )orld shaking cataclys.C

%he ans)er to this question is plain: %he :rift .arks probably the .ost a)ful convulsion and catastrophe that has ever fallen upon the globe$ %he deposit of these continental .asses of clay/ sand/ and gravel )as but one of the features of the apalling event$ ,n addition to this the earth at the sa.e ti.e )as cleft )ith great cracks or fissures/ )hich reached do)n through .any .iles of the planet's crust to the central fires and released the boiling rocks i.prisoned in its boso./ and these poured to the surface/ as igneous/ intrusive/ or trap rocks$ "here the great breaks )ere not deep enough to reach the central fires/ they left .ighty fissures in the surface/ )hich/ in the 0candinavian regions/ are kno)n as fiords/ and )hich constitute a striking feature of the scenery of these northern landsM they are great canals he)n/ as it )ere/ in the rock )ith high )alls penetrating fro. the sea far into the interior of the land$ %hey are found in Great +ritain/ 'aine/ Nova 0cotia/ (abrador/ Greenland/ and on the "estern coast of North A.erica$ :avid :ale >)en tells us that the outburst of trap rock at the :alles of the 0t$ #roi5 ca.e up through open fissures/ breaking the continuity of strata/ )ithout tilting the. into inclined planes$"[27 ,t )ould appear as if the earth/ in the first place/ cracked into deep clefts/ and the igneous .atter )ithin took advantage of these breaks to rise to the surface$ ,t caught .asses of the sandstone in its .idst and hardened around the.$ %hese great clefts see. to be/ as >)en says/ "lines
[2$ "Geological 0urvey of "isconsin/ ,o)a/ and 'innesota/" p$ 2D;$7

1p$ F;4 radiating south)est)ardly fro. (ake 0uperior/ as if that )as the seat of the disturbance )hich caused the.$"[27 'oreover/ )hen )e co.e to e5a.ine the face of the rocks on )hich the :rift ca.e/ )e do not find the. .erely s.oothed and ground do)n/ as )e .ight suppose a great/ heavy .ass of ice .oving slo)ly over the. )ould leave the.$ %here )as so.ething .ore than this$ %here )as so.ething/ Q)hatever it )as/R that fell upon the. )ith a)ful force and literally smashed the./ pounding/ beating/ pulveriPing the./ and turning one layer of .ighty rock over upon another/ and scattering the. in the )ildest confusion$ "e can not conceive of anything terrestrial that/ let loose upon the bare rocks to day/ )ould or could produce such results$ Geikie says: ""hen the 'till' is re.oved fro. the underlying rocks/ these al.ost invariably sho) either a )ell s.oothed/ polished/ and striated surface/ or else a highl, confused, bro-en, and smashed appearance$"[;7 Gratacap says:

"'Crushed ledges' designate those plicated/ overthro)n/ or curved e5posures )here parallel rocks/ as talcose schist/ usually vertical/ are bent and fractured/ as if b, a maul li-e force, battering them from above$ %he strata are oftenti.es tu.bled over upon a cliff side like a ro) of books/ and rest upon heaps of frag.ents broken a)ay by the strain upon the botto. layers/ or crushed off fro. their e5posed layers$"[97 %he Rev$ >$ Fisher/ F$ G$ 0$/ says he "Finds the covering beds to consist of t)o .e.bers a lo)er one/ entirely destitute of organic re.ains/ and
[2$ "Geological 0urvey of "isconsin/ ,o)a/ and 'innesota/" p$ 2D3$ ;$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ 39$ 9$ "?opular 0cience 'onthly/" *anuary/ 2838/ p$ 9;G$7

1p$ F94 generally unstratified/ )hich has often been forcibl, ,N:=N%=: into the bed beneath it/ so.eti.es e5hibiting slickensides at the Ounction$ %here is evidence of this lo)er .e.ber having been pushed or dragged over the surface/ fro. higher to lo)er levels/ in a plastic conditionM on )hich account he has na.ed it '%he %rail'$"[27 No)/ all these details are inco.patible )ith the idea of ice action$ "hat condition of ice can be i.agined that )ould smash rocks/ that )ould beat the. like a .aul/ that )ould indent the.C And )hen )e pass fro. the underlying rocks to the "till" itself/ )e find the evidences of tre.endous force e5erted in the )ildest and .ost tu.ultuous .anner$ "hen the clay and stones )ere being deposited on those crushed and pounded rocks/ they see. to have picked up the detritus of the earth in great .asses/ and )hirled it )ildly in a.ong their o)n .aterial/ and deposited it in )hat are called "the intercalated beds$" ,t )ould see. as if cyclonic )inds had been at )ork a.ong the .ass$ "hile the "till" itself is devoid of fossils/ "the intercalated beds" often contain the.$ "hatever )as in or on the soil )as seiPed upon/ carried up into the air/ then cast do)n/ and .ingled a.ong the "till$" *a.es Geikie says/ speaking of these intercalated beds: "%hey are t)isted/ bent/ cru.pled/ and confused often in the wildest manner$ (ayers of clay/ sand/ and gravel/ )hich )ere probably deposited in a nearly horiPontal plane/ are puckered into folds and sharply curved into vertical positions$ , have seen )hole beds of sand and clay )hich had all the appearance of having been pushed for)ard bodily for so.e distance the bedding assu.ing the most fantastic appearance$ $ $ $ %he intercalated beds are every)here cut through by the overlying 'till/' and

[2$ "*ournal of the Geological 0ociety and Geological 'agaPine$"7

1p$ FD4 large portions have been carried a)ay$ $ $ $ %hey for. but a s.all fraction of the drift deposits$"[27 ,n the acco.panying cut )e have one of these sand QsR and clay QcR patches/ e.boso.ed in the "till/" t2 and t;$ --0%RA%,F,=: +=:0 ,N %,((/ (=,%&=N "A%=R/ ?==+(=00&,R=/ 0#>%(AN:$ And again/ the sa.e )riter says: "%he intercalated beds are re.arkable for having yielded an i.perfect skull of the great e5tinct o5 Q7os primigeniusR/ and re.ains of the ,rish elk or deer/ and the horse/ together )ith layers of peaty .atter$"[;7 0everal of our fore.ost scientists see in the pheno.ena of the :rift the evidences of a cataclys. of so.e sort$ 0ir *ohn (ubbock[97 gives the follo)ing representation of a section of the :rift at *oinville/ France/ containing --0=#%,>N A% *>,N!,((=$
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ 2DH$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ 2DH$ 9$ "?rehistoric %i.es/" p$ 93<$7

1p$ FF4 an i..ense sandstone block/ eight feet si5 inches in length/ )ith a )idth of t)o feet eight inches/ and a thickness of three feet four inches$ :iscussing the subOect/ 'r$ (ubbock says: ""e .ust feel that a body of )ater/ )ith po)er to .ove such .asses as these/ .ust have been very different fro. any floods no) occurring in those valleys/ and .ight )ell deserve the na.e of a catacl,sm$ $ $ $ +ut a flood )hich could bring do)n so great a .ass )ould certainly have s)ept a)ay the co.paratively light and .ovable gravel belo)$ "e

can not/ therefore/ account for the pheno.ena by aqueous action/ because a flood )hich )ould deposit the sandstone blocks )ould re.ove the underlying gravel/ and a flood )hich )ould deposit the gravel )ould not re.ove the blocks$ %he $eus ex machin8 has not only been called in .ost unnecessarily/ but )hen e5a.ined turns out to be but an idol/ after all$" 0ir *ohn thinks that floating ice .ight have dropped these blocksM but then/ on the other hand/ '$ #$ d'>rbigny observes that all the fossils found in these beds belong to fresh )ater or land ani.als$ %he sea has had nothing to do )ith the.$ And :'>rbigny thinks the :rift ca.e fro. cataclys.s$ '$ +oucher de ?erthes/ the first and .ost e5haustive investigator of these deposits/ has al)ays been of opinion that the drift gravels of France )ere deposited by violent catacl,sms$[27 %his vie) see.s to be confir.ed by the fact that the gravel beds in )hich these re.ains of .an and e5tinct ani.als are found lie at an elevation of fro. eighty to two hundred feet above the present water-levels of the valle,s$ 0ir *ohn (ubbock says: ">ur second difficulty still re.ains na.ely/ the height at )hich the upper level gravels stand above the
[2$ "'V.$ 0oc$ d'=.$ l'Abbeville/" 28G2/ p$ D3F$7

1p$ FG4 present )ater line$ "e can not )onder that these beds have generally been attributed to violent cataclys.s$"[27 ,n A.erica/ in +ritain/ and in =urope/ the glacial deposits .ade clean )ork of nearly all ani.al life$ %he great .a..alia/ too large to find shelter in caverns/ )ere so.e of the. utterly s)ept a)ay/ )hile others never after)ard returned to those regions$ ,n like .anner palNolithic .an/ .an of the rude and unpolished flint i.ple.ents/ the conte.porary of the great .a..alia/ the .a..oth/ the hippopota.us/ and the rhinoceros/ )as also sta.ped out/ and the cave deposits of =urope sho) that there )as a long interval before be reappeared in those regions$ %he sa.e forces/ )hatever they )ere/ )hich "s.ashed" and "pounded" and "contorted" the surface of the earth/ crushed .an and his gigantic associates out of e5istence$[;7 +ut in 0iberia/ )here/ as )e have seen/ so.e of the large .a..alia )ere caught and ento.bed in ice/ and preserved even to our o)n day/ there )as no "s.ashing" and "crushing" of the earth/ and .any escaped the sno) sheets/ and their posterity survived in that region for long ages after the Glacial period/ and are supposed only to have disappeared in quite recent ti.es$ ,n fact/ )ithin the last t)o or three years a Russian

e5ile declared that he had seen a group of living .a..oths in a )ild valley in a re.ote portion of that )ilderness$ %hese/ then/ good reader/ to recapitulate/ are points that see. to be established: ,$ %he :rift .arked a )orld convulsing catastrophe$ ,t )as a gigantic and terrible event$ ,t )as so.ething quite out of the ordinary course of Nature's operations$ ,,$ ,t )as sudden and over)hel.ing$
[2$ "?rehistoric %i.es/" p$ 93;$ ;$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ DGG$7

1p$ F34 ,,,$ ,t fell upon land areas/ .uch like our o)n in geographical confor.ationM a forest covered/ inhabited landM a glorious land/ basking in perpetual su..er/ in the .idst of a golden age$ (et us go a step further$ 1p$ F84 .$APTER %III' GREAT $EAT A PRERE1)I*ITE' No)/ it )ill be observed that the principal theories assigned for the :rift go upon the hypothesis that it )as produced by e5traordinary .asses of ice ice as icebergs/ ice as glaciers/ or ice in continental sheets$ %he scientists ad.it that i..ediately preceding this Glacial age the cli.ate )as .ild and equable/ and these great for.ations of ice did not e5ist$ +ut none of the. pretend to say ho) the ice ca.e or )hat caused it$ =ven AgassiP/ the great apostle of the ice origin of :rift/ is forced to confess: ""e have/ as yet/ no cle) to the source of this great and sudden change of cli.ate$ !arious suggestions have been .ade a.ong others/ that for.erly the inclination of the earth's a5is )as greater/ or that a sub.ersion of the continents under )ater .ight have produced a decided increase of coldM but none of these e5planations are satisfactory/ and science has yet to find any cause )hich accounts for all the pheno.ena connected )ith it$"[27 0o.e have i.agined that a change in the position of the earth's a5is of rotation/ due to the elevation of e5tensive .ountain tracts bet)een the poles and the equator/ .ight have caused a degree of cold sufficient to produce the pheno.ena of the :riftM but Geikie says

",t has been de.onstrated that the protuberance of the earth at the equator so vastly e5ceeds that of any
[2$ "Geological 0ketches/" p$ ;2<$7

1p$ FH4 possible elevation of .ountain .asses bet)een the equator and the poles/ that any slight changes )hich .ay have resulted fro. such geological causes could have had only an infinitesi.al effect upon the$ general cli.ate of the globe$"[27 (et us reason together: %he ice/ say the glacialists/ caused the :rift$ "hat caused the iceC Great rains and sno)s/ they say/ falling on the face of the land$ Granted$ "hat is rain in the first instanceC !apor/ clouds$ "hence are the clouds derivedC Fro. the )aters of the earth/ principally fro. the oceans$ &o) is the )ater in the clouds transferred to the clouds fro. the seasC +y evaporation$ "hat is necessary to evaporationC Heat$ &ere/ then/ is the sequence: ,f there is no heat/ there is no evaporationM no evaporation/ no cloudsM no clouds/ no rainM no rain/ no iceM no ice/ no :rift$ +ut/ as the Glacial age .eant ice on a stupendous scale/ then it .ust have been preceded by heat on a stupendous scale$ ?rofessor %yndall asserts that the ancient glaciers indicate the action of heat as .uch as cold$ &e says: "#old )ill not produce glaciers$ Bou .ay have the bitterest northeast )inds here in (ondon throughout the )inter )ithout a single flake of sno)$ #old .ust have the fitting obOect to operate upon/ and this obOect the aqueous vapor of the air is the direct product of heat$ (et us put this glacier question in another for.: the latent heat of aqueous vapor/ at the te.perature of its production in the tropics/ is about 2/<<<S Fahr$/ for the latent heat aug.ents as the te.perature of evaporation descends$ A pound of )ater thus vaporiPed at the equator has absorbed one thousand ti.es the quantity of heat )hich
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ H8$7

1p$ G<4 )ould raise a pound of the liquid one degree in te.perature$ $ $ $ ,t is perfectly .anifest that by )eakening the sun's action/ either through a defect of e.ission or by the steeping

of the entire solar syste. in space of a lo) te.perature/ we should be cutting off the glaciers at their source$"[27 'r$ #roll says: "&eat/ to produce evaporation/ is Oust as essential to the accu.ulation of sno) and ice as cold to produce condensation$"[;7 0ir *ohn (ubbock says: "?arado5ical as it .ay appear/ the pri.ary cause of the Glacial epoch .ay be/ after all/ an elevation of the temperature in the tropics/ causing a greater a.ount of evaporation in the equatorial regions/ and consequently a greater supply of the ra) .aterial of sno) in the te.perate regions during the )inter .onths$"[97 0o necessary did it appear that heat .ust have co.e fro. so.e source to vaporiPe all this vast quantity of )ater/ that one gentle.an/ ?rofessor Frankland/[D7 suggested that the ocean .ust have been rendered hot by the internal fires of the earth/ and thus the )ater )as sent up in clouds to fall in ice and sno)M but 0ir *ohn (ubbock disposes of this theory by sho)ing that the fauna of the seas during the Glacial period possessed an Arctic character$ "e can not conceive of Greenland shells and fish and ani.als thriving in an ocean nearly at the boiling point$ A )riter in "%he ?opular 0cience 'onthly"[F7 says: "%hese evidences of vast accu.ulations of ice and sno) on the borders of the Atlantic have led so.e theorists
[2$ "&eat considered as a 'ode of 'otion/" p$ 2H;$ ;$ "#li.ate and %i.e/" p$ 3D$ 9$ "?rehistoric %i.es/" p$ D<2$ D$ "?hilosophical 'agaPine/" 28GD/ p$ 9;8$ F$ *uly/ 283G/ p$ ;88$7

1p$ G24 to suppose that the ,ce period )as attended/ if not in part caused/ by a far .ore abundant evaporation fro. the surface of the Atlantic than takes place at presentM and it has even been conOectured that sub.arine volcanoes in the tropics .ight have loaded the at.osphere )ith an unusual a.ount of .oisture$ %his speculation see.s to .e/ ho)ever/ both i.probable and superfluousM i.probable/ because no traces of any such cataclys. have been discovered/ and it is .ore than doubtful )hether the generation of stea. in the tropics/ ho)ever large the quantity/ )ould produce glaciation of the polar regions$ %he

ascent of stea. and heated air loaded )ith vapor to the altitude of refrigeration )ould/ as it see.s to .e/ result in the rapid radiation of the heat into space/ and the local precipitation of unusual quantities of rainM and the effect of such a catastrophe )ould be slo)ly propagated and feebly felt in the Arctic and Antarctic regions$ "hen )e consider the .agnitude of the ice sheets )hich/ it is clai.ed by the glacialists/ covered the continents during the :rift age/ it beco.es evident that a vast proportion of the )aters of the ocean .ust have been evaporated and carried into the air/ and thence cast do)n as sno) and rain$ 'r$ %ho.as +elt/ in a recent nu.ber of the "Euarterly *ournal of 0cience/" argues that the for.ation of ice sheets at the poles must have lowered the level of the oceans of the world two thousand-feet1 %he .athe.atician can figure it out for hi.self: %ake the area of the continents do)n to/ say/ latitude D<S/ on both sides of the equatorM suppose this area to be covered by an ice sheet averaging/ say/ t)o .iles in thicknessM reduce this .ass of ice to cubic feet of )ater/ and esti.ate )hat proportion of the ocean )ould be required to be vaporiPed to create it$ #alculated upon any basis/ and it follo)s that the level of the ocean .ust have been greatly lo)ered$ "hat a vast/ inconceivable accession of heat to our 1p$ G;4 at.osphere )as necessary to lift this gigantic layer of ocean )ater out of its bed and into the cloudsL %he ice/ then/ )as not the cause of the cataclys.M it )as si.ply one of the secondary consequences$ "e .ust look/ then/ behind the ice age for so.e cause that )ould prodigiously increase the heat of our at.osphere/ and/ )hen )e have found that/ )e shall have discovered the cause of the drift deposits as )ell as of the ice$ %he solution of the )hole stupendous proble. is/ therefore/ heat/ not cold$ 1p$ G94 PART II' The .o2et' .$APTER I' A ."3ET .A)*E T$E RIFT'

No)/ good reader/ )e have reasoned together up to this point$ %o be sure/ , have done .ost of the talking/ )hile you have indulged in )hat the Rev$ 0ydney 0.ith called/ speaking of (ord 'acaulay/ "brilliant flashes of silence$" +ut , trust )e agree thus far that neither )ater nor ice caused the :rift$ "ater and ice )ere doubtless associated )ith it/ but neither produced it$ "hat/ no)/ are the ele.ents of the proble. to be solvedC First/ )e are to find so.ething that instantaneously increased to a vast e5tent the heat of our planet/ vaporiPed the seas/ and furnished .aterial for deluges of rain/ and great stor.s of sno)/ and accu.ulations of ice north and south of the equator and in the high .ountains$ 0econdly/ )e are to find so.ething that/ coming from above/ s.ashed/ pounded/ and crushed "as )ith a .aul/" and rooted up as )ith a plo)/ the gigantic rocks of the surface/ and scattered the. for hundreds of .iles fro. their original location$ 1p$ GD4 %hirdly/ )e are to find so.ething )hich brought to the planet vast/ incalculable .asses of clay and gravel/ )hich did not contain any of the earth's fossilsM )hich/ like the )itches of 'acbeth/ (ook not like th' inhabitants of earth/ And yet are on itM " )hich are .arked after a fashion )hich can not be found any)here else on earthM produced in a laboratory )hich has not yet been discovered on the planet$ Fourthly/ )e are to find so.ething that )ould produce cyclonic convulsions upon a scale for )hich the ordinary operations of nature furnish us no parallel$ Fifthly/ )e are to find so.e e5ternal force so .ighty that it )ould crack the crust of the globe like an eggshell/ lining its surface )ith great rents and sea.s/ through )hich the .olten interior boiled up to the light$ "ould a co.et .eet all these prerequisitesC , think it )ould$ (et us proceed in regular order$ 1p$ GF4 .$APTER II'

-$AT I* A ."3ET/ ,N the first place/ are co.ets co.posed of solid/ liquid/ or gaseous substancesC Are they so.ething/ or the ne5t thing to nothingC ,t has been supposed by so.e that they are .ade of the .ost attenuated gases/ so i.ponderable that if the earth )ere to pass through one of the. )e )ould be unconscious of the contact$ >thers have i.agined the. to be .ere s.oke )reaths/ faint .ists/ so rarefied that the substance of one a hundred .illion .iles long could/ like the genie in the Arabian story/ be inclosed in one of 0olo.on's brass bottles$ +ut the results of recent researches contradict these vie)s: ?adre 0ecchi/ of Ro.e/ observed/ in :onati's co.et/ of 28F8/ fro. the 2Fth to the ;;d of >ctober/ that the nucleus thre) out inter.ittingly fro. itself appendages having the for. of brilliant/ co.a shaped .asses of incandescent substance t)isted violently back)ard$ &e accounts for these very re.arkable changes of configuration by the influence first of the sun's heat upon the co.et's substance as it approached to)ard perihelion/ and after)ard by the production in the lu.inous e.anations thus generated of enor.ous tides and perturbation derange.ents$ 0o.e of the .ost conspicuous of these lu.inous develop.ents occurred on >ctober 22th/ )hen the co.et )as at its nearest approach to the earth/ and on 1p$ GG4 >ctober 23th/ )hen it )as nearest to the planet !enus$ &e has no doubt that the close neighborhood of the earth and !enus at those ti.es )as the effective cause of the sudden changes of aspect/ and that those changes of aspect .ay be accepted as proof that the comet9s substance consists of "reall, ponderable material." 'r$ (ockyer used the spectroscope to analyPe the light of #oggia's co.et/ and he established beyond question that "0o.e of the rays of the co.et )ere sent either fro. solid particles/ or fro. vapor in a state of ver, high condensation/ and also that beyond doubt other portions of the co.et's light issue fro. the vapor shining b, its own inherent light$ %he light co.ing fro. the .ore dense constituents/ and therefore giving a continuous colored spectru./ )as/ ho)ever/ deficient in blue rays/ and )as .ost probably e.itted b, material substance at the low red and ,ellow stages of incandescence$" ?adre 0ecchi/ at Ro.e/ believed he sa) in the co.et "carbon/ or an o5ide of carbon/ as the source of the bright lu.inous bands/" and the AbbV 'oigno asks )hether this co.et .ay not be/ after all/ "un gigantes4ue diamant volatilis.$" ""hatever .ay be the ans)er hereafter given to that question/ the verdict of the spectroscope is clearly to the effect that the co.et is .ade up of a commingling of thin

vapor and of denser particles/ either co.pressed into the condition of solidification/ or into so.e physical state approaching to that condition/ and is therefore entirely in accordance )ith the notion for.ed on other grounds that the nucleus of the co.et is a cluster of solid nodules or granules/ and that the lu.inous co.a and tail are Oets and Oackets of vapor/ associated )ith the .ore dense ingredients/ and swa,ing and streaming about them as heat and gravit,, acting antagonistic wa,s, determine$"[27
[2$ "=dinburgh Revie)/" >ctober/ 283D/ p$ ;2<$7

1p$ G34 ,f the co.et shines by reflected light/ it is pretty good evidence that there .ust be so.e .aterial substance there to reflect the light$ "A considerable portion of the light of the co.et is/ nevertheless/ borro)ed fro. the sun/ for it has one property belonging to it that only reflected light can .anifest$ ,t is capable of being polariPed by pris.s of double refracting spar$ ?olariPation of this character is onl, possible )hen the light that is operated upon has already been reflected from an imperfectl, transparent medium$"[27 %here is considerable difference of opinion as to )hether the bead of the co.et is solid .atter or infla..able gas$ "%here is nearly al)ays a point of superior brilliancy perceptible in the co.et's head/ )hich is ter.ed its nucleus/ and it is necessarily a .atter of pressing interest to deter.ine )hat this bright nucleus isM )hether it is really a kernel of hard/ solid substance/ or .erely a )hiff of so.e)hat .ore condensed vapor$ Ne)ton/ fro. the first/ .aintained that the co.et is made partl, of solid substance/ and partl, of an investment of thin, elastic vapors$ ,f this is the case/ it is .anifest that the central nodule of dense substance should be capable of intercepting light )hen it passes in front of a .ore distant lu.inary/ such as a fi5ed star$ #o.ets/ on this account/ have been )atched very narro)ly )henever they have been .aking such a passage$ >n August 28/ 233D/ the astrono.er 'essier believed that he sa) a second bright star burst into sight from behind the nucleus of a comet which had concealed it the instant before$ Another observer/ "art.ann/ in the year 28;8/ noticed that the light of an eighth .agnitude star )as temporaril, 4uenched as the nucleus of !nc-e9s comet passed over it$"[;7 >thers/ again/ have held that stars have been seen through the co.et's nucleus$
[2$ "=dinburgh Revie)/" >ctober/ 283D/ p$ ;<3$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ ;<G$7

1p$ G84 A.VdVe Guille.in says:

"#o.ets have been observed )hose heads/ instead of being nebulous/ have presented the appearance of stars/ )ith )hich/ indeed/ they have been confounded$"[27 "hen 0ir "illia. &erschel discovered the planet @rania/ he thought it )as a co.et$ 'r$ Richard A$ ?roctor says: "%he spectroscopic observations .ade by 'r$ &uggins on the light of three co.ets sho) that a certain portion/ at least/ of the light of these obOects is inherent$ $ $ $ %he nucleus gave in each case three bands of light/ indicating that the substances of the nuclei consisted of glo)ing vapor$"[;7 ,n one case/ the co.et head see.ed/ as in the case of the/ co.et e5a.ined by ?adre 0ecchi/ to consist of pure carbon$ ,n the great )ork of :r$ &$ 0chellen/ of #ologne/ annotated by ?rofessor &uggins/ )e read: "%hat the nucleus of a co.et can not be in itself a dark and solid body/ such as the planets are/ is proved by its great transparencyM but this does not preclude the possibility of its consisting of innumerable solid particles separated fro. one another/ )hich/ )hen illu.inated by the sun/ give/ by the reflection of the solar light/ the i.pression of a ho.ogeneous .ass$ ,t has/ therefore/ been concluded that co.ets are either co.posed of a substance )hich/ like gas in a state of e5tre.e rarefaction/ is perfectly transparent/ or of small solid particles individually separated by intervening spaces through )hich the light of a star can pass )ithout obstruction/ and )hich/ held together by .utual attraction/ as )ell as by gravitation to)ard a denser central conglo.eration/ .oves through space li-e a cloud of dust$ ,n any case the connection lately noticed by 0chiaparelli/ bet)een co.ets and .eteoric
[2$ "%he &eavens/" p$ ;9H$ ;$ Note to Guille.in's "&eavens/" p$ ;G2$7

1p$ GH4 sho)ers/ see.s to necessitate the supposition that in .any co.ets a si.ilar aggregation of particles see.s to e5ist$"[27 , can not better su. up the latest results of research than by giving :r$ 0chellen's )ords in the )ork Oust cited: "+y collating these various pheno.ena/ the conviction can scarcely be resisted that the nuclei of co.ets not only e.it their o)n light/ )hich is that of a glo)ing gas/ but also/ together )ith the co.a and the tail/ reflect the light of the sun$ %here see.s nothing/ therefore/ to contradict the theory that the .ass of a co.et .ay be co.posed of minute solid bodies/ kept apart one fro. another in the sa.e )ay as the infinitesi.al particles

for.ing a cloud of dust or s.oke are held loosely together/ and that/ as the co.et approaches the sun/ the .ost easily fusible constituents of these s.all bodies beco.e )holly or partially vaporiPed/ and in a condition of white heat overtake the re.aining solid particles/ and surround the nucleus in a self lu.inous cloud of glo)ing vapor$"[;7 &ere/ then/ )e have the co.et: First/ a .ore or less solid nucleus/ on fire/ blaPing/ glo)ing$ 0econd/ vast .asses of gas heated to a )hite heat and enveloping the nucleus/ and constituting the lu.inous head/ )hich )as in one case fifty ti.es as large as the .oon$ %hird/ solid .aterials/ constituting the tail Qpossibly the nucleus alsoR/ )hich are ponderable/ )hich reflect the sun's light/ and are carried along under the influence of the nucleus of the co.et$ Fourth/ possibly in the rear of all these/ attenuated volu.es of gas/ prolonging the tail for great distances$ "hat are these solid .aterialsC
[2$ "0pectru. Analysis/" 283;$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ D<;$7

1p$ 3<4 0tones/ and sand/ the finely co..inuted particles of stones ground off by ceaseless attrition$ "hat is the proof of thisC 0i.ply this: that it is no) conceded that .eteoric sho)ers are shreds and patches of co.etic .atter/ dropped fro. the tailM and meteoric showers are stones$ "0chiaparelli considers .eteors to be dispersed portions of the co.et's original substanceM that is/ of the substance )ith )hich the co.et entered the solar do.ain$ %hus co.ets )ould co.e to be regarded as consisting of a multitude of relativel, minute masses$"[27 No)/ )hat is the genesis of a co.etC &o) did it co.e to beC &o) )as it bornC ,n the first place/ there are .any things )hich )ould connect the. )ith our planets$ %hey belong to the solar syste.M they revolve around the sun$ 0ays A.VdVe Guille.in:

"#o.ets for. a part of our solar syste.$ (ike the$ planets/ they revolve about the sun/ traversing )ith very variable velocities e5tre.ely elongated orbits$"[;7 "e shall see reason to believe that they contain the sa.e kinds of substances of )hich the planets are co.posed$ %heir orbits see. to be re.iniscences of for.er planetary conditions: "All the co.ets/ having a period not e5ceeding seven years/ travel in the sa.e direction around the sun as the planets$ A.ong co.ets )ith periods less than eighty years long/ five si5ths travel in the sa.e direction as the planets$"[97
[2$ "A.erican #yclopNdia/" vol$ v/ p$ 2D2$ ;$ "%he &eavens/" p$ ;9H$ 9$ A.erican #yclopedia/" vol$ v/ p$ 2D2$7

1p$ 324 ,t is agreed that this globe of ours )as at first a gaseous .assM as it cooled it condensed like cooling stea. into a liquid .assM it beca.e in ti.e a .olten globe of red hot .atter$ As it cooled still further/ a crust or shell for.ed around it/ like the shell for.ed on an egg/ and on this crust )e d)ell$ "hile the crust is still plastic it shrinks as the .ass )ithin gro)s s.aller by further cooling/ and the )rinkles so for.ed in the crust are the depths of the ocean and the elevations of the .ountain chains$ +ut as ages go on and the process of cooling progresses/ the crust reaches a density )hen it supports itself/ like a couple of great archesM it no longer )rinklesM it no longer follo)s do)n)ard the receding .olten .ass )ithinM .ountains cease to be for.edM and at length )e have a red hot ball revolving in a shell or crust/ )ith a space bet)een the t)o/ like the space bet)een the dried and shrunken kernel of the nut and the nut itself$ !olcanoes are al)ays found on sea shores or on islands$ "hyC %hrough breaks in the earth the sea )ater finds its )ay occasionally do)n upon the breast of the .olten .assM it is at once converted into gas/ stea.M and as it e5pands it blo)s itself out through the escape pipe of the volcanoM precisely as the gas for.ed by the gunpo)der co.ing in contact )ith the fire of the percussion cap/ drives the ball out before it through the sa.e passage by )hich it had entered$ &ence/ so.e one has said/ "No )ater/ no volcano$" "hile the a.ount of )ater )hich so enters is s.all because of the s.allness of the cavity bet)een the shell of the earth and the .olten globe )ithin/ this process is carried on upon a co.paratively s.all scale/ and is a safe one for the earth$ +ut suppose the process of cooling to go on uninterruptedly until a vast space e5ists bet)een the

1p$ 3;4 crust and the core of the earth/ and that so.e day a convulsion of the surface creates a great chas. in the crust/ and the ocean rushes in and fills up part of the cavityM a tre.endous quantity of stea. is for.ed/ too great to escape by the aperture through )hich it entered/ an e5plosion takes place/ and the crust of the earth is blo)n into a .illion frag.ents$ %he great .olten ball )ithin re.ains intact/ though sorely tornM in its center is still the force )e call gravityM the frag.ents of the crust can not fly off into spaceM they are constrained to follo) the .aster po)er lodged in the ball/ )hich no) beco.es the nucleus of a co.et/ still blaPing and burning/ and vo.iting fla.es/ and )earing itself a)ay$ %he catastrophe has disarranged its course/ but it still revolves in a prolonged orbit around the sun/ carrying its broken d.bris in a long trail behind it$ %his d.bris arranges itself in a regular order: the largest frag.ents are on or nearest the headM the s.aller are farther a)ay/ di.inishing in regular gradation/ until the farthest e5tre.ity/ the tail/ consists of sand/ dust/ and gases$ %here is a continual .ove.ent of the particles of the tail/ operated upon by the attraction and repulsion of the sun$ %he frag.ents collide and crash against each otherM by a natural la) each stone places itself so that its longest dia.eter coincides )ith the direction of the .otion of the co.etM hence/ as they scrape against each other they .ark each other )ith lines or stri0/ length)ise of their longest dia.eter$ %he fine dust ground out by these perpetual collisions does not go off into space/ or pack around the stones/ but/ still governed by the attraction of the head/ it falls to the rear and takes its place/ like the s.all .en of a regi.ent/ in the farther part of the tail$ No)/ all this agrees )ith )hat science tells us of the constitution of clay$ 1p$ 394 ",t is a finely levigated silico alu.inous earth for.ed by the disintegration of feldspathic or granite rocks$"[27 %he particles ground out of feldspar are finer than those derived fro. .ica and hornblende/ and )e can readily understand ho) the great forces of gravity/ acting upon the dust of the co.et's tail/ .ight separate one fro. the otherM or ho) .agnetic )aves passing through the co.et .ight arrange all the particles containing iron by the.selves/ and thus produce that .arvelous separation of the constituents of the granite )hich )e have found to e5ist in the :rift clays$ ,f the destroyed )orld possessed no sedi.entary rocks/ then the entire .aterial of the co.et )ould consist of granitic stones and dust such as constitutes clays$ %he stones are reduced to a s.all siPe by the constant attrition:

"%he stones of the 'till' are not of the largestM indeed/ bo)lders above four feet in dia.eter are co.paratively seldo. .et )ith in the till$"[;7 And this theory is corroborated by the fact that the e.inent Ger.an geologist/ :r$ &ahn/ has recently discovered an entire series of organic re.ains in .eteoric stones/ of the class called chrondites/ and )hich he identifies as belonging to classes of sponges/ corals/ and crinoids$ :r$ "einland/ another distinguished Ger.an/ corroborates these discoveriesM and he has also found frag.ents in these stones very .uch like the youngest .arine chalk in the Gulf of 'e5icoM and he thinks he sees/ under the .icroscope/ traces of vegetable gro)th$ Francis +irgha. says:
[2$ "A.erican #yclopNdia/" article "#lay$" ;$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ 2<$7

1p$ 3D4 "%his entire e5 terrestrial fauna hitherto discovered/ )hich already co.prises about fifty different species/ and )hich originates fro. different .eteoric falls/ even fro. so.e during the last century/ conveys the i.pression that it doubtlessly once for.ed part of a single ex-terrestrial-celestial bod, )ith a unique creation/ )hich in by gone ages see.s to have been overtaken by a grand catastrophe/ during )hich it )as broken up into frag.ents$"[27 "hen )e re.e.ber that .eteors are no) generally believed to be the droppings of co.ets/ )e co.e very near to proof of the supposition that co.ets are the d.bris of e5ploded planetsM for only on planets can )e suppose that life e5isted/ for there )as required/ for the gro)th of these sponges/ corals/ and crinoids/ rocks/ earth/ )ater/ seas or lakes/ at.osphere/ sunshine/ and a range of te.perature bet)een the degree of cold )here life is froPen up and the degree of heat in )hich it is burned up: hence/ these .eteors .ust be frag.ents of bodies possessing earth like conditions$ "e kno) that the heavenly bodies are for.ed of the sa.e .aterials as our globe$ :ana says: "'eteoric stones e5e.plify the sa.e che.ical and crystallographic la)s as the rocks of the earth/ and have afforded no ne) ele.ent or principle of any kind$"[;7 ,t .ay be presu.ed/ therefore/ that the granite crust of the e5ploded globe fro. )hich so.e co.et )as created )as the source of the finely triturated .aterial )hich )e kno) as clay$ +ut the clays are of different colors )hite/ yello)/ red/ and blue$
[2$ "?opular 0cience 'onthly/" Nove.ber/ 2882/ p$ 8G$

;$ "'anual of Geology/" p$ 9$7

1p$ 3F4 "%he alu.inous .inerals contained in granite rocks are feldspar/ .ica/ and hornblende$ $ $ $ 'ica and hornblende generally contain considerable o5ide of iron/ )hile feldspar usually yields only a trace or none$ %herefore clays )hich are derived fro. feldspar are light colored or )hite/ )hile those partially .ade up of deco.posed .ica or hornblende are dark/ either bluish or red$"[27 %he tail of the co.et see.s to be perpetually in .otion$ ,t is/ says one )riter/ "continually changing and fluctuating as vaporous .asses of cloud like structure .ight be conceived to do/ and in so.e instances there has been a strong appearance even of an undulating movement$"[;7 %he great co.et of 28F8/ :onati's co.et/ )hich .any no) living )ill )ell re.e.ber/ and )hich )as of such siPe that )hen its head )as near our horiPon the e5tre.ity of the tail reached nearly to the Penith/ illustrated this continual .ove.ent of the .aterial of the tailM that appendage shrank and enlarged .illions of .iles in length$ 'r$ (ockyer believed that he sa) in #oggia's co.et the evidences of a whirling .otion ",n )hich the regions of greatest brightness )ere caused by the different coils cutting/ or appearing to cut/ each other/ and so in these parts leading to co.pression or condensation/ and fre4uent collision of the luminous particles$" >lbers sa) in a co.et's tail "A sudden flash and pulsation of light )hich vibrated for several seconds through it/ and the tail appeared during the continuance of the pulsations of light to be lengthened by several degrees and then again contracted$"[27
[2$ "A.erican #yclopNdia/" article "#lay$" ;$ "=dinburgh Revie)/" >ctober/ 283D/ p$ ;<8/ 9/ "#os.os/" vol$ i/ p$ 2D9$7

1p$ 3G4 No)/ in this perpetual .otion/ this conflict/ these great thrills of .ove.ent/ )e are to find the source of the clays )hich cover a large part of our globe to a depth of hundreds of feet$ "here are those e5posures of granite on the face of the earth fro. )hich ice or )ater could have ground the.C Granite/ , repeat/ co.es to the surface only in li.ited areas$ And it .ust be re.e.bered that clay is the product e5clusively of granite ground to po)der$ %he clays are co.posed e5clusively of the products of disintegrated granite$ %hey contain but a trace of li.e or .agnesia or organic .atters/ and these can be

supposed to have been infiltrated into the. after their arrival on the face of the earth$[27 >ther kinds of rock/ ground up/ for. sand$ 'oreover/ )e have seen that neither glaciers nor ice sheets no) produce such clays$ "e shall see/ as )e proceed/ that the legends of .ankind/ in describing the co.et that struck the earth/ represent it as party coloredM it is "speckled" in one legendM spotted like a tiger in anotherM so.eti.es it is a white boar in the heavensM so.eti.es a blue snakeM so.eti.es it is red )ith the blood of the .illions that are to perish$ :oubtless these separate for.ations/ ground out of the granite/ fro. the .ica/ hornblende/ or feldspar/ respectively/ .ay/ as , have said/ under great la)s/ acted upon by .agnetis. or electricity/ have arranged the.selves in separate lines or sheets/ in the tail of the co.et/ and hence )e find that the clays of one region are of one color/ )hile those of another are of a different hue$ Again/ )e shall see that the legends represent the .onster as ")inding/" undulating/ )rithing/ t)isting/ fold over fold/ precisely as the telescopes sho) us the co.ets do to day$
[2$ "A.erican #yclopNdia/" vol$ iv/ p$ GF<$7

1p$ 334 %he very fact that these )aves of .otion run through the tail of the co.et/ and that it is capable of e5panding and contracting on an i..ense scale/ is conclusive proof that it is co.posed of s.all/ adOustable particles$ %he )riter fro. )ho. , have already quoted/ speaking of the e5traordinary co.et of 28D9/ says: "As the co.et .oves past the great lu.inary/ it s)eeps round its tail as a s)ord .ay be conceived to be held out at ar.'s length/ and then )aved round the head/ fro. one side to the opposite$ +ut a s)ord )ith a blade one hundred and fifty .illions of .iles long .ust be a so.e)hat a)k)ard )eapon to brandish round after this fashion$ ,ts point )ould have to s)eep through a curve stretching out .ore than si5 hundred .illions of .ilesM and/ even )ith an allo)ance of t)o hours for the acco.plish.ent of the .ove.ent/ the flash of the )eapon )ould be of such terrific velocity that it is not an easy task to conceive ho) any blade of connected material substance could bear the strain of the stroke$ =ven )ith a blade that possessed the coherence and tenacity of iron or steel/ the case )ould be one that it )ould be difficult for .olecular cohesion to deal )ith$ +ut that difficulty is al.ost infinitely increased )hen it is a substance of .uch lo)er cohesive tenacity than either iron or steel that has to be subOected to the strain$ "%here )ould be/ at least/ so.e .itigation of this difficulty if it )ere la)ful to assu.e that the substance )hich is subOected to this strain )as not a.enable to the la)s of ponderable e5istenceM if there )ere roo. for the notion that co.ets and their tails/ )hich have to be brandished in such a stupendous fashion/ )ere sky spectres/ i..aterial phanto.s/ unreal visions of that negative shado) kind )hich has been alluded to$ %his/ ho)ever/ unfortunately/ is not a per.issible alternative in the circu.stances of the case$ %he great underlying and indispensable fact that the co.et co.es rushing up to)ard the sun out of space/ and then shoots round that great center of attraction by the force of its o)n acquired and ever increasing i.petuosityM the fact that it is obedient

1p$ 384 through this course to the la) of elliptical/ or/ to speak .ore e5actly/ of conic section/ .ove.ent/ permits of no doubt as to the condition of materialit,$ %he co.et is obviously dra)n by the influence of the sun's .ass/ and is subservient to that all pervading la) of sy.pathetic gravitation that is the sustaining bond of the .aterial universe$ It is ponderable substance be,ond all 4uestion/ and held by that chain of physical connection )hich it )as the glory of Ne)ton to discover$ ,f the co.et )ere not a .aterial and ponderable substance it )ould not gravitate round the sun/ and it )ould not .ove )ith increasing velocity as it neared the .ighty .ass until it had gathered the energy for its o)n escape in the enhanced and quickened .o.entu.$ ,n the first instance/ the ready obedience to the attraction/ and then the overshooting of the spot fro. )hich it is e5erted/ co.bine to establish the co.et's right to stand ranked at least a.ong the ponderable bodies of space$"[27 And it is to the co.et )e .ust look for the source of a great part of those vast deposits of gravel )hich go to constitute the :rift$ "%hey have been usually attributed to the action of )avesM but the .echanical )ork of the ocean is .ostly confined to its shores and soundings/ )here alone .aterial e5ists in quantity )ithin reach of the )aves and currents$[;7 $ $ $ %he eroding action is greatest for a short distance above the height of half tide/ and/ e5cept in violent stor.s/ it is al.ost null belo) lo) tide$"[97 +ut if any one )ill e5a.ine a sea beach he )ill see/ not a vast .ass of pebbles perpetually rolling and grinding each other/ but an e5panse of sand$ And this is to be e5pectedM for as soon as a part of the pebbles is/ by the attrition of the )aves/ reduced to sand/ the sand packs around the stones and arrests their further )aste$ %o for. such a .ass of gravel as is found in the :rift )e
[2$ "=dinburgh Revie)/" >ctober/ 283D/ p$ ;<;$ ;$ :ana's "%e5t +ook/" p$ ;8G$ 9$ ,bid$/ p$ ;83$7

1p$ 3H4 .ust conceive of so.e )ay )hereby/ as soon as the sand is for.ed/ it is re.oved fro. the stones )hile the )ork of attrition goes on$ %his process )e can conceive of in a co.et/ if the finer detritus is constantly carried back and arranged in the order of the siPe of its particles$ %o illustrate .y .eaning: let one place any hard substance/ consisting of large frag.ents/ in a .ortar/ and proceed to reduce it )ith a pestle to a fine po)der$ %he )ork proceeds rapidly at first/ until a portion of the .aterial is trituratedM you then find that the pulveriPed part has packed around and protected the larger frag.ents/ and the )ork is

brought to a stand still$ Bou have to re.ove the finer .aterial if you )ould crush the pieces that re.ain$ %he sea does not separate the sand fro. the gravelM it places all together at elevations )here the )aves can not reach the.: ""aves or shallo) soundings have so.e transporting po)erM and/ as they al)ays .ove to)ard the land/ their action is land)ard$ %hey thus beat back/ little by little/ any detritus in the )aters/ preventing that loss to continents or islands )hich )ould take place if it )ere carried out to sea$"[27 %he pebbles and gravel are soon driven by the )aves up the shore/ and beyond the reach of further )earM[;7 and "the rivers carr, onl, silt to the ocean$"[97 %he brooks and rivers produce .uch .ore gravel than the sea shore: "%he detritus brought do)n by rivers is vastly greater in quantity than the stones/ sand/ or clay produced by the )ear of the coasts$"[D7
[2$ :ana's "%e5t +ook/" p$ ;88$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ ;H2$ 9$ ,bid$/ p$ 9<;$ D$ ,bid$/ p$ ;H<$7

1p$ 8<4 +ut it )ould be absurd to suppose that the beds of rivers could have furnished the i..easurable volu.es of gravel found over a great part of the )orld in the drift deposits$ And the drift gravel is different fro. the gravel of the sea or rivers$ Geikie says/ speaking of the "till": "%here is so.ething very peculiar about the shape of the stones$ %hey are neither round and oval/ like the pebbles in river gravel/ or the shingle of the sea shore/ nor are they sharply angular like ne)ly fallen d.bris at the base of a cliff/ although they .ore closely rese.ble the latter than the for.er$ %hey are/ indeed/ angular in shape/ but the sharp corners and edges have invariabl, been smoothed awa,$ $ $ $ %heir shape/ as )ill be seen/ is by no .eans their .ost striking peculiarity$ =ach is s.oothed/ polished/ and covered )ith striN or scratches/ so.e of )hich are delicate as the lines traced by an etching needle/ others deep and harsh as the scores .ade by the plo) upon a rock$ And/ )hat is )orthy of note/ .ost of the scratches/ coarse and fine together/ see. to run parallel to the longer dia.eter of the stones/ )hich/ ho)ever/ are scratched in .any other directions as )ell$"[27

(et .e again su..ariPe: ,$ #o.ets consist of a blaPing nucleus and a .ass of ponderable/ separated .atter/ such as stones/ gravel/ clay dust/ and gas$ ,,$ %he nucleus gives out great heat and .asses of burning gas$ ,,,$ (u.inous gases surround the nucleus$ ,!$ %he drift clays are the result of the grinding up of granitic rocks$ !$ No such deposits/ of anything like equal .agnitude/ could have been for.ed on the earth$
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ 29$7

1p$ 824 !,$ No such clays are no) being for.ed under glaciers or Arctic ice sheets$ !,,$ %hese clays )ere ground out of the substance of the co.et by the endless changes of position of the .aterial of )hich it is co.posed as it fle) through space/ during its incalculable Oourneys in the long reaches of ti.e$ !,,,$ %he earth supplies of gravel are inadequate to account for the gravel of the drift deposits$ ,I$ Neither sea beach nor rivers produce stones like those found in the :rift$ , pass no) to the ne5t question$ 1p$ 8;4 .$APTER III' .")& A ."3ET *TRI#E T$E EART$/ R=A:=R/ the evidence , a. about to present )ill satisfy you/ not only that a co.et .ight have struck the earth in the re.ote past/ but/ that the .arvel is that the earth escapes collision for a single century/ , had al.ost said for a single year$ &o) .any co.ets do you suppose there are )ithin the li.its of the solar syste. Qand re.e.ber that the solar syste. occupies but an insignificant portion of universal spaceRC &alf a doPen fifty a hundred you )ill ans)er$

(et us put the astrono.ers on the )itness stand: Aepler affir.ed that "#>'=%0 AR= 0#A%%=R=: %&R>@G& %&= &=A!=N0 ",%& A0 '@#& ?R>F@0,>N A0 F,0&=0 ,N %&= >#=AN$" %hink of thatL "%hree or four telescopic co.ets are no) entered upon astrono.ical records every year$ (alande had a list of seven hundred co.ets that had been observed in his ti.e$" Arago esti.ated that the co.ets belonging to the solar syste./ )ithin the orbit of Neptune/ nu.bered seventeen million five hundred thousand1 (a.bert regards five hundred millions as a very .oderate esti.ateL[27
[2$ Guille.in/ "%he &eavens/" p$ ;F2$7

1p$ 894 And this does not include the .onstrous fiery )anderers )ho .ay co.e to visit us/ bringing their relations -->R+,%0 >F %&= ?=R,>:,# #>'=%0$ along/ fro. outside the solar syste. a sort of celestial i..igrants )ho. no anti #hinese legislation can keep a)ay$ 0ays Guille.in: "(eaving .ere re appearances out of the question/ new comets are constantl, found to arrive from the depths of space/ describing around the sun orbits )hich testify to the attractive po)er of that radiant bodyM and/ for the 1p$ 8D4 .ost part/ going a)ay for centuries/ to return again fro. afar after their i..ense revolutions$"[27 +ut do these co.ets co.e any)here near the orbit of the earthC (ook at the .ap on the preceding page/ fro. A.VdVe Guille.in's great )ork/ "%he &eavens/" page ;DD/ and you can ans)er the question for yourself$

&ere you see the orbit of the earth over)hel.ed in a co.plication of co.et orbits$ %he earth/ here/ is like a lost child in the .idst of a forest full of )ild beasts$ And this diagra. represents the orbits of only si5 co.ets out of those seventeen .illions or five hundred .illionsL ,t is a celestial ga.e of ten pins/ )ith the solar syste. for a bo)ling alley/ and the earth )aiting for a ten strike$ ,n 289; the earth and +iela's co.et/ as , )ill sho) .ore particularly hereafter/ )ere both .aking for the sa.e spot/ .oving )ith celestial rapidity/ but the co.et reached the point of Ounction one .onth before the earth didM and/ as the co.et )as not polite enough to )ait for us to co.e up/ this generation .issed a revelation$ ",n the year 233H (e5ell's co.et approached so near to the earth that it )ould have increased the length of the sidereal year by three hours if its .ass had been equal to the earth's$"[;7 And this sa.e co.et did strike our fello) planet/ *upiter$
[2$ "%he &eavens/" p$ ;F2$ ;$ "=dinburgh Revie)/" >ctober/ 283D/ p$ ;<F$7

1p$ 8F4 ,n the years 23G3 and 233H (e5ell's co.et passed though the .idst of *upiter's satellites/ and beca.e entangled te.porarily a.ong the.$ +ut not one of the satellites altered its .ove.ents to the e5tent of a hair's breadth/ or of a tenth of an instant$"[27 +ut it .ust be re.e.bered that )e had no glasses then/ and have none no)/ that could tell us )hat )ere the effects of this visitation upon the surface of *upiter or its .oons$ %he co.et .ight have covered *upiter one hundred feet yes/ one hundred .iles thick )ith gravel and clay/ and for.ed clouds of its seas five .iles in thickness/ )ithout our kno)ing anything about it$ =ven our best telescopes can only perceive on the .oon's surface )hich is/ co.paratively speaking/ but a fe) .iles distant fro. us obOects of very great siPe/ )hile *upiter is si5teen hundred ti.es farther a)ay fro. us than the .oon$ +ut it is kno)n that (e5ell's co.et )as very .uch de.oraliPed by *upiter$ ,t first ca.e )ithin the influence of that planet in 23G3M it lost its original orbit/ and )ent bobbing around *upiter until 233H/ )hen it beca.e entangled )ith *upiter's .oons/ and then it lost its orbit again/ and )as )hisked off into infinite space/ never .ore/ perhaps/ to be seen by hu.an eyes$ ,s it not reasonable to suppose that an event )hich thus de.oraliPed the co.et .ay have caused it to cast do)n a considerable part of its .aterial on the face of *upiterC

=ncke's co.et revolves around the sun in the short period of t)elve hundred and five days/ and/ strange to say "%he period of its revolution is constantl, diminishingM so that/ if this progressive di.inution al)ays follo)s the sa.e rate/ the time when the comet/ continually
[2$ "=dinburgh Revie)/" >ctober/ 283D/ p$ ;<F$7

1p$ 8G4 describing a spiral/ will be plunged into the incandescent mass of the sun can be calculated$"[27 %he co.et of 283D/ first seen by #oggia/ at 'arseilles/ and called by his na.e/ ca.e bet)een the earth and the sun/ and approached within sixt, thousand miles of the flaming surface of the sun$ ,t traveled through this fierce blaPe at the rate of three hundred and sixt,-six miles per second1 %hree hundred and si5ty si5 .iles per second1 "hen a railroad train .oves at the rate of a .ile per .inute/ )e regard it as e5traordinary speedM but three hundred and si5ty si5 .iles per second1 %he .ind fails to grasp it$ "hen this co.et )as seen by 0ir *ohn &erschel/ after it had .ade its grand s)eep around the sun/ it )as not .ore than six times the breadth of the sun9s face awa, from the sun$ And it had co.e careering through infinite space )ith a)ful velocity to this close appro5i.ation to our great lu.inary$ And re.e.ber that these co.ets are no ani.alculN$ %hey are .onsters that )ould reach fro. the sun to the earth$ And )hen )e say that they co.e so close to the sun as in the above instances/ it .eans peril to the earth by direct contactM to say nothing of the results to our planet by the increased co.bustion of the run/ and the increased heat on earth should one of the. fall upon the sun$ "e have seen/ in the last chapter/ that the great co.et of 28D9 possessed a tail one hundred and fifty .illion .iles longM that is/ it )ould reach fro. the sun to the earth/ and have over fifty .illion .iles of tail to spareM and it s)ept this gigantic appendage around in t)o hours/ describing the are of a circle six hundred million miles long1
[2$ Guille.in/ "%he &eavens/" p$ ;D3$7

1p$ 834 %he .ind fails to grasp these figures$ 0olar space is hardly large enough for such gyrations$ And it .ust be re.e.bered that this enor.ous creature actually gra5ed the surface of the sun$

And it is supposed that this .onster of 28D9/ )hich )as first seen in 2GG8/ returned/ and )as seen in the southern he.isphere in 288< that is to say/ it ca.e back in thirty seven years instead of one hundred and seventy five years$ "hereupon 'r$ ?roctor re.arked: ",f already the co.et e5periences such resistance in passing through the corona )hen at its nearest to the sun that its period undergoes a .arked di.inution/ the effect .ust of necessity be increased at each return/ and after only a fe)/ possibly one or t)o/ circuits/ the co.et )ill be absorbed by the sun$" >n >ctober 2</ 288</ (e)is 0)ift/ of Rochester/ Ne) Bork/ discovered a co.et )hich has proved to be of peculiar interest$ Fro. its first discovery it has presented no brilliancy of appearance/ for/ during its period of visibility/ a telescope of considerable po)er )as necessary to observe it$ 0ince this co.et/ )hen in close pro5i.ity to the earth/ )as very faint indeed/ its di.ensions .ust be quite .oderate$ %he illustration on page 88 gives the orbit of the earth and the orbit of this co.et/ and sho)s ho) closely they approached each otherM )hen at its nearest/ the co.et )as only distant fro. the earth <$29 of the distance of the earth fro. the sun$ ,t co.es back in eleven years/ or in 28H2$ >n the ;;d of *une/ 2882/ a co.et of great brilliancy flashed suddenly into vie)$ ,t )as une5pected/ and advanced )ith tre.endous rapidity$ %he illustration on page 8H )ill sho) ho) its flight intersected the orbit of the earth$ At its nearest point/ *une 2Hth/ it )as distant 1p$ 884 fro. the earth only <$;8 of the distance of the sun fro. the earth$ No)/ it is to be re.e.bered that great attention has been paid during the past fe) years to searching for co.ets/ and so.e of the results are here given$ As .any as five )ere discovered during the year 2882$ +ut not -->R+,% >F =AR%& AN: #>'=% a fe) of the greatest of these strange orbs require thousands of years to co.plete their orbits$ %he period of the co.et of *uly/ 28DD/ has been esti.ated at not less than one hundred thousand yearsL 0o.e of those that have flashed into sight recently have been co.paratively s.all/ and their contact )ith 1p$ 8H4

--%&= =AR%&'0 >R+,% the earth .ight produce but trifling results$ >thers/ again/ are constructed on an e5traordinary scaleM but even the largest of these .ay be but children co.pared )ith the .onsters that )ander through space on orbits 1p$ H<4 that penetrate the re.otest regions of the solar syste./ and even beyond it$ "hen )e consider the .illions of co.ets around us/ and )hen )e re.e.ber ho) near so.e of these have co.e to us during the last fe) years/ )ho )ill undertake to say that during the last thirty thousand/ fifty thousand/ or one hundred thousand years/ one of these erratic lu.inaries/ )ith blaPing front and train of d.bris/ .ay not have co.e in collision )ith the earthC 1p$ H24 .$APTER I%' T$E ."!*E1)E!.E* T" T$E EART$' ,N this chapter , shall try to sho) )hat effect the contact of a co.et .ust have had upon the earth and its inhabitants$ , shall ask the reader to follo) the argu.ent closely first/ that he .ay see )hether any part of the theory is inconsistent )ith the )ell established principles of natural philosophyM and/ secondly/ that he .ay bear the several steps in his .e.ory/ as he )ill find/ as )e proceed/ that ever, detail of the might, catastrophe has been preserved in the legends of man-ind/ and precisely in the order in )hich reason tells us they .ust have occurred$ ,n the first place/ it is/ of course/ i.possible at this ti.e to say precisely ho) the contact took placeM )hether the head of the co.et fell into or approached close to the sun/ like the co.et of 28D9/ and then s)ung its .ighty tail/ hundreds of .illions of .iles in length/ .oving at a rate al.ost equal to the velocity of light/ around through a great are/ and s)ept past the earthM the earth/ as it )ere/ going through the .idst of the tail/ )hich )ould e5tend for a vast distance beyond and around it$ ,n this .ove.ent/ the side of the earth/ facing the advance of the tail/ )ould receive and intercept the .ass of .aterial stones/ gravel/ and the finely ground up dust )hich/ co.pacted by )ater/ is no) clay )hich ca.e in contact )ith it/ )hile the co.et )ould sail off into space/ 1p$ H;4

de.oraliPed/ perhaps/ in its orbit/ like (e5ell's co.et )hen it beca.e entangled )ith *upiter's .oons/ but shorn of a co.paratively s.all portion of its substance$ %he follo)ing engraving )ill illustrate .y .eaning$ , can not give/ even appro5i.ately/ the proportions of the --%&= #>'=% 0"==?,NG ?A0% %&= =AR%&$ obOects represented/ and thus sho) the i..ensity of the sun as co.pared )ith our insignificant little orb$ ,n a picture sho)ing the true proportions of the sun and earth/ the sun )ould have to be so large that it )ould take up the entire page/ )hile the earth )ould be but as a 1p$ H94 --%&= 0,:= >F %&= =AR%& 0%R@#A +B %&= #>'=% 1left4 %&= 0,:= N>% 0%R@#A +B %&= #>'=% 1right4 1p$ HD4 pin head$ And , have not dra)n the co.et on a scale large enough as co.pared )ith the earth$ ,f the reader )ill e5a.ine the .ap on page H9/ he )ill see that the distribution of the :rift accords )ith this theory$ ,f )e suppose the side of the earth sho)n in the left hand figure )as presented to the co.et/ )e )ill see )hy the :rift is supposed to be confined to =urope/ Africa/ and parts of A.ericaM )hile the right hand figure )ill sho) the half of the )orld that escaped$ "%he breadth of the tail of the great co.et of 2822/ at its )idest part/ )as nearly fourteen .illion .iles/ the length one hundred and si5teen .illion .iles/ and that of the second co.et of the sa.e year/ one hundred and forty .illion .iles$"[27 >n page HF is a representation of this .onster$ ,.agine such a creature as that/ )ith a head fift, times as large as the moon/ and a tail one hundred and si5teen .illion .iles long/ rushing past this poor little earth of ours/ )ith its dia.eter of only seven thousand nine hundred and t)enty five .ilesL %he earth/ seven thousand nine hundred and t)enty five .iles )ide/ )ould si.ply .ake a bullet hole through that tail/ fourteen .illion .iles broad/ )here it passed through itL a .ere eyelet hole a pin hole closed up at once by the constant .ove.ents )hich take place in

the tail of the co.et$ And yet in that .o.ent of contact the side of the earth facing the co.et .ight be covered )ith hundreds of feet of d.bris$ >r/ on the other hand/ the co.et .ay/ as described in so.e of the legends/ have struck the earth/ head on/ a.id ships/ and the shock .ay have changed the angle of inclination of the earth's a5is/ and thus have .odified
[2$ 0chellen/ "0pectru. Analysis/" p$ 9H;$7

1p$ HF4 per.anently the cli.ate of our globeM and to this cause )e .ight look also for the great cracks and breaks in the earth's surface/ )hich constitute the fiords of the sea coast and the trap e5trusions of the continentsM and here/ too/ --%&= GR=A% #>'=% >F 2822$ .ight be the cause of those .ighty e5cavations/ hundreds of feet deep/ in )hich are no) the Great (akes of A.erica/ and fro. )hich/ as )e have seen/ great cracks radiate out in all directions/ like the fractures in a pane of glass )here a stone has struck it$ %he cavities in )hich rest the Great (akes have been attributed to the ice sheet/ but it is difficult to co.prehend ho) an ice sheet could dig out and root out a hole/ as in the case of (ake 0uperior/ nine hundred feet deep1 1p$ HG4 And/ if it did this/ )hy )ere not si.ilar holes e5cavated )herever there )ere ice sheets to )it/ all over the northern and southern portions of the globeC "hy should a general cause produce only local resultsC 0ir #harles (yell sho)s[27 that glaciers do not cut out holes like the depressions in )hich the Great (akes lieM he also sho)s that these lakes are not due to a sinking do)n of the crust of the earth/ because the strata are continuous and unbroken beneath the.$ &e also calls attention to the fact that there is a continuous belt of such lakes/ reaching fro. the north)estern part of the @nited 0tates/ through the &udson +ay %erritory/ #anada/ and 'aine/ to Finland/ and that this belt does not reach belo) F<S north latitude in =urope and D<S in A.erica$ :o these lie in the track of the great collisionC %he co.et/ as the striN indicate/ ca.e fro. the north$ %he .ass of :onati's co.et )as esti.ated by ''$ Faye and Roche at about the seven hundredth part of the bulk of the earth$ '$ Faye says:

"%hat is the )eight of a sea of forty thousand square .iles one hundred and nine yards deepM and it .ust be o)ned that a like .ass/ ani.ated )ith considerable velocity/ .ight )ell produce/ by its shock )ith the earth/ very perceptible results$"[;7 "e have but to suppose/ Qa not unreasonable supposition/R that the co.et )hich struck the earth )as .uch larger than :onati's co.et/ and )e have the .eans of accounting for results as prodigious as those referred to$ "e have seen that it is difficult to suppose that ice produced the drift deposits/ because they are not found )here ice certainly )as/ and they are found )here ice certainly )as not$ +ut/ if the reader )ill turn to the
[2$ "=le.ents of Geology/" pp$ 2G8/232/ et se4$ ;$ "%he &eavens/" p$ ;G<$7

1p$ H34 illustration )hich constitutes the frontispiece of this volu.e/ and the foregoing engraving on page H9/ he )ill see that the :rift is deposited on the earth/ as it .ight have been if it had suddenly fallen fro. the heavensM that is/ it is on one side of the globe to )it/ the side that faced the co.et as it ca.e on$ , think this .ap is substantially accurate$ %here is/ ho)ever/ an absence of authorities as to the details of the drift distribution$ +ut/ if .y theory is correct/ the :rift probably fell at once$ ,f it had been t)enty four hours in falling/ the diurnal revolution )ould/ in turn/ have presented all sides of the earth to it/ and the :rift )ould be found every)here$ And this is in accordance )ith )hat )e kno) of the rapid .ove.ents of co.ets$ %hey travel/ as , have sho)n/ at the rate of three hundred and si5ty si5 .iles per secondM this is equal to t)enty one thousand si5 hundred .iles per .inute/ and one .illion t)o hundred and ninety si5 thousand .iles per hourL And this accords )ith )hat )e kno) of the deposition of the :rift$ ,t ca.e )ith terrific force$ ,t s.ashed the rocksM it tore the. upM it rolled the. over on one anotherM it drove its .aterial into the underlying rocksM "it indented it into the./" says one authority/ already quoted$ ,t )as acco.panied by inconceivable )inds the hurricanes and cyclones spoken of in .any of the legends$ &ence )e find the loose .aterial of the original surface gathered up and carried into the drift .aterial properM hence the :rift is )hirled about in the )ildest confusion$ &ence it fell on the earth like a great sno) stor. driven by the )ind$ ,t drifted into all hollo)sM it )as not so thick on/ or it )as entirely absent fro./ the tops of hillsM it for.ed tails/ precisely as sno) does/ on the lee)ard side of all obstructions$ Glacier ice is slo) and plastic/ 1p$ H84 and folds around such i.pedi.ents/ and )ears the. a)ayM the )ind does not$ #o.pare the follo)ing representation of a )ell kno)n feature of the :rift/ called

--#RAG AN: %A,($ c/ cragM t/ till$ "crag and tail/" taken fro. Geikie's )ork/[27 )ith the drifts for.ed by sno) on the lee)ard side of fences or houses$ %he .aterial runs in streaks/ Oust as if blo)n by violent )inds: ""hen cut through by rivers/ or denuded by the action of the sea/ ridges of bo)lders are often seen to be inclosed )ithin it$ Although destitute of stratification/ horiPontal lines are found/ indicating differences in te5ture and color$"[;7 Geikie/ describing the bo)lder clay/ says: ",t see.s to have co.e fro. regions )hence it is bard to see ho) they could have been borne by glaciers$ As a rule it is quite unstratified/ but traces of bedding are not unco..on$" "0o.eti.es it contains )orn fossils/ and frag.ents of shells/ broken/ crushed/ and striatedM so.eti.es it contains bands of stones arranged in lines$" ,n short/ it appears as if it )ere gusts and great )hirls of the sa.e .aterial as the "till/" lifted up by the cyclones and .ingled )ith blocks/ rocks/ bones/ sands/ fossils/ earth/ peat/ and other .atters/ picked up )ith terrible
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ 28$ ;$ "A.erican #yclopNdia/" vol$ vi/ p$ 22;$7

1p$ HH4 force fro. the face of the earth and poured do)n pell .ell on top of the first deposit of true "till$" ,n =ngland ninety four per cent of these stones found in this bo)lder clay are "stranger" stonesM that is to say/ they do not belong to the drainage area in )hich they are found/ but .ust have been carried there fro. great distances$ +ut ho) about the .arkings/ the stri0/ on the face of the surface rocks belo) the :riftC %he ans)er is plain$ $.bris/ .oving at the rate of a .illion .iles an hour/ )ould produce Oust such .arkings$ :ana says: "%he sands carried by the )inds )hen passing over rocks so.eti.es wear them smooth/ or cover the. )ith scratches and furrows/ as observed by "$ ?$ +lake on granite rocks at

the ?ass of 0an +ernardino/ in #alifornia$ =ven quartP )as polished and garnets )ere left proOecting upon pedicels of feldspar$ (i.estone )as so .uch )orn as to look as if the surface had been re.oved by solution$ 0i.ilar effects have been observed by "inchell in the Grand %raverse region/ 'ichigan$ Glass in the )indo)s of houses on #ape #od so.eti.es has holes )orn through it by the sa.e .eans$ %he hint fro. nature has led to the use of sand/ driven by a blast/ )ith or )ithout stea./ for cutting and engraving glass/ and even for cutting and carving granite and other hard rocks$"[27 Gratacap describes the rock underneath the "till" as polished and oftenti.es lustrous$"[;7 +ut/ it .ay be said/ if it be true that d.bris/ driven by a terrible force/ could have scratched and dented the rocks/ could it have .ade long/ continuous lines and grooves upon the.C +ut the fact is/ the stri0 on the face of the rocks covered by the :rift are not continuousM
[2$ :ana's "%e5t +ook/" p$ ;3F$ ;$ "?opular 0cience 'onthly/" *anuary/ 2838/ p$ 9;<$7

1p$ 2<<4 they do not indicate a steady and constant pressure/ such as )ould result )here a .ountainous .ass of ice had caught a rock and held it/ as it )ere/ in its .ighty hand/ and/ thus holding it steadily/ had scored the rocks )ith it as it .oved for)ard$ "%he groove is of irregular depth/ its floor rising and falling/ as though hitches had occurred )hen it )as first planed/ the great chisel .eeting resistance/ or being thro)n up at points along its path$"[27 "hat other results )ould follo) at once fro. contact )ith the co.etC "e have seen that/ to produce the pheno.ena of the Glacial age/ it )as absolutely necessary that it .ust have been preceded by a period of heat/ great enough to vaporiPe all the strea.s and lakes and a large part of the ocean$ And )e have seen that no .ere ice hypothesis gives us any cle) to the cause of this$ "ould the co.et furnish us )ith such heatC (et .e call another )itness to the stand: ,n the great )ork of A.VdVe Guille.in/ already cited/ )e read: ">n the other hand/ it see.s proved that the light of the co.ets is/ in part/ at least/ borro)ed fro. the sun$ +ut .ay they not also possess a light of their o)nC And/ on this last hypothesis/ is this brightness o)ing to a kind of phosphorescence/ or to the state of incandescence of the nucleusC %ruly/ if the nuclei of co.ets be incandescent/ the s.allness of their .ass )ould eli.inate fro. the danger of their contact )ith the earth only one ele.ent of destruction: the temperature of the terrestrial atmosphere would be

raised to an elevation inimical to the existence of organi5ed beingsM and )e should only escape the danger of a .echanical shock/ to run into a not less frightful
[2$ Gratacap/ "%he ,ce Age/" in "?opular 0cience 'onthly/" *anuary/ 2828/ p$ 9;2$7

1p$ 2<24 one of being calcined in a man, da,s passage through an immense furnace$"[27 &ere )e have a good deal .ore heat than is necessary to account for that vaporiPation of the seas of the globe )hich see.s to have taken place during the :rift Age$ +ut si.ilar effects .ight be produced/ in another )ay/ even though the heat of the co.et itself )as inconsiderable$ 0uppose the co.et/ or a large part of it/ to have fallen into the sun$ %he arrested .otion )ould be converted into heat$ %he .aterial )ould feed the co.bustion of the sun$ 0o.e have theoriPed that the sun is .aintained by the fall of co.etic .atter into it$ "hat )ould be the resultC 'r$ ?roctor notes that in 28GG a star/ in the constellation Northern #ross/ suddenly shone )ith eight hundred times its former luster/ after)ard rapidly di.inishing in luster$ ,n 283G a ne) star in the constellation #ygnus beca.e visible/ subsequently fading again so as to be only perceptible by .eans of a telescopeM the luster of this star .ust have increased fro. five hundred to man, thousand ti.es$ 'r$ ?roctor clai.s that should our sun si.ilarly increase in luster even one hundred fold/ the glo)ing heat )ould destroy all vegetable and ani.al life on earth$ %here is no difficulty in seeing our )ay to heat enough/ if )e concede that a co.et really struck the earth or fell into the sun$ %he trouble is in the other direction )e )ould have too .uch heat$ "e shall see/ hereafter/ that there is evidence in our rocks that in t)o different ages of the )orld/ .illions of years before the :rift period/ the )hole surface of the
[2$ "%he &eavens/" p$ ;G<$7

1p$ 2<;4 earth )as actually fused and .elted/ probably by co.etic contact$ %his earth of ours is really a great po)der .agaPine there is enough infla..able and e5plosive .aterial about it to blo) it into shreds at any .o.ent$ 0ir #harles (yell quotes/ approvingly/ the thought of ?liny: ",t is an a.aPe.ent that our )orld/ so full of co.bustible ele.ents/ stands a .o.ent une5ploded$"

,t needs but an infinitesi.al increase in the quantity of o5ygen in the air to produce a co.bustion )hich )ould .elt all things$ ,n pure o5ygen/ steel burns like a candle )ick$ Nay/ it is not necessary to increase the a.ount of o5ygen in the air to produce terrible results$ ,t has been sho)n[27 that/ of our forty five .iles of at.osphere/ one fifth/ or a stratu. of nine .iles in thickness/ is o5ygen$ A shock/ or an electrical or other convulsion/ )hich )ould even partially disarrange or deco.pose this co.bination/ and send an increased quantity of o5ygen/ the heavier gas/ to the earth/ )ould )rap everything in fla.es$ >r the sa.e effects .ight follo) fro. any great change in the constitution of the )ater of the )orld$ "ater is co.posed of eight parts of o5ygen and one part of hydrogen$ "%he intensest heat by far ever yet produced by the blo) pipe is by the co.bustion of these t)o gases$" And :r$ Robert &are/ of ?hiladelphia/ found that the co.bination )hich produced the intensest heat )as that in )hich the t)o gases )ere in the precise proportions found in water$[;7 "e .ay suppose that this vast heat/ )hether it ca.e fro. the co.et/ or the increased action of the sun/ preceded the fall of the d.bris of the co.et by a fe) .inutes or a fe) hours$ "e have seen the surface rocks
[2$ "0cience and Genesis/" p$ 2;F$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ 2;3$7

1p$ 2<94 described as lustrous$ %he heat .ay not have been great enough to .elt the. it .ay .erely have softened the.M but )hen the .i5ture of clay/ gravel/ striated rocks/ and earth s)eepings fell and rested on the./ they )ere at once hardened and al.ost bakedM and thus )e can account for the fact that the "till/" )hich lies ne5t to the rocks/ is so hard and tough/ co.pared )ith the rest of the :rift/ that it is i.possible to blast it/ and e5ceedingly difficult even to pick it to piecesM it is .ore feared by )ork.en and contractors than any of the true rocks$ ?rofessor &artt sho)s that there is evidence that so.e cause/ prior to but closely connected )ith the :rift/ did deco.pose the surface rocks underneath the :rift to great depths/ changing their che.ical co.position and appearance$ ?rofessor &artt says: ",n +raPil/ and in the @nited 0tates in the vicinity of Ne) Bork city/ the surface rocks/ under the :rift/ are deco.posed fro. a depth of a fe) inches to that of a hundred feet$ %he feldspar has been converted into slate/ and the .ica has parted with its iron$"[27 ?rofessor &artt tries to account for this .eta.orphosis by supposing it to have been produced by )ar. rainsL +ut )hy should there be )ar. rains at this particular periodC And )hy/ if )ar. rains occurred in all ages/ )ere not all the earlier rocks si.ilarly changed )hile they )ere at the surfaceC &eusser and #lareP suppose this deco.position of the rocks to be due to nitric acid$ +ut )here did the nitric acid co.e fro.C

,n short/ here is the proof of the presence on the earth/ Oust before the :rift struck it/ of that conflagration )hich )e shall find described in so .any legends$
[2$ "%he Geology of +raPil/" p$ ;F$7

1p$ 2<D4 And certainly the presence of ice could not deco.pose rocks a hundred feet deep/ and change their che.ical constitution$ Nothing but heat could do it$ +ut )e have seen that the co.et is self lu.inous that is/ it is in process of co.bustionM it e.its great gushes and spouts of lu.inous gasesM its nucleus is enveloped in a cloak of gases$ "hat effect )ould these gases have upon our at.osphereC First/ they )ould be destructive to ani.al life$ +ut it does not follo) that they )ould cover the )hole earth$ ,f they did/ all life .ust have ceased$ %hey .ay have fallen in places here and there/ in great sheets or patches/ and have caused/ until they burned the.selves out/ the conflagrations )hich the traditions tell us acco.panied the great disaster$ 0econdly/ by adding increased proportions to so.e of the ele.ents of our at.osphere they .ay have helped to produce the .arked difference bet)een the pre glacial and our present cli.ate$ "hat did these gases consist ofC &ere that great discovery/ the spectroscope/ co.es to our aid$ +y it )e are able to tell the ele.ents that are being consu.ed in re.ote starsM by it )e have learned that co.ets are in part self lu.inous/ and in part shine by the reflected light of the sunM by it )e are even able to identify the very gases that are in a state of co.bustion in co.ets$ ,n 0chellen's great )ork[27 , find a cut Qsee ne5t pageR co.paring the spectra of carbon )ith the light e.itted by t)o co.ets observed in 28G8 "innecke's co.et and +rorsen's co.et$ &ere )e see that the self lu.inous parts of these co.ets
[2$ "0pectru. Analysis/" p$ 9HG$7

1p$ 2<F4 burned )ith substantially the sa.e spectru. as that e.itted by burning carbon$ %he inference is irresistible that these co.ets )ere )rapped in great .asses of carbon in a state of co.bustion$ %his is the conclusion reached by :r$ 0chellen$ ---

0>(AR 0?=#%R@' ?adre 0ecchi/ the great Ro.an astrono.er/ e5a.ined :r$ "innecke's co.et on the ;2st of *une/ 28G8/ and concluded that the light fro. the self lu.inous part )as produced by carbureted hydrogen$ "e shall see that the legends of the different races speak of the poison that acco.panied the co.et/ and by )hich great .ultitudes )ere slainM the very )aters that 1p$ 2<G4 first flo)ed through the :rift/ )e are told/ )ere poisonous$ "e have but to re.e.ber that carbureted hydrogen is the deadly fire da.p of the .iners to realiPe )hat effect great gusts of it .ust have had on ani.al life$ "e are told[27 that it burns )ith a ,ellow fla.e )hen subOected to great heat/ and so.e of the legends/ )e )ill see hereafter/ speak of the "yello) hair" of the co.et that struck the earth$ And )e are further told that/ ")hen it/ carbureted hydrogen/ is .i5ed in due proportion )ith o5ygen or at.ospheric air/ a co.pound is produced )hich e5plodes )ith the electric spark or the approach of fla.e$" Another for. of carbureted hydrogen/ olefiant gas/ is deadly to life/ burns )ith a )hite light/ and )hen .i5ed )ith three or four volu.es of o5ygen/ or ten or t)elve of air/ it e5plodes )ith terrific violence$ "e shall see/ hereafter/ that .any of the legends tell us that/ as the co.et approached the earth/ that is/ as it entered our at.osphere and co.bined )ith it/ it gave forth )orld appalling noises/ thunders beyond all earthly thunders/ roarings/ ho)lings/ and hissings/ that shook the globe$ ,f a co.et did co.e/ surrounded by volu.es of carbureted hydrogen/ or carbon co.bined )ith hydrogen/ the .o.ent it reached far enough into our at.osphere to supply it )ith the requisite a.ount of o5ygen or at.ospheric air/ precisely such dreadful e5plosions )ould occur/ acco.panied by noises si.ilar to those described in the legends$ (et us go a step further: (et us try to conceive the effects of the fall of the .aterial of the co.et upon the earth$ "e have seen terrible rain stor.s/ hail stor.s/ sno) stor.sM
[2$ "A.erican #yclopNdia/" vol$ iii/ p$ 33G$7

1p$ 2<34 but fancy a stor. of stones and gravel and clay dustL not a .ere sho)er either/ but falling in black .asses/ darkening the heavens/ vast enough to cover the )orld in .any

places hundreds of feet in thicknessM leveling valleys/ tearing a)ay and grinding do)n hills/ changing the )hole aspect of the habitable globe$ "ithout and above it roars the earthquaking voice of the terrible e5plosionsM through the drifts of d.bris gli.pses are caught of the glaring and burning .onsterM )hile through all and over all is an unearthly heat/ under )hich rivers/ ponds/ lakes/ springs/ disappear as if by .agic$ No)/ reader/ try to grasp the .eaning of all this description$ :o not .erely read the )ords$ %o read aright/ upon any subOect/ you .ust read belo) the )ords/ above the )ords/ and take in all the relations that surround the )ords$ 0o read this record$ (ook out at the scene around you$ &ere are trees fifty feet high$ ,.agine an instantaneous descent of granite sand and gravel sufficient to s.ash and crush these trees to the ground/ to bury their trunks/ and to cover the earth one hundred to five hundred feet higher than the elevation to )hich their tops no) reachL And this not alone here in your garden/ or over your far./ or over your to)nship/ or over your county/ or over your 0tateM but over the )hole continent in )hich you d)ell in short/ over the greater part of the habitable )orldL Are there any )ords that can dra)/ even faintly/ such a picture its terror/ its i..ensity/ its horrors/ its destructiveness/ its surpassal of all earthly e5perience and i.aginationC And this hu.an ant hill/ the )orld/ ho) insignificant )ould it be in the grasp of such a catastropheL ,ts la)s/ its te.ples/ its libraries/ its religions/ its ar.ies/ its .ighty nations/ )ould be but as the veriest 1p$ 2<84 stubble dried grass/ leaves/ rubbish crushed/ s.ashed/ buried/ under this heaven rain of horrors$ +ut/ loL through the darkness/ the )retches not beaten do)n and )hel.ed in the d.bris/ but scurrying to .ountain caves for refuge/ have a ne) terror: the cry passes fro. lip to lip/ "%he )orld is on fireL" %he head of the co.et sheds do)n fire$ ,ts gases have fallen in great volu.es on the earthM they igniteM a.id the )hirling and rushing of the d.bris/ caught in cyclones/ rises the glare of a %itanic conflagration$ %he )inds beat the rocks against the rocksM they pick up sand heaps/ peat beds/ and bo)lders/ and )hirl the. .adly in the air$ %he heat increases$ %he rivers/ the lakes/ the ocean itself/ evaporate$ And poor hu.anityL +urned/ bruised/ )ild/ craPed/ stu.bling/ blo)n about like feathers in the hurricanes/ s.itten by .ighty rocks/ they perish by the .illionM a fe) only reach the shelter of the cavernsM and thence/ glaring back)ard/ look out over the ruins of a destroyed )orld$ And not hu.anity alone has fled to these hiding places: the terrified deniPens of the forest/ the do.estic ani.als of the fields/ )ith the instinct )hich in great te.pests has

driven the. into the houses of .en/ follo) the refugees into the caverns$ "e shall see all this depicted in the legends$ %he first effect of the great heat is the vaporiPation of the )aters of the earthM but this is arrested long before it has co.pleted its )ork$ 0till the heat is intense ho) long it lasts/ )ho shall tellC An Arabian legend indicates years$ %he stones having ceased to fall/ the fe) )ho have escaped and they are fe) indeed/ for .any are shut up for ever by the clay dust and gravel in their hiding places/ 1p$ 2<H4 and on .any others the convulsions of the earth have shaken do)n the rocky roofs of the caves the fe) survivors co.e out/ or dig their )ay out/ to look upon a changed and blasted )orld$ No cloud is in the sky/ no rivers or lakes are on the earthM only the deep springs of the caverns are leftM the sun/ a ball of fire/ glares in the bronPe heavens$ ,t is to this period that the Norse legend of 'i.er's )ell/ )here >din gave an eye for a drink of )ater/ refers$ +ut gradually the heat begins to dissipate$ %his is a signal for tre.endous electrical action$ #ondensation co..ences$ Never has the air held such incalculable .asses of .oistureM never has heaven's artillery so rattled and roared since earth beganL #ondensation .eans clouds$ "e )ill find hereafter a )hole body of legends about "the stealing of the clouds" and their restoration$ %he veil thickens$ %he sun's rays are shut out$ ,t gro)s colderM .ore condensation follo)s$ %he heavens darken$ (ouder and louder bello)s the thunder$ "e shall see the lightnings represented/ in .yth after .yth/ as the arro)s of the rescuing de.i god )ho saves the )orld$ %he heat has carried up perhaps one fourth of all the )ater of the )orld into the air$ No) it is condensed into cloud$ "e kno) ho) an ordinary stor. darkens the heavens$ ,n this case it is black night$ A pall of dense cloud/ .any .iles in thickness/ enfolds the earth$ No sun/ no .oon/ no stars/ can be seen$ ":arkness is on the face of the deep$" :ay has ceased to be$ 'en stu.ble against each other$ All this )e shall find depicted in the legends$ %he overloaded at.osphere begins to discharge itself$ %he great )ork of restoring the )aters of the ocean to the ocean begins$ ,t gro)s colder colder colder$ %he pouring rain turns into sno)/ and settles on all the uplands and north countriesM sno) falls on 1p$ 22<4 sno)M gigantic sno) beds are for.ed/ )hich gradually solidify into ice$ "hile no .ile thick ice sheet descends to the 'editerranean or the Gulf of 'e5ico/ glaciers intrude into all the valleys/ and the flora and fauna of the te.perate regions beco.e arcticM that is to say/ only those varieties of plants and ani.als survive in those regions that are able to stand the cold/ and these )e no) call arctic$

,n the .idst of this darkness and cold and sno)/ the re.nants of poor hu.anity )ander over the face of the desolated )orldM stu.bling/ a)e struck/ but filled )ith an insatiable hunger )hich drives the. onM living upon the bark of the fe) trees that have escaped/ or on the bodies of the ani.als that have perished/ and even upon one another$ All this )e shall find plainly depicted in the legends of .ankind/ as )e proceed$ 0teadily/ steadily/ steadily for days/ )eeks/ .onths/ years the rains and sno)s fallM and/ as the clouds are drained/ they beco.e thinner and thinner/ and the light increases$ ,t has no) gro)n so light that the )anderers can .ark the difference bet)een night and day$ "And the evening and the .orning )ere the first day$" :ay by day it gro)s lighter and )ar.erM the piled up sno)s begin to .elt$ ,t is an age of tre.endous floods$ All the lo) lying parts of the continents are covered )ith )ater$ +rooks beco.e .ighty rivers/ and rivers are floodsM the :rift d.bris is cut into by the )aters/ re arranged/ piled up in )hat is called the stratified/ secondary/ or #ha.plain drift$ =nor.ous river valleys are cut out of the gravel and clay$ %he seeds and roots of trees and grasses/ uncovered by the rushing torrents/ and catching the increasing 1p$ 2224 )ar.th/ begin to put forth green leaves$ %he sad and parti colored earth/ covered )ith )hite/ red/ or blue clays and gravels/ once .ore/ )ears a fringe of green$ %he light increases$ %he )ar.th lifts up part of the )ater already cast do)n/ and the outflo) of the stea.ing ice fields/ and pours it do)n again in prodigious floods$ ,t is an age of stor.s$ %he people )ho have escaped gather together$ #he, -now the sun is coming bac-$ %hey kno) this desolation is to pass a)ay$ %hey build great fires and .ake hu.an sacrifices to bring back the sun$ %hey point and guess )here he )ill appearM for they have lost all kno)ledge of the cardinal points$ And all this is told in the legends$ At last the great/ the godlike/ the resplendent lu.inary breaks through the clouds and looks again upon the )recked earth$ >h/ )hat Ooy/ beyond all )ords/ co.es upon those )ho see hi.L %hey fall upon their faces$ %hey )orship hi. )ho. the dread events have taught to recogniPe as the great god of life and light$ %hey burn or cast do)n their ani.al gods of the pre glacial ti.e/ and then begins that )orld )ide )orship of the sun )hich has continued do)n to our o)n ti.es$ And all this/ too/ )e shall find told in the legends$

And fro. that day to this )e live under the influence of the effects produced by the co.et$ %he .ild/ eternal su..er of the %ertiary age is gone$ %he battle bet)een the sun and the ice sheets continues$ =very north )ind brings us the breath of the sno)M every south )ind is part of the sun's contribution to undo the co.et's )ork$ A continual a.elioration of cli.ate has been going on since the Glacial ageM and/ if no ne) catastrophe falls on the earth/ our re.ote posterity )ill yet see the last sno) bank 1p$ 22;4 of Greenland .elted/ and the cli.ate of the =ocene reestablished in 0pitPbergen$ ",t has been suggested that the )ar.th of the %ertiary cli.ate )as si.ply the effect of the residual heat of a globe cooling fro. incandescence/ but .any facts disprove this$ For e5a.ple/ the fossil plants found in our (o)er #retaceous rocks in #entral North A.erica indicate a te.perate cli.ate in latitude 9FS to D<S in the #retaceous age$ %he coal flora/ too/ and the beds of coal/ indicate a .oist/ equable/ and )ar. but not hot cli.ate in the #arboniferous age/ .illions of years before the %ertiary/ and three thousand .iles farther south than localities )here .agnolias/ tulip trees/ and deciduous cypresses/ gre) in the latter age$ 0o.e learned and cautious geologists even assert that there have been several ,ce periods/ one as far back as the :evonian$"[27 %he ice fields and )ild cli.ate of the poles/ and the cold )hich descends annually over =urope and North A.erica/ represent the residuu. of the refrigeration caused by the evaporation due to the co.et's heat/ and the long absence of the sun during the age of darkness$ =very visitation of a co.et )ould/ therefore/ necessarily eventuate in a glacial age/ )hich in ti.e )ould entirely pass a)ay$ And our stor.s are bred of the conflict bet)een the heat and cold of the different latitudes$ &ence/ it .ay be/ that the %ertiary cli.ate represented the true cli.ate of the earth/ undisturbed by co.et catastrophesM a cli.ate equable/ .ild/ )ar./ stor.less$ %hink )hat a )orld this )ould be )ithout te.pests/ cyclones/ ice/ sno)/ or coldL (et us turn no) to the evidences that .an d)elt on the earth during the :rift/ and that he has preserved recollections of the co.et to this day in his .yths and legends$
[2$ "?opular 0cience 'onthly/" *uly/ 283G/ p$ ;89$7

1p$ 2294 PART III The &egends .$APTER I' T$E !AT)RE "F 3(T$*'

,N a pri.itive people the .ind of one generation precisely repeats the .inds of all for.er generationsM the construction of the intellectual nature varies no .ore/ fro. age to age/ than the for. of the body or the color of the skinM the generations feel the sa.e e.otions/ and think the sa.e thoughts/ and use the sa.e e5pressions$ And this is to be e5pected/ for the brain is as .uch a part of the inheritable/ .aterial organiPation as the color of the eyes or the shape of the nose$ %he .inds of .en .ove auto.atically: no .an thinks because he intends to thinkM he thinks/ as he hungers and thirsts/ under a great pri.al necessityM his thoughts co.e out fro. the inner depths of his being as the flo)er is developed by forces rising through the roots of the plant$ %he fe.ale bird says to herself/ "%he ti.e is propitious/ and no)/ of .y o)n free )ill/ and under the operation of .y individual Oudg.ent/ , )ill lay a nestful of eggs and batch a brood of children$" +ut it is unconscious that it is .oved by a physical necessity/ )hich has constrained all its ancestors fro. the beginning of ti.e/ 1p$ 22D4 and )hich )ill constrain all its posterity to the end of ti.eM that its )ill is nothing .ore than an e5pression of age/ develop.ent/ sunlight/ food/ and "the skyey influences$" ,f it )ere other)ise it )ould be in the po)er of a generation to arrest the life of a race$ All great thoughts are inspirations of God$ %hey are part of the .echanis. by )hich he advances the raceM they are ne) varieties created out of old genera$ %here co.e bursts of creative force in history/ )hen great thoughts are born/ and then again +rah.a/ as the &indoos say/ goes to sleep for ages$ +ut/ )hen the fever of creation co.es/ the poet/ the inventor/ or the philosopher can no .ore arrest the develop.ent of his o)n thoughts than the fe.ale bird/ by her )ill po)er/ can stop the gro)th of the ova )ithin her/ or arrest the fever in the blood )hich forces her to incubation$ %he .an )ho )rote the 0hakespeare plays recogniPed this involuntary operation of even his o)n transcendent intellect/ )hen he said: ">ur poesy is a gu. )hich ooPes Fro. )hence 'tis nourished$" ,t ca.e as the Arabian tree distilled its ".edicinal gu."M it )as the .ere e5pression of an internal force/ as .uch beyond his control as the production of the gu. )as beyond the control of the tree$ +ut in pri.itive races .ind repeats .ind for thousands of years$ ,f a tale is told at a .illion hearth fires/ the probabilities are s.all/ indeed/ that any innovation at one hearth

fire/ ho)ever ingenious/ )ill )ork its )ay into and .odify the narration at all the rest$ %here is no printing press to .ake the thoughts of one .an the thoughts of thousands$ "hile the innovator is .odifying 1p$ 22F4 the tale/ to his o)n satisfaction/ to his i..ediate circle of hearers/ the narrative is being repeated in its unchanged for. at all the rest$ %he doctrine of chances is against innovation$ %he .aOority rules$ "hen/ ho)ever/ a .arvelous tale is told to the ne) generation to the little ones sitting around )ith open eyes and gaping .ouths they naturally ask/ ":here did all this occurC" %he narrator .ust satisfy this curiosity/ and so he replies/ ">n yonder .ountain top/" or ",n yonder cave$" %he story has co.e do)n )ithout its geography/ and a ne) geography is given it$ Again/ an ancient )ord or na.e .ay have a signification in the language in )hich the story is told different fro. that )hich it possessed in the original dialect/ and/ in the effort to .ake the old fact and the ne) language har.oniPe/ the story teller is forced/ gradually/ to .odify the narrativeM and/ as this lingual difficulty occurs at every fireside/ at every telling/ an ingenious e5planation co.es at last to be generally accepted/ and the ancient .yth re.ains dressed in a ne) suit of linguistic clothes$ +ut/ as a rule/ si.ple races repeatM they do not invent$ >ne hundred years ago the highest faith )as placed in )ritten history/ )hile the ut.ost conte.pt )as felt for all legends$ "hatever had been )ritten do)n )as regarded as certainly trueM )hatever had not been )ritten do)n )as necessarily false$ "e are re.inded of that intellectual old brute/ :r$ 0a.uel *ohnson/ tra.pling poor 'acpherson under foot/ like an enraged elephant/ for daring to say that he had collected fro. the .ountaineers of )ild 0cotland the poe.s of >ssian/ and that they had been trans.itted/ fro. .outh to .outh/ through ages$ +ut the great epic of the son of Fingal )ill survive/ part of the )idening 1p$ 22G4 heritage of hu.anity/ )hile *ohnson is re.e.bered only as a coarse souled/ ill .annered incident in the develop.ent of the great =nglish people$ +ut as ti.e rolled on it )as seen that the greater part of history )as si.ply recorded legends/ )hile all the rest represented the passions of factions/ the hates of sects/ or the servility and venality of historians$ 'en perceived that the co..on belief of antiquity/ as e5pressed in universal tradition/ )as .uch .ore likely to be true than the )ritten opinions of a fe) preOudiced individuals$

And then grave and able .en/ philosophers/ scientists/ )ere seen )ith note books and pencils/ going out into &indoo villages/ into Ger.an cottages/ into &ighland huts/ into ,ndian tepees/ in short/ into all lands/ taking do)n )ith the ut.ost care/ accuracy/ and respect/ the fairy stories/ .yths/ and legends of the peopleM as repeated by old peasant )o.en/ "the knitters in the sun/" or by "gray haired )arriors/ fa.ousWd for fights$" And/ )hen they ca.e to put these narratives in due for./ and/ as it )ere/ in parallel colu.ns/ it beca.e apparent that they thre) great floods of light upon the history of the )orld/ and especially upon the question of the unity of the race$ %hey proved that all the nations )ere repeating the sa.e stories/ in so.e cases in al.ost identical )ords/ Oust as their ancestors had heard the./ in so.e .ost ancient land/ in "the dark background and abys. of ti.e/" )hen the progenitors of the Ger.an/ Gaul/ Gael/ Greek/ Ro.an/ &indoo/ ?ersian/ =gyptian/ Arabian/ and the red people of A.erica/ d)elt together under the sa.e roof tree and used the sa.e language$ +ut/ above all/ these legends prove the absolute fidelity of the .e.ory of the races$ "e are told that the bridge piles driven by the Ro.ans/ t)o thousand years ago/ in the rivers of =urope/ 1p$ 2234 fro. )hich the surrounding )aters have e5cluded the decaying at.osphere/ have re.ained altogether unchanged in their condition$ ,f this has been the case for t)o thousand years/ )hy )ould they not re.ain unchanged for ten thousand/ for a hundred thousand yearsC ,f the ice in )hich that 0iberian .a..oth )as incased had preserved it intact for a hundred years/ or a thousand years/ )hy .ight it not have preserved it for ten thousand/ for a hundred thousand yearsC ?lace a universal legend in the .inds of a race/ let the. repeat it fro. generation to generation/ and ti.e ceases to be an ele.ent in the proble.$ (egend has one great foe to its perpetuation civiliPation$ #iviliPation brings )ith it a conte.pt for everything )hich it can not understandM skepticis. beco.es the synony. for intelligenceM .en no longer repeatM they doubtM they dissectM they sneerM they reOectM they invent$ ,f the .yth survives this treat.ent/ the poets take it up and .ake it their stock in trade: they decorate it in a .asquerade of frippery and finery/ feathers and furbelo)s/ like a clo)n dressed for a fancy ballM and the poor barbarian legend survives at last/ if it survives at all/ like the #onflagration in >vid or Aing Arthur in %ennyson a hippopota.us s.othered in flo)ers/ Oe)els/ and laces$ &ence )e find the legends of the pri.itive A.erican ,ndians adhering quite closely to the events of the past/ )hile the .yths that survive at all a.ong the civiliPed nations of =urope are found in garbled for.s/ and$ only a.ong the peasantry of re.ote districts$

,n the future .ore and .ore attention )ill be given to the .yths of pri.itive racesM they )ill be accounted as .ore reliable/ and as reaching farther back in ti.e than .any things )hich )e call history$ %houghtful .en )ill 1p$ 2284 analyPe the./ despising nothingM like a che.ist )ho resolves so.e co.pound obOect into its original ele.ents the very co.bination constituting a history of the obOect$ &$ &$ +ancroft describes .yths as "A .ass of frag.entary truth and fiction/ not open to rationalistic criticis.M a partition )all of allegories/ built of dead facts ce.ented )ith )ild fanciesM it loo.s ever bet)een the i..easurable and the .easurable past$" +ut he adds: "Never )as there a ti.e in the history of philosophy )hen the character/ custo.s/ and beliefs of aboriginal .an/ and everything appertaining to hi./ )ere held in such high estee. by scholars as at present$" ",t is no) a recogniPed principle of philosophy that no religious belief/ ho)ever crude/ nor any historical tradition/ ho)ever absurd/ can be held by the .aOority of a people for any considerable ti.e as true/ )ithout having had in the beginning so.e foundation in fact$"[27 An universal .yth points to t)o conclusions: First/ that it is based on so.e fact$ 0econdly/ that it dates back/ in all probability/ to the ti.e )hen the ancestors of the races possessing it had not yet separated$ A .yth should be analyPed carefullyM the fungi that have attached the.selves to it should be brushed offM the core of fact should be separated fro. the decorations and errors of tradition$ +ut above all/ it .ust be re.e.bered that )e can not depend upon either the geography or the chronology of a .yth$ As , have sho)n/ there is a universal tendency to give the old story a ne) habitat/ and hence )e have Ararats and >ly.puses all over the )orld$ ,n the sa.e
[2$ "%he Native Races of A.erica/" vol$ iii/ p$ 2D$7

1p$ 22H4

)ay the .yth is al)ays brought do)n and attached to .ore recent events: "All over =urope in Ger.any/ France/ 0pain/ 0)itPerland/ =ngland/ 0cotland/ ,reland the e5ploits of the oldest .ythological heroes/ figuring in the 0agas/ =ddas/ and Nibelungen (ied/ have been ascribed/ in the folk lore and ballads of the people/ to +arbarossa/ #harle.agne/ +oabdil/ #harles !/ "illia. %ell/ Arthur/ Robin &ood/ "allace/ and 0t$ ?atrick$"[27 ,n the ne5t place/ )e .ust re.e.ber ho) i.possible it is for the .ind to invent an entirely ne) fact$ "hat dra.atist or novelist has ever yet .ade a plot )hich did not consist of events that had already transpired so.e)here on earthC &e .ight intensify events/ concentrate and co.bine the./ or a.plify the.M but that is all$ 'en in all ages have suffered fro. Oealousy/ like >thelloM have co..itted .urders/ like 'acbethM have yielded to the s)ay of .orbid .inds/ like &a.letM have stolen/ lied/ and debauched/ like FalstaffM there are >liver %)ists/ +ill 0ykeses/ and NanciesM 'ica)bers/ ?ick)icks/ and ?ecksniffs in every great city$ %here is nothing in the .ind of .an that has not pree5isted in nature$ #an )e i.agine a person/ )ho never sa) or heard of an elephant/ dra)ing a picture of such a t)o tailed creatureC ,t )as thought at one ti.e that .an had .ade the flying dragon out of his o)n i.aginationM but )e no) kno) that the i.age of the pterodact,l had si.ply descended fro. generation to generation$ 0indbad's great bird/ the roc/ )as considered a flight of the >riental fancy/ until science revealed the bones of the dinornis$ All the )inged beasts breathing fire are si.ply a recollection of the co.et$ ,n fact/ even )ith the patterns of nature before it/ the
[2$ +ancroft/ "Native Races/" note/ vol$ iii/ p$ 23$7

1p$ 2;<4 hu.an .ind has not greatly e5aggerated the.: it has never dra)n a bird larger than the dinornis or a beast greater than the .a..oth$ ,t is utterly i.possible that the races of the )hole )orld/ of all the continents and islands/ could have preserved traditions fro. the .ost re.ote ages/ of a co.et having struck the earth/ of the great heat/ the conflagration/ the cave life/ the age of darkness/ and the return of the sun/ and yet these things have had no basis of fact$ ,t )as not possible for the pri.itive .ind to have i.agined these things if they had never occurred$ 1p$ 2;24 .$APTER II'

I 3A! E4I*T BEF"RE T$E RIFT/ F,R0%/ let us ask ourselves this question/ :id .an e5ist before the :riftC ,f he did/ he .ust have survived itM and he could hardly have passed through it )ithout so.e re.e.brance of such a terrible event surviving in the traditions of the race$ ,f he did not e5ist before the :rift/ of course/ no .yths descriptive of it could have co.e do)n to us$ %his preli.inary question .ust/ then/ be settled by testi.ony$ (et us call our )itnesses "%he palNolithic hunter of the .id and late ?leistocene river deposits in =urope belongs/ as )e have already sho)n/ to a fauna )hich arrived in +ritain before the lo)ering of the te.perature produced glaciers and icebergs in our countryM he .ay/ therefore/ be vie)ed as being probably pre glacial$"[27 'an had spread )idely over the earth before the :riftM therefore/ he had lived long on the earth$ &is re.ains have been found in 0cotland/ =ngland/ ,reland/ France/ 0pain/ ,taly/ GreeceM in Africa/ in ?alestine/ in ,ndia/ and in the @nited 0tates$[;7 "'an )as living in the valley of the lo)er %ha.es before the Arctic .a..alia had taken full possession of
[2$ :a)kins's "=arly 'an in +ritain/" p$ 2GH$ ;$ ,bid$/ pp$ 2GF/ 2GG$7

1p$ 2;; 4 the valley of the %ha.es/ and before the big nosed rhinoceros had beco.e e5tinct$"[27 'r$ %idder.an[;7 )rites that/ a.ong a nu.ber of bones obtained during the e5ploration of the !ictoria #ave/ near 0ettle/ Borkshire/ there is one )hich 'r$ +usk has identified as human$ 'r$ +usk says: "%he bone is/ , have no doubt/ hu.anM a portion of an unusually clu.sy fibula/ and in that respect not unlike the sa.e bone in the 'entone skeleton$" %he deposit fro. )hich the bone )as obtained is overlaid "by a bed of stiff glacial clay/ containing ice scratched bo)lders$" "&ere then/" says Geikie/ "is direct proof that .en lived in =ngland prior to the last inter glacial period$"[97 %he evidences are nu.erous/ as , have sho)n/ that )hen these deposits ca.e upon the earth the face of the land )as above the sea/ and occupied by plants and ani.als$

--0=#%,>N A% 0%$ A#&=@($ %he acco.panying cut/ taken fro. 0ir *ohn (ubbock's "?rehistoric %i.es/" page 9GD/ represents the strata at 0t$ Acheul/ near A.iens/ France$
[2$ :a)kins's "=arly 'an in +ritain/" p$ 293$ ;$ "Nature/" Nove.ber G/ 2839$ 9$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ D3F$7

1p$ 2;94 %he upper stratu. QaR represents a brick earth/ four to five feet in thickness/ and containing a fe) angular flints$ %he ne5t QbR is a thin layer of angular gravel/ one to t)o feet in thickness$ %he ne5t QcR is a bed of sandy .arl/ five to si5 feet in thickness$ %he lo)est deposit QdR immediatel, overlies the chal-M it is a bed of partially rounded gravel/ and/ in this/ human implements of flint have been found$ %he spot )as used in the early #hristian period as a ce.eteryM f represents one of the graves/ .ade fifteen hundred years agoM e represents one of the ancient coffins/ of )hich only the nails and cla.ps are left/ every particle of the )ood having perished$ And/ says 0ir *ohn (ubbock: ",t is especially at the lower part" of these lo)est deposits "that the flint i.ple.ents occur$" %he bones of the .a..oth/ the )ild bull/ the deer/ the horse/ the rhinoceros/ and the reindeer are found near the botto. of these strata .i5ed )ith the flint i.ple.ents of .en$ "All the fossils belong to ani.als )hich live on landM $ $ $ )e find no .arine re.ains$"[;7 Re.e.ber that the :rift is unfossiliferous and unstratifiedM that it fell en masse/ and that these re.ains are found in its lo)er part/ or caught between it and the roc-s below it/ and you can for. a vivid picture of the sudden and terrible catastrophe$ %he trees )ere i.bedded )ith .an and the ani.alsM the bones of .en/ s.aller and .ore friable/ probably perished/ ground up in the te.pest/ )hile only their flint i.ple.ents and the great bones of the larger ani.als/ hard as stones/ re.ain to tell the dreadful story$ And yet so.e hu.an bones
[2$ "?rehistoric %i.es/" p$ 9GG$ ;$ ,bid$/ pp$ 9GG/ 9G3$7

1p$ 2;D4 have been foundM a lo)er Oa) bone )as discovered in a pit at 'oulinguignon/ and a skull and other bones )ere found in the valley of the 0eine by '$ +ertrand$[27 And these discoveries have not been li.ited to river gravels$ ,n the 0hrub &ill gravel bed in =ngland/ "in the lowest part of it/ nu.erous flint i.ple.ents of the palNolithic type have been discovered$"[;7 "e have/ besides these sub drift re.ains/ the skulls of .en )ho probably lived before the great cataclys./ .en )ho .ay have looked upon the very co.et that s.ote the )orld$ %hey represent t)o )idely different races$ >ne is "the =ngis skull/" so called fro. the cave of =ngis/ near (iVge/ )here it )as found by :r$ 0ch.erling$ ",t is a fair average hu.an skull/ )hich .ight/" says &u5ley/ "have belonged to a philosopher/ or .ight have contained the thoughtless brains of a savage$"[97 ,t represents a --%&= =NG,0 0A@(($ civiliPed/ if not a cultivated/ race of .en$ ,t .ay represent a victi./ a prisoner/ held for a cannibalistic feast or a trader fro. a .ore civiliPed region$
[2$ "?rehistoric %i.es/" p$ 9G<$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ 9F2$ 9$ "'an's ?lace in Nature/" p$ 2FG$7

1p$ 2;F4 ,n another cave/ in the Neanderthal/ near &ochdale/ bet)een :Xsseldorf and =lberfeld/ a skull )as found )hich is the .ost ape like of all kno)n hu.an crania$ %he .ail to )ho. it belonged .ust have been a barbarian brute of the rudest possible type$ &ere is a representation of it$ --%&= N=AN:=R%&A( 0A@(($ , beg the reader to re.e.ber these skulls )hen he co.es to read/ a little further on/ the legend told by an A.erican ,ndian tribe of #alifornia/ describing the .arriage bet)een the daughter of the gods and a son of the griPPly bears/ fro. )hich union/ )e are told/ ca.e the ,ndian tribes$ %hese skulls represent creatures as far apart/ , )as about to say/ as gods and bears$ %he "=ngis skull/" )ith its full frontal brain pan/ its fine lines/ and its splendidly arched do.e/ tells us of ages of cultivation and develop.ent in so.e favored center of the raceM )hile the horrible and beast like proportions of "the Neanderthal skull"

speak/ )ith no less certainty/ of undeveloped/ brutal/ savage .an/ only a little above the gorilla in capacityM a pro)ler/ a robber/ a .urderer/ a cave d)eller/ a cannibal/ a #ain$ 1p$ 2;G4 "e shall see/ as )e go on in the legends of the races on both sides of the Atlantic/ that they all looked to so.e central land/ east of A.erica and )est of =urope/ so.e island of the ocean/ )here d)elt a godlike race/ and )here alone/ it )ould see./ the hu.an race )as preserved to repeople the earth/ )hile these brutal representatives of the race/ the Neanderthal people/ )ere crushed out$ And this is not .ere theoriPing$ ,t is conceded/ as the result of .ost e5tensive scientific research: 2$ %hat the great southern .a..alia perished in =urope )hen the :rift ca.e upon the earth$ ;$ ,t is conceded that these t)o skulls are associated )ith the bones of these locally e5tinct ani.als/ .ingled together in the sa.e deposits$ 9$ %he conclusion is/ therefore/ logically irresistible/ that these skulls belonged to .en )ho lived during or before the :rift Age$ 'any authorities support this proposition that .an palNolithic .an/ .an of the .a..oth and the .astodon e5isted in the caves of =urope before the :rift$ "After having occupied the =nglish caves for untold ages/ palNolithic .an disappeared for ever/ and )ith hi. vanished .any ani.als no) either locally or )holly e5tinct$"[27 Above the re.ains of .an in these caves co.es a deposit of stalag.ite/ t)elve feet in thickness/ indicating a vast period of ti.e during )hich it )as being for.ed/ and during this ti.e man was absent$[;7 Above this stalag.ite co.es another deposit of cave earth: "%he deposits i..ediately overl,ing the stalag.ite and cave earth contain an al.ost totall, different assemblage
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ D22$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ D22$7

1p$ 2;34 of animal remains/ along )ith relics of the neolithic/ bronPe/ iron/ and historic periods$

"%here is no passage/ but/ on the contrary/ a sharp and abrupt brea- bet)een these later deposits and the underlying palNolithic accu.ulations$"[27 &ere )e have the proof that .an inhabited these caves for ages before the :riftM that he perished )ith the great .a..als and disappearedM and that the t)elve feet of stalag.ite )ere for.ed )hile no .en and fe) ani.als d)elt in =urope$ +ut so.e frag.ent of the hu.an race had escaped else)here/ in so.e other regionM there it .ultiplied and replenished the earth/ and gradually e5tended and spread again over =urope/ and reappeared in the cave deposits above the stalag.ite$ And/ in like .anner/ the ani.als gradually ca.e in fro. the regions on )hich the :rift had not fallen$ +ut the revelations of the last fe) years prove/ not only that .an lived during the :rift age/ and that he d)elt on the earth )hen the :rift fell/ but that he can be traced back)ard for ages before the :riftM and that he )as conte.porary )ith species of great ani.als that had run their course/ and ceased to e5ist centuries/ perhaps thousands of years/ before the :rift$ , quote a high authority: "'ost of the hu.an relics of any sort have been found in the .ore recent layers of the :rift$ %hey have been discovered/ ho)ever/ not only in the older :rift/ but also/ though very rarely/ in the underl,ing #ertiar,$ For instance/ in the @pper ?liocene at 0t$ ?rest/ near #hartres/ )ere found stone i.ple.ents and cuttings on bone/ in connection )ith relics of a long e5tinct elephant Q!lephas meridionalisR that is wholl, lac-ing in the $rift$ :uring the past t)o years the evidences of hu.an e5istence in the %ertiary period/ i$ e$/ previous to the age of .a..oths
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ D22$7

1p$ 2;84 of the :iluvial period/ have .ultiplied/ and by their .ultiplication give cu.ulative confir.ation to each other$ =ven in the lo)er strata of the 'iocene Qthe .iddle %ertiaryR i.portant discoveries of stone knives and bone cuttings have been .ade/ as at %henay/ depart.ent of 'arne et (oire/ and +illy/ depart.ent of Allier/ France$ ?rofessor *$ :$ "hitney/ the e.inent 0tate geologist of #alifornia/ reports si.ilar discoveries there also$ 0o/ then/ )e .ay believe that before the last great upheaval of the Alps and ?yrenees/ and )hile the yet lu5uriant vegetation of the then Qi$ e$/ in the %ertiary periodR paradisaic cli.ate yet adorned #entral =urope/ .an inhabited this region$"[27 "e turn to the A.erican #ontinent and )e find additional proofs of .an's pre glacial e5istence$ %he "A.erican Naturalist/" 2839/ says: "%he discoveries that are constantly being .ade in this country are proving that .an e5isted on this continent as far back in geological ti.e as on the =uropean #ontinentM and it even see.s that A.erica/ really the >ld "orld/ geologically/ )ill soon prove to be the

birthplace of the earliest race of .an$ >ne of the late and i.portant discoveries is that by 'r$ =$ ($ +erthoud/ )hich is given in full/ )ith a .ap/ in the '?roceedings of the ?hiladelphia Acade.y of 0ciences for 283;/' p$ DG$ 'r$ +erthoud there reports the discovery of ancient fire places/ rude stone .onu.ents/ and i.ple.ents of stone in great nu.ber and variety/ in several places along #ro) #reek/ in #olorado/ and also on several other rivers in the vicinity$ %hese fire places indicate several ancient sites of an unkno)n race differing entirely fro. the .ound builders and the present ,ndians/ )hile the shells and other fossils found )ith the re.ains .ake it quite certain that the deposit in )hich the ancient sites are found is as old as the Pliocene, and perhaps as the 'iocene$ As the fossil shells found )ith the relies of .an are of estuary for.s/ and as the sites of the ancient to)ns are on e5tended
[2$ "?opular 0cience 'onthly/" April/ 283F/ p$ G8;$7

1p$ 2;H4 points of land/ and at the base of the ridges or bluffs/ 'r$ +erthoud thinks the evidence is strongly in favor of the locations having been near so.e ancient fresh )ater lake/ )hose vestiges the present topography of the region favors$" , quote the follo)ing fro. the "0cientific A.erican" Q288<R: "%he finding of nu.erous relies of a buried race on an ancient horiPon/ from twent, to thirt, feet below the present level of countr, in 'issouri and ;ansas/ has been noted$ %he 0t$ (ouis 'Republican' gives particulars of another find of an un.istakable character .ade last spring Q288<R in Franklin #ounty/ 'issouri/ by :r$ R$ "$ +ooth/ )ho )as engaged in iron .ining about three .iles fro. :ry +ranch/ a station on the 0t$ (ouis and 0anta FV Railroad$ At a depth of eighteen feet below the surface the .iners uncovered a hu.an skull/ )ith portions of the ribs/ vertebral colu.n/ and collar bone$ "ith the. )ere found t)o flint arro) heads of the .ost pri.itive type/ i.perfect in shape and barbed$ 2 few pieces of charcoal were also found at the sa.e ti.e and place$ :r$ +ooth )as fully a)are of the i.portance of the discovery/ and tried to preserve everything found/ but upon touching the skull it cru.bled to dust/ and so.e of the other bones broke into s.all pieces and partly cru.bled a)ayM but enough )as preserved to fully establish the fact that they are hu.an bones$ "0o.e fifteen or t)enty days subsequent to the first finding/ at a depth of twent,-four feet below the surface/ other bones )ere found a thigh bone and a portion of the vertebra/ and several pieces of charred wood, the bones apparentl, belonging to the first-found s-eleton$ ,n both cases the bones rested on a fibrous stratu./ suspected at the ti.e to be a frag.ent of coarse .atting$ %his lay upon a floor of soft but solid iron-ore/ )hich retained the i.print of the fibers$ $ $ $ "%he indications are that the filled cavity had originally been a sort of cave/ and that the supposed .atting )as .ore probably a layer of t)igs/ rushes/ or )eeds/ )hich the inhabitants of the cave had used as a bed/ as the fiber

1p$ 29<4 .arks cross each other irregularly$ %he ore bed in )hich the re.ains )ere found/ and part of )hich see.s to have for.ed after the period of hu.an occupation of the cave/ lies in the second Qor saccharoidalR sandstone of the (o)er 0ilurian$" Note the facts: %he re.ains of this .an are found separated part are eighteen feet belo) the surface/ part t)enty four feet that is/ they are six feet apart$ &o) can )e account for this condition of things/ e5cept by supposing that the poor savage had rushed for safety to his shallo) rock shelter/ and had there been caught by the )orld te.pest/ and torn to pieces and deposited in frag.ents )ith the d.bris that filled his rude ho.eC ,n #alifornia )e encounter a still .ore surprising state of things$ %he celebrated #alaveras skull )as found in a shaft one hundred and fift, feet deep/ under five beds of lava and volcanic tufa/ and four beds of auriferous gravel$ %he acco.panying cut represents a plu..et found in digging a )ell in the 0an *oaquin !alley/ #alifornia/ thirt, feet below the surface$ --?(@''=% FR>' 0AN *>AE@,N !A((=B/ #A($ :r$ Foster says: ",n e5a.ining this beautiful relic/ one is led al.ost instinctively to believe that it )as used as a plu..et/ for the purpose of deter.ining the perpendicular to the horiPon [for building purposesC7M $ $ $ )hen )e consider its sy..etry of for./ the contrast of colors brought out by the process of grinding and polishing/ and the delicate drilling of the hole through a .aterial QsyeniteR so liable to fracture/ )e are free to say it affords an e5hibition of the lapidary's skill superior to anything yet furnished by the 0tone age of either continent$"[27
[2$ "%he ?rehistoric Races of the @nited 0tates/" p$ FF$7

1p$ 2924 ,n (ouisiana/ layers of pottery/ six inches thic-/ )ith re.nants of .atting and baskets/ )ere found twelve feet below the surface/ and underneath )hat :r$ Foster believes to be strata of the :rift$[27 , .ight fill pages )ith si.ilar testi.onyM but , think , have given enough to satisfy the reader that .an did e5ist before the :rift$

, shall discuss the subOect still further )hen , co.e to consider/ in a subsequent chapter/ the question )hether pre glacial .an )as or )as not civiliPed$
[2$ "%he ?rehistoric Races of the @nited 0tates/" p$ FG$7

1p$ 29;4 .$APTER III' &EGE! * "F T$E ."3I!G "F T$E ."3ET' "= turn no) to the legends of .ankind$ , shall try to divide the./ so as to represent/ in their order/ the several stages of the great event$ %his/ of course/ )ill be difficult to do/ for the sa.e legend .ay detail several different parts of the sa.e co..on storyM and hence there .ay be .ore or less repetitionM they )ill .ore or less overlap each other$ And/ first/ , shall present one or t)o legends that .ost clearly represent the first co.ing of the .onster/ the dragon/ the serpent/ the )olf/ the dog/ the =vil >ne/ the #o.et$ %he second &indoo "Avatar" gives the follo)ing description of the rapid advance of so.e dreadful obOect out of space/ and its tre.endous fall upon the earth: "+y the po)er of God there issued fro. the essence of +rah.a a being shaped like a boar/ white and exceeding smallM this being/ in the space of an hour/ gre) to the siPe of an elephant of the largest siPe/ and remained in the air$" %hat is to say/ it )as an at.ospheric/ not a terrestrial creature$ "+rah.a )as astonished on beholding this figure/ and discovered/ by the force of internal penetration/ that it could be nothing but the po)er of the >.nipotent )hich had assu.ed a body and beco.e visible$ &e no) felt that God is all in all/ and all is fro. hi./ and all in hi.M 1p$ 2994 and said to 'areechee and his sons Qthe attendant geniiR: 'A )onderful ani.al has e.anated fro. .y essenceM at first of the s.allest siPe/ it has in one hour increased to this enor.ous bulk/ and/ )ithout doubt/ it is a portion of the al.ighty po)er$'" +rah.a/ an earthly king/ )as at first frightened by the terrible spectacle in the air/ and then clai.ed that he had produced it hi.selfL

"%hey )ere engaged in this conversation )hen that vara/ or 'boar for./' suddenly uttered a sound li-e the loudest thunder/ and the echo reverberated and shoo- all the 4uarters of the universe$" %his is the sa.e terrible noise )hich/ as , have already sho)n/ )ould necessarily result fro. the carbureted hydrogen of the co.et e5ploding in our at.osphere$ %he legend continues: "+ut still/ under this dreadful a)e of heaven/ a certain )onderful divine confidence secretly ani.ated the hearts of +rah.a/ 'areechee/ and the other genii/ )ho i..ediately began praises and thanksgiving$ %hat vara Qboar for.R figure/ hearing the po)er of the !edas and 'antras fro. their .ouths/ again .ade a loud noise/ and became a dreadful spectacle$ 0haking the full flowing mane )hich hung do)n his neck on both sides/ and erecting the hu.id hairs of his body/ he proudly displayed his t)o .ost e5ceedingly )hite tusksM then/ rolling about his )ine colored QredR eyes/ and erecting his tail/ he descended from the region of the air/ and plunged headfore.ost into the )ater$ %he )hole body of )ater )as convulsed by the .otion/ and began to rise in )aves/ )hile the guardian spirit of the sea/ being terrified/ began to tre.ble for his do.ain and cry for .ercy$[27 flo) fully does this legend accord )ith the descriptions of co.ets given by astrono.ers/ the "horrid hair/" the .ane/ the ani.al like headL #o.pare it )ith 'r$
[2$ 'aurice's "Ancient &istory of &industan/" vol$ i/ p$ 9<D$7

1p$ 29D4 (ockyer's account of #oggia's co.et/ as seen through Ne)ell's large refracting telescope at Ferndene/ Gateshead/ and )hich he described as having a head like "a fan-shaped pro3ection of light/ )ith ear-li-e appendages/ at each side/ )hich sy.pathetically co.ple.ented each other at every change either of for. or lu.inosity$" "e turn to the legends of another race: %he Kendavesta of the ancient ?ersians[27 describes a period of "great innocence and happiness on earth$" %his represents/ doubtless/ the delightful cli.ate of the %ertiary period/ already referred to/ )hen endless su..er e5tended to the poles$ "%here )as a '.an bull/' )ho resided on an elevated region/ )hich the deity had assigned hi.$" %his )as probably a line of kings or a nation/ )hose sy.bol )as the bull/ as )e see in +el or +aal/ )ith the bull's horns/ d)elling in so.e elevated .ountainous region$

"At last an evil one/ deno.inated Ahri.an/ corrupted the )orld$ After having dared to visit heaven" Qthat is/ he appeared first in the high heavensR/ "he descended upon the earth and assumed the form of a serpent$" %hat is to say/ a serpent like co.et struck the earth$ "%he .an bull )as poisoned b, his venom/ and died in consequence of it$ 'ean)hile/ Ahri.an threw the whole universe into confusion QchaosR/ for that ene.y of good .ingled hi.self )ith everything/ appeared every)here/ and sought to do .ischief above and belo)$" "e shall find all through these legends allusions to the poisonous and deadly gases brought to the earth by the co.et: )e have already seen that the gases )hich are proved to be associated )ith co.ets are fatal to life$
[2$ Faber's "&orN 'osaicN/" vol$ i/ p$ 3;$7

1p$ 29F4 And this/ be it re.e.bered/ is not guess )ork/ but the revelation of the spectroscope$ %he traditions of the ancient +ritons[27 tell us of an ancient ti.e/ )hen "%he profligacy of .ankind had provoked the great 0upre.e to send a pestilential )ind upon the earth$ A pure poison descended, ever, blast was death$ At this ti.e the patriarch/ distinguished for his integrity/ was shut up/ together )ith his select co.pany/ in the inclosure with the strong door$ Q%he caveCR &ere the Oust ones )ere safe fro. inOury$ Presentl, a tempest of fire arose. It split the earth asunder to the great deep$ %he lake (lion burst its bounds/ and the )aves of the sea lifted the.selves on high around the borders of +ritain/ the rain poured down from heaven, and the waters covered the earth$" &ere )e have the )hole story told briefly/ but )ith the regular sequence of events: 2$ %he poisonous gases$ ;$ %he people seek shelter in the caves$ 9$ %he earth takes fire$ D$ %he earth is cleft openM the fiords are .ade/ and the trap rocks burst forth$ F$ %he rain pours do)n$ G$ %here is a season of floods$

"hen )e turn to the Greek legends/ as recorded by one of their .ost ancient )riters/ &esiod/ )e find the co.ing of the co.et clearly depicted$ "e shall see here/ and in .any other legends/ reference to the fact that there )as .ore than one .onster in the sky$ %his is in accordance )ith )hat )e no) kno) to be true of co.ets$ %hey often appear in pairs or even triplets$ "ithin the past fe) years )e have seen +iela's co.et divide and for. t)o separate co.ets/ pursuing
[2$ "'ythology of the +ritish :ruids/" p$ ;;G$7

1p$ 29G4 their course side by side$ "hen the great co.et of 2822 appeared/ another of al.ost equal .agnitude follo)ed it$ 0eneca infor.s us that =phoras/ a Greek )riter of the fourth century before #hrist/ had recorded the singular fact of a co.et's separation into t)o parts$ "%his state.ent )as dee.ed incredible by the Ro.an philosopher$ 'ore recent observations of si.ilar pheno.ena leave no roo. to question the historian's veracity$"[27 %he #hinese annals record the appearance of three co.ets one large and t)o s.aller ones at the sa.e ti.e/ in the year 8HG of our era$ "%hey traveled together for three days$ %he little ones disappeared first and then the large one$" And again: ">n *une ;3th/ A$ :$ D2G/ t)o co.ets appeared in the constellation &ercules/ and pursued nearly the sa.e path$"[;7 ,f .ere pro5i.ity to the earth served to split +iela's co.et into t)o frag.ents/ )hy .ight not a co.et/ )hich ca.e near enough to strike the earth/ be broken into several separate for.sC 0o that there is nothing i.probable in &esiod's description of t)o or three aYrial .onsters appearing at or about the sa.e ti.e/ or of one being the apparent offspring of the other/ since a large co.et .ay/ like +iela's/ have broken in t)o before the eyes of the people$ &esiod tells us that the =arth united )ith Night to do a terrible deed/ by )hich the &eavens )ere .uch )ronged$ %he =arth prepared a large sickle of )hite iron/ )ith Oagged teeth/ and gave it to her son #ronus/ and stationed hi. in a.bush/ and )hen &eaven ca.e/ #ronus/ his son/ grasped at hi./ and )ith his "huge sickle/ long and Oagged toothed/" cruelly )ounded hi.$
[2$ Airk)ood/ "#o.ets and 'eteors/" p$ G<$

;$ ,bid$/ p$ F2$7

1p$ 2934 "as this Oagged/ )hite/ sickle shaped obOect a co.etC "And Night bare also hateful :estiny/ and black Fate/ and :eath/ and Ne.esis$" And &esiod tells us that "she/" probably Night "+rought forth another .onster/ irresistible/ no)ise like to .ortal .an or i..ortal gods/ in a hollo) cavernM the divine/ stubborn hearted =chidna Qhalf ny.ph/ )ith dark eyes and fair cheeksM and half/ on the other hand/ a serpent, huge and terrible and vastR/ spec-led/ and flesh-devouring/ 'neath caves of sacred =arth$ $ $ $ "ith her/ they say that %yphaon Q%yphonR associated in love/ a terrible and la)less ravisher for the dark eyed .aid$ $ $ $ +ut she Q=chidnaR bare #hi.Nra/ breathing resistless fire/ fierce and huge/ fleet footed as )ell as strongM this .onster had three heads: one/ indeed/ of a gri. visaged lion/ one of a goat/ and another of a serpent/ a fierce dragonM --#>'=% >F 28G;$ Aspect of the head of the co.et at nine in the evening/ the ;9d August/ and the ;Dth August at the sa.e hour$ 1p$ 2984 in front a lion/ a dragon behind/ and in the .idst a goat/ breathing forth the dread strength of burning fire$ &er ?egasus sle) and brave +ellerophon$" %he astrono.ical )orks sho) )hat )eird/ and fantastic/ and goblin like shapes the co.ets assu.e under the telescope$ (ook at the representation on page 293/ fro. Guille.in's )ork/[27 of the appearance of the co.et of 28G;/ giving the changes )hich took place in t)enty four hours$ ,f )e )ill i.agine one of these .onsters close to the earth/ )e can readily suppose that the e5cited people/ looking at "the dreadful spectacle/" Qas the &indoo legend calls it/R sa) it taking the shapes of serpents/ dragons/ birds/ and )olves$ And &esiod proceeds to tell us so.ething .ore about this fiery/ serpent like .onster: "+ut )hen *ove had driven the %itans out fro. &eaven/ huge =arth bare her youngest born son/ %yphZus Q%yphaon/ %yphZus/ %yphonR/ by the e.brace of %artarus Q&ellR/ through golden Aphrodite Q!enusR/ )hose hands/ indeed/ are apt for deeds on the score of strength/ and untiring the feet of the strong godM and fro. his shoulders there )ere a hundred heads of a serpent/ a fierce dragon playing )ith dus-, tongues" Qtongues of fire and smo-e/R/ "and fro. the eyes in his )ondrous heads are sparkled beneath the bro)sM )hilst fro. all his heads fire was gleaming/ as he looked keenly$ ,n all his terrible heads/

too/ were voices sending forth ever, -ind of voice ineffable$ For one )hile/ indeed/ they )ould utter sounds/ so as for the gods to understand/ and at another ti.e/ again/ the voice of a loud bello)ing bull/ unta.able in force and proud in utteranceM at another ti.e/ again/ that of a lion possessing a daring spiritM at another ti.e/ again/ they )ould sound like to )helps/ )ondrous to hearM and at another/ he )ould hiss/ and the lofty .ountains resounded$
[2$ "%he &eavens/" p$ ;FG$7

1p$ 29H4 "And/ in sooth/ then )ould there have been done a deed past re.edy/ and he/ even he/ )ould have reigned over .ortals and i..ortals/ unless/ , )ot/ the sire of gods and .en had quickly observed hi.$ &arshly then he thundered/ and heavily and terribly the earth re echoed aroundM and the broad heaven above/ and the sea and strea.s of ocean/ and the abysses of earth$ +ut beneath his i..ortal feet vast &l,mpus trembled/ as the king uprose and earth groaned beneath$ And the heat from both caught the dar--colored sea/ both of the thunder and the lightning/ and fire from the monster/ the heat arising fro. the thunder stor.s/ winds/ and burning lightning$ 2nd all earth, and heaven, and sea, were boilingM and huge billo)s roared around the shores about and around/ beneath the violence of the godsM and unalla,ed 4ua-ing arose$ ?luto tre.bled/ .onarch over the dead beneathM and the %itans under %artarus/ standing about #ronus/ tre.bled also/ on account of the unceasing tumult and dreadful contention$ +ut *ove/ )hen in truth he had raised high his )rath/ and had taken his ar.s/ his thunder and lightning/ and s.oking bolt/ leaped up and s.ote hi. fro. >ly.pus/ and scorched all around the )ondrous heads of the terrible .onster$ "+ut )hen at length he had quelled it/ after having s.itten it )ith blo)s/ the .onster fell down/ la.ed/ and huge !arth groaned$ +ut the flame fro. the lightning blasted .onster flashed forth in the mountain hollows/ hidden and rugged/ )hen he )as stricken/ and much was the vast earth burnt and melted b, the boundless vapor/ like as pe)ter/ heated by the art of youths/ and by the )ell bored .elting pit/ or iron/ )hich is the hardest of .etals/ subdued in the dells of the .ountain by blaPing fire/ .elts in the sacred earth/ beneath the hands of !ulcan$ 0o/ , )ot/ was earth melted in the glare of burning fire$ %hen/ troubled in spirit/ he hurled hi. into )ide %artarus$"[27 &ere )e have a very faithful and accurate narrative of the co.ing of the co.et:
[2$ "%heogony$"7

1p$ 2D<4 +orn of Night a .onster appears/ a serpent/ huge/ terrible/ speckled/ flesh devouring$ "ith her is another co.et/ %yphaonM they beget the #hi.Nra/ that breathes resistless fire/ fierce/ huge/ s)ift$ And %yphaon/ associated )ith both these/ is the .ost dreadful .onster of all/ born of &ell and sensual sin/ a serpent/ a fierce dragon/ .any headed/ )ith dusky tongues and fire glea.ingM sending forth dreadful and appalling noises/ )hile

.ountains and fields rock )ith earthquakesM chaos has co.eM the earth/ the sea boilsM there is unceasing tu.ult and contention/ and in the .idst the .onster/ )ounded and broken up/ falls upon the earthM the earth groans under his )eight/ and there he blaPes and burns for a ti.e in the .ountain fastnesses and desert places/ .elting the earth )ith boundless vapor and glaring fire$ "e )ill find legend after legend about this %yphon he runs through the .ythologies of different nations$ And as to his siPe and his terrible po)er/ they all agree$ &e )as no earth creature$ &e .oved in the airM he reached the skies: "According to ?indar the head of %yphon reached to the stars/ his eyes darted fire/ his hands e5tended fro. the =ast to the "est/ terrible serpents )ere t)ined about the .iddle of his body/ and one hundred snakes took the place of fingers on his hands$ +et)een hi. and the gods there )as a dreadful )ar$ *upiter finally killed hi. )ith a flash of lightning/ and buried hi. under 'ount =tna$" And there/ s.oking and burning/ his great throes and )rithings/ )e are told/ still shake the earth/ and threaten .ankind: And )ith pale lips .en say/ '%o .orro)/ perchance to day/ =ncelidas .ay ariseL "' 1p$ 2D24 .$APTER I%' RAG!AR"# %&=R= is in the legends of the 0candinavians a .arvelous record of the co.ing of the #o.et$ ,t has been repeated generation after generation/ translated into all languages/ co..ented on/ criticised/ but never understood$ ,t has been regarded as a )ild/ un.eaning rhapsody of )ords/ or as a pre.onition of so.e future earth catastrophe$ +ut look at itL %he very na.e is significant$ According to ?rofessor Anderson's ety.ology of the )ord/ it .eans "the darkness of the gods"M fro. regin/ gods/ and r<-r/ darknessM but it .ay/ .ore properly/ be derived fro. the ,celandic/ :anish/ and 0)edish regn/ a rain/ and r<-/ s.oke/ or dustM and it .ay .ean the rain of dust/ for the clay ca.e first as dustM it is described in so.e ,ndian legends as ashes$ First/ there is/ as in the tradition of the :ruids/ page 29F/ ante/ the story of an age of cri.e$ %he !ala looks upon the )orld/ and/ as the "=lder =dda" tells us

%here sa) she )ade ,n the heavy strea.s/ 'en foul .urderers And perOurers/ And the. )ho others' )ives 0educe to sin$ +rothers slay brothers 0isters' children 0hed each other's blood$ 1p$ 2D;4 &ard is the )orldL 0ensual sin gro)s huge$ %here are s)ord ages/ a5e agesM 0hields are cleft in t)ainM 0tor. ages/ .urder agesM %ill the )orld falls dead/ And .en no longer spare >r pity one another$"[27 %he )orld has ripened for destructionM and "Ragnarok/" the darkness of the gods/ or the rain of dust and ashes/ co.es to co.plete the )ork$ %he )hole story is told )ith the ut.ost detail/ and )e shall see that it agrees/ in al.ost every particular/ )ith )hat reason assures us .ust have happened$ "%here are three )inters/" or years/ "during )hich great )ars rage over the )orld$" 'ankind has reached a cli.a5 of )ickedness$ :oubtless it is/ as no)/ highly civiliPed in so.e regions/ )hile still barbarian in others$ "%hen happens that )hich )ill see. a great .iracle: that the wolf devours the sun/ and this )ill see. a great loss$" %hat is/ the #o.et strikes the sun/ or approaches so close to it that it see.s to do so$ "%he other )olf devours the .oon/ and this/ too/ )ill cause great .ischief$" "e have seen that the co.ets often co.e in couples or triplets$ "%he stars shall be hurled fro. heaven$" %his refers to the blaPing d.bris of the #o.et falling to the earth$ "%hen it shall co.e to pass that the earth )ill shake so violently that trees )ill be torn up by the roots/ the
[2$ Anderson/ "Norse 'ythology/" p$ D2G$7

1p$ 2D94 .ountains )ill topple do)n/ and all bonds and fetters )ill be broken and snapped$" #haos has co.e again$ &o) closely does all this agree )ith &esiod's description of the shaking earth and the universal conflict of natureC "%he Fenris )olf gets loose$" %his/ )e shall see/ is the na.e of one of the co.ets$ "#he sea rushes over the earth/ for the 'idgard serpent )rithes in giant rage/ and seeks to gain the land$" %he 'idgard serpent is the na.e of another co.etM it strives to reach the earthM its pro5i.ity disturbs the oceans$ And then follo)s an ine5plicable piece of .ythology: "%he ship that is called Naglfar also beco.es loose$ ,t is .ade of the nails of dead .enM )herefore it is )orth )arning that/ )hen a .an dies )ith unpared nails/ he supplies a large a.ount of .aterials for the building of this ship/ )hich both gods and .en )ish .ay be finished as late as possible$ +ut in this flood Naglfar gets afloat$ %he giant &ry. is its steers.an$ "%he Fenris )olf advances )ith )ide open .outhM the upper 3aw reaches to heaven and the lower 3aw is on the earth$" %hat is to say/ the co.et e5tends fro. the earth to the sun$ "&e )ould open it still )ider had he roo.$" %hat is to say/ the space bet)een the sun and earth is not great enoughM the tail of the co.et reaches even beyond the earth$ "%ire flashes from his e,es and nostrils$" A recent )riter says: ""hen bright co.ets happen to co.e very near to the sun/ and are subOected to close observation under the 1p$ 2DD4 advantages )hich the fine telescopes of the present day afford/ a series of re.arkable changes is found to take place in their lu.inous configuration$ First/ 3ets of bright light start out from the nucleus/ and .ove through the fainter haPe of the co.a to)ard the sunM

and then these Oets are turned back)ard round the edge of the co.a/ and strea. fro. it/ behind the co.et/ until they are fashioned into a tail$"[27 "%he 'idgard serpent vo.its forth venom/ defiling all the air and the seaM he is very terrible/ and places hi.self side b, side with the wolf$" %he t)o co.ets .ove together/ like +iela's t)o frag.entsM and they give out poison the carbureted hydrogen gas revealed by the spectroscope$ ",n the .idst of this clash and din the heavens are rent in t)ain/ and the sons of 'uspelhei. co.e riding through the opening$" 'uspelhei./ according to ?rofessor Anderson/[;7 .eans the day of Oudg.ent$" 'uspel signifies an abode of fire/ peopled by fiends$ 0o that this passage .eans/ that the heavens are split open/ or appear to be/ by the great shining co.et/ or co.ets/ striking the earthM it is a )orld of fireM it is the :ay of *udg.ent$ "0urt rides first/ and before hi. and after him flames burning fire$" 0urt is a de.on associated )ith the co.etM[97 he is the sa.e as the destructive god of the =gyptian .ythology/ 0et/ )ho destroys the sun$ ,t .ay .ean the blaPing nucleus of the co.et$ "&e has a very good s)ord that shines brighter than the sun$ As they ride over +ifrost it breaks to pieces/ as has before been stated$"
[2$ "=dinburgh Revie)/" >ctober/ 283D/ p$ ;<3$ ;$ "Norse 'ythology/" p$ DFD$ 9$ ,bid$/ p$ DF8$7

1p$ 2DF4 +ifrost/ )e shall have reason to see hereafter/ )as a prolongation of land )est)ard fro. =urope/ )hich connected the +ritish ,slands )ith the island ho.e of the gods/ or the godlike race of .en$ %here are geological proofs that such a land once e5isted$ A )riter/ %ho.as +utler Gunn/ in a recent nu.ber of an =nglish publication/[27 says: "%ennyson's '!oyage of 'aeldune' is a .agnificent allegorical e5pansion of this ideaM and the laureate has also finely co..e.orated the old belief in the country of (yonnesse/ extending be,ond the bounds of #orn)all: 'A land of old upheaven fro. the abyss +y fire/ to sin- into the ab,ss againM

"here frag.ents of forgotten peoples d)elt/ And the long .ountains ended in a coast >f ever shifting sands/ and far a)ay %he phanto. circle of a .oaning sea$' "#ornish.en of the last generation used to tell stories of strange household relics picked up at the very lo) tides/ nay/ even of the quaint habitations seen fatho.s deep in the )ater$" %here are those )ho believe that these 0candinavian =ddas ca.e/ in the first instance/ fro. :ruidical +riton sources$ %he =dda .ay be interpreted to .ean that the #o.et strikes the planet )est of =urope/ and crushes do)n so.e land in that quarter/ called "the bridge of +ifrost$" %hen follo)s a .ighty battle bet)een the gods and the #o.et$ ,t can have/ of course/ but one ter.inationM but it )ill recur again and again in the legends of different nations$ ,t )as necessary that the gods/ the protectors of .ankind/ should struggle to defend the. against these strange and terrible ene.ies$ +ut their very helplessness
[2$ "All the Bear Round$"7

1p$ 2DG4 and their deaths sho) ho) i..ense )as the cala.ity )hich had befallen the )orld$ %he =dda continues: "%he sons of 'uspel direct their course to the plain )hich is called !igrid$ %hither repair also the Fenris )olf and the 'idgard serpent$" +oth the co.ets have fallen on the earth$ "%o this place have also co.e (oke" Qthe evil genius of the Norse .ythologyR "and &ry./ and )ith hi. all the Frost giants$ ,n (oke's co.pany are all the friends of &el" Qthe goddess of deathR$ "%he sons of 'uspel have then their efficient bands alone by the.selves$ %he plain !igrid is one hundred .iles QrastsR on each side$" %hat is to say/ all these evil forces/ the co.ets/ the fire/ the devil/ and death/ have taken possession of the great plain/ the heart of the civiliPed land$ %he scene is located in this spot/ because probably it )as fro. this spot the legends )ere after)ard dispersed to all the )orld$ ,t is necessary for the defenders of .ankind to rouse the.selves$ %here is no ti.e to be lost/ and/ accordingly/ )e learn

""hile these things are happening/ &ei.dal" Qhe )as the guardian of the +ifrost bridgeR "stands up/ blo)s )ith all his .ight in the GOallar horn and awa-ens all the gods/ )ho thereupon hold counsel$ >din rides to 'i.er's )ell to ask advice of 'i.er for hi.self and his folk$ "%hen quivers the ash Bgdrasil/ and all things in heaven and earth tre.ble$" %he ash Bgdrasil is the tree of lifeM the tree of the ancient tree )orshipM the tree )hich stands on the top of the pyra.id in the island birth place of the APtec raceM the tree referred to in the &indoo legends$ "%he asas" Qthe godlike .enR "and the einherOes" Qthe heroesR "ar. the.selves and speed forth to the battlefield$ >din rides firstM )ith his golden hel.et/ resplendent 1p$ 2D34 byrnie/ and his spear Gungner/ he advances against the Fenris )olf" Qthe first co.etR$ "%hor stands by his side/ but can give hi. no assistance/ for he has his hands full in his struggle )ith the 'idgard serpent" Qthe second co.etR$ "Frey encounters 0urt/ and heavy blo)s are e5changed ere Frey falls$ %he cause of his death is that he has not that good s)ord )hich he gave to 0kirner$ =ven the dog Gar./" Qanother co.etR/ "that )as bound before the Gnipa cave/ gets loose$ &e is the greatest plague$ &e contends )ith %yr/ and they kill each other$ %hor gets great reno)n by slaying the 'idgard serpent/ but retreats only nine paces )hen he falls to the earth dead/ poisoned b, the venom that the serpent blows upon him$" &e has breathed the carbureted hydrogen gasL "%he )olf s)allo)s >din/ and thus causes his deathM but !idar i..ediately turns and rushes at the )olf/ placing one foot on his nether Oa)$ [">n this foot he has the shoe/ for )hich .aterials have been gathering through all ages/ na.ely/ the strips of leather )hich .en cut off fro. the toes and heels of shoesM )herefore he )ho )ishes to render assistance to the asas .ust cast these strips a)ay$"7 %his last paragraph/ like that concerning the ship Naglfar/ is probably the interpolation of so.e later age$ %he narrative continues: ""ith one hand !idar seiPes the upper Oa) of the )olf/ and thus rends asunder his .outh$ %hus the )olf perishes$ (oke fights )ith &ei.dal/ and they kill each other$ #hereupon +urt flings fire over the earth, and burns up all the world$" %his narrative is fro. the Bounger =dda$ %he =lder =dda is to the sa.e purpose/ but there are .ore allusions to the effect of the catastrophe on the earth

%he eagle screa.s/ 2nd with pale bea- tears corpses$ $ $ $ 'ountains dash together/ 1p$ 2D84 &eroes go the )ay to &el/ And heaven is rent in t)ain$ $ $ $ 2ll men abandon their homesteads "hen the )arder of 'idgard ,n )rath slays the serpent$ #he sun grows dar-, #he earth sin-s into the sea/ %he bright stars Fro. heaven vanishM %ire rages, Heat bla5es, 2nd high flames pla, 9)ainst heaven itself" And )hat follo) thenC ,ce and cold and )inter$ For although these things co.e first in the narrative of the =dda/ yet )e are told that "before these" things/ to )it/ the cold )inters/ there occurred the )ickedness of the )orld/ and the )olves and the serpent .ade their appearance$ 0o that the events transpired in the order in )hich , have given the.$ "First there is a )inter called the Fi.bul )inter/" "%he .ighty/ the great/ the iron )inter/"[27 "':hen snow drives from. all 4uarters/ the frosts are so severe/ the )inds so keen/ there is no Ooy in the sun$ #here are three such winters in succession, without an, intervening summer$" &ere )e have the Glacial period )hich follo)ed the :rift$ %hree years of incessant )ind/ and sno)/ and intense cold$ %he =lder =dda says/ speaking of the Fenris )olf: ",t feeds on the bodies >f .en/ )hen they die %he seats of the gods It stains with red blood$"
[2$ "Norse 'ythology/" p$ DDD$7

1p$ 2DH4 %his probably refers to the iron stained red clay cast do)n by the #o.et over a large part of the earthM the "seats of the gods" .eans the ho.e of the god like race/ )hich )as

doubtless covered/ like =urope and A.erica/ )ith red clayM the )aters )hich ran fro. it .ust have been the color of blood$ "#he +unshine blac-ens ,n the su..ers thereafter/ And the )eather gro)s bad$" ,n the Bounger =dda Qp$ F3R )e are given a still .ore precise description of the ,ce age: "Replied &ar/ e5plaining/ that as soon as the strea.s/ that are called =livogs" Qthe rivers fro. under iceR/ "had ca.e so far that the veno.ous yeast" Qthe clayCR ")hich flo)ed )ith the. hardened/ as does dross that runs fro. the fire/ then it turned" QasR "into ice$ And )hen this ice stopped and flo)ed no .ore/ then gathered over it the driPPling rain that arose fro. the veno." Qthe clayR/ "and froPe into ri.e" QiceR/ "and one la,er of ice was laid upon another clear into the )inungagap$" Ginungagap/ )e are told/[27 )as the na.e applied in the eleventh century by the North.en to the ocean bet)een Greenland and !inland/ or A.erica$ ,t doubtless .eant originally the )hole of the Atlantic >cean$ %he clay/ )hen it first fell/ )as probably full of che.ical ele.ents/ )hich rendered it/ and the )aters )hich filtered through it/ unfit for hu.an useM clay )aters are/ to this day/ the )orst in the )orld$ "%hen said *afnhar: 'All that part of Ginungagap that turns to the north' Qthe north AtlanticR ')as filled )ith thick and heavy ice and ri.e/ and every)here )ithin )ere driPPling rains and gusts$ +ut the south part of Ginungagap )as lighted up by the glo)ing sparks that fle) out of 'uspelhei.$'"
[2$ "Norse 'ythology/" p$ DD3$7

1p$ 2F<4 %he ice and ri.e to the north represent the age of ice and sno)$ 'uspelhei. )as the torrid country of the south/ over )hich the clouds could not yet for. in consequence of the heat Africa$ +ut it can not last forever$ %he clouds disappearM the floods find their )ay back to the oceanM nature begins to decorate once .ore the scarred and crushed face of the )orld$ +ut )here is the hu.an raceC %he "Bounger =dda" tells us: ":uring the conflagration caused by 0urt's fire/ a )o.an by the na.e of (if and a .an na.ed (ifthraser lie concealed in &od.i.er's hold/ or forest$ %he de) of the da)n serves the. for food/ and so great a race shall spring fro. the./ that their descendants shall soon spread over the )hole earth$"[27 %he "=lder =dda" says:

"(if and (ifthraser "ill lie hid ,n &od.i.er's holtM %he .orning de) %hey have for food$ Fro. the. are the races descended$" &olt is a grove/ or forest/ or holdM it )as probably a cave$ "e shall see that nearly all the legends refer to the caves in )hich .ankind escaped fro. destruction$ %his state.ent/ "Fro. the. are the races descended/" sho)s that this is not prophecy/ but historyM it refers to the past/ not to the futureM it describes not a :ay of *udg.ent to co.e/ but one that has already fallen on the hu.an fa.ily$ %)o others/ of the godlike race/ also escaped in so.e
[2$ "Norse 'ythology" p$ D;H$7

1p$ 2F24 )ay not indicatedM !idar and !ale are their na.es$ %hey/ too/ had probably taken refuge in so.e cavern$ "Neither the sea nor 0urt's fire had har.ed the./ and they d)ell on the plains of ,da/ )here Asgard was before$ %hither co.e also the sons of %hor/ 'ode/ and 'agne/ and they have 'Oolner$ #hen come 7alder and Hoder from Hel$ 'ode and 'agne are children of %horM they belong to the godlike race$ %hey/ too/ have escaped$ 'Oolner is %hor's ha..er$ +alder is the 0unM he has returned fro. the abode of death/ to )hich the co.et consigned hi.$ &oder is the Night$ All this .eans that the frag.ents and re.nants of hu.anity reasse.ble on the plain of ,da the plain of !igrid )here the battle )as fought$ %hey possess the )orks of the old civiliPation/ represented by %hor's ha..erM and the day and night once .ore return after the long .idnight blackness$ And the !ala looks again upon a rene)ed and reOuvenated )orld: "0he sees arise %he second ti.e$ Fro. the sea/ the earth/ Completel, green$

%he cascades fall/ %he eagle soars/ Fro. lofty .ounts ?ursues its prey$" ,t is once .ore the glorious/ the sun lighted )orld the )orld of flashing seas/ dancing strea.s/ and green leavesM )ith the eagle/ high above it all/ "+atting the sunny ceiling of the globe "ith his dark )ingsM" )hile "%he )ild cataracts leap in glory$" 1p$ 2F;4 "hat history/ )hat poetry/ )hat beauty/ )hat inesti.able pictures of an infinite past have lain hidden a)ay in these 0agas the despised heritage of all the blue eyed/ light haired races of the )orldL Ro.e and Greece can not parallel this .arvelous story: %he gods convene >n ,da's plains/ And talk of the po)erful 'idgard serpentM %hey call to .ind %he Fenris )olf And the ancient runes >f the .ighty >din$" "hat else can .ankind think of/ or drea. of/ or talk of for the ne5t thousand years but this a)ful/ this unparalleled cala.ity through )hich the race has passedC A long subsequent but .ost ancient and cultivated people/ )hose .e.ory has/ for us/ al.ost faded fro. the earth/ )ill thereafter e.bal. the great dra.a in legends/ .yths/ prayers/ poe.s/ and sagasM frag.ents of )hich are found to day dispersed through all literatures in all landsM so.e of the./ as )e shall see/ having found their )ay even into the very +ible revered alike of *e) and #hristian: %he =dda continues/ "%hen again %he )onderful Golden tablets Are found in the grass

,n ti.e's .orning/ %he leader of the gods And >din's race ?ossessed the.$" And )hat a find )as thatL %his poor re.nant of hu.anity discovers "the golden tablets" of the for.er 1p$ 2F94 civiliPation$ :oubtless/ the inscribed tablets/ by )hich the art of )riting survived to the raceM for )hat )ould tablets be )ithout inscriptionsC For they talk of "the ancient runes of .ighty >din/" that is/ of the runic letters/ the alphabetical )riting$ And )e shall see hereafter that this vie) is confir.ed fro. other sources$ %here follo)s a happy age: "%he fields unso)n Bield their gro)thM All ills cease$ +alder co.es$ &oder and +alder/ %hose heavenly gods/ :)ell together in >din's halls$" %he great catastrophe is past$ 'an is saved/ %he )orld is once .ore fair$ %he sun shines again in heaven$ Night and day follo) each other in endless revolution around the happy globe$ Ragnarok is past$ 1p$ 2FD4 .$APTER %' T$E ."!F&AGRATI"! "F P$A5T"! No) let us turn to the .ythology of the (atins/ as preserved in the pages of >vid/ one of the greatest of the poets of ancient Ro.e$[27 &ere )e have the burning of the )orld involved in the .yth of ?haYton/ son of ?hZbus Apollo the 0un )ho drives the chariot of his fatherM he can not control the horses of the 0un/ they run a)ay )ith hi.M they co.e so near the earth as to set it on fire/ and ?haYton is at last killed by *ove/ as he killed %yphon in the Greek legends/ to save heaven and earth fro. co.plete and co..on ruin$ %his is the story of the conflagration as treated by a civiliPed .ind/ e5plained by a .yth/ and decorated )ith the flo)ers and foliage of poetry$

"e shall see .any things in the narrative of >vid )hich strikingly confir. our theory$ ?haYton/ to prove that he is really the son of ?hZbus/ the 0un/ de.ands of his parent the right to drive his chariot for one day$ %he sun god reluctantly consents/ not )ithout .any pleadings that the infatuated and rash boy )ould give up his inconsiderate a.bition$ ?haYton persists$ %he old .an says: "=ven the ruler of vast >ly.pus/ )ho hurls the ruthless bolts )ith his terrific right hand/ can not guide
[2$ "%he 'eta.orphoses/" book 5i/ fable 2$7

1p$ 2FF4 this chariotM and yet/ )hat have )e greater than *upiterC %he first part of the road is steep/ and such as the horses/ though fresh in the .orning/ can hardly cli.b$ ,n the .iddle of the heaven it is high aloft/ )hence it is often a source of fear/ even to .yself/ to look do)n upon the sea and the earth/ and .y breast tre.bles )ith fearful apprehensions$ %he last stage is a steep descent/ and requires a sure co..and of the horses$ $ $ $ +esides/ the heavens are carried round )ith a constant rotation/ and carrying )ith the. the lofty stars/ and )hirl the. )ith rapid revolution$ Against this , have to contendM and that force )hich overco.es all other things does not overco.e .e/ and I am carried in a contrar, direction to the rapid world$" &ere )e see. to have a gli.pse of so.e higher and older learning/ .i5ed )ith the astrono.ical errors of the day: >vid supposes the rapid )orld to .ove/ revolve/ one )ay/ )hile the sun appears to .ove another$ +ut ?haYton insists on undertaking the dread task$ %he doors of Aurora are opened/ "her halls filled )ith roses"M the stars disappearM the &ours yoke the horses/ "filled )ith the 3uice of ambrosia/" the father anoints the face of his son )ith a hallo)ed drug that he .ay the better endure the great heatM the reins are handed hi./ and the fatal race begins$ ?hZbus has advised hi. not to drive too high/ or "thou )ilt set on fire the signs of the heavens" the constellationsM nor too lo)/ or he )ill consu.e the earth$ ",n the .ean ti.e the s)ift ?yroeis/ and =oXs and [thon/ the horses of the sun/ and ?hlegon/ the fourth/ fill the air )ith neighings/ sending forth fla.es/ and beat the barriers )ith their feet$ $ $ $ %hey take the road $ $ $ they cleave the resisting clouds/ and/ raised aloft by their )ings/ they pass by the east )inds that had arisen fro. the sa.e parts$ +ut the )eight" Qof ?haYtonR ")as light/ and such as the horses of the sun could not feelM and the yoke )as deficient of its )onted )eight$ $ $ $ 0oon as 1p$ 2FG4 the steeds had perceived this they rush on and leave the beaten track/ and run not in the order in )hich they did before$ &e hi.self beco.es alar.ed/ and kno)s not )hich )ay

to turn the reins intrusted to hi.M nor does he kno) )here the )ay is/ nor/ if he did kno)/ could he control the.$ %hen/ for the first ti.e/ did the cold %riones gro) )ar. )ith sunbea.s/ and atte.pt/ in vain/ to be dipped in the sea that )as forbidden to the.$ And the 0erpent/ )hich is situate ne5t to the icy pole/ being before torpid )ith cold/ and for.idable to no one/ gre) )ar./ and regained ne) rage for the heat$ And they say that thou/ +o\tes/ scoured off in a .ighty bustle/ although thou )ert but slo)/ and thy cart hindered thee$ +ut )hen fro. the height of the skies the unhappy ?haYton looked do)n upon the earth lying far/ very far beneath/ he gre) pale/ and his knees shook )ith a sudden terrorM and/ in a light so great/ darkness overspread his eyes$ And no) he could )ish that he had never touched the horses of his fatherM and no) he is sorry that he kne) his descent/ and prevailed in his requestM no) desiring to be called the son of 'erops$" ""hat can he doC $ $ $ &e is stupefiedM he neither lets go the reins/ nor is able to control the.$ ,n his fright/ too/ he sees strange obOects scattered every)here in various parts of the heavens/ and the for.s of huge )ild beasts$ %here is a spot )here the 0corpion bends his ar.s into t)o curves/ and/ )ith his tail and cla)s bending on either side/ he e5tends his li.bs through the space of t)o signs of the Podiac$ As soon as the youth beheld hi./ )et )ith the s)eat of black veno./ and threatening )ounds )ith the barbed point of his tail/ bereft of sense he let go the reins in a chill of horror$" #o.pare the course )hich >vid tells us ?haYton pursued through the constellations/ past the Great 0erpent and +o\tes/ and close to the veno.ous 0corpion/ )ith the orbit of :onati's co.et in 28F8/ as given in 0chellen's great )ork$[27
[2$ "0pectru. Analysis/" p$ 9H2$7

1p$ 2F34 --#>@R0= >F :>NA%,'0 #>'=% %he path described by >vid sho)s that the co.et ca.e fro. the north part of the heavensM and this agrees )ith )hat )e kno) of the :riftM the .arkings indicate that it ca.e fro. the north$ %he horses no) range at largeM "they go through 1p$ 2F84 the air of an unkno)n regionM $ $ $ they rush on the stars fi5ed in the sky"M they approach the earth$ "%he .oon/ too/ )onders that her brother's horses run lower than her own/ and the scorched clouds send forth s.oke/ As each region is .ost elevated it is caught b, the flames/ and cleft/ it .akes vast chasms, its moisture being carried awa,$ %he grass gro)s

paleM the trees/ )ith their foliage/ are burned up/ and the dry/ standing corn affords fuel for its o)n destruction$ +ut , a. co.plaining of trifling ills$ )reat cities perish/ together )ith their fortifications/ and the fla.es turn whole nations into ashesM )oods/ together )ith .ountains/ are on fire$ Athos burns/ and the #ilician %aurus/ and %.olus/ and ]ta/ and ,da/ no) dry but once .ost fa.ed for its springs/ and &elicon/ the resort of the virgin 'uses/ and &N.us/ not yet called ]agrian$ =tna burns intensel, with redoubled flames/ and ?arnassus/ )ith its t)o su..its/ and =ry5/ and #ynthus/ and >rthrys/ and Rhodope/ at length to be despoiled of its sno)s/ and 'i.as/ and :indy.a/ and 'ycale/ and #ithNron/ created for the sacred rites$ Nor does its cold avail even 0cythiaM #aucasus is on fire/ and >ssa )ith ?indus/ and >ly.pus/ greater than the. both/ and the lofty Alps/ and the cloud bearing Apennines$ "%hen/ indeed/ ?haYton beholds the world see on fire on all sides/ and he can not endure heat so great/ and he inhales )ith his .outh scorching air/ as though fro. a deep furnace/ and perceives his o)n chariot to be on fire$ And neither is he able no) to bear the ashes and the emitted embersM and on every side he is involved in a heated smo-e$ #overed )ith a pitch, dar-ness/ he kno)s not )hither he is going/ nor )here he is/ and is hurried a)ay at the pleasure of the )inged steeds$ %hey believe that it )as then that the nations of the =thiopians contracted their blac- hue/ the blood being attracted$ into the surface of the body$ %hen )as (ibya" Q0aharaCR ".ade dry by the heat/ the .oisture being carried offM then )ith disheveled hair the Ny.phs lamented the springs and the la-es$ +Zotia be)ails :irce/ Argos A.y.one/ and =phyre the )aters of ?irene$ Nor do rivers that 1p$ 2FH4 have banks distant re.ain secure$ %anais s.okes in the .idst of its )aters/ and the aged ?eneus and %euthrantian #a^cus and rapid ,s.enus$ $ $ $ %he +abylonian =uphrates/ too/ )as on fire/ >rontes )as in fla.es/ and the s)ift %her.odon and Ganges and ?hasis and ,ster$ Alpheus boilsM the banks of 0percheus burnM and the gold )hich %agus carries )ith its strea. .elts in the fla.es$ %he river birds/ too/ )hich .ade fa.ous the 'Nonian banks )ith song/ gre) hot in the .iddle of #a_ster$ %he Nile/ affrighted/ fled to the re.otest parts of the earth and concealed his head/ )hich still lies hidM his seven last .ouths are e.pty/ seven channels )ithout any strea.s$ %he sa.e fate dries up the ,s.arian rivers/ &ebeus together )ith 0try.on/ and the &esperian strea.s/ the Rhine/ the Rhone/ and the ?o/ and the %iber/ to )hich )as pro.ised the sovereignty of the )orld$" ,n other )ords/ according to these Ro.an traditions here poetiPed/ the heat dried up the rivers of =urope/ Asia/ and AfricaM in short/ of all the kno)n )orld$ >vid continues: "All the ground bursts asunder/ and through the chinks the light penetrates into %artarus/ and startles the infernal king )ith his spouse$"

"e have seen that during the :rift age the great clefts in the earth/ the fiords of the north of =urope and A.erica/ occurred/ and )e shall see hereafter that/ according to a #entral A.erican legend/ the red rocks boiled up through the earth at this ti.e$ "%he ocean, too, is contracted/" says >vid/ "and that )hich lately )as sea is a surface of parched sand/ and the .ountains )hich the deep sea has covered/ start up and increase the nu.ber of the scattered #yclades" Qa cluster of islands in the [gean 0ea/ surrounding :elos as though )ith a circle/ )hence their na.eRM "the fishes sink to the botto./ and the crooked dolphins do not care to raise the.selves on the surface into the air as usual$ %he bodies of sea calves float lifeless on their backs on 1p$ 2G<4 the top of the )ater$ %he story/ too/ is that even Nereus hi.self and :oris and their daughters la, hid in the heated caverns$" All this could scarcely have been i.agined/ and yet it agrees precisely )ith )hat )e can not but believe to have been the facts$ &ere )e have an e5planation of ho) that vast body of vapor )hich after)ard constituted great sno) banks and ice sheets and river torrents rose into the air$ 0cience tells us that to .ake a )orld )rapping ice sheet t)o .iles thick/ all the )aters of the ocean .ust have been evaporatedM[27 to .ake one a .ile thick )ould take one half the )aters of the globeM and here )e find this Ro.an poet/ )ho is repeating the legends of his race/ and )ho kne) nothing about a :rift age or an ,ce age/ telling us that the )ater boiled in the strea.sM that the botto. of the 'editerranean lay e5posed/ a bed of dry sandM that the fish floated dead on the surface/ or fled a)ay to the great depths of the oceanM and that even the sea gods "hid in the heated caverns$" >vid continues: "%hree ti.es had Neptune ventured )ith stern countenance to thrust his ar.s out of the )aterM three ti.es he )as unable to endure the scorching heat of the air$" %his is no doubt a re.iniscence of those hu.an beings )ho sought safety in the )ater/ retreating do)n)ard into the deep as the heat reduced its level/ occasionally lifting up their heads to breathe the torrid and tainted air$ "&o)ever/ the genial =arth/ as she was surrounded b, the sea/ a.id the )aters of the .ain" Qthe oceanRM "the springs dried up on every side )hich had hidden the.selves in the bo)els of their cavernous parent/ burnt up/ lifted up her all productive face as far as her neck/ and
[2$ "0cience and Genesis/" p$ 2;F$7

1p$ 2G24

placed her hand to her forehead/ and/ shaking all things )ith a vast trembling/ she sandown a little and retired below the spot where she is wont to be$" &ere )e are re.inded of the bridge +ifrost/ spoken of in the last chapter/ )hich/ as , have sho)n/ )as probably a prolongation of land reaching fro. Atlantis to =urope/ and )hich the Norse legends tell us sank do)n under the feet of the forces of 'uspelhei./ in the day of Ragnarok: "And thus she spoke )ith a parched voice: '> sovereign of the gods/ if thou approvest of this/ if , have deserved it/ )hy do thy lightnings lingerC (et .e/ if doo.ed to perish by the force of fire/ perish by thy fla.esM and alleviate .y .isfortune by being the author of it$ "ith difficulty/ indeed/ do , open .y .outh for these very )ords$ +ehold .y scorched hair/ and such a 4uantit, of ashes over m, e,es' Qthe :rift depositsR/ 'so much, too, over m, features$ And dost thou give this as .y reco.penseC %his as the re)ard of .y fertilit, and .y duty/ in that , endure wounds from the croo-ed plow and harrows/ and a. harassed all the year through/ in that , supply green leaves for the cattle/ and corn/ a )holeso.e food/ for .ankind/ and frankincense for yourselves$ "'+ut still/ suppose , a. deserving of destruction/ )hy have the )aves deserved thisC "hy has thy brother' QNeptuneR 'deserved itC "hy do the seas delivered to hi. by lot decrease/ and )hy do they recede still farther from the s-,/ +ut if regard neither for thy brother nor .yself influences thee/ still have consideration for thy o)n skiesM look around on either side/ see ho) each pole is smo-ingM if the fire shall inOure the./ th, palace will fall in ruins$ 0eeL Atlas hi.self is struggling/ and hardly can he bear the glo)ing heavens on his shoulders$ "',f the sea/ if the earth/ if the palace of heaven/ perish/ )e are then Ou.bled into the old chaos again$ 0ave it fro. the fla.es/ if aught still survives/ and provide for the preservation of the universe$' 1p$ 2G;4 "%hus spoke the =arthM nor/ indeed/ could she any longer endure the vapor/ nor say .ore/ and she )ithdre) her face )ithin herself/ and the caverns neighboring to the shades below$ "+ut the o.nipotent father/ having called the gods above to )itness/ and hi./ too/ )ho had given the chariot to ?haYton/ that unless he gives assistance all things )ill perish in direful ruin/ .ounts aloft to the highest e.inence/ fro. )hich he is )ont to spread the clouds over the spacious earthM and fro. )hich he .oves his thunders/ and burls the brandished lightnings$ 7ut then he had neither clouds that he could draw over the earth, nor showers that he could pour down from the s-,$" %hat is to say/ so long as the great .eteor shone in the air/ and for so.e ti.e after/ the heat )as too intense to per.it the for.ation of either clouds or rainM these could only co.e )ith coolness and condensation$

&e thundered aloud/ and darted the poised lightning fro. his right ear/ against the charioteer/ and at the sa.e .o.ent deprived hi. both of life and his seat/ and by his ruthless fires restrained the fla.es$ %he horses are affrighted/ and/ .aking a bound in the opposite direction/ they shake the yoke fro. their necks/ and disengage the.selves fro. the torn harness$ ,n one place lie the reins/ in another the a5le tree )renched fro. the pole/ in another part are the spokes of the broken )heels/ and the fragments of the chariot torn in pieces are scattered far and wide$ +ut ?haYton/ the fla.es consu.ing his ,ellow hair/ is hurled headlong/ and is borne in a long trac- through the air/ as so.eti.es a star is seen to fall from the serene s-,/ although it really has not fallen$ &i. the great =ridanus receives in a part of the )orld far distant fro. his country/ and bathes his foa.ing face$ %he Hesperian *aiads co..it his body/ s.oking fro. the three-for-ed fla.es/ to the to.b/ and inscribe these verses on the stone: '&ere is ?haYton buried/ the driver of his father's chariot/ )hich/ if he did not .anage/ still he .iscarried in a great atte.pt$' "+ut his )retched father" Qthe 0unR "had hidden his 1p$ 2G94 face overcast with bitter sorrow/ and/ if only )e can believe it/ they say that one da, passed without the sun$ %he fla.es" Qof the fires on the earthR "afforded light/ and there )as so.e advantage in that disaster$" As there )as no daily return of the sun to .ark the ti.e/ that one day of darkness )as probably of long durationM it .ay have endured for years$ %hen follo)s >vid's description of the .ourning of #ly.ene and the daughters of the 0un and the Naiads for the dead ?haYton$ #ycnus/ king of (iguria/ grieves for ?haYton until he is transfor.ed into a s)anM re.inding one of the #entral A.erican legend/ Q)hich , shall give hereafter/R )hich states that in that day all .en )ere turned into goslings or geese/ a re.iniscence/ perhaps/ of those )ho saved the.selves fro. the fire by taking refuge in the )aters of the seas: "#ycnus beco.es a ne) birdM but he trusts hi.self not to the heavens or the air/ as being .indful of the fire un3ustl, sent from thence$ &e fre4uents the pools and the wide la-es/ and/ abhorring fire/ he chooses the strea.s/ the very contrary of fla.es$ "'ean)hile/ the father of ?haYton" Qthe 0unR/ "in s4ualid garb and destitute of his co.eliness/ 3ust as he is wont to be when he suffers an eclipse of his dis-/ abhors both the light/ hi.self/ and the dayM and gives his .ind up to grief/ and adds resent.ent to his sorro)$" ,n other )ords/ the poet is no) describing the age of darkness/ )hich/ as )e have seen/ .ust have follo)ed the conflagration/ )hen the condensing vapor )rapped the )orld in a vast cloak of cloud$

%he 0un refuses to go again on his daily OourneyM Oust as )e shall see hereafter/ in the A.erican legends/ he refuses to stir until threatened or coa5ed into action$ 1p$ 2GD4 "All the deities/" says >vid/ "stand around the 0un as he says such things/ and they entreat hi./ )ith suppliant voice/ not to determine to bring dar-ness over the world$" At length they induce the enraged and bereaved father to resu.e his task$ "+ut the o.nipotent father" Q*upiterR "surveys the vast )alls of heaven/ and carefully searches that no part/ i.paired by the violence of the fire/ .ay fall into ruin$ After he has seen the. to be secure and in their o)n strength/ he e5a.ines the earth/ and the wor-s of manM yet a care for his o)n Arcadia is .ore particularly his obOect$ &e restores, too, the springs and the rivers/ that had not yet dared to flo)/ he gives grass to the earth, green leaves to the treesM and orders the inOured forests again to be green$" %he )ork of renovation has begunM the condensing .oisture rene)s the springs and rivers/ the green .antle of verdure once .ore covers the earth/ and fro. the )aste places the beaten and burned trees put forth ne) sprouts$ %he legend ends/ like Ragnarok/ in a beautiful picture of a regenerated )orld$ :ivest this poe. of the .yth of ?haYton/ and )e have a very faithful tradition of the conflagration of the )orld caused by the co.et$ %he cause of the trouble is a so.ething )hich takes place high in the heavensM it rushes through spaceM it threatens the starsM it traverses particular constellationsM it is disastrousM it has yello) hairM it is associated )ith great heatM it sets the )orld on fire it dries up the seasM its re.ains are scattered over the earthM it covers the earth )ith ashesM the sun ceases to appearM there is a ti.e )hen he is/ as it )ere/ in eclipse/ darkenedM after a )hile he returnsM verdure co.es again upon the earth/ the springs and rivers reappear/ the )orld is rene)ed$ :uring this catastrophe .an has hidden hi.self/ s)anlike/ 1p$ 2GF4 in the )atersM or the intelligent children of the earth betake the.selves to deep caverns for protection fro. the conflagration$ &o) co.pletely does all this accord/ in chronological order and in its details/ )ith the 0candinavian legendM and )ith )hat reason teaches us .ust have been the consequences to the earth if a co.et had fallen upon itL And the .ost ancient of the ancient )orld/ the nation that stood farthest back in historical ti.e/ the =gyptians/ believed that this legend of ?haYton really represented the contact of the earth )ith a co.et$

"hen 0olon/ the Greek la)giver/ visited =gypt/ si5 hundred years before the #hristian era/ he talked )ith the priests of 0ais about the :eluge of :eucalion$ , quote the follo)ing fro. ?lato Q":ialogues/" 5i/ F23/ #im0usR: "%hereupon/ one of the priests/ )ho )as of very great age/ said/ '> 0olon/ 0olon/ you &ellenes are but children/ and there is never an old .an )ho is an &ellene$' 0olon/ hearing this/ said/ '"hat do you .eanC' ', .ean to say/' he replied/ 'that in .ind you are all youngM there is no old opinion handed do)n a.ong you by ancient tradition/ nor any science )hich is hoary )ith age$ And , )ill tell you the reason of this: there have been/ and there )ill be again/ .any destructions of .ankind arising out of .any causes$ %here is a story )hich even you have preserved/ that once upon a ti.e ?haYthon/ the son of &elios/ having yoked the steeds in his father's chariot/ because he )as not able to drive the. in the path of his father/ burnt up all that )as upon the earth/ and )as hi.self destroyed by a thunder bolt$ No)/ this has the for. of a .yth/ but reall, signifies a declination of the bodies moving around the earth and in the heavens, and a great conflagration of things upon the earth recurring at long intervals of ti.e: )hen this happens/ those )ho live upon the .ountains and in dry and lofty places are .ore liable to destruction than those )ho d)ell by rivers or on the sea shore$"' 1p$ 2GG4 .$APTER %I' "T$ER &EGE! * "F T$E ."!F&AGRATI"!' %&= first of these/ and the .ost re.arkable of all/ is the legend of one of the #entral A.erican nations/ preserved not by tradition alone/ but co..itted to )riting at so.e ti.e in the re.ote past$ ,n the "#ode5 #hi.alpopoca/" one of the sacred books of the %oltecs/ the author/ speaking of the destruction )hich took place by fire/ says: "%he third sun" Qor eraR "is called >uia-#onatiuh/ sun of rain/ because there fell a rain of fire6 all which existed burned6 and there fell a rain of gravel$" "%hey also narrate that )hile the sandstone/ )hich )e no) see scattered about/ and the tet5ontli Qam,gdaloide poreuse trap or basaltic rocksR/ 'boiled with great tumult/ there also rose the rocks of ver.ilion color$'" %hat is to say/ the basaltic and red trap rocks burst through the great cracks .ade/ at that ti.e/ in the surface of the disturbed earth$ "No)/ this )as in the year Ce #ecpatl/ >ne %lint/ it )as the day *ahui->uiahuitl/ Fourth Rain$ No)/ in this day/ in )hich .en )ere lost and destroyed in a rain of fire/ they were transformed into goslingsM the sun itself was on fire/ and everything/ together )ith the houses/ )as consu.ed$"[27

[2$ "%he North A.ericans of Antiquity/" p$ DHH$7

1p$ 2G34 &ere )e have the )hole story told in little: "Fire fell fro. heaven/" the co.etM "the sun itself )as on fire"M the co.et reached to/ or appeared to reach to/ the sunM or its head had fallen into the sunM or the terrible obOect .ay have been .istaken for the sun on fire$ "#here was a rain of gravel" the :rift fell fro. the co.et$ %here is also so.e allusion to the sandstones scattered aboutM and )e have another reference to the great breaks in the earth's crust/ caused either by the shock of contact )ith the co.et/ or the electrical disturbances of the ti.eM and )e are told that the trap rocks/ and rocks of ver.ilion color/ boiled up to the surface )ith great tu.ult$ 'ankind )as destroyed/ e5cept such as fled into the seas and lakes/ and there plunged into the )ater/ and lived like "goslings$" #an any one suppose that this pri.itive people invented all thisC And if they did/ ho) co.es it that their invention agreed so e5actly )ith the traditions of all the rest of .ankindM and )ith the revelations of science as to the relations bet)een the trap rocks and the gravel/ as to ti.e at leastC "e turn no) to the legends of a different race/ in a different stage of cultivation the barbarian ,ndians of #alifornia and Nevada$ ,t is a curious and )onderful story: "%he natives in the vicinity of (ake %ahoe ascribe its origin to a great natural convulsion$ %here )as a ti.e/ they say/ )hen their tribe possessed the )hole earth/ and )ere strong nu.erous/ and richM but a day ca.e in )hich a people rose up stronger than they/ and defeated and enslaved the.$ After)ard the Great 0pirit sent an i..ense )ave across the continent fro. the sea/ and this )ave ingulfed both the oppressors and the oppressed/ all but a very s.all re.nant$ %hen the task .asters .ade the re.aining people raise up a great te.ple/ so that 1p$ 2G84 they/ of the ruling caste/ should have a refuge in case of another flood/ and on the top of this te.ple the .asters )orshiped a colu.n of perpetual fire$" ,t )ould be natural to suppose that this )as the great deluge to )hich all the legends of .ankind refer/ and )hich , have supposed/ else)here/ to refer to the destruction of "Atlantis"M but it .ust be re.e.bered that both east and )est of the Atlantic the traditions of .ankind refer to several deluges to a series of catastrophes occurring at ti.es far apart$ ,t .ay be that the legend of the %o)er of +abel refers to an event far anterior in ti.e even to the deluge of Noah or :eucalionM or it .ay be/ as often happens/ that the chronology of this legend has been inverted$ %he %ahoe legend continues:

"&alf a .oon had not elapsed/ ho)ever/ before the earth )as again troubled/ this ti.e )ith strong convulsions and thunderings/ upon )hich the .asters took refuge in their great to)er/ closing the people out$ %he poor slaves fled to the &u.boldt River/ and/ getting into canoes/ paddled for life from the awful sight behind themM for the land )as tossing like a troubled sea/ and casting up fire/ s.oke/ and ashes$ #he flames went up to the ver, heavens, and melted man, stars/ 0> %&A% %&=B RA,N=: :>"N ,N '>(%=N '=%A( @?>N %&= =AR%&/ for.ing the ore" [goldC7 "that )hite .en seek$ %he 0ierra )as .ounded up fro. the boso. of the earthM )hile the place )here the great fort stood sank/ leaving only the do.e on the top e5posed above the )aters of (ake %ahoe$ %he in.ates of the te.ple to)er clung to this do.e to save the.selves fro. dro)ningM but the Great 0pirit )alked upon the )aters in his )rath/ and took the oppressors one by one/ li-e pebbles/ and thre) the. far into the recesses of a great cavern on the east side of the lake/ called to this day the 0pirit (odge/ )here the )aters shut the. in$ %here .ust they re.ain till the last great volcanic burning/ )hich is to overturn the 1p$ 2GH4 )hole earth/ is to again set the. free$ ,n the depths of cavern prison they .ay still be heard/ )ailing and their cave/ .oaning/ )hen the sno)s .elt and the )aters s)ell in the lake$"[27 &ere )e have the usual .ingling of fact and .yth$ %he legend describes accurately/ no doubt/ the a)ful appearance of the tossing earth and the falling fire and d.brisM the people flying to rivers and taking shelter in the cavesR and so.e of the. closed up in the caves for ever$ %he legend/ as is usual/ acco..odates itself to the geography and topography of the country in )hich the narrators live$ ,n the APtec creation .yths/ as preserved by the Fray Andres de >l.os/ and taken do)n by hi. fro. the lips of those )ho narrated the APtec traditions to hi./ )e have an account of the destruction of .ankind by the sun/ )hich reads as follo)s: %he sun had risen indeed/ and with the glor, of the cruel fire about him/ that not even the eyes of the gods could endureM but he .oved not$ %here he lay on the horiPonM and )hen the deities sent %lotli/ their .essenger/ to hi./ )ith orders that he should go on upon his )ay/ his o.inous ans)er )as that he )ould never leave that place till he had destro,ed and put an end to them all$ %hen a great fear fell upon so.e/ )hile others )ere .oved only to angerM and a.ong the others )as one #itli/ )ho i..ediately strung his bo) and advanced against the glittering ene.y$ +y quickly lo)ering his head the sun avoided the first arro) shot at hi.M but the second and third had attained his body in quick succession/ )hen/ filled )ith fury/ he seiPed the last and launched it back upon his assailant$ And the brave #itli laid shaft to string never .ore/ for the arro) of the sun pierced his forehead$ %hen all )as dis.ay in the asse.bly of the gods/ and despair filled their hearts/ for they sa) that

[2$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ 8H$7

23< %&= (=G=N:0$ they could not prevail against the shining oneM and they agreed to die/ and to cut the.selves open through the breast$ $ Iololt )as appointed .inister/ and he killed his co.panions one by one/ and last of all he sle) hi.self also$ $ $ $ ,..ediately after the death of the gods/ the sun began his .otion in the heavensM and a .an called %ecuPistecatl/ or %ePcociPtecatl/ )ho/ )hen NanahuatPin leaped into the fire/ had retired into a cave/ no) e.erged fro. his conceal.ent as the .oon$ >thers say that instead of going into a cave/ this %ecuPistecatl had leaped into the fire after NanahuatPin/ but that the heat of the fire being so.e)hat abated he had co.e out less brilliant than the sun$ 0till another variation is that the sun and .oon ca.e out equally bright/ but this not see.ing good to the gods/ one of the. took a rabbit by the heels and slung it into the face of the .oon/ di..ing its luster )ith a blotch )hose .ark .ay be seen to this day$"[27 &ere )e have the sa.e %itanic battle bet)een the gods/ the godlike .en of old "the old ones" and the #o.et/ )hich appears in the Norse legends/ )hen >din/ %hor/ ?rey/ %yr/ and &ei.dal boldly .arch out to encounter the #o.et and fall dead/ like #itli/ before the )eapons or the poisonous breath of the .onster$ ,n the sa.e )ay )e see in &esiod the great *ove/ rising high on >ly.pus and s.iting %yphaon )ith his lightnings$ And )e shall see this idea of a conflict bet)een the gods and the great de.on occurring all through the legends$ And it .ay be that the three arro)s of this A.erican story represent the three co.ets spoken of in &esiod/ and the Fenris )olf/ 'idgard serpent/ and 0urt or Gar. of the Goths: the first arro) did not strike the sunM the second and the third "attained its body/" and then the enraged sun launched the last arro) back at #itli/ at the earthM and thereupon despair filled the people/ and they prepared to die$
[2$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ G;$7

1p$ 2324 %he Avesta/ the sacred book of the ancient ?ersians/ )ritten in the Kend dialect/ tells the sa.e story$ , have already given one version of it: Ahura 'aPda is the good god/ the kind creator of life and gro)thM he sent the sun/ the fertiliPing rain$ &e created for the ancestors of the ?ersians a beautiful land/ a paradise/ a )ar. and fertile country$ +ut Ahri.an/ the genius of evil/ created APhidahaka/ "the biting sna-e of winter$" "&e had triple Oa)s/ three heads/ si5 eyes/ the strength of a thousand beings$" &e brings ruin and )inter on the fair land$ %hen co.es a .ighty hero/ %hraetaona/ )ho kills the snake and rescues the land$[27 ,n the ?ersian legends )e have Feridun/ the hero of the 0hah Na.eh$ %here is a serpent king called Kohak/ )ho has co..itted dreadful cri.es/ assisted by a de.on called ,blis$ As his re)ard/ ,blis asked per.ission to kiss the king's shoulder/ )hich )as granted$ %hen fro. the shoulder sprang t)o dreadful serpents$ ,blis told hi. that these .ust be fed every day )ith the brains of t)o children$ 0o the hu.an race )as gradually being

e5ter.inated$ %hen Feridun/ beautiful and strong/ rose up and killed the serpent king Kohak/ and delivered his country$ Kohak is the sa.e as APhidahaka in the Avesta "the biting snake of )inter$"[;7 &e is ?ythonM he is %yphaonM he is the Fenris )olfM he is the 'idgard serpent$ %he ?ersian fire )orship is based on the pri.eval recognition of the value of light and fire/ gro)ing out of this Age of :arkness and )inter$ ,n the legends of the &indoos )e read of the fight bet)een Ra.a/ the sun god Q"a )as the =gyptian god of the sunR/ and Ravana/ a giant )ho/ acco.panied by the
[2$ ?oor/ "0anskrit (iterature/" p$ 2DD$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ 2F8$7

1p$ 23;4 Rakshasas/ or de.ons/ .ade terrible ti.es in the ancient land )here the ancestors of the &indoos d)elt at that period$ &e carries a)ay the )ife of Ra.a/ 0itaM her na.e signifies "a furro)/" and see.s to refer to agriculture/ and an agricultural race inhabiting the furro)ed earth$ &e bears her struggling through the air$ Ra.a and his allies pursue hi.$ %he .onkey god/ &anu.an/ helps Ra.aM a bridge of stone/ si5ty .iles long/ is built across the deep ocean to the ,sland of (anka/ )here the great battle is fought: "#he stones which crop out through +outhern India are said to have been dropped b, the mon-e, builders1" %he ar.y crosses on the bridge/ as the forces of 'uspelhei./ in the Norse legends/ .arched over the bridge "+ifrost$" %he battle is a terrible one$ Ravana has ten heads/ and as fast as Ra.a cuts off one another gro)s in its place$ Finally/ Ra.a/ like Apollo/ fires the terrible arro) of +rah.a/ the creator/ and the .onster falls dead$ "Gods and de.ons are )atching the contest fro. the sky/ and flo)ers fall do)n in sho)ers on the victorious hero$" %he body of Ravana is consumed b, fire$ 0ita/ the furro)ed earth/ goes through the ordeal of fire/ and co.es out of it purified and redee.ed fro. all taint of the .onster RavanaM and Ra.a/ the sun/ and 0ita/ the earth/ are separated for fourteen ,earsM 0ita is hid in the dar- 3ungle/ and then they are .arried again/ and live happily together ever after$ &ere )e have the battle in the air bet)een the sun and the de.on: the earth is taken possession of by the de.onM the de.on is finally consu.ed by fire/ and perishesM the earth goes through an ordeal of fire/ a conflagrationM and for fourteen years the earth and sun do not see each otherM the earth is hid in a dark OungleM but 1p$ 2394

eventually the sun returns/ and the loving couple are again .arried/ and live happily for ever after$ %he ?hoibos Apollo of the Greek legends )as/ +yron tells us %he lord of the unerring bo)/ %he god of life and poetry and light/ %he sun in hu.an li.bs arrayed/ and bro) All radiant fro. his triu.ph in the fight$ %he shaft had Oust been shot/ the arro) bright "ith an i..ortal's vengeanceM in his eye And nostril beautiful disdain/ and .ight/ And .aOesty flash their full lightnings by/ :eveloping in that one glance the deity$" %his fight/ so .agnificently described/ )as the sun god's battle )ith ?ython/ the destroyer/ the serpent/ the dragon/ the #o.et$ "hat )as ?ython doingC &e )as "stealing the springs and fountains$" %hat is to say/ the great heat )as drying up the )ater courses of the earth$ "%he arro) bright )ith an i..ortal's vengeance/" )as the shaft )ith )hich Apollo broke the fiend to pieces and tu.bled hi. do)n to the earth/ and saved the springs and the clouds and the perishing ocean$ "hen )e turn to A.erica/ the legends tell us of the sa.e great battle bet)een good and evil/ bet)een light and darkness$ 'aniboPho/ or the Great &are Nana/ is/ in the Algonquin legends/ the "hite >ne/ the light/ the sun$ "&is foe )as the glittering prince of serpents" the #o.et$[27 A.ong the ,roquois/ according to the *esuit .issionary/ Father +rebeuf/ )ho resided a.ong the &urons in 2G;G/ there )as a legend of t)o brothers/ ,oskeba and %a)iscara/ )hich .ean/ in the >neida dialect/ the :hite &ne/ the light/ the sun/ and the $ar- &ne/ the night$
[2$ +rinton's "'yths/" p$ 28;$7

1p$ 23D4 %hey )ere t)ins/ born of a virgin .other/ )ho died in giving the. life$ %heir grand.other )as the .oon Qthe water deityR/ called 2t-aeusic/ a )ord )hich signifies "she bathes herself/" derived fro. the )ord for water$ "%he brothers quarreled/ and finally ca.e to blo)s/ the for.er using the horns of a stag/ the latter the )ild rose$ &e of the )eaker )eapon )as very naturally disco.fited and sorely )ounded$ Fleeing for life/ the blood gushed fro. hi. at every step/ and as it fell

turned into flint-stones$ %he victor returned to his grand.other in the far east/ and established his lodge on the borders of the great ocean/ )hence the sun co.es$ ,n ti.e he beca.e the father of man-ind/ and special guardian of the ,roquois$ %he earth )as at first arid and sterile/ but he destroyed the gigantic frog )hich had s)allo)ed all the )aters/ and guided the torrents into s.ooth strea.s and lakes$ %he )oods he stocked )ith ga.eM and/ having learned fro. the great tortoise )ho supports the )orld ho) to .ake fire/ taught his children/ the ,ndians/ this indispensable art$ $ $ $ 0o.eti.es they spoke of hi. as the sun/ but this is only figuratively$"[27 &ere )e have the light and darkness/ the sun and the night/ battling )ith each otherM the sun fights )ith a younger brother/ another lu.inary/ the co.etM the co.et is broken upM it flies for life/ the red blood Qthe red clayR strea.ing fro. it/ and flint-stones appearing on the earth )herever the blood Qthe clayR falls$ %he victorious sun re establishes hi.self in the east$ And then the .yth of the sun .erges into the legends concerning a great people/ )ho )ere the fathers of .ankind )ho d)elt "in the east/" on the borders of the great eastern ocean/ the Atlantic$ "%he earth )as at first arid and sterile/" covered )ith d.bris and stonesM but the returning sun/ the "hite >ne/ destroys the gigantic frog/ e.ble. of cold and )ater/ the great sno)s and ice depositsM this
[2$ +rinton's "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ 28D$7

1p$ 23F4 frog had "s)allo)ed all the )aters/" that is to say/ the falling rains had been congealed in these great sno) banks and glaciersM the sun .elts the./ and kills the frogM the )aters pour forth in deluging floodsM 'aniboPho "guides the torrents into s.ooth strea.s and lakes"M the )oods return/ and beco.e once .ore full of ani.al life$ %hen the .yth again .i5es up the sun and the sun land in the east$ Fro. this sun land/ represented as "a tortoise/" al)ays the e.ble. of an island/ the ,roquois derive the kno)ledge of "ho) to .ake fire$" %his co.ing of the .onster/ his attack upon and conquest of the sun/ his apparent s)allo)ing of that orb/ are all found represented on both sides of the Atlantic/ on the )alls of te.ples and in great earth .ounds/ in the i.age of a gigantic serpent holding a globe in its .outh$ %his long trailing obOect in the skies )as probably the origin of that pri.eval serpent )orship found all over the )orld$ And hence the association of the serpent in so .any religions )ith the evil one$ ,n itself/ the serpent should no .ore represent .oral )rong than the liPard/ the crocodile/ or the frogM but the hereditary abhorrence )ith )hich he is regarded by .ankind e5tends to no other created thing$ &e is the i.age of the great destroyer/ the )ronger/ the ene.y$ (et us turn to another legend$ An ancient authority[27 gives the follo)ing legend of the %upi ,ndians of +raPil:

"'onau/ )ithout beginning or end/ author of all that is/ seeing the ingratitude of .en/ and their conte.pt for hi. )ho had .ade the. thus Ooyous/ )ithdre) fro. the./ and sent upon the. tata/ the divine fire, which burned all that was on the surface of the earth$ &e
[2$ "@ne F`te +rVsilienne cVlVbrV a Rouen en 2FF</" par '$ Ferdinand :enis/ p$ 8;$7

1p$ 23G4 s)ept about the fire in such a )ay that in places he raised mountains, and in others dug valle,s$ >f all .en one alone/ ,rin 'agV/ )as saved/ )ho. 'onau carried into the heaven$ &e/ seeing all things destroyed/ spoke thus to 'onau: '"ilt thou also destroy the heavens and their garnitureC AlasL henceforth )here )ill be our ho.eC "hy should , live/ since there is none other of .y kindC %hen 'onau )as so filled )ith pity that he poured a deluging rain on the earth, which 4uenched the fire/ and flo)ed on all sides/ for.ing the ocean/ )hich )e call the parana/ the great )aters$"[27 %he prayer of ,rin 'agV/ )hen he calls on God to save the garniture of the heavens/ re.inds one vividly of the prayer of the =arth in >vid$ ,t .ight be inferred that heaven .eant in the %upi legend the heavenly land/ not the skiesM this is rendered the .ore probable because )e find ,rin asking )here should he d)ell if heaven is destroyed$ %his could scarcely allude to a spiritual heaven$ And here , )ould note a singular coincidence: %he fire that fell fro. heaven )as the divine tata$ ,n =gypt the :a.e of deity )as "ta ta/" or "pta pta/" )hich signified father$ %his beca.e in the &ebre) "ya ya/" fro. )hich )e derive the root of *ah/ *ehovah$ And this )ord is found in .any languages in =urope and A.erica/ and even in our o)n/ as/ "da da/" "daddy/" father$ %he %upi "tata" )as fire fro. the supre.e father$ "ho can doubt the oneness of the hu.an race/ )hen .illions of threads of tradition and language thus cross each other through it in all directions/ like the )eb of a .ighty fabricC "e cross fro. one continent to another/ fro. the torrid part of 0outh A.erica to the froPen regions of North A.erica/ and the sa.e legend .eets us$
[2$ +rinton's "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ ;;3$7

1p$ 2334 %he %acullies of +ritish #olu.bia believe that the earth )as for.ed by a .usk rat/ )ho/ diving into the universal sea/ brought up the land in his .outh and spit it out/ until he had for.ed "quite an island/ and/ by degrees/ the )hole earth": ",n so.e une5plained )ay/ this earth beca.e after)ard peopled in every part/ and it re.ained/ until a fierce fire, of several da,s9 duration, swept over it, destro,ing all life/

)ith t)o e5ceptionsM one .an and one )o.an hid themselves in a deep cave in the heart of a mountain/ and fro. these t)o has the )orld since been repeopled$"[27 +rief as is this narrative/ it preserves the natural sequence of events: First/ the )orld is .adeM then it beco.es peopled in every partM then a fierce fire s)eeps over it for several days/ consu.ing all life/ e5cept t)o persons/ )ho save the.selves by hiding in a deep caveM and fro. these the )orld is repeopled$ &o) )onderfully does all this rese.ble the 0candinavian storyL ,t has oftenti.es been urged/ by the skeptical/ )hen legends of Noah's flood )ere found a.ong rude races/ that they had been derived fro. #hristian .issionaries$ +ut these .yths can not be accounted for in this )ayM for the .issionaries did not teach that the )orld )as once destroyed by fire/ and that a re.nant of .ankind escaped by taking refuge in a caveM although/ as )e shall see/ such a legend really appears in several places hidden in the leaves of the +ible itself$ "e leave the re.ote north and pass do)n the ?acific coast until )e encounter the @te ,ndians of #alifornia and @tah$ %his is their legend: "%he @te philosopher declares the sun to be a living personage/ and e5plains his passage across the heavens along an appointed )ay by giving an account of a fierce
[2$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ H87

1p$ 2384 personal conflict bet)een %a vi/ the sun god/ and %a )ats/ one of the supre.e gods of his .ythology$ ",n that/ long ago/ the ti.e to )hich all .ythology refers/ the sun roa.ed the earth at )ill$ :hen he came too near with his fierce heat the people were scorched, and when he hid awa, in his cave for a long time, too idle to come forth, the night was long and the earth cold$ >nce upon a ti.e %a )ats/ the hare god/ )as sitting )ith his fa.ily by the ca.p fire in the sole.n )oods/ an5iously )aiting for the return of %a vi/ the )ay)ard sun god$ "earied )ith long )atching/ the hare god fell asleep/ and the sun god ca.e so near that he scorched the naked shoulder of %a )ats$ Foreseeing the vengeance )hich )ould be thus provoked/ he fled back to his cave beneath the earth$ %a )ats a)oke in great anger/ and speedily deter.ined to go and fight the sun god$ After a long Oourney of .any adventures the hare god ca.e to the brink of the earth/ and there )atched long and patiently/ till at last the sun god co.ing out he shot an arro) at his face/ but the fierce heat consu.ed the arro) ere it had finished its intended courseM then another arro) )as sped/ but that also )as consu.edM and another/ and still another/ till only one re.ained in his quiver/ but this )as the .agical arro) that had never failed its .ark$ %a )ats/ holding it in his hand/ lifted the barb to his eye and baptiPed it in a divine tearM then the arro) )as sped and struc- the sun-god full in the face, and the sun was shivered into a thousand fragments, which fell to the earth, causing a general conflagration$ %hen %a )ats/ the hare god/ fled before the destruction he had )rought/ and as he fled the burning earth

consu.ed his feet/ consu.ed his legs/ consu.ed his body/ consu.ed his bands and his ar.s all )ere consu.ed but the head alone/ )hich bo)led across valleys and over .ountains/ fleeing destruction fro. the burning earth/ until at last/ s)ollen )ith heat/ the eyes of the god burst and the tears gushed forth in a flood which spread over the earth and extinguished the fire$ %he sun god )as no) conquered/ and he appeared before a council of the gods to a)ait sentence$ ,n that long council )ere established the days and the nights/ the seasons and the years/ )ith the length 1p$ 23H4 thereof/ and the sun )as conde.ned to travel across the fir.a.ent by the sa.e trail day after day till the end of ti.e$"[27 &ere )e have the succession of arro)s/ or co.ets/ found in the legend of the APtecs/ and here as before it is the last arro) that destroys the sun$ And here/ again/ )e have the conflagration/ the frag.ents of so.ething falling on the earth/ the long absence of the sun/ the great rains and the cold$ (et us shift the scene again$ ,n ?eru that ancient land of .ysterious civiliPation/ that brother of =gypt and +abylon/ looking out through the t)ilight of ti.e upon the silent )aters of the ?acific/ )aiting in its isolation for the )orld once .ore to co.e to it in this strange land )e find the follo)ing legend: "!re sun and moon was made/ !iracocha/ the "hite >ne/ rose fro. the boso. of (ake %iticaca/ and presided over the erection of those )ondrous cities )hose ruins still dot its islands and )estern shores/ and )hose history is totally lost in the night of ti.e$"[;7 &e constructed the sun and .oon and created the inhabitants of the earth$ %hese latter attacked hi. )ith .urderous intent Qthe co.et assailed the sunCRM but "scorning such unequal contest he .anifested his po)er by hurling the lightning on the hill sides and consuming the forests/" )hereupon the creatures he had created hu.bled the.selves before hi.$ >ne of !iracocha na.es )as 2t-achuchu$ &e civiliPed the ?eruvians/ taught the. arts and agriculture and religionM they called hi. "%he teacher of all things$" He came from the east and disappeared in the "estern >cean$ Four civiliPers follo)ed hi. )ho emerged from the cave
[2$ "?opular 0cience 'onthly/" >ctober/ 283H/ p/ 3HH$ ;$ +rinton'sM "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ 2H;$7

1p$ 28<4 ?acarin %a.pu/ the &ouse of +irth$[27 %hese four brothers )ere also called !iracochas/ white men$

&ere )e have the "hite >ne co.ing fro. the east/ hurling his lightning upon the earth and causing a conflagrationM and after)ard civiliPed .en e.erged fro. a cave$ %hey )ere )hite .enM and it is to these cave born .en that ?eru o)ed its first civiliPation$ &ere is another and a .ore a.plified version of the ?eruvian legend: %he ?eruvians believed in a god called At achuchu/ already referred to/ the creator of heaven and earth/ and the .aker of all things$ Fro. hi. ca.e the first .an/ Gua.ansuri$ %his first .ortal is .i5ed up )ith events that see. to refer to the Age of Fire$ &e descended to the earth/ and "there seduced the sister of certain Guache.ines/ rayless ones/ or :arklings"M that is to say/ certain ?o)ers of :arkness/ ")ho then possessed it$ For this cri.e they destroyed hi.$" %hat is to say/ the ?o)ers of :arkness destroyed the light$ +ut not for ever$ "%heir sister proved pregnant/ and died in her labor/ giving birth to t)o eggs/" the sun and .oon$ "Fro. these e.erged the t)o brothers/ Apocatequil and ?iguerao$" %hen follo)ed the sa.e great battle/ to )hich )e have so .any references in the legends/ and )hich al)ays ends/ as in the case of #ain and Abel/ in one brother slaughtering the other$ ,n this case/ Apocatequil ")as the .ore po)erful$ +y touching the corpse of his .other Qthe sunCR he brought her to life/ he drove off and sle) the Guache.ines Qthe ?o)ers of :arknessR/ and/ directed by
[2$ +rinton's "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ 2H9$7

1p$ 2824 2t-achuchu/ released the race of ,ndians fro. the soil by turning it up )ith a golden spade$" %hat is to say/ he dug the. out fro. the cave in )hich they )ere buried$ "For this reason they adored hi. as their .aker$ &e it )as/ they thought/ )ho produced the thunder and the lightning by hurling stones with his sling6 and the thunder bolts that fall/ said they/ are his children$ Fe) villages )ere )illing to be )ithout one or .ore of these$ %hey )ere in appearance small, round, smooth stones/ but had the ad.irable properties of securing fertility to the fields/ protecting fro. lightning/" etc$[27 , shift the scene againM or/ rather/ group together the legends of three different localities$ , quote: "%he %akahlis" Qthe %acullies already referred toR "of the North ?acific coast/ the Burucares of the +olivian #ordilleras/ and the 'bocobi of ?araguay/ each and all

attribute the destruction of the )orld to a general conflagration/ )hich s)ept over the earth/ consu.ing everything living except a few who too- refuge in a deep cave$"[;7 %he +otocudos of +raPil believed that the )orld )as once destroyed by the .oon falling upon it$ (et us shift the scene again north)ard: %here )as once/ according to the >Oib)ay legends/ a boyM the sun burned and spoiled his bird skin coatM and he s)ore that he )ould have vengeance$ &e persuaded his sister to .ake hi. a noose of her o)n hair$ &e fi5ed it Oust )here the sun )ould strike the land as it rose above the earth's diskM and/ sure enough/ he caught the sun/ and held it fast/ so that it did not rise$ "%he ani.als )ho ruled the earth )ere i..ediately put into great commotion. #he, had no light. %hey called a council to debate upon the .atter/ and to appoint
[2$ +rinton's "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ 2GF$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ ;23$7

1p$ 28;4 so.e one to go and cut the cord/ for this )as a very haPardous enterprise/ as the rays of the sun )ould burn up whoever came so near$ At last the dor.ouse undertook it/ for at this ti.e the dor.ouse )as the largest ani.al in the )orld" Qthe .astodonCRM ")hen it stood up it looked like a .ountain$ "hen it got to the place )here the sun )as snared/ its back began to smo-e and burn with the intensit, of the heat/ and the top of its carcass )as reduced to enormous heaps of ashes$ ,t succeeded/ ho)ever/ in cutting the cord )ith its teeth and freeing the sun/ but it )as reduced to ver, small si5e/ and has re.ained so ever since$" %his see.s to be a re.iniscence of the destruction of the great .a..alia$[27 %he "enor.ous heaps of ashes" .ay represent the vast deposits of clay dust$ A.ong the "yandots a story )as told/ in the seventeenth century/ of a boy )hose father )as killed and eaten by a bear/ and his .other by the Great &are$ &e )as s.all/ but of prodigious strength$ &e cli.bed a tree/ like *ack of the +ean 0talk/ until he reached heaven$ "&e set his snares for ga.e/ but )hen he got up at night to look at the. he found ever,thing on fire$ &is sister told hi. he had caught the sun una)ares/ and )hen the boy/ #hakabech/ )ent to see/ so it )as$ +ut he dared not go near enough to let hi. out$ +ut by chance he found a little .ouse/ and ble) upon her until she gre) so big" Qagain the .astodonR "that she could set the sun free/ and he )ent on his )ay$ +ut )hile he )as held in the snare/ da, failed down here on earth$"

,t )as the age of darkness[;7 %he :og Rib ,ndians/ far in the north)est of A.erica/ near the =squi.au5/ have a si.ilar story: #hakabech beco.es #hape)ee$ &e too cli.bs a tree/ but it is in pursuit
[2$ %ylor's "=arly &istory of 'ankind/" p$ 8D8$ ;$ (e *eune Q2G93R/ in "RVlations des *esuits dans la Nouvelle France/" vol$ i/ p$ FD$7

1p$ 2894 of a squirrel/ until he reaches heaven$ &e set a snare .ade of his sister's hair and caught the sun$ "#he s-, was instantl, dar-ened$ #hape)ee's fa.ily said to hi./ 'Bou .ust have done so.ething )rong )hen you )ere aloft/ for we no longer en3o, the light of da,$' ', have/' replied he/ 'but it )as unintentionally$' #hape)ee sent a nu.ber of ani.als to cut the snare/ but the intense heat reduced them all to ashes$" At last the ground .ole )orking in the earth cut the snare but lost its sight/ "and its nose and teeth have ever since been bro)n as if burnt$"[27 %he natives of 0iberia represented the .astodon as a great .ole burro)ing in the earth and casting up ridges of earth the sight of the sun killed hi.$ %hese sun catching legends date back to a ti.e )hen the races of the earth had not yet separated$ &ence )e find the sa.e story/ in al.ost the sa.e )ords/ in ?olynesia and A.erica$ 'aui is the ?olynesian god of the ancient days$ &e concluded/ as did %a )ats/ that the days )ere too short$ &e )anted the sun to slo) up/ but it )ould not$ 0o he proceeded to catch it in a noose like the >Oib)ay boy and the "yandot youth$ %he .anufacture of the noose/ )e are told/ led to the discovery of the art of rope .aking$ &e took his brothers )ith hi.M he ar.ed hi.self/ like 0a.son/ )ith a Oa) bone/ but instead of the Oa) bone of an ass/ he/ )ith .uch better taste/ selected the Oa)bone of his .istress$ 0he .ay have been a lady of fine conversational po)ers$ %hey traveled far/ like %a )ats/ even to the very edge of the place )here the sun rises$ %here he set his noose$ %he sun ca.e and put his head and fore pa)s into itM then the brothers pulled the ropes
[2$ Richardson's "Narrative of Franklin's 0econd =5pedition/" p$ ;H2$7

1p$ 28D4 tight and 'aui gave hi. a great )hipping )ith the Oa)boneM he screa.ed and roaredM they held hi. there for a long ti.e/ Qthe Age of :arkness/R and at last they let hi. goM and )eak fro. his )ounds/ Qobscured by clouds/R he cra)ls slo)ly along his path$ &ere the Oa) of the )olf Fenris/ )hich reached fro. earth to heaven/ in the 0candinavian legends/ beco.es a veritable Oa) bone )hich beats and ruins the sun$

,t is a curious fact that the sun in this ?olynesian legend is "a/ precisely the sa.e as the na.e of the god of the sun in =gypt/ )hile in &indostan the sun god is Ra .a$ ,n another ?olynesian legend )e read of a character )ho )as satisfied )ith nothing/ "even pudding )ould not content hi./" and this unconscionable fello) )orried his fa.ily out of all heart )ith his ne) )ays and ideas$ &e represents a progressive/ inventive race$ &e )as building a great house/ but the days )ere too shortM so/ like 'aui/ he deter.ined to catch the sun in nets and ropesM but the sun )ent on$ At last he succeededM he caught hi.$ %he good .an then had ti.e to finish his house/ but the sun cried and cried "until the island of 0avai )as nearly dro)ned$"[27 And these .yths of the sun being tied by a cord are/ strange to say/ found even in =urope$ %he legends tell us: ",n North Ger.any the to)ns.en of +\su. sit up in their church to)er and hold the sun by a cable all day longM taking care of it at night/ and letting it up again in the .orning$ ,n 'Reynard the Fo5/' the day is bound )ith a rope/ and its bonds only allo) it to co.e slo)ly on$ %he ?eruvian ,nca said the sun is like a tied beast/ )ho goes ever round and round/ in the sa.e track$"[;7 %hat is to say/ they recogniPed that he is not a god/ but the servant of God$
[2$ %yler's "=arly 'ankind/" p$ 9D3$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ 9F;$7

1p$ 28F4 !erily the bands that knit the races of the earth together are )onderful indeed/ and they radiate/ as , shall try to sho)/ fro. one spot of the earth's surface/ alike to ?olynesia/ =urope/ and A.erica$ (et us change the scene again to the neighborhood of the APtecs: "e are told of t)o youths/ the ancestors of the 'iPtec chiefs/ )ho separated/ each going his o)n )ay to conquer lands for hi.self: "%he braver of the t)o/ co.ing to the vicinity of %ilantongo/ ar.ed )ith buckler and bo)/ )as much vexed and oppressed b, the ardent ra,s of the sun/ )hich he took to be the lord of that district/ striving to prevent his entrance therein$ %hen the young .an strung his bo)/ and advanced his buckler before hi./ and dre) shafts fro. his quiver$ &e shot these against the great light even till the going do)n of the sa.eM then he took possession of all that land/ seeing that he had grievousl, wounded the sun and forced hi. to hide behind the .ountains$ @pon this story is founded the lordship of all the caciques of 'iPteca/ and upon their descent fro. this .ighty archer/ their ancestor$ =ven to this day/ the chiefs of the 'iPtecs blaPon as their ar.s a plu.ed chief )ith bo) and arro)s and shield/ and the sun in front of hi. setting behind gray clouds$"[27

Are these t)o young .en/ one of )ho. attacks and inOures the sun/ the t)o )olves of the Gothic legends/ the t)o co.ets/ )ho devoured the sun and .oonC And did the 'iPtec barbarians/ in their vanity/ clai. descent fro. these .onstrous creatures of the skyC "hy not/ )hen the historical heroes of antiquity traced their pedigree back to the godsM and the rulers of ?eru/ =gypt/ and #hina pretended to be the lineal offspring of the sunC And there are not )anting those/ even in =urope/ )ho
[2$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ 39$7

1p$ 28G4 yet believe that the blood royal differs in so.e of its constituents fro. the blood of the co..on people ""hat/ )ill the aspiring blood of (ancaster 0ink in the groundC " ,n the APtec legends there )ere four ages/ or suns/ as they )ere ter.ed$ %he first ter.inated/ according to Ga.a/ in a destruction of the people of the )orld by hungerM the second ended in a destruction by )indsM in the third/ the human race was swept awa, b, fire/ and the fourth destruction )as by )ater$ And in the &indoo legends )e find the sa.e series of great cycles/ or ages: one of the 0hastas teaches that the hu.an race has been destroyed four ti.es first by )ater/ secondly by )inds/ thirdly the earth s)allo)ed the./ and lastl, fire consumed them$[27 , co.e no) to a .ost e5traordinary record: ,n the prayer of the APtecs to the great god %ePcatlipoca/ "the supre.e/ invisible god/" a prayer offered up in ti.e of pestilence/ )e have the .ost re.arkable references to the destruction of the people by stones and fire$ ,t )ould al.ost see. as if this great prayer/ noble and subli.e in its language/ )as first poured out in the very .idst of the Age of Fire/ )rung fro. the hu.an heart by the .ost appalling cala.ity that ever overtook the raceM and that it )as trans.itted fro. age to age/ as the hy.ns of the !edas and the prayers of the &ebre)s have been preserved/ for thousands of years/ do)n to our o)n ti.es/ )hen it )as carefully transcribed by a .issionary priest$ ,t is as follo)s: "> .ighty (ord/ under )hose )ing )e find defense and shelter/ thou art invisible and i.palpable/ even as night and the air$ &o) can ,/ that a. so .ean and )orthless/ dare to appear before thy .aOestyC 0tuttering
[2$ +rinton's "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ ;9;$7

1p$ 2834 and )ith rude lips , speak/ ungainly is the .anner of .y speech as one leaping a.ong furro)s/ as one advancing unevenlyM for all this , fear to raise thine anger/ and to provoke instead of appeasing theeM nevertheless/ thou )ilt do unto .e as .ay please thee$ > (ord/

thou hast held it good to forsa-e us in these da,s/ according to the counsel that thou hast as )ell in heaven as in hades/ alas for us/ in that thine anger and indignation has descended upon us in these da,sM alas in that the .any and grievous afflictions of thy )rath have overgone/ and s)allo)ed us up/ coming down even as stones, spears, and arrows upon the wretches that inhabit the earth1 this is the sore pestilence )ith )hich )e are afflicted and almost destro,ed$ > valiant and all po)erful (ord/ the co..on people are al.ost made an end of and destro,ed6 a great destruction the ruin and pestilence already .ake in this nationM and/ )hat is .ost pitiful of all/ the little children/ that are innocent and understand nothing/ only to play )ith pebbles and to heap up little mounds of earth, the, too die, bro-en and dashed to pieces as against stones and a wall a thing very pitiful and grievous to be seen/ for there re.ain of the. not even those in the cradles/ nor those that could not )alk or speak$ Ah/ (ord/ ho) all things become confounded1 of young and old and of .en and )o.en there remains neither branch nor root6 thy nation/ and thy people/ and thy )ealth/ are leveled down and destro,ed$ "> our (ord/ protector of all/ .ost valiant and .ost kind/ what is this/ "%hine anger and thine indignation/ does it glory or delight in hurling the stone, and arrow, and spear/ #he %I"! of the pestilence, made exceeding hot, is upon th, nation/ as a fire in a hut/ burning and smo-ing, leaving nothing upright or sound$ %he grinders of thy teeth/" Qthe falling stonesR/ "are e.ployed/ and thy bitter )hips upon the .iserable of thy people/ )ho have beco.e lean/ and of little substance/ even as a hollo) green cane$ Bea/ what doest thou now/ > (ord/ .ost strong/ co.passionate/ invisible/ and i.palpable/ )hose )ill all things obey/ upon )hose disposal depends the rule of the )orld/ to )ho. all are subOect/ )hat in thy divine breast 1p$ 2884 hast thou decreedC ?eradventure/ hast thou altogether forsaken thy nation and thy peopleC &ast thou verily deter.ined that it utterl, perish/ and that there be no .ore .e.ory of it in the )orld/ that the peopled place become a wooded hill, and A ",(:=RN=00 >F 0%>N=0C ?eradventure/ )ilt thou per.it that the te.ples/ and the places of prayer/ and the altars/ built for thy service/ be ra5ed and destroyed/ and no .e.ory of the. leftC ",s it/ indeed/ possible that thy )rath and punish.ent and ve5ed indignation are altogether i.placable/ and )ill go on to the end to our destructionC ,s it already fi5ed in thy divine counsel that there is to be no .ercy nor pity for us/ until the arrows of th, fur, are spent to our utter perdition and destruction/ ,s it possible that this lash and chastise.ent is not given for our correction and a.end.ent/ but only for our total destruction and obliteration6 that %&= 0@N 0&A(( N=!=R '>R= 0&,N= @?>N @0/ but that we must remain in ?=R?=%@A( :ARAN=00 and silenceM that never .ore )ilt thou look upon us )ith eyes of .ercy/ neither little nor .uchC ""ilt thou after this fashion destroy the )retched sick that can not find rest/ nor turn fro. side to side/ )hose .outh and teeth are filled with earth and scurf/ ,t is a sore thing to

tell ho) )e are all in darkness/ having none understanding nor sense to )atch for or aid one another$ "e are all as drunken/ and )ithout understanding: )ithout hope of any aid/ alread, the little children perish of hunger/ for there is none to give the. food/ nor drink/ nor consolation/ nor caressM none to give the breast to the. that suck/ for their fathers and mothers have died and left them orphans/ suffering for the sins of their fathers$" "hat a graphic picture is all this of the re.nant of a civiliPed religious race hiding in so.e deep cavern/ in darkness/ their friends slaughtered by the .illion by the falling stones/ co.ing like arro)s and spears/ and the pestilence of poisonous gasesM their food supplies scantyM they the.selves horrified/ a)e struck/ despairing/ fearing that they )ould never again see the lightM that this dreadful day )as the end of the hu.an race 1p$ 28H4 and of the )orld itselfL And one of the./ perhaps a priest/ certainly a great .an/ )rought up to eloquence/ through the darkness and the terror/ puts up this pitiful and pathetic cry to the supre.e God for .ercy/ for protection/ for deliverance fro. the a)ful visitation$ &o) )onderful to think that the priesthood of the APtecs have through ages preserved to us/ do)n to this day/ this cavern hy.n one of the .ost ancient of the utterances of the heart of .an e5tant on the earth and have preserved it long after the real .eaning of its )ords )as lost to the.L %he prayer continues "> our (ord/ all po)erful/ full of .ercy/ our refuge/ though indeed thine anger and indignation/ thine arro)s and stones/ have sorely hurt this poor people/ let it be as a father or a .other that rebukes children/ pulling their ears/ pinching their ar.s/ )hipping the. )ith nettles/ pouring chill )ater upon the./ all being done that they .ay a.end their puerility and childishness$ %hy chastise.ent and indignation have lorded and prevailed over these thy servants/ over this poor people/ even as rain falling upon the trees and the green canes/ being touched of the )ind/ drops also upon those that are belo)$ "> .ost co.passionate (ord/ thou kno)est that the co..on folk are as children/ that being )hipped they cry and sob and repent of )hat they have done$ ?eradventure/ already these poor people by reason of their chastise.ent )eep/ sigh/ bla.e/ and .ur.ur against the.selvesM in thy presence they bla.e and bear )itness against their bad deeds/ and punish the.selves therefor$ >ur (ord/ .ost co.passionate/ pitiful/ noble/ and precious/ let a ti.e be given the people to repentM let the past chastise.ent sufficeM let it end here/ to begin again if the refor. endure not$ ?ardon and overlook the sins of the peopleM cause thine anger and thy resent.ent to ceaseM repress it again )ithin thy breast that it destro, no furtherM let it rest thereM let it cease/ for of a surety none can avoid death nor escape to an,place$" 1p$ 2H<4

""e o)e tribute to deathM and all that live in the )orld are vassals thereofM this tribute shall every .an pay )ith his life$ None shall avoid fro. follo)ing death/ for it is thy .essenger )hat hour soever it .ay be sent/ hungering and thirsting al)ays to devour all that are in the )orld and so po)erful that none shall escapeM then/ indeed/ shall every .an be Oudged according to his deeds$ > .ost pitiful (ord/ at least take pity and have .ercy upon the children that are in the cradles/ upon those that can not )alk &ave .ercy also/ > (ord/ upon the poor and very .iserable/ )ho have nothing to eat/ nor to cover the.selves )ithal/ nor a place to sleep/ )ho do not kno) )hat thing a happy day is/ )hose days pass altogether in pain/ affliction/ and sadness$ %han this/ )ere it not better/ > (ord/ if thou shouldst forget to have .ercy upon the soldiers and upon the .en of )ar )ho. thou )ilt have need of so.e ti.eC +ehold/ it is better to die in )ar and go to serve food and drink in the house of the 0un/ than to die in this pestilence and descend to hades$ > .ost strong (ord/ protector of all/ lord of the earth/ governor of the )orld and universal .aster/ let the sport and satisfaction thou hast already taken in this past punish.ent sufficeM ma-e an end of this smo-e and fog of thy resent.entM 4uench also the burning and destro,ing fire of thine anger6 let serenit, come and clearness6 let the s.all birds of thy people begin to sing and" QtoR "approach the sun6 give them E@,=% "=A%&=RM so that they .ay cause their voices to reach thy highness/ and thou .ayest kno) the.$"[27 No) it .ay be doubted by so.e )hether this .ost e5traordinary supplication could have co.e do)n fro. the Glacial AgeM but it .ust be re.e.bered that it .ay have been .any ti.es repeated in the deep cavern before the terror fled fro. the souls of the desolate frag.ent of the raceM and/ once established as a religious prayer/ associated )ith such dreadful events/ )ho )ould dare to change a )ord of itC
[2$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ ;<<$7

1p$ 2H24 "ho )ould dare/ a.ong ourselves/ to alter a syllable of the "(ord's ?rayer"C =ven though #hristianity should endure for ten thousand years upon the face of the earthM even though the art of )riting )ere lost/ and civiliPation itself had perished/ it )ould pass unchanged fro. .outh to .outh and fro. generation to generation/ crystalliPed into i.perishable dia.onds of thought/ by the conservative po)er of the religious instinct$ %here can be no doubt of the authenticity of this and the other ancient prayers to %ePcatlipoca/ )hich , shall quote hereafter$ , repeat )hat &$ &$ +ancroft says/ in a foot note/ in his great )ork: "Father +ernardino de 0ahagun/ a 0panish Franciscan/ )as one of the first preachers sent to 'exico/ )here he )as .uch e.ployed in the instruction of the native youth/ )orking for the .ost part in the province of %ePcuco$ "hile there/ in the city of %epeopulco/ in the latter part of the si5teenth century/ he began the )ork/ best kno)n to us as the '&istoria General de las #osas de Nueva =spaba/' fro. )hich the above prayers have been taken$ ,t )ould be hard to i.agine a )ork of such a character constructed after a better fashion of )orking than his$ Gathering the principal natives of the to)n in )hich he carried on his labors/ he induced the. to appoint hi. a nu.ber of persons/ the .ost

learned and e5perienced in the things of )hich he proposed to )rite$ %hese learned 'e5icans being collected/ Father 0ahagun )as accusto.ed to get the. to paint do)n in their native fashion the various legends/ details of history and .ythology/ and so on/ that he )antedM at the foot of the said$ pictures these learned 'e5icans )rote out the e5planations of the sa.e in the 'e5ican tongueM and this e5planation the Father 0ahagun translated into 0panish$ %hat translation purports to be )hat )e no) read as the '&istoria General$'"[27
[2$ "%he Native Races of the ?acific 0tates/" vol$ iii/ p$ ;92$7

1p$ 2H;4 0ahagun )as a good and holy .an/ )ho )as doubtless inspired of God/ in the face of .uch opposition and .any doubts/ to perpetuate/ for the benefit of the race/ these )onderful testi.onials of .an's e5istence/ condition/ opinions/ and feelings in the last great cataclys. )hich shook the )hole )orld and nearly destroyed it$ Religions .ay perishM the na.e of the :eity .ay change )ith race and ti.e and tongueM but &e can never despise such noble/ e5alted/ eloquent appeals fro. the hearts of .illions of .en/ repeated through thousands of generations/ as these APtec prayers have been$ "hether addressed to %ePcatlipoca/ Keus/ *ove/ *ehovah/ or God/ they pass alike direct fro. the heart of the creature to the heart of the #reatorM they are of the threads that tie together .atter and spirit$ ,n conclusion/ let .e recapitulate 2$ %he original surface rocks/ underneath the :rift/ are/ )e have seen/ deco.posed and changed/ for varying depths of fro. one to one hundred feet/ by fireM they are .eta.orphosed/ and their .etallic constituents vaporiPed out of the. by heat$ ;$ >nly tre.endous heat could have lifted the )ater of the seas into clouds/ and for.ed the age of sno) and floods evidenced by the secondary :rift$ 9$ %he traditions of the follo)ing races tell us that the earth )as once s)ept by a great conflagration: a$ %he ancient +ritons/ as narrated in the .ythology of the :ruids$ b$ %he ancient Greeks/ as told by &esiod$ c$ %he ancient 0candinavians/ as appears in the !lder !dda and ?ounger !dda$ d$ %he ancient Ro.ans/ as narrated by >vid$ e$ %he ancient %oltecs of #entral A.erica/ as told in their sacred books$

1p$ 2H94 f$ %he ancient APtecs of 'e5ico/ as transcribed by Fray de >l.os$ g$ %he ancient ?ersians/ as recorded in the Kend Avesta$ h$ %he ancient &indoos/ as told in their sacred books$ i$ %he %ahoe ,ndians of #alifornia/ as appears by their living traditions$ Also by the legends of 3$ %he %upi ,ndians of +raPil$ -$ %he %acullies of +ritish A.erica$ @$ %he @te ,ndians of #alifornia and @tah$ m$ %he ?eruvians$ n$ %he Burucares of the +olivian #ordilleras$ o$ %he 'bocobi of ?araguay$ p$ %he +otocudos of +raPil$ 4$ %he >Oib)ay ,ndians of the @nited 0tates$ r$ %he "yandot ,ndians of the @nited 0tates$ s$ (astly/ the :og rib ,ndians of +ritish #olu.bia$ "e .ust concede that these legends of a )orld e.bracing conflagration represent a race re.e.brance of a great fact/ or that they are a colossal falsehood an invention of .an$ ,f the latter/ then that invention and falsehood .ust have been concocted at a ti.e )hen the ancestors of the Greeks/ Ro.ans/ &indoos/ ?ersians/ Goths/ %oltecs/ APtecs/ ?eruvians/ and the ,ndians of +raPil/ the @nited 0tates/ the )est coast of 0outh A.erica/ and the north)estern e5tre.ity of North A.erica/ and the ?olynesians/ Q)ho have kindred traditions/R all d)elt together/ as one people/ alike in language and alike in color of their hair/ eyes/ and skin$ At that ti.e/ therefore/ all the )idely separated regions/ no) inhabited by these races/ .ust have been )ithout hu.an inhabitantsM the race .ust have been a .ere handful/ and d)elling in one spot$ 1p$ 2HD4

"hat vast lapses of ti.e .ust have been required before .ankind slo)ly overflo)ed to these re.ote regions of the earth/ and changed into these various races speaking such diverse tonguesL And if )e take the ground that this universal tradition of a )orld conflagration )as an invention/ a falsehood/ then )e .ust conclude that this handful of .en/ before they dispersed/ in the very infancy of the )orld/ shared in the propagation of a prodigious lie/ and religiously perpetuated it for tens of thousands of years$ And then the question arises/ &o) did they hit upon a lie that accords so co.pletely )ith the revelations of scienceC %hey possessed no great public )orks/ in that infant age/ )hich )ould penetrate through hundreds of feet of d.bris/ and lay bare the deco.posed rocks beneathM therefore they did not .ake a theory to suit an observed fact$ And ho) did .ankind co.e to be reduced to a handfulC ,f .en gre)/ in the first instance/ out of bestial for.s/ .indless and speechless/ they )ould have propagated and covered the )orld as did the bear and the )olf$ +ut after they had passed this stage/ and had so far developed as to be hu.an in speech and brain/ so.e cause reduced the. again to a handful$ "hat )as itC 0o.ething/ say these legends/ so.e fiery obOect/ so.e blaPing beast or serpent/ )hich appeared in the heavens/ )hich filled the )orld )ith conflagrations/ and )hich destroyed the hu.an race/ e5cept a re.nant/ )ho saved the.selves in caverns or in the )aterM and fro. this seed/ this handful/ .ankind again replenished the earth/ and spread gradually to all the continents and the islands of the sea$ 1p$ 2HF4 .$APTER %II' &EGE! * "F T$E .A%E0&IFE' , &A!= sho)n that .an could only have escaped the fire/ the poisonous gases/ and the falling stones and clay dust/ by taking refuge in the )ater or in the deep caves of the earth$ And hence every)here in the ancient legends )e find the races clai.ing that they ca.e up out of the earth$ 'an )as earth born$ %he %oltecs and APtecs traced back their origin to "the seven caves$" "e have seen the ancestors of the ?eruvians e.erging fro. the pri.eval cave/ Pacarin-#ampuM and the APtec NanahuatPin taking refuge in a caveM and the ancestors of the Burucares/ the %akahlis/ and the 'bocobi of A.erica/ all biding the.selves fro. the conflagration in a caveM and )e have seen the tyrannical and cruel race of the %ahoe legend buried in a cave$ And/ passing to a far distant region/ )e find the +ungogees and ?ankhoos/ &ill tribes/ of the .ost ancient races of #hittagong/ in +ritish ,ndia/ relating that "their ancestors ca.e out of a cave in the earth/ under the guidance of a chief na.ed %landrokpah$"[27

"e read in the %oltec legends that a dreadful hurricane visited the earth in the early age/ and carried a)ay trees/ .ounds/ horses/ etc$/ and the people escaped by see-ing safet, in caves and places )here the great hurricane
[2$ #aptain (e)in/ "%he &ill %ribes of #hittagong" p$ HF/ 28GH$7

1p$ 2HG4 could not reach the.$ After a fe) days they ca.e forth "to see )hat had beco.e of the earth/ )hen they found it all populated )ith .onkeys$ All this ti.e they )ere in darkness/ )ithout the light of the sun >r the .oon/ )hich the )ind had brought the.$"[27 A North A.erican tribe/ a branch of the %inneh of +ritish A.erica/ have a legend that "the earth e5isted first in a chaotic state/ )ith only one hu.an inhabitant/ a )o.an/ who dwelt in a cave and lived on berries$" 0he .et one day a .ysterious ani.al/ like a dog/ )ho transfor.ed hi.self into a handso.e young .an/ and they beca.e the parents of a giant race$"[;7 %here see.s to be an allusion to the cave life in >vid/ )here/ detailing the events that follo)ed soon after the creation/ he says: "%hen for the first ti.e did the parched air glow with sultr, heat/ and the ice/ bound up by the )inds/ )as pendent$ %hen for the first ti.e did .en enter housesM those houses )ere caverns/ and thick shrubs/ and t)igs fastened together )ith bark$"[97 +ut it is in the legends of the NavaOo ,ndians of North A.erica that )e find the .ost co.plete account of the cave life$ ,t is as follo)s: "%he NavaOos/ living north of the ?ueblos/ say that at one ti.e all the nations/ NavaOos/ ?ueblos/ #oyoteros/ and )hite people/ lived together tinder ground/ in the heart of a .ountain/ near the river 0an *uan$ #heir food was meat, which the, had in abundance, for all -inds of game were closed up with them in their cave6 but their light )as di./ and only endured for a fe) hours each day$ %here )ere/ happily/ t)o du.b .en a.ong the NavaOos/ flute players/
[2$ "North A.ericans of Antiquity/" p$ ;9H$ ;$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ 2<F$ 9$ "%he 'eta.orphoses/" Fable ,!$7

1p$ 2H34 )ho enlivened the darkness )ith .usic$ >ne of these/ striking by chance on the roof of the li.bo )ith his flute/ brought out a hollo) sound/ upon )hich the elders of the tribe

deter.ined to bore in the direction )hence the sound ca.e$ %he flute )as then set up against the roof/ and the Raccoon sent up the tube to dig a wa, out/ but he could not$ %hen the 'oth )or. .ounted into the breach/ and bored and bored till he found hi.self suddenly on the outside of the .ountain/ and surrounded b, water$" "e shall see hereafter that/ in the early ages/ .ankind/ all over the )orld/ )as divided into tote.ic septs or fa.ilies/ bearing ani.al na.es$ ,t )as out of this fact that the fables of ani.als possessing hu.an speech arose$ "hen )e are told that the Fo5 talked to the #ro) or the "olf/ it si.ply .eans that a .an of the Fo5 tote. talked to a .an of the #ro) or "olf tote.$ And/ consequently/ )hen )e read/ in the foregoing legend/ that the Raccoon )ent up to dig a )ay out of the cave and could not/ it signifies that a .an of the Raccoon tote. .ade the atte.pt and failed/ )hile a .an of the 'oth )or. tote. succeeded$ "e shall see hereafter that these tote.ic distinctions probably represented original race or ethnic differences$ %he NavaOo legend continues: "@nder these novel circu.stances/ he/ Qthe 'oth )or./R heaped up a little .ound/ and set hi.self do)n on it to observe and ponder the situation$ A critical situation enoughL for fro. the four corners of the universe four great )hite 0)ans bore do)n upon hi./ every one )ith t)o arro)s/ one under each )ing$ %he 0)an fro. the north reached hi. first/ and/ having pierced hi. )ith t)o arro)s/ dre) the. out and e5a.ined their points/ e5clai.ing/ as the result/ '&e is of .y race$' 0o/ also/ in succession/ did all the others$ %hen they )ent a)ayM and to)ard the directions in )hich they departed/ to the north/ south/ east/ and )est/ )ere found four great arro,os/ 1p$ 2H84 by )hich all the water flowed off, leaving onl, '@:$ %he "or. no) returned to the cave/ and the Raccoon )ent up into the .ud/ sin-ing in it mid-leg deep/ as the .arks on his fur sho) to this day$ And the )ind began to rise/ s)eeping up the four great arro,os/ and the mud was dried awa,$ "#hen the men and the animals began to come up from their cave/ and their co.ing up required several days$ First ca.e the NavaOos/ and no sooner had they reached the surface than they co..enced ga.ing at patole/ their favorite ga.e$ %hen ca.e the ?ueblos and other ,ndians/ )ho crop their hair and build houses$ (astly ca.e the white people/ )ho started off at once for the rising sun/ and )ere lost sight of for .any )inters$ ""hen these nations lived under ground they all spa-e one tongueM but/ )ith the light of day and the level of earth/ ca.e .any languages$ %he earth )as at this ti.e very s.all/ and the light was 4uite as scant, as it had been down below, for there was as ,et no heaven, no sun, nor moon, nor stars$ 0o another council of the ancients )as held/ and a co..ittee of their nu.ber appointed to .anufacture these lu.inaries$"[27 &ere )e have the sa.e story:

,n an ancient age/ before the races of .en had differentiated/ a re.nant of .ankind )as driven/ by so.e great event/ into a caveM all kinds of ani.als had sought shelter in$ the sa.e placeM so.ething the :rift had closed up the .outh of the cavernM the .en subsisted on the ani.als$ At last they dug their )ay out/ to find the )orld covered )ith .ud and )ater$ Great )inds cut the .ud into deep valleys/ by )hich the )aters ran off$ %he .ud )as every)hereM gradually it dried up$ +ut outside the cave it )as nearly as dark as it )as )ithin itM the clouds covered the )orldM neither sun/ .oon/ nor stars could be seenM the earth )as very s.all/ that is/ but little of it )as above the )aste of )aters$
[2$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ 82$7

1p$ 2HH4 And here )e have the people longing for the return of the sun$ %he legend proceeds to give an account of the .aking of the sun and .oon$ %he du.b fluter/ )ho had charge of the construction of the sun/ through his clu.siness/ came near setting fire to the world$ "#he old men/ ho)ever/ either .ore lenient than Keus/ or lacking his thunder/ contented the.selves )ith forcing the offender back by puffing the s.oke of their pipes into his face$" &ere )e have the event/ )hich properly should have preceded the cave story/ brought in subsequent to it$ %he sun nearly burns up the earth/ and the earth is saved a.id the s.oke of incense fro. the pipes of the old .en the gods$ And )e are told that the increasing siPe of the earth has four ti.es rendered it necessary that the sun should be put farther back fro. the earth$ %he clearer the at.osphere/ the farther a)ay the sun has appeared$ "At night/ also/ the other du.b .an issues fro. this cave/ bearing the .oon under his ar./ and lighting up such part of the )orld as he can$ Ne5t/ the old .en set to )ork to .ake the heavens/ intending to broider in the stars in beautiful patterns of bears, birds, and such things$" %hat is to say/ a civiliPed race 'began to divide up the heavens into constellations/ to )hich they gave the na.es of the Great and (ittle +ear/ the "olf/ the 0erpent/ the :ragon/ the =agle/ the 0)an/ the #rane/ the ?eacock/ the %oucan/ the #ro)/ etc$M so.e of )hich na.es they retain a.ong ourselves to this day$ "+ut/ Oust as they had .ade a beginning/ a prairie )olf rushed in/ and/ crying out/ '"hy all this trouble and e.broideryC' scattered the pile of stars over all the floor of heaven/ Oust as they still lie$" %his iconoclastic and unNsthetical prairie )olf represents a barbarian's incapacity to see in the arrange.ent 1p$ ;<<4

of the stars any such constellations/ or/ in fact/ anything but an un.eaning Ou.ble of cinders$ And then )e learn ho) the tribes of .en separated: "%he old .en" Qthe civiliPed race/ the godsR "prepared t)o earthen tinages/ or )ater Oars/ and having decorated one )ith bright colors/ filled it )ith triflesM )hile the other )as left plain on the outside/ but filled )ithin )ith flocks and herds and riches of all kinds$ %hese Oars being covered/ and presented to the NavaOos and ?ueblos/ the for.er chose the gaudy but paltry OarM )hile the ?ueblos received the plain and rich vessel each nation sho)ing/ in its choice/ traits )hich characteriPe it to this day$" ,n the legends of the (enni (enape/ the :ela)are ,ndians/ .ankind )as once buried in the earth )ith a )olfM and they o)ed their release to the )olf/ )ho scratched a)ay the soil and dug out a .eans of escape for the .en and for hi.self$ %he Root :iggers of #alifornia )ere released in the sa.e )ay by a coyote$"[27 "%he %onka)ays/ a )ild people of %e5as/ still celebrate this early ento.b.ent of the race in a .ost curious fashion$ %hey have a grand annual dance$ >ne of the./ naked as he )as born/ is buried in the earthM the others/ clothed in )olf skins/ )alk over hi./ snuff around hi./ ho)l in lupine style/ and finally dig him up with their nails$"[;7 #o.pare this A.erican custo. )ith the religious cere.ony of an ancient ,talian tribe: "%hree thousand years ago the &irpani/ or "olves/ an ancient 0abine tribe of ,taly/ )ere )ont to collect on 'ount 0oracte/ and there go through certain rites/ in .e.ory of an oracle )hich predicted their e5tinction )hen they ceased to gain their living as )olves do/ by violence and plunder$ %herefore they dressed in )olf skins/
[2$ +rinton's "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ ;D3$ ;$ ,bid$7

1p$ ;<24 ran with bar-s and howls over burning coals/ and gna)ed )olfishly )hatever they could seiPe$"[27 All the tribes of the #reeks/ 0e.inoles/ #hocta)s/ #hickasa)s/ and NatcheP/ )ho/ according to tradition/ )ere in re.ote ti.es banded into one co..on confederacy/ unani.ously located their earliest ancestry near an artificial e.inence in the valley of the +ig +lack River/ in the NatcheP country/ )hence they pretended to have e.erged$ %his hill is an elevation of earth about half a .ile square and fifteen or t)enty feet high$ Fro. its northeast corner a )all of equal height e5tends for nearly half a .ile to the high land$ %his )as the *unne Chaha/ properly *anih wai,a/ sloping hill/ fa.ous in #hocta) story/ and )hich #aptain Gregg found they had not yet forgotten in their "estern ho.e$

"%he legend )as/ that in its center )as a cave/ the house of the 'aster of +reath$ &ere he .ade the first .en fro. the cla, around him, and, as at that time the waters covered the earth/ he raised the )all to dry the. on$ "hen the soft .ud had hardened into elastic flesh and fir. bone/ he banished the waters to their channels and beds/ and gave the dry land to his creatures$"[;7 &ere/ again/ )e have the beginnings of the present race of .en in a cave/ surrounded by clay and )ater/ )hich covered the earth/ and )e have the )ater subsiding into its channels and beds/ and the dry land appearing/ )hereupon the .en e.erged fro. the cave$ A parallel to this 0outhern legend occurs a.ong the 0i5 Nations of the North$ %hey )ith one consent looked to a .ountain near the falls of the >s)ego River/ in the 0tate of Ne) Bork/ as the locality )here their forefathers sa) the light of dayM and their na.e/ >neida/ signifies the people of the stone$
[2$ +rinton's "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ ;23$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ ;D;$7

1p$ ;<;4 %he cave of ?acarin %a.pu/ already alluded to/ the (odgings of the :a)n/ or the ?lace of +irth of the ?eruvians/ )as five leagues distant fro. #uPco/ surrounded by a sacred grove/ and inclosed )ith te.ples of great antiquity$ "Fro. its hallo)ed recesses the .ythical civiliPers/ of ?eru/ tile first of .en/ e.erged/ and in it/ during the ti.e of the flood/ the re.nants of the race escaped the fury of the )aves$"[27 "e read in the legends of >raibi/ hereafter quoted .ore fully/ that the people cli.bed up a ladder fro. a lo)er )orld to this that is/ they ascended fro. the cave in )hich they had taken refuge$ %his )as in an age of cold and darknessM there )as yet no sun or .oon$ %he natives in the neighborhood of 'ount 0hasta/ in Northern #alifornia/ have a strange legend )hich refers to the age of #aves and ,ce$ %hey say the Great 0pirit .ade 'ount 0hasta first: "7oring a hole in the s-,/" Qthe heavens cleft in t)ain of the =ddaCR "using a large stone as an auger/" Qthe fall of stones and pebblesCR "he pushed do)n snow and ice until the, reached the desired height6 then he stepped fro. cloud to cloud do)n to the great ic, pile/ and fro. it to the earth/ )here he planted the first trees by .erely putting his finger into the soil here and there$ #he sun began to melt the snow6 the snow produced water6 the water ran down the sides of the mountains/ refreshed the trees/ and .ade rivers$ %he #reator gathered the leaves that fell fro. the trees/ ble) upon the./ and they beca.e birds/" etc$[;7

%his is a representation of the end of the Glacial Age$ +ut the legends of these ,ndians of 'ount 0hasta go still further$ After narrating/ as above/ the fall of a
[2$ +alboa/ "&istoire du ?Vrou/" p$ D$ ;$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ H<$7

1p$ ;<94 stone fro. heaven/ and the for.ation of i..ense .asses of ice/ )hich subsequently .elted and for.ed rivers/ and after the #reator had .ade trees/ birds/$ and ani.als/ especially the griPPly bear/ then )e have a legend )hich re.inds us of the cave life )hich acco.panied the great catastrophe: ",ndeed/ this ani.al" Qthe griPPly bearR ")as then so large/ strong/ and cunning/ that the #reator so.e)hat feared hi./ and hollo)ed out 'ount 0hasta as a )ig)a. for hi.self/ )here he .ight reside )hile on earth in the .ost perfect security and co.fort$ 0o the s.oke )as soon to be seen curling up fro. the .ountain )here the Great 0pirit and his fa.ily lived/ and still live/ though their hearth fire is alive no longer/ no) that the )hite .an is in the land$" &ere the superior race seeks shelter in a cave on 'ount 0hasta/ and their ca.p fire is associated )ith the s.oke )hich once )ent forth out of the volcanoM )hile an inferior race/ a Neanderthal race/ d)ell in the plains at the foot of the .ountain$ "%his )as thousands of sno)s ago/ and there ca.e after this a late and severe spring ti.e/ in )hich a .e.orable stor. ble) up fro. the sea/ shaking the huge lodge" Q'ount 0hastaR "to its base$" QAnother recollection of the ,ce Age$R "%he Great 0pirit co..anded his daughter/ little .ore than an infant/ to go up and bid the )ind to be still/ cautioning her/ at the sa.e ti.e/ in his fatherly )ay/ not to put her head out into the blast/ but only to thrust out her little red ar. and .ake a sign/ before she delivered her .essage$"[27 &ere )e see. to have a re.iniscence of the cave d)ellers/ looking out at the terrible te.pest fro. their places of shelter$
[2$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ H2$7

1p$ ;<D4 %he child of the Great 0pirit e5poses herself too .uch/ is caught by the )ind and blo)n do)n the .ountain side/ )here she is found/ shivering on the sno)/ by a fa.ily of

griPPly bears$ %hese griPPly bears evidently possessed so.e hu.ane as )ell as hu.an traits: "%hey )alked then on their hind legs like .en/ and talked/ and carried clubs/ using the fore li.bs as .en use their ar.s$" %hey represent in their bear skins the rude/ fur clad race that )ere developed during the intense cold of the Glacial Age$ %he child of the Great 0pirit/ the superior race/ inter.arries )ith one of the griPPly bears/ and from this union came the race of men/ to )it/ the ,ndians$ "+ut the Great 0pirit punished the griPPly bears by depriving the. of the po)er of speech/ and of standing erect in short/ by .aking true bears of the.$ +ut no ,ndian )ill/ to this day/ kill a griPPly bear/ recogniPing as he does the tie of blood$" Again/ )e are told: "%he inhabitants of central =urope and the %eutonic races )ho ca.e late to =ngland place their .ythical heroes under ground in caves/ in vaults beneath enchanted castles/ or in mounds )hich rise up and open/ and sho) their buried inhabitants alive and busy about the avocations of earthly .en$ $ $ $ ,n 'orayshire the buried race are supposed to be under the sandhills/ as they are in so.e parts of +rittany$"[27 Associated )ith these legends )e find .any that refer to the ti.e of great cold/ and sno)/ and ice$ , give one or t)o speci.ens: ,n the story of the ,roquois/ Qsee p$ 239/ ante/R )e are told that the "hite >ne/ [the (ight >ne/ the 0un/7 after he had destroyed the .onster )ho covered the earth )ith
[2$ "Frost and Fire/" vol$ ii/ p$ 2H<$7

1p$ ;<F4 blood and stones/ then destroyed the gigantic frog$ %he frog/ a cold blooded/ .oist reptile/ )as al)ays the e.ble. of )ater and coldM it represented the great ice fields that squatted/ frog like/ on the face of the earth$ ,t had "s)allo)ed all the )aters/" says the ,roquois legendM that is/ "the )aters )ere congealed in itM and )hen it )as killed great and destructive torrents broke forth and devastated the land/ and 'aniboPho/ the "hite >ne/ the beneficent 0un/ guided these )aters into s.ooth strea.s and lakes$" %he APtecs adored the goddess of )ater under the figure of a great green frog carved fro. a single e.erald$[27 ,n the >.aha )e have the fable of "&o) the Rabbit killed the "inter/" told in the ,ndian .anner$ %he Rabbit )as probably a re.iniscence of the Great &are/ 'anaboPhoM and he/ probably/ as )e shall see/ a recollection of a great race/ )hose tote. )as the &are$ , condense the ,ndian story:

"%he Rabbit in the past ti.e .oving ca.e )here the "inter )as$ %he "inter said: 'Bou have not been here latelyM sit do)n$' %he Rabbit said he ca.e because his grand.other had altogether beaten the life out of him" Qthe fallen d.brisCR$ "%he "inter )ent hunting$ ,t )as ver, coldA there was a snow-storm$ %he Rabbit seared up a deer$ '0hoot hi./' said the Rabbit$ 'NoM , do not hunt such things as that/' said the "inter$ %hey ca.e upon so.e .en$ %hat )as the "inter's ga.e$ &e killed the .en and boiled them for supper/" Qcave cannibalis.R$ "%he Rabbit refused to eat the hu.an flesh$ %he "inter )ent hunting again$ %he Rabbit found out fro. the "inter's )ife that the thing the "inter dreaded .ost of all the )orld )as the head of a Rocky 'ountain sheep$ %he Rabbit procured one$ It was dar-$ &e thre) it suddenly at the "inter/ saying/ '@ncle/ that round thing by you is the head of a Rocky 'ountain
[2$ +rinton's "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ 28F$7

1p$ ;<G4 sheep$' %he "inter beca.e altogether dead$ >nly the )o.an re.ained$ #herefore from that time it has not been ver, cold$" >f course/ any atte.pt to interpret such a crude .yth .ust be guess )ork$ ,t sho)s/ ho)ever/ that the ,ndians believed that there )as a ti.e )hen the )inter )as .uch .ore severe than it is no)M it )as very cold and dark$ Associated )ith it is the destruction of .en and cannibalis.$ At last the Rabbit brings a round obOect/ Qthe 0unCR/ the head of a Rocky 'ountain sheep/ and the "inter looks on it/ and perishes$ =ven tropical ?eru has its legend of the Age of ,ce$ Garcilaso de la !ega/ a descendant of the ,ncas/ has preserved an ancient indigenous poe. of his nation/ )hich see.s to allude to a great event/ the breaking to frag.ents of so.e large obOect/ associated )ith ice and sno)$ :r$ +rinton translates it fro. the Euichua/ as follo)s "+eauteous princess/ (o/ thy brother 7rea-s th, vessel *ow in fragments$ Fro. the blo) co.e %hunder/ lightning/ 0trokes of lightning And thou/ princess/ %ak'st the )ater/ "ith it raineth/ And the hail/ or +now dispenseth$ !iracocha/ "orld constructor/ "orld enlivener/

%o this office %hee appointed/ %hee created$"[27

[2$ "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ 2G3$7

1p$ ;<34 +ut it .ay be asked/ &o) in such a period of terror and cala.ity as )e .ust conceive the co.et to have caused )ould .en think of finding refuge in cavesC %he ans)er is plain: either they or their ancestors had lived in caves$ #aves )ere the first shelters of unciviliPed .en$ ,t )as not necessary to fly to the caves through the rain of falling d.brisM .any )ere doubtless already in the. )hen the great )orld stor. broke/ and others naturally sought their usual d)elling places$ "%he cavern/" says +rinton/ "di.ly lingered in the .e.ories of nations$" 'an is born of the earthM he is .ade of the clay like Ada./ created ">f good red clay/ &aply fro. 'ount Aornus/ beyond s)eep >f the black eagle's )ing$" %he cave te.ples of ,ndia the oldest te.ples/ probably/ on earth are a re.iniscence of this cave life$ "e shall see hereafter that (ot and his daughters "d)elt in a cave"M and )e shall find *ob bidden a)ay in the "narro) .outhed botto.less" pit or cave$
[2$ "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ ;DD$7

1p$ ;<84 .$APTER %III' &EGE! * "F T$E AGE "F AR#!E**' A(( the cos.ogonies begin )ith an Age of :arknessM a da.p/ cold/ rainy/ dis.al ti.e$ &esiod tells us/ speaking of the beginning of things ",n truth/ then/ foremost sprung Chaos$ $ $ $ +ut fro. #haos )ere born !rebus and blac*ight6 and fro. Night again sprang forth [ther and :ay/ )ho. she bare after having conceived by union with !rebus$"

Aristophanes/ in his "Aves/" says:[27 "Chaos and *ight and blac- !rebus and )ide %artarus first existed$"[;7 >rpheus says: "%rom the beginning the gloom, night enveloped and obscured all things that )ere under the ether" Qthe cloudsR$ "%he earth )as invisible on account of the darkness/ but the light bro-e through the ether" Qthe cloudsR/ "and illu.inated the earth$" +y this po)er )ere produced the sun/ .oon/ and stars$[97 ,t is fro. 0anchoniathon that )e derive .ost of the little )e kno) of that ancient and .ysterious people/ the ?hZnicians$ &e lived before the %roOan )arM and of his )ritings but frag.ents survive quotations in the )ritings of others$
[2$ "%he %heogony$" ;$ Faber's ">rigin of ?agan ,dolatry/" vol$ i/ p$ ;FF$ 9$ #ory's "Frag.ents/" p$ ;H8$7

1p$ ;<H4 &e tells us that "%he beginning of all things )as a condensed/ )indy air/ or a breePe of thic- air/ and a chaos turbid and blac- as !rebus$ ">ut of this chaos )as generated 'ct/ )hich so.e call ,lus/" Qmud,R "but others the putrefaction of a )atery .i5ture$ And fro. this sprang all the seed of the creation/ and the generation of the universe$ $ $ $ And/ )hen the air began to send forth light/ )inds )ere produced and clouds/ and very great deflu5ions and torrents of the heavenl, waters$" "as this "thick air" the air thick )ith co.et dust/ )hich after)ard beca.e the .udC ,s this the .eaning of the "turbid chaos"C "e turn to the +abylonian legends$ +erosus )rote fro. records preserved in the te.ple of +elus at +abylon$ &e says: "%here )as a ti.e in )hich there existed nothing but dar-ness and an ab,ss of waters/ )herein resided most hideous beings/ )hich )ere produced of a t)ofold principle$" "ere these "hideous beings" the co.etsC

Fro. the "(a)s of 'enu/" of the &indoos/ )e learn that the universe e5isted at first in darkness$ "e copy the follo)ing te5t fro. the !edas: "%he 0upre.e +eing alone e5istedM afterward there was universal dar-ness6 ne5t the )atery ocean )as produced by the diffusion of virtue$" "e turn to the legends of the #hinese/ and )e find the sa.e story: %heir annals begin )ith "?)an ku/ or the Reign of #haos$"[27
[2$ "%he Ancient :ynasties of +erosus and #hina/" Rev$ %$ ?$ #ra)ford/ :$ :$/ p$ D$7

1p$ ;2<4 And )e are told by the #hinese historians that "?'an ku ca.e forth in the .idst of the great chaotic void/ and )e kno) not his originM that he kne) the rationale of heaven and earth/ and comprehended the changes of the $ar-ness and the (ight$"[27 &e "e5isted before the shining of the (ight$"[;7 &e )as "the ?rince of #haos$" "After the chaos cleared awa,/ heaven appeared first in order/ then earth/ then after they e5isted/ and the atmosphere had changed its character, man came forth$"[97 %hat is to say/ ?'an ku lived through the Age of :arkness/ during a chaotic period/ and )hile the at.osphere )as pestilential )ith the gases of the co.et$ "here did he liveC %he #hinese annals tell us: ",n the age after the chaos/ )hen heaven and earth had 3ust separated$" %hat is/ )hen the great .ass of cloud had Oust lifted fro. the earth: "Records had not yet been established or inscriptions invented$ At first even the rulers dwelt in caves and desert places/ eating ra) flesh and drinking blood$ At this fortunate Ouncture ?an ku sPe came forth/ and fro. that ti.e heaven and earth began to be heaven and earth/ .en and things to be .en and things/ and so the chaotic state passed a)ay$"[27 %his is the reOuvenation of the )orld told of in so .any legends$ And these annals tell us further of the "%en 0te.s/" being the stages of the earth's pri.eval history$

"At :u the 0i5th 0te. the :arkness and the (ight unite with in3urious effects all things beco.e solid/" QfroPenCR/ "and the $ar-ness destro,s the growth of all things$
[2$ #o.pendiu. of "ong shi 0hing 2F;G 2FH</" #ra)ford/ p$ 9$ ;$ ,bid$ 9$ ,bid$/ p$ ;$ D$ ,bid$/ p$ 9$7

1p$ ;224 "At ;ung the 0eventh 0te. the $ar-ness nips all things$" +ut the :arkness is passing a)ay: "At Bin the Ninth 0te. the (ight begins to nourish all things in the recesses below$ "(astly/ at #s5e/ all things begin to germinate$"[27 %he sa.e story is told in the "%)elve +ranches$" "2$ ;9wun-tun stands for the period of chaos, the cold midnight dar-ness$ ,t is said that )ith it all things began to ger.inate in the hidden recesses of the under )orld$" ,n the ;d Ch9i-fun-,oh "light and heat beco.e active/ and all things begin to rise in obedience to its nature$" ,n the 9d +heh-ti--uh the stars and sun probably appear/ as fro. this point the calendar begins$ ,n the Fth Chi-shii all things in a torpid state begin to co.e forth$ ,n the 8th HCen-hia all things har.oniPe/ and the present order of things is establishedM that is to say/ the effects of the catastrophe have largely passed a)ay$[;7 %he kings )ho governed before the :rift )ere called the Rulers of heaven and earthM those )ho ca.e after )ere the Rulers of .an$ "Cheu Ching-huen says: '%he Rulers of .an succeeded to the Rulers of heaven and the Rulers of earth in the govern.entM that then the atmosphere graduall, cleared awa,/ and all things sprang up togetherM that the order of ti.e )as gradually settled/ and the usages of society gradually beca.e correct and respectful$"[97 And then )e read that "the day and night had not yet been divided/" but/ after a ti.e/ "day and night )ere distinguished fro. each other$"[D7 &ere )e have the history of so.e event )hich changed
[2$ "#o.pendiu. of "ong shi 0hing 2F;G 2FH</" #ra)ford/ pp$ D/ F$

;$ ,bid$/ p$ 8$ 9$ ,bid$ D$ ,bid$/ p$ 3$7

1p$ ;2;4 the dynasties of the )orld: the heavenly kingdo. )as succeeded by a .erely hu.an oneM there )ere chaos/ cold/ and darkness/ and death to vegetationM then the light increases/ and vegetation begins once .ore to ger.inateM the at.osphere is thickM the heavens rest on the earthM day and night can not be distinguished fro. one another/ and .ankind d)ell in caves/ and live on ra) .eat and blood$ 0urely all this accords )onderfully )ith our theory$ And here )e have the sa.e story in another for.: "%he philosopher of >raibi tells us that )hen the people ascended by .eans of the .agical tree/ )hich constituted the ladder fro. the lo)er )orld to this/ they found the fir.a.ent/ the ceiling of this world, low down upon the earth the floor of this )orld$" %hat is to say/ )hen the people cli.bed up/ fro. the cave in )hich they )ere bidden/ to the surface of the earth/ the dense clouds rested on the face of the earth$ "'achito/ one of their gods/ raised the fir.a.ent on his shoulders to )here it is no) seen$ +till the world was dar-, as there was no sun, no moon, and no stars$ 0o the people .ur.ured because of the darkness and the cold$ 'achito said/ '+ring .e seven .aidens'M and they brought hi. seven .aidensM and he said/ '+ring .e seven baskets of cotton bolls'M and they brought hi. seven baskets of cotton bollsM and he taught the seven .aidens to )eave a .agical fabric fro. the cotton/ and )hen they had finished it he held it aloft/ and the breePe carried it a)ay to)ard the fir.a.ent/ and in the t)inkling of an eye it )as transfor.ed into a beautiful and full orbed .oonM and the sa.e breePe caught the re.nants of flocculent cotton/ )hich the .aidens had scattered during their )ork/ and carried the. aloft/ and they )ere transfor.ed into bright stars$ +ut still it was cold6 and the people .ur.ured again/ and 'achito said/ '+ring .e seven buffalo robes'M and they brought hi. seven buffalo robes/ and fro. the densely .atted hair of the robes he )ove another )onderful fabric/ )hich the stor. carried 1p$ ;294 a)ay into the sky/ and it )as transfor.ed into the full orbed sun$ %hen 'achito appointed ti.es and seasons/ and )ays for the heavenly bodiesM and the gods of the fir.a.ent have obeyed the inOunctions of 'achito fro. the day of their creation to the present$" d

A.ong the %hlinkeets of +ritish #olu.bia there is a legend that the Great #ro) or Raven/ Behl/ )as the creator of .ost things: " er, dar-, damp, and chaotic )as the )orld in the beginningM nothing )ith breath or body .oved there e5cept BehlM in the likeness of a raven he brooded over the mist6 his blac- winds beat down the vast confusion6 the waters went bac- before him and the dr, land appeared$ %he %hlinkeets )ere placed on the earth though ho) or )hen does not e5actly appear )hile the )orld )as still in dar-ness, and without sun, moon, or stars$"[;7 %he legend proceeds at considerable length to tell the doings of Behl$ &is uncle tried to slay hi./ and/ )hen he failed/ "he i.precated )ith a potent curse a deluge upon all the earth$ $ $ $ %he flood ca.e/ the )aters rose and roseM but Behl clothed hi.self in his bird skin/ and soared up to the heavens/ )here he stuck his beak into a cloud/ and re.ained until the )aters )ere assuaged$"[97 %his tradition re.inds us of the legend of the %hessalian #era.bos/ ")ho escaped the flood by rising into the air on )ings/ given hi. by the ny.phs$" , turn no) to the traditions of the 'iPtecs/ )ho d)elt on the outskirts of the 'e5ican =.pireM this legend )as taken by Fray Gregoria Garcia[D7 fro. a book found in a convent in #uilapa/ a little ,ndian to)n/ about a league and a half south of >aOacaM the book had been co.piled by the vicar of the convent/ "Oust as they
[2$ "?opular 0cience 'onthly/" >ctober/ 283H/ p$ 8<<$ ;$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ H8$ 9$ ,bid$/ p$ HH$ D$ ">rigen de los ,nd$/" pp$ 9;3 9;H$7

1p$ ;2D4 the.selves )ere accusto.ed to depict and to interpret it in their pri.itive scrolls": ",n the year and in the da, of obscurit, and dar-ness/" Qthe days of the dense cloudsCR/ "yea/ even before the days or the years )ere/" Qbefore the visible revolution of the sun .arked the days/ and the universal darkness and cold prevented the changes of the seasonsCR/ ")hen the )orld )as in great dar-ness and chaos/ )hen the earth )as covered )ith )ater/ and there )as nothing but mud and slime on all the face of the earth behold a god beca.e visible/ and his na.e )as the :eer/ and his surna.e )as the (ion snake$ %here appeared also a very beautiful goddess called the :eer/ and surna.ed the %iger snake$ %hese t)o gods )ere the origin and beginning of all the gods$"

%his lion snake )as probably one of the co.etsM the tiger snake )as doubtless a second co.et/ called after the tiger/ on account of its variegated/ .ottled appearance$ ,t )ill be observed they appeared before the light had returned/ %hese gods built a te.ple on a high place/ and laid out a garden/ and )aited patiently/ offering sacrifices to the higher gods/ )ounding the.selves )ith flint knives/ and "praying that it .ight see. good to the. to shape the fir.a.ent/ and lighten the dar-ness of the )orld/ and to establish the foundation of the earthM or/ rather/ to gather the )aters together so that the earth .ight appear as they had no place to rest in save only one little garden$" &ere )e have the snakes and the people confounded together$ %he earth )as after)ard .ade fit for the use of .ankind/ and at a later date there ca.e "A great deluge/ )herein perished .any of the sons and daughters that had been born to the godsM and it is said that/ )hen the deluge )as passed/ the hu.an race 1p$ ;2F4 )as restored/ as at the first/ and the 'iPtec kingdo. populated/ and the heavens and the earth established$"[27 Father :uran/ in his '0$ "&istory Antique of Ne) 0pain/" )ritten in A$ :$ 2F8F/ gives the #holula legend/ )hich co..ences: ",n the beginning/ before the light of the sun had been created/ this land )as in obscurit, and dar-ness and void of any created thing$" ,n the %oltec legends )e read of a ti.e )hen "%here )as a tre.endous hurricane that carried a)ay trees/ .ounds/ houses/ and the largest edifices/ not)ithstanding )hich .any .en and )o.en escaped/ principall, in caves/ and places )here the great hurricane could not reach the.$ A fe) days having passed/ they set out to see )hat had beco.e of the earth/ )hen they found it all populated )ith .onkeys$ All this ti.e they )ere in darkness/ without seeing the light of the sun, nor the moon, that the wind had brought them$"[;7 ,n the APtec creation .yths/ according to the accounts furnished by 'endieta/ and derived fro. Fray Andres de >l.os/ one of the earliest of the #hristian .issionaries a.ong the 'e5icans/ )e have the follo)ing legend of the "Return of the 0un": "*ow, there had been no sun in existence for man, ,ears6 so the gods being asse.bled in a place called %eotihuacan/ si5 leagues fro. 'e5ico/ and gathered at the ti.e around a great fire/ told their devotees that he of the. )ho should first cast hi.self into that/ fire should have the honor of being transfor.ed into a sun$ 0o/ one of the./ called NanahuatPin $ $ $ flung hi.self into the fire$ %hen the gods" Qthe chiefsCR "began to peer

through the gloo. in all directions for the expected light/ and to .ake bets as to )hat part of heaven$ he should
[2$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ pp$ 32 39$ ;$ "North A.ericans of Antiquity/" p$ ;9H$7

1p$ ;2G4 first appear in$ 0o.e said '&ere/' and so.e said '%here'M but )hen the sun rose they )ere all proved )rong/ for not one of the. had fi5ed upon the east$" ,n the long continued darkness they had lost all kno)ledge of the cardinal points$ %he ancient land.arks/ too/ )ere changed$ %he "?opul !uh/" the national book of the Euiches/ tells us of four ages of the )orld$ %he .an of the first age )as .ade of clayM he )as "strengthless/ inept/ )ateryM he could not .ove his head/ his face looked but one )ayM his sight )as restricted/ he could not look behind hi./" that is/ he had no kno)ledge of the pastM "he had been endo)ed )ith language/ but he had no intelligence/ so he )as consu.ed in the )ater$"[27 %hen follo)ed a higher race of .enM they filled the )orld )ith their progenyM they had intelligence/ but no moral sense"M "they forgot the &eart of &eaven$" %hey )ere destro,ed b, fire and pitch from heaven/ acco.panied by tre.endous earthquakes/ fro. )hich only a fe) escaped$ %hen follo)ed a period when all was dar-/ save the )hite light "of the .orning star sole light as yet of the pri.eval )orld" probably a volcano$ ">nce .ore are the gods in council/ in the dar-ness, in the night of a desolated universe$" %hen the people prayed to God for light/ evidently for the return of the sun: "'&ailL > #reator they cried/ '> For.erL %hou that hearest and understandest usL abandon us notL forsake us notL > God/ thou that art in heaven and on earthM > &eart of &eaven , > &eart of =arthL give us descendants, and a posterit, as long as the light endure$'" $ $ $ ,n other )ords/ let not the hu.an race cease to be$
[2$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ DG$7

1p$ ;234 ",t )as thus they spake/ living tranquilly/ invo-ing the return of the light6 waiting the rising of the sun6 )atching the star of the .orning/ precursor of the sun$ +ut no sun ca.e/ and the four .en and their descendants gre) uneasy$ '"e have no person to )atch over us/' they saidM 'nothing to guard our sy.bolsL' %hen they adopted gods of their o)n/ and

)aited$ %hey kindled fires/ for the climate was colder6 then there fell great rains and hail-storms, and put out their fires$ 0everal ti.es they .ade fires/ and several ti.es the rains and stor.s e5tinguished the.$ 'any other trials also they under)ent in %ulan/ fa.ines and such things/ and a general dampness and cold for the earth )as moist, there being ,et no sun$" All this accords )ith )hat , have sho)n )e .ight e5pect as acco.panying the close of the so called Glacial Age$ :ense clouds covered the sky/ shutting out the light of the sunM perpetual rains and stor.s fellM the )orld )as cold and da.p/ .uddy and .iserableM the people )ere )anderers/ despairing and hungry$ %hey see. to have co.e fro. an eastern land$ "e are told: "%ulan )as a .uch colder cli.ate than the happy eastern land they had left$" 'any generations see. to have gro)n up and perished under the sunless skies/ ")aiting for the return of the light"M for the "?opul !uh" tells us that "here also the language of all the fa.ilies )as confused/ so that no one of the first four .en could any longer understand the speech of the others$" %hat is to say/ separation and isolation into rude tribes had .ade their tongues unintelligible to one another$ %his sho)s that .any/ .any years it .ay be centuries .ust have elapsed before that vast volu.e of .oisture/ carried up by evaporation/ )as able to fall 1p$ ;284 back/ in sno) and rain to the land and sea/ and allo) the sun to shine through "the blanket of the dark$" 0tarvation encountered the scattered frag.ents of .ankind$ And in these sa.e Euiche legends of #entral A.erica )e are told: "%he persons of the godhead )ere enveloped in the dar-ness which enshrouded a desolated world$"[27 %hey counseled together/ and created four .en of )hite and yello) .aiPe Qthe )hite and yello) racesCR$ ,t )as still dar-6 for they had no light but the light of the .orning star$ %hey ca.e to %ulan$ And the AbbV +rasseur de +ourbourg gives further details of the Euiche legends: No)/ behold our ancients and our fathers )ere .ade lords/ and had their dawn$ +ehold )e )ill relate also the rising of the sun/ the .oon/ and the starsL Great )as their Ooy )hen they sa) the .orning star/ )hich ca.e out first/ )ith its resplendent face before the sun$ 2t last the sun itself began to co.e forthM the ani.als/ s.all and great/ )ere in OoyM they rose fro. the )ater courses and ravines/ and stood on the .ountain tops/ )ith their heads

to)ard )here the sun )as co.ing$ An innu.erable cro)d of people )ere there/ and the da)n cast light on all these people at once$ At last the face of the ground was dried b, the sunA like a .an the sun sho)ed hi.self/ and his presence )ar.ed and dried the surface of the ground$ +efore the sun appeared/ mudd, and wet )as the surface of the ground/ and it )as before the sun appeared/ and then only the sun rose like a .an$ 7ut his heat had no strength/ and he did but show when he rose6 he only re.ained like" Qan i.age inR "a .irror and it is not/ indeed/ the sa.e sun that appears no)/ they say/ in the stories$"[;7
[2$ "North A.ericans of Antiquity/" p$ ;2D$ ;$ %ylor's "=arly &istory of 'ankind/" p$ 9<8$7

1p$ ;2H4 &o) )onderfully does all this accord )ith )hat )e have sho)n )ould follo) fro. the earth's contact )ith a co.etL %he earth is )et and covered )ith .ud/ the clayM the sun is long absentM at last he returnsM he dries the .ud/ but his face is still covered )ith the re.nants of the great cloud beltM "his heat has no strength"M he sho)s hi.self only in gli.psesM he shines through the fogs like an i.age in a .irrorM he is not like the great blaPing orb )e see no)$ +ut the sun/ )hen it did appear in all its glory/ .ust have been a terrible yet )elco.e sight to those )ho had not looked upon hi. for .any years$ "e read in the legends of the %hlinkeets of +ritish #olu.bia/ after narrating that the )orld )as once "dark/ da.p/ and chaotic/" full of )ater/ )ith no sun/ .oon/ or stars/ ho) these lu.inaries )ere restored$ %he great hero god of the race/ Behl/ got hold of three .ysterious bo5es/ and/ )renching the lids off/ let out the sun/ .oon/ and stars$ ""hen he set up the blaPing light" Qof the sunR "in heaven/ the people that sa) it )ere at first afraid$ 'any hid the.selves in the .ountains/ and in the forests/ and even in the )ater/ and )ere changed into the various kinds of ani.als that frequent these places$"[27 0ays *a.es Geikie: "Nor can )e for. any proper conception of ho) long a ti.e )as needed to bring about that other change of cli.ate/ under the influence of )hich/ slo)ly and i.perceptibly/ this i..ense sheet of frost .elted a)ay fro. the lo)lands and retired to the .ountain recesses$ "e .ust allo) that long ages elapsed before the )ar.th beca.e such as to induce plants and ani.als to clothe and people the land$ &o) vast a ti.e/ also/ .ust have passed a)ay ere the )ar.th reached its cli.a5L"[;7
[2$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ 2<<$ ;$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ 28D$7

1p$ ;;<4

And all this ti.e the rain fell$ %here could be no return of the sun until all the .ass of .oisture sucked up by the co.et's heat had been condensed into )ater/ and falling on the earth had found its )ay back to the oceanM and this process had to be repeated .any ti.es$ ,t )as the age of the great pri.eval rain$ --%&= ?R,'=!A( 0%>R'$ ,n the Andes/ &u.boldt tells us of a so.e)hat si.ilar state of facts: "A thick .ist during a particular season obscures the fir.a.ent for .any .onths$ Not a planet/ not the .ost brilliant stars of the southern he.isphere #anopus/ the 1p$ ;;24 0outhern #ross/ nor the feet of #entaur are visible$ ,t is frequently al.ost i.possible to discover the position of the .oon$ ,f by chance the outlines of the sun's disk be visible during the day/ it appears devoid of rays$" 0ays #roll: ""e have seen that the accu.ulation of sno) and ice on the ground/ resulting fro. the long and cold )inters/ tended to cool the air and produce fogs/ )hich cut off the sun's rays$"[27 %he sa.e )riter says: "0no) and ice lo)er the te.perature by chilling the air and condensing the rays into thick fogs$ %he great strength of the sun's rays during su..er/ due to his nearness at that season/ )ould/ in the first place/ tend to produce an increased a.ount of evaporation$ +ut the presence of sno) clad .ountains and an icy sea )ould chill the at.osphere and condense the vapors into thick fogs$ %he thick fogs and cloudy sky )ould effectually prevent the sun's rays fro. reaching the earth/ and the sno)/ in consequence/ )ould re.ain un.elted during the entire su..er$ ,n fact/ )e have this very condition of things e5e.plified in so.e of the islands of the 0outhern >cean at the present day$ 0and)ich (and/ )hich is in the sa.e parallel of latitude as the north of 0cotland/ is covered )ith ice and sno) the entire su..erM and in the ,sland of 0outh Georgia/ )hich is in the sa.e parallel as the center of =ngland/ the perpetual sno) descends to the very sea beach$ %he follo)ing is #aptain #ook's description of this dis.al place: '"e thought it very e5traordinary/' he says/ 'that an island bet)een the latitudes of FDS and FFS should/ in the very height of su..er/ be al.ost )holly covered )ith froPen sno)/ in so.e places .any fatho.s deep$ $ $ $ %he head of the bay )as ter.inated by ice cliffs of considerable height/ pieces of )hich )ere continually breaking off/ )hich .ade a noise like cannon$ Nor )ere the interior parts of the country less horrible$ %he savage rocks raised their lofty su..its

[2$ "#li.ate and %i.e/" p$ 3F$7

1p$ ;;;4 till lost in the clouds/ and valleys )ere covered )ith see.ingly perpetual sno)$ Not a tree nor a shrub of any siPe )as to be seen$'" , return to the legends$ %he Gallino.eros of #entral #alifornia also recollect the day of darkness and the return of the sun: ",n the beginning they say there )as no light, but a thic- dar-ness covered all the earth$ 'an stu.bled blindly against .an and against the ani.als/ the birds clashed together in the air/ and confusion reigned every)here$ %he &a)k happening by chance to fly into the face of the #oyote/ there follo)ed .utual apologies/ and after)ard a long discussion on the e.ergency of the situation$ :eter.ined to .ake so.e effort to)ard abating the public evil/ the t)o set about a re.edy$ %he #oyote gathered a great heap/ of tules" QrushesR "rolled the. into a ball/ and gave it to the &a)k/ together )ith so.e pieces of flint$ Gathering all together as )ell as he could/ the &a)k fle) straight up into the sky/ )here he struck fire )ith the flints/ lit his ball of reeds/ and left it there )hirling along all in a fierce red glo) as it continues to the presentM for it is the sun$ ,n the sa.e )ay the .oon )as .ade/ but as the tules of )hich it )as constructed )ere rather da.p/ its light has al)ays been so.e)hat uncertain and feeble$"[;7 %he Algonquins believed in a )orld/ an earth/ "anterior to this of ours/ but one without light or human inhabitants$ A lake burst its bounds and sub.erged it )holly$" %his re.inds us of the "elsh legend/ and the bursting of the lake (lion Qsee page 29F/ anteR$ %he ancient )orld )as united in believing in great cycles of ti.e ter.inating in terrible catastrophes:
[2$ #aptain #ook's "0econd !oyage/" vol$ ii/ pp$ ;9; ;9FM ;$ "#li.ate and %i.e/" #roll/ pp$ G</ G2$ 9$ ?o)ers's ?o.o '0$/ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ 8G$7

1p$ ;;94 &ence arose the belief in =pochs of Nature/ elaborated by ancient philosophers into the #ycles of the 0toics/ the great :ays of +rah./ long periods of ti.e rounding off by s)eeping destructions/ the #ataclys.s and =kpyrauses of the universe$ 0o.e thought in these all things perished/ others that a fe) survived$ $ $ $ For instance/ =pietetus favors the opinion that at the solstices of the great year not only all hu.an beings/ but even the

gods/ are annihilatedM and speculates )hether at such ti.es *ove feels lonely$[27 'acrobius/ so far fro. agreeing )ith hi./ e5plains the great antiquity of =gyptian civiliPation by the hypothesis that that country is so happily situated bet)een the pole and the equator/ as to escape both the deluge and conflagration of the great cycle$"[;7 ,n the +abylonian Genesis tablets )e have the sa.e references to the .an or people )ho/ after the great disaster/ divided the heavens into constellations/ and regulated/ that is/ discovered and revealed/ their .ove.ents$ ,n the Fifth %ablet of the #reation (egend[97 )e read: "2$ ,t )as delightful all that )as fi5ed by the great gods$ ;$ 0tars/ their appearance Qin figuresR of ani.als he arranged$ 9$ %o fi5 the year through the observation of their constellations/ D$ %)elve .onths or signs of stars in three ro)s he arranged/ F$ Fro. the day )hen the year co..ences unto the close$ G$ &e .arked the positions of the )andering stars to shine in their courses/ 3$ %hat they .ay not do inOury/ and .ay not trouble any one$" %hat is to say/ the civiliPed race that follo)ed the great cataclys./ )ith )ho. the history of the event )as
[2$ :iscourses/" book iii/ chapter 5iii$ ;$ +rinton's 'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ ;2F$ 9$ ?roctor's ?leasant "ays/" p$ 9H9$7

1p$ ;;D4 yet fresh/ and )ho )ere i.pressed )ith all its horrors/ and )ho kne) )ell the tenure of danger and terror on )hich they held all the blessings of the )orld/ turned their attention to the study of the heavenly bodies/ and sought to understand the source of the cala.ity )hich had so recently over)hel.ed the )orld$ &ence they ".arked/" as far as they )ere able/ "the positions of the 'co.ets/'" "that they .ight not" again "do inOury/ and not trouble any one$" %he )ord here given is *ibir/ )hich 'r$ 0.ith says does not .ean planets/ and/ in the above account/ *ibir is contradistinguished fro. the starsM they have already been arranged in constellationsM hence it can only .ean co.ets$ And the tablet proceeds/ )ith distinct references to the Age of :arkness: "8$ %he positions of the gods +el and &ea he fi5ed )ith hi./

H$ And he opened the great gates in the dar-ness shrouded$ 2<$ %he fastenings )ere strong on the left and right$ 22$ ,n its .ass/ Qi$ e$/ the lo)er chaos/R he .ade a boiling$ 2;$ %he god @ru Qthe .oonR he caused to rise out/ the night he overshadowed/ 29$ %o fi5 it also for the light of the night until the shining of the day$ 2D$ %hat the .onth .ight not be broken/ and in its a.ount be regular/ 2F$ At the beginning of the .onth/ at the rising of the night/ 2G$ &is Qthe sun'sR horns are breaking through to shine on the heavens$ 23$ >n the seventh day to a circle he begins to swell/ 28$ And stretches toward the dawn further/ 2H$ "hen the god 0ha.as/ Qthe in the horiPon of heaven/ in the east/ ;< $ $ $ $ for.ed beautifully and $ $ $ ;2 $ $ $ $ to the orbit 0ha.as )as perfected$" 1p$ ;;F4 &ere the tablet beco.es illegible$ %he .eaning/ ho)ever/ see.s plain: Although to left and right/ to east and )est/ the darkness )as fastened fir./ )as dense/ yet "the great gods opened the great gates in the darkness/" and let the light through$ First/ the .oon appeared/ through a "boiling/" or breaking up of the clouds/ so that no) .en )ere able to once .ore count ti.e by the .ove.ents of the .oon$ >n the seventh day/ 0ha.as/ the sun/ appearedM first/ his horns/ his bea.s/ broke through the darkness i.perfectlyM then he s)ells to a circle/ and co.es nearer and nearer to perfect da)nM at last he appeared on the horiPon/ in the east/ for.ed beautifully/ and his orbit )as perfectedM i$ e$/ his orbit could be traced continuously through the clearing heavens$ +ut ho) did the hu.an race fare in this .iserable ti.eC ,n his .agnificent poe. ":arkness/" +yron has i.agined such a blind and darkling )orld as these legends depictM and he has i.agined/ too/ the hunger/ and the desolation/ and the degradation of the ti.e$

"e are not to despise the i.agination$ %here never )as yet a great thought that had not )ings to itM there never )as yet a great .ind that did not survey things fro. above the .ountain tops$ ,f +acon built the cause)ay over )hich .odern science has advanced/ it )as because/ .ounting on the pinions of his .agnificent i.agination/ he sa) that poor struggling .ankind needed such a path)ayM his heart e.braced hu.anity even as his brain e.braced the universe$ %he river )hich is a boundary to the rabbit/ is but a land.ark to the eagle$ (et not the gna)ers of the )orld/ the rodentia/ despise the )inged creatures of the upper air$ 1p$ ;;G4 +yron sa) )hat the effects of the absence of the sunlight )ould necessarily be upon the )orld/ and that )hich he prefigured the legends of .ankind tell us actually ca.e to pass/ in the dark days that follo)ed the :rift$ &e says: "'orn ca.e/ and )ent and ca.e/ and brought no day/ And .en forgot their passions in the dread >f this their desolation/ and all hearts "ere chilled into a selfish prayer for light$ $ $ $ A fearful hope )as all the )orld containedM Forests )ere set on fire but hour by hour %hey fell and faded/ and the crackling trunks =5tinguished )ith a crash/ and all )as black$ %he bro)s of .en by the despairing light "ore an unearthly aspect/ as by fits %he flashes fell upon the.M so.e lay do)n And bid their eyes and )eptM and so.e did rest %heir chins upon their clinchWd hands and s.iledM And others hurried to and fro/ and fed %heir funeral piles )ith fuel/ and looked up "ith .ad disquietude on the dull sky/ %he pall of a past )orldM and then again "ith curses cast the. do)n upon the dust/ And gnashed their teeth and ho)led$ $ $ $ And "ar/ )hich for a .o.ent )as no .ore/ :id glut hi.self again a .eal )as bought "ith blood/ and each sat sullenly apart/ Gorging hi.self in gloo./ $ $ $ and the pang >f fa.ine fed upon all entrailsM .en :ied/ and their bones )ere to.bless as their flesh

%he .eager by the .eager )ere devoured/ =ven dogs assailed their .asters$" &o) graphic/ ho) dra.atic/ ho) realistic is this pictureL And ho) trueL For the legends sho) us that )hen/ at last/ the stones and clay had ceased to fall/ and the fire had e5hausted itself/ and the re.nant of .ankind )ere able to dig their )ay out/ to )hat an a)ful )reck of nature did they return$ 1p $ ;;34 ,nstead of the fair face of the )orld/ as they had kno)n it/ bright )ith sunlight/ green )ith the .agnificent foliage of the forest/ or the gentle verdure of the plain/ they go forth upon a )asted/ an unkno)n land/ covered )ith oceans of .ud and stonesM the very face of the country changed lakes/ rivers/ hills/ all s)ept a)ay and lost$ %hey )ander/ breathing a foul and sickening at.osphere/ under the shado) of an a)ful darkness/ a darkness )hich kno)s no .orning/ no stars/ no .oonM a darkness palpable and visible/ lighted only by electrical discharges fro. the abyss of clouds/ )ith such roars of thunder as )e/ in this day of har.onious nature/ can for. no conception of$ ,t is/ indeed/ "chaos and ancient night$" All the forces of nature are there/ but disorderly/ destructive/ battling against each other/ and .ultiplied a thousand fold in po)erM the )inds are cyclones/ .agnetis. is gigantic/ electricity is appalling$ %he )orld is .ore desolate than the caves fro. )hich they have escaped$ %he forests are goneM the fruit trees are s)ept a)ayM the beasts of the chase have perishedM the do.estic ani.als/ gentle .inisters to .an/ have disappearedM the cultivated fields are buried deep in drifts of .ud and gravelM the people stagger in the darkness against each otherM they fall into the chas.s of the earthM )ithin the. are the t)o great oppressors of hu.anity/ hunger and terrorM hunger that kno)s not )here to turnM fear that shrinks before the )hirling blasts/ the rolling thunder/ the shocks of blinding lightningM that kno)s not )hat .o.ent the heavens .ay again open and rain fire and stones and dust upon the.$ God has )ithdra)n his faceM his children are desertedM all the/ kindly adOust.ents of generous Nature are gone$ God has left .an in the .idst of a .aterial )orld )ithout la)M he is a )reck/ a frag.ent/ a lost particle/ 1p$ ;;84 in the .idst of an illi.itable and endless )arfare of giants$ 0o.e lie do)n to die/ hopeless/ cursing their helpless godsM so.e die by their o)n bandsM so.e gather around the fires of volcanoes for )ar.th and light stars that attract the. fro. afar offM so.e feast on such decaying re.nants of the great ani.als as they .ay find proOecting above the d.bris/ running to the./ as )e shall see/ )ith outcries/ and fighting over the frag.ents$

%he references to the )orship of "the .orning star/" )hich occur in the legend/ see. to relate to so.e great volcano in the =ast/ )hich alone gave light )hen all the )orld )as lost in darkness$ As +yron says/ in his great poe./ ":arkness": And they did live by )atch fires and the thrones/ %he palaces of cro)nWd kings the huts/ %he habitations of all things )hich d)ell/ "ere burnt for beaconsM cities )ere consu.ed/ And .en )ere gathered round their blaPing ho.es %o look once .ore into each other's faceM &appy )ere they who dwelt within the e,e &f the volcanoes and their mountain-torch$" ,n this pitiable state )ere once the ancestors of all .ankind$ ,f you doubt it/ reader/ peruse again the foregoing legends/ and then turn to the follo)ing #entral A.erican prayer/ the prayer of the APtecs/ already referred to on page 28G/ ante/ addressed to the god %ePcatlipoca/ hi.self represented as a flying or )inged serpent/ perchance the co.et: ",s it possible that this lash and chastise.ent are not given for our correction and a.end.ent/ but only for our total destruction and overthro)M that the sun will never more shine upon us, but that we must remain in perpetual dar-ness/ $ $ $ ,t is a sore thing to tell ho) )e are all in 1p$ ;;H4 darkness$ $ $ $ > (ord/ $ $ $ .ake an end of this smo-e and fog$ Euench also the burning and destro,ing fire of thine angerM let serenity co.e and clearness/" QlightRM "let the s.all birds of thy people begin to sing and approach the sun$" %here is still another APtec prayer/ addressed to the sa.e deity/ equally able/ subli.e/ and pathetic/ )hich it see.s to .e .ay have been uttered )hen the people had left their biding place/ )hen the conflagration had passed/ but )hile darkness still covered the earth/ before vegetation had returned/ and )hile crops of grain as yet )ere not$ %here are a fe) )ords in it that do not ans)er to this interpretation/ )here it refers to those "people )ho have so.ething"M but there .ay have been co.parative differences of condition even in the universal povertyM or these )ords .ay have been an interpolation of later days$ %he prayer is as follo)s: "> our (ord/ protector .ost strong and co.passionate/ invisible and i.palpable/ thou art the giver of lifeM lord of all/ and lord of battles$ , present .yself here before thee to say so.e fe) )ords concerning the need of the poor people of none estate or intelligence$ "hen they lie do)n at night they have nothing/ nor )hen they rise up in the .orningM the darkness and the light pass alike in great poverty$ Ano)/ > (ord/ that thy subOects and servants suffer a sore poverty that can not be told of .ore than that it is a sore poverty

and desolateness$ %he .en have no gar.ents/ nor the )o.en/ to cover the.selves )ith/ but only certain rags rent in every part/ that allo) the air and the cold to pass every)here$ ""ith great toil and )eariness they scrape together enough for each day/ going b, mountain and wilderness see-ing their foodM so faint and enfeebled are they that their bo)els cleave to their ribs/ and all their body reechoes )ith hollo)ness/ and they )alk as people affrighted/ the face and body in likeness of death$ ,f they be .erchants/ they no) sell only cakes of salt and broken 1p$ ;9<4 pepperM the people that have so.ething despise their )ares/ so that they go out to sell fro. door to door/ and fro. house to houseM and )hen they sell nothing they sit do)n sadly by so.e fence or )all/ or in so.e corner/ licking their lips and gna)ing the nails of their hands for the hunger that is in the.M they look on the one side and on the other at the .ouths of those that pass by/ hoping peradventure that one .ay speak so.e )ord to the.$ "> co.passionate God/ the bed on )hich they lie do)n is not a thing to rest upon/ but to endure tor.ent inM they dra) a rag over the. at night/ and so sleepM there they thro) do)n their bodies/ and the bodies of children that thou hast given the.$ For the .isery that they gro) up in/ for the filth of their food/ for the lack of covering/ their faces are yello)/ and all their bodies of the color of earth$ %hey tremble with cold/ and for leaness they stagger in )alking$ %hey go )eeping and sighing/ and full of sadness/ and all .isfortunes are Ooined to the.M though the, sta, b, afire, the, find little heat$"[27 %he prayer continues in the sa.e strain/ supplicating God to give the people "so.e days of prosperity and tranquillity/ so that they .ay sleep and kno) repose"M it concludes: ",f thou ans)erest .y petition it )ill be only of thy liberality and .agnificence/ for no one is )orthy to receive thy bounty for any .erit of his/ but only through thy grace$ +earch below the dung-hills and in the .ountains for thy servants/ friends/ and acquaintance/ and raise the. to riches and dignities$" $ $ $ ""here a. ,C (o/ , speak )ith thee/ > AingM )ell do , kno) that , stand in an e.inent place/ and that , talk )ith one of great .aOesty/ before )hose presence flo)s a river through a chas./ a gulf sheer do)n of a)ful depthM this/ also/ is a slippery place/ )hence .any precipitate the.selves/ for there shall not be found one )ithout error before thy .aOesty$ , .yself/ a .an of little understanding and lacking speech/ dare to address
[2$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ ;<D$7

1p$ ;924 .y )ords to theeM , put .yself in peril of falling into the gorge and cavern of this river$ ,/ (ord/ have co.e to take )ith .y hands/ blindness to mine e,es/ rottenness and shriveling

to .y .e.bers/ poverty and affliction to .y bodyM for .y .eanness and rudeness this it is that , .erit to receive$ (ive and rule for ever in all quietness and tranquillity/ > thou that art our lord/ our shelter/ our protector/ .ost co.passionate/ .ost pitiful/ invisible/ i.palpable$" ,t is true that .uch of all this )ould apply to any great period of fa.ine/ but it appears that these events occurred )hen there )as great cold in the country/ )hen the people gathered around fires and could not get )ar./ a re.arkable state of things in a country possessing as tropical a cli.ate as 'e5ico$ 'oreover/ these people )ere )anderers/ "going by .ountain and )ilderness/" seeking food/ a )hole nation of poverty stricken/ ho.eless/ )andering paupers$ And )hen )e recur to the part )here the priest tells the (ord to seek his friends and servants in the .ountains/ "belo) the dung hills/" and raise the. to riches/ it is difficult to understand it other)ise than as an allusion to those )ho had been buried under the falling sli.e/ clay/ and stones$ =ven poor .en do not d)ell under dung hills/ nor are they usually buried under the./ and it is very possible that in trans.ission fro. generation to generation the original .eaning )as lost sight of$ , should understand it to .ean/ "Go/ > (ord/ and search and bring back to life and co.fort and )ealth the .illions thou hast slaughtered on the .ountains/ covering the. )ith hills of sli.e and refuse$" And )hen )e turn to the traditions of the kindred and .ore ancient race/ the %oltecs/[27 )e find that/ after the fall of the fire fro. heaven/ the people/ e.erging fro. the
[2$ "North A.ericans of Antiquity/" p$ ;D<$7

1p$ ;9;4 seven caves/ )andered one hundred and four ,ears/ "suffering fro. nakedness/ hunger/ and cold/ over .any lands/ across e5panses of sea/ and through untold hardships/" precisely as narrated in the foregoing pathetic prayer$ ,t tells of the .igration of a race/ over the desolated )orld/ during the Age of :arkness$ And )e )ill find so.ething/ hereafter/ very .uch like it/ in the +ook of *ob$ 1p$ ;994 .$APTER I4' T$E TRI)3P$ "F T$E *)!' A GR=A% solar .yth underlies all the ancient .ythologies$ ,t co..e.orates the death and resurrection of the sun$ ,t signifies the destruction of the light by the clouds/ the darkness/ and the eventual return of the great lu.inary of the )orld$

%he 0yrian Adonis/ the sun god/ the &ebre) %a.heur/ and the Assyrian :u Ku/ all suffered a sudden and violent death/ disappeared for a ti.e fro. the sight of .en/ and )ere at last raised fro. the dead$ %he .yth is the pri.eval for. of the resurrection$ All through the Gothic legends runs this thought the battle of the (ight )ith the :arknessM the te.porary death of the (ight/ and its final triu.ph over the grave$ 0o.eti.es )e have but a frag.ent of the story$ ,n the 0a5on +eo)ulf )e have Grendel/ a terrible .onster/ )ho co.es to the palace hall at .idnight/ and drags out the sleepers and sucks their blood$ +eo)ulf assails hi.$ A ghastly struggle follo)s in the darkness$ Grendel is killed$ +ut his fearful .other/ the devil's cla./ co.es to avenge his deathM she attacks +eo)ulf/ and is slain$[27 %here co.es a third dragon/ )hich +eo)ulf kills/ but is stifled )ith the breath of the .onster and dies/ reOoicing/ ho)ever/ that the dragon has brought )ith hi. a great treasure of gold/ )hich )ill .ake his people rich$[;7
[2$ ?oor/ "0anskrit and Aindred (iteratures/" p$ 92F$ ;$ ,bid$7

1p$ ;9D4 &ere/ again/ are the three co.ets/ the )olf/ the snake/ and the dog of RagnarokM the three arro)s of the A.erican legendsM the three .onsters of &esiod$ "hen )e turn to =gypt )e find that their )hole religion )as constructed upon legends relating to the ages of fire and ice/ and the victory of the sun god over the evil one$ "e find every)here a recollection of the days of cloud/ ")hen darkness d)elt upon the face of the deep$" >siris/ their great god/ represented the sun in his darkened or nocturnal or ruined condition/ before the co.ing of day$ '$ 'ariette +ey says: ">riginally/ >siris is the nocturnal sunM he is the primordial night of chaosM he is consequently anterior to Ra/ the 0un of :ay$"[27 'r$ 'iller says: "As nocturnal sun/ >siris )as also regarded as a type of the sun before its first rising/ or of the pri.ordial night of chaos/ and as such/ according to '$ 'ariette/ his first rising his original birth to the light under the for. of Ra sy.boliPed the birth of hu.anity itself in the person of the first .an$"[;7 '$ F$ #habas says:

"%hese for.s represented the sa.e god at different hours of the day$ $ $ $ the nocturnal sun and the daily sun/ )hich/ succeeding to the first/ dissipated the darkness on the .orning of each day/ and rene)ed the triu.ph of &orus over 0etM that is to say/ the cosmical victor, which determined the first rising of the sun the organiPation of the universe at the co..ence.ent of ti.e$ Ra is the god )ho/ after having mar-ed the commencement of time/ continues each day to govern his )ork$ $ $ $ &e succeeds
[2$ "'usVe de +oulaq/" etc$/ pp$ ;</ ;2/ 2<</ 2<2$ ;$ Rev$ >$ :$ 'iller/ "0olar 0y.bolis./" "A.erican Antiquarian/" April/ 2882/ p$ ;2H$7

1p$ ;9F4 to a pri.ordial for./ >siris/ the nocturnal sun/ or better/ the sun before its first rising$"[27 "#he suffering and death of &siris/" says 0ir G$ "ilkinson/ "were the great m,ster, of the !g,ptian religion/ and so.e traces of it are perceptible a.ong other people of antiquity$ &is being the divine goodness/ and the abstract idea of goodM his manifestation upon earth/ his death and resurrection/ and his office as Oudge of the dead in a future state/ look like the early revelation of a future .anifestation of the :eity/ converted into a .ythological fable$"[;7 >siris the sun had a )ar )ith 0eb/ or %ypho/ or %yphon/ and )as killed in the battleM he )as subsequently restored to life/ and beca.e the Oudge of the under )orld$[97 0eb/ his destroyer/ )as a son of Ra/ the ancient sun god/ in the sense/ perhaps/ that the co.ets/ and all other planetary bodies/ )ere originally thro)n out fro. the .ass of the sun$ 0eb/ or %ypho/ )as "the personification of all evil$" &e )as the destroyer/ the ene.y/ the evil one$ ,sis/ the consort of >siris/ learns of his death/ slain by the great serpent/ and ransacks the )orld in search of his body$ 0he finds it .utilated by %yphon$ %his is the sa.e .utilation )hich )e find else)here/ and )hich covered the earth )ith frag.ents of the sun$ ,sis )as the )ife of >siris Qthe dead sunR and the .other of &orus/ the ne) or returned sunM she see.s to represent a civiliPed peopleM she taught the art of cultivating )heat and barley/ )hich )ere al)ays carried in her festal processions$ "hen )e turn to the Greek legends/ )e shall find
[2$ "Revue ArchNologique/" to.e 55v/ 2839/ p$ 9H9$ ;$ Notes to Ra)linson's "&erodotus/" A.erican edition/ vol$ ii/ p$:;2H$ 9$ 'urray's "'ythology/" p$ 9D3$7

1p$ ;9G4

%yphon described in a .anner that clearly identifies hi. )ith the destroying co.et$ Q0ee page 2D</ ante$R %he entire religion of the =gyptians )as based upon a solar .yth/ and referred to the great catastrophe in the history of the earth )hen the sun )as for a ti.e obscured in dense clouds$ 0peaking of the legend of "the dying sun god/" Rev$ >$ :$ 'iller says: "%he )ide prevalence of this legend/ and its e5tre.e antiquity/ are facts fa.iliar to all >rientalists$ %here )as the =gyptian >siris/ the 0yrian Adonis/ the &ebre) %a.heur/ the Assyrian $u-Du/ all regarded as solar deities/ vet as having lived a .ortal life/ suffered a violent death/ being subsequently raised from, the dead$ $ $ $ &o) )as it possible to conceive the solar orb as d,ing and rising from the dead/ if it had not already been taken for a .ortal being/ as a type of .ortal .anC $ $ $ "e repeat the proposition: it )as i.possible to conceive the sun as d,ing and descending into hades until it had been assu.ed as a type and representative of .an$ $ $ $ %he reign of >siris in =gypt/ his )ar )ith %yphon/ his death and resurrection/ )ere events appertaining to the divine dynasties$ "e can only say/ then/ that the origin of these sy.bolical ideas )as extremel, ancient/ )ithout atte.pting to fi5 its chronology$" +ut )hen/ )e realiPe the fact that these ancient religions )ere built upon the .e.ory of an event )hich had really happened an event of a)ful significance to the hu.an race the difficulty )hich perple5ed 'r$ 'iller and other scholars disappears$ %he sun had/ apparently/ been slain by an evil thingM for a long period it returned not/ it )as deadM at length/ a.id the reOoicings of the )orld/ it arose fro. the dead/ and ca.e in glory to rule .ankind$ And these events/ as , have sho)n/ are perpetuated in the sun )orship )hich still e5ists in the )orld in .any 1p$ ;934 for.s$ =ven the #hristian peasant of =urope still lifts his hat to the rising sun$ %he religion of the &indoos )as also based on the sa.e great cos.ical event$ ,ndra )as the great god/ the sun$ &e has a long and dreadful contest )ith !ritra/ "the throttling snake$" ,ndra is "the cloud co.peller"M he "shatters the cloud )ith his bolt and releases the i.prisoned )aters"M[27 that is to say/ he slays the snake !ritra/ the co.et/ and thereafter the rain pours do)n and e5tinguishes the fla.es )hich consu.e the )orld$ "&e goes in search of the cattle/ the clouds/ )hich the evil po)ers have driven a)ay$"[;7

%hat is to say/ as the great heat disappears/ the .oisture condenses and the clouds for.$ :oubtless .ankind re.e.bered vividly that a)ful period )hen no cloud appeared in the blaPing heavens to intercept the terrible heat$ "&e )ho fi5ed fir. the moving earthM )ho tranquilliPed the incensed mountainsM )ho spread the spacious fir.a.entM )ho consolidated the heavens he/ .en/ is ,ndra$ "&e )ho having destroyed Ahi Q!ritra/ %yphon/R set free the seven rivers/ )ho/ recovered the cows/ Qthe clouds/R detained b, 7alM )ho generated fire in the cloudsM )ho is invincible in battle he/ .en/ is ,ndra$" ,n the first part of the "!endidad/" first chapter/ the author gives an account of the beautiful land/ the Aryana !aeOo/ )hich )as a land of delights/ created by Ahura 'aPda Q>r.aPR$ %hen "an evil being/ Angra 'anyus/ QAhri.an/R pill of death/ created a might, serpent/ and winter/ the )ork of the :evas$" "#en months of winter are there/ and t)o .onths of su..er$"
[2$ 'urray's "'ythology/" p$ 99<$ ;$ ,bid$7

1p$ ;984 %hen follo)s this state.ent: "0even .onths of su..er are thereM five .onths of )inter )ere there$ %he latter are cold as to )ater/ cold as to earth/ cold as to trees$ %here is the heart of )interM then all around falls deep snow$ %here is the )orst of evils$" %his signifies that once the people d)elled in a fair and pleasant land$ %he evil one sent a .ighty serpentM the serpent brought a great )interM there )ere but t)o .onths of su..erM gradually this a.eliorated/ until the )inter )as five .onths long and the su..er seven .onths long$ %he cli.ate is still severe/ cold and )etM deep sno)s fell every)here$ ,t is an evil ti.e$ %he de.onology of the &indoos turns on the battles bet)een the Asuras/ the irrational de.ons of the air/ the co.ets/ and the gods: "%hey d)ell beneath the three pronged root of the )orld .ountain/ occupying the nadir/ )hile their great ene.y ,ndra/" Qthe sunMR "the highest +uddhist god/ sits upon the pinnacle of the .ountain/ in the Penith$ %he 'eru/ )hich stands bet)een the earth and the heavens/ around )hich the heavenly bodies revolve/ is the battlefield of the Asuras and the :evas$"[27 %hat is to say/ the land 'eru the sa.e as the island 'ero of the ancient =gyptians/ fro. )hich =gypt )as first coloniPedM the 'erou of the Greeks/ on )hich the 'eropes/ the

first .en/ d)elt )as the scene )here this battle bet)een the fiends of the air on one side/ and the heavenly bodies and earth on the other/ )as fought$ %he Asuras are painted as "gigantic opponents of the gods/ terrible ogres/ )ith bloody tongues and long tusks/ eager to devour hu.an flesh and blood$"[;7 And )e find the sa.e thoughts underlying the .yths
[2$ "A.erican #yclopNdia/" vol$ v/ p$ 3H9$ ;$ ,bid$7

1p$ ;9H4 of nations the .ost re.ote fro. these great peoples of antiquity$ %he =squi.au5 of Greenland have this .yth: ",n the beginning )ere t)o brothers/ one of )ho. said/ '%here shall be night and there shall be day/ and .en shall die/ one after another$' +ut the second said/ '%here shall be no day/ but only night all the ti.e/ and .en shall live for ever$' %hey had a long struggle/ but here once .ore he )ho loved darkness rather than light )as )orsted/ and the day triu.phed$" &ere )e have the sa.e great battle bet)een (ight and :arkness$ %he :arkness proposes to be perpetualM it says/ "%here shall be no .ore day$" After a long struggle the (ight triu.phed/ the sun returned/ and the earth )as saved$ A.ong the %upis of +raPil )e have the sa.e story of the battle of light and darkness$ %hey have a .yth of %i.andonar and Ariconte: "%hey )ere brothers/ one of fair co.ple5ion/ the other dark$ %hey )ere constantly struggling/ and Ariconte/ )hich .eans the storm, or cloud, da,/ ca.e out )orst$" Again the .yth reappearsM this ti.e a.ong the Norse.en: +alder/ the bright sun/ Q+aalCR is slain by the god &odur/ the blind oneM to )it/ the :arkness$ +ut !ali/ >din's son/ sle) &odur/ the :arkness/ and avenged +alder$ !ali is the son of Rind the rind the froPen earth$ %hat is to say/ :arkness devours the sunM frost rules the earthM !ali/ the ne) sun/ is born of the frost/ and kills the :arkness$ ,t is light again$ +alder returns after Ragnarok$ And Nana/ +alder's )ife/ the lovely spring ti.e/ died of grief during +alder's absence$
[2$ +rinton's "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ ;<<$7

1p$ ;D<4

"e have seen that one of the great events of the =gyptian .ythology )as the search .ade by ,sis/ the )ife of >siris/ for the dead sun god in the dark nether )orld$ ,n the sa.e )ay/ the search for the dead +alder )as an i.portant part of the Norse .yths$ &er.od/ .ounted on >din's horse/ 0leifner/ the slippery one/ Qthe iceCR set out to find +alder$ &e rode nine days and nine nights through deep valleys/ so dar- that he could see nothingM[27 at last he reaches the barred gates of &el's Qdeath'sR do.inions$ %here he found +alder/ seated on a throne: he told &el that all things in the )orld )ere grieving for the absence of +alder/ the sun$ At last/ after so.e delays and obstructions/ +alder returns/ and the )hole )orld reOoices$ And )hat .ore is needed to prove the original unity of the hu.an race/ and the vast antiquity of these legends/ than the fact that )e find the sa.e story/ and al.ost the sa.e na.es/ occurring a.ong the )hite haired races of Arctic =urope/ and the dark skinned people of =gypt/ ?hZnicia/ and ,ndia$ %he de.on 0et/ or 0eb/ of one/ co.es to us as the 0urt of anotherM the +aal of one is the +alder of anotherM ,sis finds >siris ruling the under)orld as &er.od found +alder on a throne in &el/ the real. of death$ %he celebration of the 'ay day/ )ith its cere.onies/ the 'ay pole/ its 'ay queen/ etc$/ is a survival of the pri.eval thanksgiving )ith )hich afflicted .ankind )elco.ed the return of the sun fro. his long sleep of death$ ,n Nor)ay/[;7 during the .iddle ages/ the )hole scene )as represented in these 'ay day festivals: >ne .an represents su..er/ he is clad in green leaves the other represents )interM he is clad in stra)/ fit picture of the
[2$ "No.e 'ythology/" p$ ;88$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ ;H2$7

1p$ ;D24 .isery of the :rift Age$ %hey have each a large co.pany of attendants ar.ed )ith stavesM they fight )ith each other until )inter Qthe age of darkness and coldR is subdued$ %hey pretend to pluck his eyes out and thro) hi. in the )ater$ "inter is slain$ &ere )e have the victory of >siris over 0ebM of Adonis over %yphon/ of +alder over &odur/ of ,ndra over !ritra/ of %i.andonar over Ariconte/ brought do)n to al.ost our o)n ti.e$ %o a late period/ in =ngland/ the reOoicing over the great event survived$ 0ays &oratio 0.ith: ",t )as the custo./ both here and in ,taly/ for the youth of both se5es to proceed before daybreak to so.e neighboring )ood/ acco.panied )ith .usic and horns/ about sunrise to deck their doors and )indo)s )ith garlands/ and to spend the afternoon dancing around the 'ay pole$" 0to) tells us/ in his "0urvey of (ondon":

"=very .an )ould )alk into the s)eet .eddo)es and green )oods/ there to reOoice their spirits )ith the beauty and savour of s)eet flo)ers/ and )ith the har.ony of birds praising God in their kindes$"[;7 0tubbs/ a ?uritan of Eueen =liPabeth's days/ describing the 'ay day feasts/ says: "And then they fall to banquet and feast/ to leape and dance about it/" Qthe 'ay poleR/ "as the heathen people did at the dedication of their idolles/ )hereof this is a perfect picture/ or rather the thing itself$"[97 0tubbs )as right: the people of =ngland in the year 2FF< A$ :$/ and for years after)ard/ )ere celebrating the end of the :rift Age/ the disappearance of the darkness and the victory of the sun$
[2$ "Festivals/ Ga.es/" etc$/ p$ 2;G$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ 2;3$ 9$ ,bid$7

1p$ ;D;4 %he .yth of &ercules recovering his co)s fro. #acus is the sa.e story told in another for.: A strange .onster/ #acus/ Qthe co.et/R stole the co)s of &ercules/ Qthe clouds/R and dragged the. back)ard by their tails into a cave/ and vo.ited s.oke and fla.e )hen &ercules attacked hi.$ +ut &ercules killed #acus )ith his unerring arro)s/ and released the co)s$ %his signifies that the co.et/ breathing fire and s.oke/ so rarefied the air that the clouds disappeared and there follo)ed an age of a)ful heat$ &ercules s.ites the .onster )ith his lightnings/ and electrical pheno.ena on a vast scale acco.pany the recondensation of the .oisture and the return of the clouds$ "#acus is the sa.e as !ritra in 0anskrit/ APbidihaka in Kend/ ?ython in Greek/ and the )or. Fafnir in Norse$"[27 %he co)s every)here are the cloudsM they are )hite and softM they .ove in herds across the fields of heavenM they give do)n their .ilk in grateful rains and sho)ers to refresh the thirsty earth$ "e find the sa.e event narrated in the folk lore of the .odern =uropean nations$ 0ays the Russian fairy tale: ">nce there )as an old couple )ho had three sons$"

&ere )e are re.inded of 0he./ &a./ and *aphethM of Keus/ ?luto/ and NeptuneM of +rah.a/ !ishnu/ and 0ivaM of the three pronged trident of ?oseidonM of the three roots of the tree Bgdrasil$ "%)o of the./" continues the legend/ "had their )its about the./ but the third/ ,van/ )as a si.pleton$ "No)/ in the lands in )hich ,van lived there was never an, da,, but alwa,s night$ %his )as a sna-e9s doings$ "ell/ ,van undertook to kill the snake$"
[2$ ?oor/ "0anskrit (iterature/" p$ ;9G$7

1p$ ;D94 %his is the sa.e old serpent/ the dragon/ the apostate/ the leviathan$ "%hen ca.e a third snake )ith t)elve heads$ ,van killed it/ and destroyed the heads/ and i..ediately there )as a bright light throughout the )hole land$"[27 &ere )e have the sa.e series of .onsters found in &esiod/ in Ragnarok/ and in the legends of different nationsM and the killing of the third serpent is follo)ed by a bright light throughout the )hole land the conflagration$ And the Russians have the legend in another for.$ %hey tell of ,lia/ the peasant/ the servant of !ladi.ir/ %air +un$ &e .eets the brigand 0olove^/ a .onster/ a gigantic bird/ called the nightingaleM his cla)s e5tend for seven versts over the country$ (ike the dragon of &esiod/ he )as full of sounds "he roared like a )ild beast/ bo)led like a dog/ and )histled like a nightingale$" ,lia bits hi. )ith an arro) in the right eye/ and he tumbles headlong fro. his lofty nest to the earth$ %he )ife of the .onster follo)s ,lia/ )ho has attached hi. to his saddle/ and is dragging hi. a)ayM she offers cupfuls of gold/ silver/ and pearls an allusion probably to the precious .etals and stones )hich )ere said to have fallen fro. the heavens$ %he 0un Q!ladi.irR )elco.es ,lia/ and requests the .onster to ho)l/ roar/ and )histle for his entertain.entM he conte.ptuously refusesM ,lia then co..ands hi. and he obeys: the noise is so terrible that the roof of the palace falls off/ and the courtiers drop dead with fear$ ,lia/ indignant at such an uproar/ "cuts up the .onster into little pieces/ )hich he scatters over the fields" Qthe :riftR$[;7 0ubsequently ,lia hides awa, in a cave/ unfed by
[2$ ?oor/ "0anskrit and Aindred (iteratures/" p$ 9H<$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ $;82$7

1p$ ;DD4 !ladi.ir that is to say/ )ithout the light of the sun$ At length the sun goes to seek hi./ e5pecting to find hi. starved to deathM but the king's daughter has sent hi. food every

day for three ,ears/ and he co.es out of the cave hale and hearty/ and ready to fight again for !ladi.ir/ the Fair 0un$[27 %hese three years are the three years of the "Fi.bul )inter" of the Norse legends$ , have already quoted Qsee chapter viii/ ?art ,ll/ page ;2G/ anteR the legends of the #entral A.erican race/ the Euiches/ preserved in the "?opul !uh/" their sacred book/ in )hich they describe the Age of :arkness and cold$ , quote again/ fro. the sa.e )ork/ a graphic and )onderful picture of the return of the sun "%hey deter.ined to leave %ulan/ and the greater part of the./ under the guardianship and direction of %ohil/ set out to see )here they )ould take up their abode$ %hey continued on their )ay a.id the .ost e5tre.e hardships for the )ant of foodM sustaining the.selves at one ti.e upon the .ere s.ell of their staves/ and by i.agining they )ere eating/ )hen in verity and truth they ate nothing$ %heir heart/ indeed/ it is again and again said/ )as al.ost broken by affliction$ ?oor )anderersL they had a cruel )ay to go/ .any forests to pierce/ .any stern .ountains to overpass/ and a long passage to .ake through the sea/ along the shingle and pebbles and drifted sand the sea being/ ho)ever/ parted for their passage$ At last they ca.e to a .ountain/ that they na.ed &acavitP/ after one of their gods/ and here they rested for here they )ere by so.e .eans given to understand that the, should see the sun$ %hen/ indeed/ )as filled )ith an e5ceeding Ooy the heart of +ala. EuitPV/ of +ala. Agab of 'ahucutah/ and of ,qui +ala.$ ,t see.ed to the. that even the face of the .orning star caught a ne) and .ore resplendent brightness$ "%hey shook their incense pans and danced for very gladness: s)eet )ere their tears in dancing/ very hot
[2$ ?oor/ "0anskrit and Aindred (iteratures/" p$ 889$7

1p$ ;DF4 their incense their precious incense$ 2t last the sun commenced to advanceM the ani.als s.all and great )ere full of delightM they raised the.selves to the surface of the )aterM they fluttered in the ravinesM they gathered at the edge of the .ountains/ turning their beads together to)ard that part fro. )hich the sun ca.e$ And the lion and the tiger roared$ And the first bird that sang )as that called the EueletPu$ All the ani.als )ere beside the.selves at the sightM the eagle and the kite beat their )ings/ and every bird both great and s.all$ #he men prostrated themselves on the ground/ for their hearts )ere full to the bri.$"[27 &o) graphic is all this pictureL &o) life likeL &ere )e have the starving and )andering nations/ as described in the preceding chapter/ .oving in the continual t)ilightM at last the clouds gro) brighter/ the sun appears: all nature reOoices in the un)onted sight/ and .ankind fling the.selves upon their faces like "the rude and savage .an of ,nd/ kissing the base ground )ith obedient breast/" at the first co.ing of the glorious day$ +ut the clouds still are .ightyM rains and stor.s and fogs battle )ith the )ar.th and light$ %he "?opul !uh" continues:

"And the sun and the .oon and the stars )ere no) all established"M that is/ they no) beco.e visible/ .oving in their orbits$ "Bet )as not the sun then in the beginning the sa.e as no)M his heat wanted force/ and he )as but as a reflection in a mirrorM verily/ say the historians/ not at all the sa.e sun as that of to day$ Nevertheless/ he dried up and warmed the surface of the earth, and answered man, good ends$" #ould all this have been inventedC %his people could not the.selves have e5plained the .eaning of their .yth/ and yet it dove tails into every fact revealed by our latest science as to the :rift Age$
[2$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ DG$7

1p$ ;DG4 And then/ the "?opul !uh" tells us/ the sun petrified their gods: in other )ords/ the )orship of lions/ tigers/ and snakes/ represented by stone idols/ gave )ay before the )orship of the great lu.inary )hose steadily increasing bea.s )ere filling the )orld )ith Ooy and light$ And then the people sang a hy.n/ "the song called 'Aa.ucu/'" one of the oldest of hu.an co.positions/ in .e.ory of the .illions )ho had perished in the .ighty cataclys.: ""e see6" they sang/ "alas/ )e ruined ourselves in %ulanM there lost we man, of our -ith and -in6 they still re.ain thereL left behindL "e/ indeed/ have seen the sun/ but they no) that his golden light begins to appear/ )here are theyC" %hat is to say/ )e reOoice/ but the .ighty dead )ill never reOoice .ore$ And shortly after +ala. EuitPV/ +ala. Agab/ 'ahucutah/ and ,qui +ala./ the hero leaders of the race/ died and )ere buried$ %his battle bet)een the sun and the co.et graduated/ as , have sho)n/ into a contest bet)een light and darknessM and/ by a natural transition/ this beca.e in ti.e the unending struggle bet)een the forces of good and the po)ers of evil bet)een God and 0atanM and the i.agery associated )ith it has/ strange to say/ continued do)n into our o)n literature$ %hat great scholar and .ighty poet/ *ohn 'ilton/ had the legends of the Greeks and Ro.ans and the un)ritten traditions of all peoples in his .ind/ )hen he described/ in the si5th book of "?aradise (ost/" the tre.endous conflict bet)een the angels of God and the follo)ers of the Fallen >ne/ the Apostate/ the great serpent/ the dragon/ (ucifer/ the bright shining/ the star of the .orning/ co.ing/ like the co.et/ fro. the north$ 1p$ ;D34

'ilton did not intend such a co.parisonM but he could not tell the story )ithout his over full .ind recurring to the i.agery of the past$ &ence )e read the follo)ing description of the co.etM of that "%hunder cloud of nations/ "recking earth and darkening heaven$" 'ilton tells us that )hen God's troops )ent forth to the battle "At last/ Far in the horiPon/ to the north/ appeared Fro. skirt to skirt/ a fier, region stretched/ ,n battailous aspect/ and nearer vie) +ristled )ith upright bea.s innu.erable >f rigid spears/ and hel.ets thronged and shields !arious/ )ith boastful argu.ents portrayed/ %he banded po)ers of 0atan/ hasting on "ith furious e5pedition$ $ $ $ &igh in the .idst/ e5alted as a god/ %he apostate/ in his sun-bright chariot/ sat/ ,dol of .aOesty divine/ inclosed "ith flaming cherubim and golden shields$" %he co.et represents the uprising of a rebellious po)er against the supre.e and orderly do.inion of God$ %he angel Abdiel says to 0atan: "FoolL not to think ho) vain Against the >.nipotent to rise in ar.sM "ho out of s.allest things could )ithout end &ave raised incessant ar.ies to defeat %hy follyM or/ )ith solitary hand/ Reaching beyond all li.it/ at one blo)/ @naided/ could have finished thee/ and )hel.ed %hy legions under darkness$" %he battle begins: "No) stor.ing fury rose/ And cla.or such as heard in heav'n till no) "as neverM ar.s on ar.or clashing brayed 1p$ ;D84 &orrible discord/ and the .adding )heels >f braPen chariots ragedM dire )as the noise >f conflictM overhead the dis.al hiss >f fiery darts in flaming volle,s flew/ And/ flying/ vaulted either host )ith fire$ $ $ $ Ar.y 'gainst ar.y/ nu.berless to raise

$readful combustion )arring and disturb %hough not destroy/ their happy native seat$ $ $ $ 0o.eti.es on fir. ground A standing fight/ then soaring on main wing %or.ented all the air/ all air seemed then #onflicting fire$" 'ichael/ the archangel/ denounces 0atan as an unkno)n being a stranger: "Author of evil/ un-nown till th, revolt/ Unnamed in heaven $ $ $ ho) hast thou disturbed &eav'n's blessed peace/ and into nature brought 'isery/ uncreated till the cri.e >f thy rebellionL $ $ $ +ut think not here %o trouble holy restM heav'n casts thee out Fro. all her confines: heav'n/ the seat of bliss/ +rooks not the )orks of violence and )ar$ &ence then/ and evil go )ith thee along/ %hy offspring/ to the place of evil/ bell/ %hou and thy )icked cre)L " +ut the co.et Q0atanR replies that it desires liberty to go )here it pleasesM it refuses to sub.it its destructive and erratic course to the do.ination of the 0upre.e GoodM it proposes "&ere/ ho)ever/ to d)ell free ,f not to reign$" %he result/ of the first day's struggle is a dra)n battle$ %he evil angels .eet in a night conference/ and prepare gunpo)der and cannon/ )ith )hich to overthro) God's ar.iesL "&ollo) engines/ long and round/ %hick ra..ed/ at th' other bore )ith touch of fire 1p$ ;DH4 :ilated and infuriate/ shall send forth Fro. far/ )ith thund'ring noise/ a.ong our foes 0uch i.ple.ents of .ischief/ as shall dash %o pieces/ and over)hel. )hatever stands Adverse$" %hus ar.ed/ the evil ones rene) the fight$ %hey fire their cannon: "For sudden all at once their reeds ?ut forth/ and to a narro) vent applied "ith nicest touch$ ,..ediate in a fla.e/

+ut soon obscured )ith clouds/ all heav'n appeared/ Fro. these deep throated engines belched/ )hose roar =.bo)eled )ith outrageous noise the air/ And all her entrails tore/ disgorging foul %heir devilish glut/ chained thunder bolts and hail >f iron globes$" %he angels of God )ere at first over)hel.ed by this sho)er of .issiles and cast do)nM but they soon rallied: "Fro. their foundations/ loos'ning to and fro/ %hey plucked the seated hills/ )ith all their load/ Rocks/ )aters/ )oods/ and by their shaggy tops @plifted bore the. in their hands$" %he rebels seiPed the hills also: 0o hills a.id the air encountered hills/ &urled to and fro )ith Oaculation$ dire$ $ $ $ $ And no) all heaven &ad gone to )rack/ )ith ruin overspread/" had not the Al.ighty sent out his 0on/ the 'essiah/ to help his sorely struggling angels$ %he evil ones are overthro)n/ over)hel.ed/ driven to the edge of heaven: "%he .onstrous sight 0truck the. )ith horror back)ard/ but far )orse @rged the. behindM headlong the.selves they thre) :o)n fro. the verge of heav'nM eternal )rath +urnt after the. to the botto.less pit$ $ $ $1p$ ;F<4 Nine days they fell: confounded Chaos roared And felt tenfold confusion in their fall %hrough his )ide anarchy/ so huge a rout =ncu.bered hi. )ith ruin$" %hus do)n into our o)n ti.es and literature has penetrated a vivid picture of this )orld old battle$ "e see/ as in the legends/ the te.porary triu.ph of the dragonM )e see the i.periled sun obscuredM )e see the flying rocks filling the appalled air and covering all things )ith ruinM )e see the dragon at last slain/ and falling clo)n to hell and chaosM )hile the sun returns/ and God and order reign once .ore supre.e$ And thus/ again/ 'ilton paints the chaos that precedes restoration: >n heav'nly ground they stoodM and fro. the shores %hey vie)ed the vast i..easurable abyss/

>utrageous as a sea/ dark/ )asteful/ )ild/ @p fro. the botto./ turned by furious )inds And surging )aves/ as .ountains to assault &eav'n's height/ and )ith the center .i5 the poles$" +ut order/ peace/ love/ and goodness follo) this dark/ )ild age of cold and )et and chaos: the Night is slain/ and the sun of God's .ercy shines once .ore on its appointed track in the heavens$ +ut never again/ they feel/ shall the )orld go back to the co.pletely glorious conditions of the %ertiary Age/ the golden age of the =den land$ %he co.et has "brought death into the )orld/ and all our )oe$" 'ankind has sustained its great/ its irreparable "Fall$" %his is the event that lies/ )ith .ighty .eanings/ at the base of all our theologies$ 1p$ ;F24 .$APTER 4' T$E FA&& "F T$E .&A( A! GRA%E&' , %R@0% that the reader/ )ho has follo)ed .e thus far in this argu.ent/ is satisfied that the legends of .ankind point un.istakably to the fact that the earth/ in so.e re.ote age before the ?olynesians/ Red .en/ =uropeans/ and Asiatics had separated/ or been developed as varieties out of one fa.ily .et )ith a tre.endous catastropheM that a conflagration raged over parts of its surfaceM that .ankind took refuge in the caves of the earth/ )hence they after)ard e.erged to )ander for a long ti.e/ in great poverty and hardships/ during a period of darknessM and that finally this darkness dispersed/ and the sun shone again in the heavens$ , do not see ho) the reader can avoid these conclusions$ %here are but t)o alternatives before hi.: he .ust either suppose that all this concatenation of legends is the outgro)th of a prodigious pri.eval lie/ or he .ust concede that it describes so.e event )hich really happened$ %o adopt the theory of a great race lie/ originating at the beginning of hu.an history/ is difficult/ inas.uch as these legends do not tell the sa.e story in anything like the sa.e )ay/ as )ould have been the case had they all originated in the first instance fro. the sa.e .ind$ "hile )e have the conflagration in so.e of the legends/ it has 1p$ ;F;4 been dropped out of othersM in one it is caused by the sunM in another by the de.onM in another by the .oonM in one ?haYton produced it by driving the sun out of its courseM )hile there are a )hole body of legends in )hich it is the result of catching the sun in a

noose$ 0o )ith the stories of the cave life$ ,n so.e/ .en seek the caves to escape the conflagrationM in others/ their race began in the caves$ ,n like .anner the age of darkness is in so.e cases produced by the cloudsM in others by the death of the sun$ Again/ in tropical regions the .yth turns upon a period of terrible heat )hen there )ere neither clouds nor rainM )hen so.e de.on had stolen the clouds or dragged the. into his cave: )hile in .ore northern regions the horrible age of ice and cold and sno) see.s to have .ade the .ost distinct i.pression on the .e.ory of .ankind$ ,n so.e of the .yths the co.et is a godM in others a de.onM in others a serpentM in others a feathered serpentM in others a dragonM in others a giantM in others a bird in others a )olfM in others a dogM in still others a boar$ %he legends coincide only in these facts: the .onster in the airM the heatM the fireM the cave lifeM the darknessM the return of the light$ ,n everything else they differ$ 0urely/ a falsehood/ springing out of one .ind/ )ould have been .ore consistent in its parts than this$ %he legends see. to represent the diverging .e.ories )hich separating races carried do)n to posterity of the sa.e a)ful and i.pressive events: they re.e.bered the. in frag.ents and sections/ and described the. as the four blind .en in the &indoo story described the elephantM to one it )as a tail/ to another a trunk/ to another a leg/ to another a bodyM it needs to put all their stories together to .ake a consistent )hole$ "e can not understand 1p$ ;F94 the conflagration )ithout the co.etM or the cave life )ithout bothM or the age of darkness )ithout so.ething that filled the heavens )ith cloudsM or the victory of the sun )ithout the clouds/ and the previous obscuration of the sun$ ,f the reader takes the other alternative/ that these legends are not frag.ents of a colossal falsehood/ then he .ust concede that the earth/ since .an inhabited it/ encountered a co.et$ No other cause or event could produce such a series of gigantic consequences as is here narrated$ +ut one other question re.ains: :id the :rift .aterial co.e fro. the co.etC ,t could have resulted fro. the co.et in t)o )ays: either it )as a part of the co.et's substance falling upon our planet at the .o.ent of contactM or it .ay have been torn fro. the earth itself by the force of the co.et/ precisely as it has been supposed that it )as produced by the ice$

%he final solution of this question can only be reached )hen close and e5tensive e5a.ination of the :rift deposits have been .ade to ascertain ho) far they are of earth origin$ And here it .ust be re.e.bered that the .atter )hich co.poses our earth and the other planets and the co.ets )as probably all cast out fro. the sa.e source/ the sun/ and hence a unifor.ity runs through it all$ &u.boldt says: ""e are 'astonished at being able to touch/ )eigh/ and che.ically deco.pose .etallic and earthy .asses )hich belong to the outer )orld/ to celestial space'M to find in the. the .inerals of our native earth/ .aking it probable/ as the great Ne)ton conOectured/ that the .aterials )hich belong to one group of cos.ical bodies are for the .ost part the sa.e$"[27
[2$ "#os.os/" vol$ iv/ p$ ;<G$7

1p$ ;FD4 0o.e aYrolites are co.posed of finely granular tissue of olivine/ augite/ and labradorite blended together Qas the .eteoric stone found at :uvets/ in the depart.ent de l'ArdWche/ FranceR: "%hese bodies contain/ for instance/ crystalline substances/ perfectly si.ilar to those of our earth's crustM and in the 0iberian .ass of .eteoric iron/ investigated by ?allas/ the olivine only differs fro. co..on olivine by the absence of nickel/ )hich is replaced by o5ide of tin$" Neither is it true that all .eteoric stones are of iron$ &u.boldt refers to the aYrolites of 0iena/ "in )hich the iron scarcely a.ounts to t)o per cent/ or the earthy aYrolite of Alais/ Qin the depart.ent du Gard/ France/R which bro-e up in the water/" QclayCRM "or/ lastly/ those fro. *onPac and *uvenas/ )hich contained no metallic iron$"[;7 "ho shall say )hat che.ical changes .ay take place in re.nants of the co.et floating for thousands of years through space/ and no) falling to our earthC And )ho shall say that the .aterial of all co.ets assu.es the sa.e for.C , can not but continue to think/ ho)ever/ until thorough scientific investigation disproves the theory/ that the cos.ical granite dust )hich/ .i5ed )ith )ater/ beca.e clay/ and )hich covers so large a part of the )orld/ )e .ight say one half the earth surface of the planet/ and possibly also the gravel and striated stones/ fell to the earth fro. the co.et$ ,t is a startling and tre.endous conception/ but )e are dealing )ith startling and tre.endous facts$ =ven though )e dis.iss the theory as i.possible/ )e still find ourselves face to face )ith the question/ "here/ then/ did these continental .asses of .atter co.e fro.C
[2$ "#os.os/" vol$ i/ p$ 292$

;$ ,bid$/ vol$ i/ p$ 2;H$7

1p$ ;FF4 , think the reader )ill agree )ith .e that the theory of the glacialists/ that a )orld infolding ice sheet produced the./ is i.possibleM to reiterate/ they are found/ Qon the equator/R )here the ice sheet could not have been )ithout ending all terrestrial lifeM and they are not found )here the ice .ust have been/ in 0iberia and North)estern A.erica/ if ice )as any)here$ ,f neither ice nor )ater ground up the earth surface into the :rift/ then )e .ust conclude that the co.et so ground it up/ or brought the .aterials )ith it already ground up$ %he probability is/ that both of these suppositions are in part trueM the co.et brought do)n upon the earth the clay dust and part of the gravel and bo)ldersM )hile the a)ful force it e5erted/ .eeting the earth )hile .oving at the rate of a .illion .iles an hour/ s.ashed the surface rocks/ tore the. to pieces/ ground the. up and .i5ed the .aterial )ith its o)n/ and deposited all together on the heated surface of the earth/ )here the lo)er part )as baked by the heat into "till" or "hardpan/" )hile the rushing cyclones deposited the other .aterial in partly stratified .asses or drifts above itM and part of this in ti.e )as rearranged by the great floods )hich follo)ed the condensation of the cloud .asses into rain and sno)/ in the period of the River or #ha.plain :rift$ Nothing can be clearer than that the inhabitants of the earth believed that the stones fell fro. heaven to )it/ fro. the co.et$ +ut it )ould be unsafe to base a theory upon such a belief/ inas.uch as stones/ and even fish and toads/ taken up by hurricanes/ have often fallen again in sho)ersM and they )ould appear to an uncritical population to have fallen fro. heaven$ +ut it is/ at least/ clear that the fall of the stones and the clay are associated in 1p$ ;FG4 the legends )ith the ti.e of the great catastropheM they are part of the sa.e terrible event$ , shall briefly recapitulate so.e of the evidence$ %he 'attoles/ an ,ndian tribe of Northern #alifornia/ have this legend: "As to the creation/ they teach that a certain +ig 'an began by .aking the na-ed earth, silent and blea-/ )ith nothing of plant or ani.al thereon/ save one ,ndian/ )ho roa.ed about in a wofull, hungr, and desolate state$ 0uddenly there arose a terrible )hirl)ind/ the air grew dar- and thic- with dust and drifting sand/ and the ,ndian fell upon his face in sore dread$ %hen there ca.e a great cal./ and the .an rose and looked/ and lo/ all the earth )as perfect and peopledM the grass and the trees )ere green on every plain and hillM the beasts of the field/ the fo)ls of the air/ the creeping things/ the things that s)i./ .oved every)here in his sight$"[27

&ere/ as often happens/ the i.pressive facts are re.e.bered/ but in a disarranged chronological order$ %here ca.e a )hirl)ind/ thick )ith dust/ the clay dust/ and drifting sand and gravel$ ,t left the )orld naked and lifeless/ "silent and bleak"M only one ,ndian re.ained/ and he )as dreadfully hungry$ +ut after a ti.e all this catastrophe passed a)ay/ and the earth )as once .ore populous and beautiful$ ,n the ?eruvian legends/ Apocatequil )as the great god )ho saved the. fro. the po)ers of the darkness$ &e restored the light$ &e produced the lightning by hurling stones )ith his sling$ %he thunder bolts are small, round, smooth stones$[;7 %he stone )orship/ )hich played so large a part in antiquity/ )as doubtless due to the belief that .any of the stones of the earth had fallen fro. heaven$ :r$ 0ch)arP/
[2$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ 8G$ ;$ +rinton's "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ 2GF$7

1p$ ;F34 of +erlin/ has sho)n that the lightning )as associated in popular legends with the serpent$ ""hen the lightning kindles the )oods it is associated )ith the descent of fire from heaven/ and/ as in popular i.agination/ )here it falls it scatters the thunderbolts in all directions/ the flint-stones/ )hich flash )hen struck/ )ere supposed to be these frag.ents/ and gave rise to the stone )orship so frequent in the old )orld$"[27 ,n =urope/ in old ti.es/ the bo)lders )ere called devil stonesM they )ere supposed$ to have originated fro. "the .alevolent agency of .an's spiritual foes$" %his )as a re.iniscence of their real source$ %he reader )ill see Qpage 239/ anteR that the ,roquois legends represent the great battle bet)een the :hite &ne/ the sun/ and the $ar- &ne/ the co.et$ %he $ar- &ne )as )ounded to death/ and/ as it fled for life/ "the blood gushed fro. hi. at every step/ and as it fell turned into flint-stones$" &ere )e have the red clay and the gravel both represented$ A.ong the #entral A.ericans the flints )ere associated )ith &urakan/ &aokah/ and %laloe 1#laloc/--3bh4/ the gods of stor. and thunder: "%he thunder bolts/ as else)here/ )ere believed to be flints/ and thus/ as the e.ble. of the fire and the stor./ this stone figures conspicuously in their .yths$ %ohil/ the god )ho gave the Euiches fire by shaking his sandals/ )as represented b, a flint-stone$ 0uch a stone/ in the beginning of things, fell from heaven to earth, and bro-e into sixteen hundred pieces/ each of )hich sprang up a god$ $ $ $ %his is the ger. of the adoration of

stones as e.ble.s of the fecundating rains$ %his is )hy/ for e5a.pleR the NavaOos use/ as their char. for rain/ certain
[2$ +rinton's "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ 223$7

1p$ ;F84 long/ round stones/ )hich they think fall fro. the cloud )hen it thunders$"[27 ,n the Algonquin legends of 'aniboPho/ or 'anobosbu/ or NanaboOou/ the great ancestor of all the Algic tribes/ the hero .an god/ )e learn/ had a terrific battle )ith "his brother #hakekenapok/ the flint-stone, whom he bro-e in pieces, and scattered over the land/ and changed his entrails into fruitful vines$ %he conflict )as long and terrible$ %he face of nature )as desolated as b, a tornado, and the gigantic bowlders and loose roc-s found on the prairies are the missiles hurled b, the might, combatants$"[;7 "e read in the @te legends/ given on page / ante/ that )hen the .agical arro) of %a )ats "struck the sun god full in the face/ the sun )as shivered into a thousand fragments, which fell to the earth/ causing a general conflagration$"[97 &ere )e have the sa.e reference to .atter falling on the earth fro. the heavens/ associated )ith devouring fire$ And )e have the sa.e sequence of events/ for )e learn that )hen all of %a )ats )as consu.ed but the head/ "his tears gushed forth in a flood/ )hich spread over the earth and e5tinguished the fires$" %he Aleuts of the Aleutian Archipelago have a tradition that a certain >ld 'an/ called %raghdadakh/ created .en "b, casting stones on the earth6 he flung also other stones into the air, the water, and over the land/ thus .aking beasts/ birds/ and fishes$"[D7 ,t is a general belief in .any races that the stone a5es and celts fell fro. the heavens$ ,n *apan/ the stone
[2$ +rinton's "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ 23<$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ 282$ 9$ 'aOor *$ "$ ?o)ell/ "?opular 0cience 'onthly/" 283H/ p$ 3HH$ D +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ 2<D$7

1p$ ;FH4 arro) heads are rained fro. heaven by the flying spirits/ )ho shoot the.$ 0i.ilar beliefs are found in +rittany/ in 'adagascar/ ,reland/ +raPil/ #hina/ the 0hetlands/ 0cotland/ ?ortugal/ etc$[27

,n the legends of EuetPalcoatl/ the central figure of the %oltec .ythology/ )e have a )hite .an a bearded .an fro. an eastern land/ .i5ed up )ith so.ething .ore than .an$ &e )as the +ird serpent/ that is/ the )inged or flying serpent/ the great snake of the air/ the son of ,Ptac 'i5coatl/ "the )hite cloud serpent/ the spirit of the tornado$"[;7 &e created the )orld$ &e )as overco.e by %ePcatlipoca/ the spirit of the night$ ""hen he )ould pro.ulgate his decrees/ his herald proclai.ed the. fro. %PatPitepec/ the hill of shouting/ )ith such a .ighty voice that it could be heard a hundred leagues around$ %he arrows which he shot transfi5ed great treesM the stones he threw leveled forests6 and )hen he laid his hands on the rocks the mar- was indelible$"[97 "&is sy.bols )ere the bird/ the serpent/ the cross/ and the flint$"[D7 ,n the APtec calendar the sign for the age of fire is the flint$ ,n the #hinese =ncyclopNdia of the =.peror Aang hi/ 2GG;/ )e are told: ",n traveling fro. the shores of the =astern 0ea to)ard #he lu/ neither brooks nor ponds are .et )ith in the country/ although it is intersected by .ountains and valleys$ Nevertheless/ there are found in the sand/ very far a)ay fro. the sea/ oyster shells and the shields of crabs$ %he tradition of the 'ongols )ho inhabit the country is/ that it has been said fro. ti.e i..e.orial that in a
[2$ %yler's "=arly 'ankind/" p$ ;;D$ ;$ +rinton's "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ 2H3$ 9$ ,bid$/ p$ 2H3$ D$ ,bid$/ p$ 2H8$7

1p$ ;G<4 re.ote antiquity the )aters of the deluge flooded the district/ and )hen they retired the places )here they had been .ade their appearance covered )ith sand$ $ $ $ %his is )hy these deserts are called the '0andy 0ea/' )hich indicates that they )ere not al)ays covered )ith sand and gravel$"[27 ,n the Russian legends/ a "golden ship sails across the heavenly seaM it breaks into frag.ents/ )hich neither princes nor people can put together again/" re.inding one of &u.pty :u.pty/ in the nursery song/ )ho/ )hen he fell fro. his elevated position on the )all "Not all the king's horses/ Nor all the king's .en/ #an ever .ake )hole again$"

,n another Russian legend/ ?erun/ the thunder god/ destroys the devils )ith stone ha..ers$ >n ,lya's day/ the peasants offer hi. a roasted ani.al/ )hich is cut up and scattered over the fields/[;7 Oust as )e have seen the great dragon or serpent cut to pieces and scattered over the )orld$ 'r$ #hristy found at +ou 'erPoug/ on the plateau of the Atlas/ in Northern Africa/ in a bare/ deserted/ stony place a.ong the .ountains/ a collection of fifteen hundred to.bs/ .ade of rude li.estone slabs/ set up )ith one slab to for. a roof/ so as to .ake perfect dol.ens closed cha.bers )here the bodies )ere packed in$ "%radition says that a )icked people lived there/ and for their sins stones were rained upon them from heaven6 so they built these cha.bers to creep into$"[97 ,n addition to the legend of "?haYton/" already given/ >vid derived fro. the legends of his race another story/
[2$ %ylor's "=arly 'ankind/" p$ 9;8$ ;$ ?oor/ "0anskrit (iterature/" p$ D<<$ 9$ %ylor's "=arly 'ankind/" p$ ;;;$7

1p$ ;G24 )hich see.s to have had reference to the sa.e event$ &e says QFable I,R: "After the .en )ho ca.e fro. the %yrian nation had touched this grove )ith ill fated steps/ and the urn let do)n into the )ater .ade a splash/ the a5ure dragon stretched forth his head fro. the deep cave/ and uttered dreadful hissings$" "e are re.inded of the flying .onster of &esiod/ )hich roared and hissed so terribly$ >vid continues: "%he urns dropped fro. their hands/ and the blood left their bodies/ and a sudden tre.bling seiPed their astonished li.bs$ &e )reathes his scaly orbs in rolling spirals/ and/ )ith a spring/ beco.es t)isted into .ighty foldsM and/ uprearing hi.self fro. belo) the .iddle into the light air/ he looks do)n upon all the grove/ and is of" QasR "large siPe/ as/ if you )ere to look on hi. entire/ the serpent )hich separates the t)o +ears" Qthe constellationsR$ &e slays the ?hZniciansM "so.e he kills )ith his sting/ so.e )ith his long folds/ so.e breathed upon by the veno. of his baleful poison$" #ad.us casts a huge stone/ as big as a .illstone/ against hi./ but it falls har.less upon his scales/ "that )ere like a coat of .ail"M then #ad.us pierced hi. )ith his spear$ ,n his

fall he crushes the forestsM the blood flo)s fro. his poisonous palate and changes the color of the grass$ &e is slain$ %hen/ under the advice of ?allas/ #ad.us sows the earth with the dragon9s teeth, "under the earth turned up/ as the seeds of a future people$" After)ard/ the earth begins to .ove/ and ar.ed .en rise upM they slay #ad.us/ and then fight )ith and slay each other$ %his see.s to be a recollection of the co.et/ and the stones falling fro. heavenM and upon the land so afflicted 1p$ ;G;4 subsequently a )arlike and aggressive and quarrelso.e race of .en springs up$ ,n the contest of &ercules )ith the (ygians/ on the road fro. #aucasus to the Hesperides/ "there is an atte.pt to e5plain .ythically the origin of the round quartP blocks in the (ygian field of stones/ at the .outh of the Rhcne$"[27 ,n the "?ro.etheus :elivered" of [sechylus/ *upiter dra)s together a cloud/ and causes "the district round about to be covered with a shower of round stones$"[;7 %he legends of =urope refer to a race buried under sand and earth: "%he inhabitants of #entral =urope and %eutonic races )ho ca.e late to =ngland/ place their .ythical heroes under ground in caves/ in vaults beneath enchanted castles/ or in mounds )hich open and sho) their buried inhabitants alive and busy about the avocations of earthly .en$ $ $ $ ,n 'orayshire the buried race are supposed to have been buried under the sand-hills/ as they are in so.e parts of +rittany$"[97 %urning again to A.erica/ )e find/ in the great prayer of the APtecs to %ePcalipoca/ 1#e5catlipoca--3bh4 given on page 28G/ ante/ .any references to so.e .aterial substances falling fro. heavenM )e read: "%hine anger and indignation has descended upon us in these days/ $ $ $ co.ing do)n even as stones, spears, and darts upon the wretches that inhabit the earthM this is the pestilence by )hich )e are afflicted and almost destro,ed$" %he children die/ "broken and dashed to pieces as against stones and a )all$ $ $ $ %hine anger and thy indignation does it delight in hurling the stone and arrow and spear$ %he grinders of th, teeth" Qthe dragon's teeth of >vidCR "are e.ployed/ and thy bitter )hips upon the .iserable of
[2$ "#os.os/" vol$ i/ p$ 22F$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ 22F$ 9$ "Frost and Fire/" vol$ ii/ p$ 2H<$7

1p$ ;G94

thy people$$$$ &ast thou verily deter.ined that it utterly perishM $ $ $ that the peopled place beco.e a )ooded hill and a wilderness of stones/ $ $ $ ,s there to be no .ercy nor pity for us until the arrows of th, fur, are spent/ $ $ $ %hine arro)s and stones have sorel, hurt this poor people$" ,n the legend of the ,ndians of (ake %ahoe Qsee page 2G8/ anteR/ )e are told that the stars )ere .elted by the great conflagration/ and they rained do)n .olten .etal upon the earth$ ,n the &indoo legend Qsee page 232/ anteR of the great battle bet)een Ra.a/ the sun god/ and Ravana/ the evil one/ Ra.a persuaded the .onkeys to help hi. build a bridge to the ,sland of (anka/ "and the stones which crop out through +outhern India are said to have been dropped b, the mon-e, builders$" ,n the legend of the %upi ,ndians Qsee page 23F/ anteR/ )e are told that God "s)ept about the fire in such )ay that in some places he raised mountains and in others dug valle,s$" ,n the +ible )e have distinct references to the fall of .atter fro. heaven$ ,n :euterono.y Qchap$ 55viiiR/ a.ong the consequences )hich are to follo) disobedience of God's )ill/ )e have the follo)ing: ";;$ %he (ord shall s.ite thee $ $ $ )ith an e5tre.e burning/ and )ith the s)ord/ and )ith blasting/ and )ith .ilde)M and they shall pursue thee until thou perish$ ";9$ And thy heaven that is over thy head shall be brass/ and the earth that is under thee shall be iron$ ";D$ #he (ord shall ma-e the rain of th, land powder and dustA from. heaven shall it come down upon thee, until thou be destro,ed$ $ $ $ ";H$ And thou shalt grope at noonda,/ as the blind gropeth in darkness$" And even that .arvelous event/ so .uch .ocked at by .odern thought/ the standing still of the sun/ at the 1p$ ;GD4 co..and of *oshua/ .ay be/ after all/ a re.iniscence of the catastrophe of the :rift$ ,n the A.erican legends/ )e read that the sun stood still/ and >vid tells us that "a day )as lost$" "ho shall say )hat circu.stances acco.panied an event great enough to crack the globe itself into i..ense fissuresC ,t is/ at least/ a curious fact that in *oshua Qchap$ 5R the standing still of the sun )as acco.panied by a fall of stones fro. heaven by )hich .ultitudes )ere slain$ &ere is the record

"22$ And it ca.e to pass/ as they fled fro. before ,srael/ and )ere in the going do)n to +eth horon/ that the (ord cast down great stones from heaven upon them unto APekah/ and they died: there )ere .ore )hich died )ith hailstones than they )ho. the children of ,srael sle) )ith the s)ord$" "29$ And the sun stood still/ and the .oon stayed/ until the people had avenged the.selves upon their ene.ies$ ,s not this )ritten in the book of *asherC 0o the sun stood still in the .idst of heaven/ and hasted not to go do)n about a whole da,$ "2D$ And there )as no day like that before it or after it/ that the (ord hearkened unto the voice of a .an: for the (ord fought for ,srael$" %he "book of *asher" )as/ )e are told/ a very ancient )ork/ long since lost$ ,s it not possible that a great/ di. .e.ory of a terrible event )as applied by tradition to the .ighty captain of the *e)s/ Oust as the doings of Keus have been attributed/ in the folk lore of =urope/ to #harle.agne and +arbarossaC ,f the contact of (e5ell's co.et )ith the earth )ould/ as sho)n on page 8D/ ante/ have increased the length of the sidereal year three hours/ )hat effect .ight not a co.et/ .any ti.es larger than the .ass of the earth/ have had upon the revolution of the earthC "ere the heat/ 1p$ ;GF4 the conflagrations/ and the tearing up of the earth's surface caused by such an arrest.ent or partial slo)ing up of the earth's revolution on its a5isC , do not propound these questions as any part of .y theory/ but .erely as suggestions$ %he A.erican and ?olynesian legends represent that the catastrophe increased the length of the days$ %his .ay .ean nothing/ or a great deal$ At least/ *oshua's legend .ay yet take its place a.ong the scientific possibilities$ +ut it is in the legend of the %oltecs of #entral A.erica/ as preserved in one of the sacred books of the race/ the "#ode5 #hi.alpopoca/" that )e find the clearest and .ost indisputable references to the fall of gravel Qsee page 2GG/ anteR: "'%he third sun' Qor eraR 'is called Euia %onatiuh/ sun of rain/ because there fell a rain of fireM all )hich e5isted burnedM and there fell a rain of gravel$' "'%hey also narrate that )hile the sandstone which we now see scattered about/ and the tetPontli' Qam,gdaloide poreuse/ basalt/ trap rocksR 'boiled )ith great tu.ult/ there also arose the rocks of ver.ilion color$' "'No) this )as in the year #e %ecpatl/ >ne %lint/ it )as the day *ahui->uiahuitl/ Fourth Rain$ No)/ in this day in )hich .en )ere lost and destroyed in a rain of fire/ they )ere transfor.ed into goslings$'"[27

"e find also .any allusions in the legends to the clay$ "hen the NavaOos cli.bed up fro. their cave they found the earth covered )ith clay into )hich they sank .id leg deepM and )hen the )ater ran off it left the )hole )orld full of .ud$ ,n the #reek and 0e.inole legends the Great 0pirit .ade the first .an/ in the pri.eval cave/ "fro. the clay around hi.$"
[2$ "North A.ericans of Antiquity/" p$ DHH$7

1p$ ;GG4 0anchoniathon/ fro. the other side of the )orld/ tells us/ in the ?hZnician legends Qsee page ;<H/ anteR/ that first ca.e chaos/ and out of chaos )as generated mEt or .ud$ ,n the 'iPtec QA.ericanR legends Qsee page ;2D/ anteR/ )e are told that in the Age of :arkness there )as "nothing but mud and slime on all the face of the earth$" ,n the Euiche legends )e are told that the first .en )ere destroyed by fire and pitch fro. heaven$ ,n the Euiche legends )e also have .any allusions to the )et and .uddy condition of the earth before the returning sun dried it up$ ,n the legends of the North A.erican ,ndians )e read that the earth )as covered )ith great heaps of ashesM doubtless the fine/ dry po)der of the clay looked like ashes before the )ater fell upon it$ %here is another curious fact to be considered in connection )ith these legends that the cala.ity see.s to have brought )ith it so.e co.pensating )ealth$ %hus )e find +eo)ulf/ )hen destroyed by the .idnight .onster/ reOoicing to think that his people )ould receive a treasure/ a fortune by the .onster's death$ &ence )e have a )hole .ass of legends )herein a dragon or great serpent is associated )ith a precious horde of gold or Oe)els$ "%he 0cythians had a saga of the sacred gold )hich fell burning fro. heaven$ %he ancients had also so.e strange fictions of silver )hich fell fro. heaven/ and )ith )hich it had been atte.pted/ under the =.peror 0everus/ to cover bronPe coins$"[27 ",n ?eru the god of riches )as )orshiped under the i.age of a rattlesnake/ horned and hairy/ with a tail of gold$ ,t )as said to have descended from the heavens in
[2$ "#os.os/" vol$ i/ p$ 22F$7

1p$ ;G34 the sight of all the people/ and to have been seen by the )hole ar.y of the ,nca$"[27 %he ?eruvians probably in reference to this event chose as their ar.s t)o serpents )ith their tails interlaced$ A.ong the Greeks and ancient Ger.ans the fiery dragon )as the dispenser of riches/ and "watches a treasure in the earth$"[;7 %hese legends .ay be e5plained by the fact that in the @ral 'ountains/ on the east of =urope/ in 0outh A.erica/ in 0outh Africa/ and in other localities/ the :rift gravels contain gold and precious stones$ %he dia.ond is found in drift gravels alone$ ,t is pure carbon crystalliPed$ 'an has been unable to reproduce it/ e5cept in .inute particlesM nor can he tell in )hat laboratory of nature it has been fabricated$ ,t is not found in situ in any of the rocks of an earth origin$ &as it been for.ed in spaceC ,s it an outco.e of that pure carbon )hich the spectroscope has revealed to us as burning in so.e of the co.etsC
[2$ +rinton's "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ 2;F$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ 2;F$7

1p$ ;G84 .$APTER 4I' T$E ARABIA! 3(T$*' AN: )hen )e turn to the Arabian tales/ )e not only see/ by their identity )ith the &indoo and 0lavonic legends/ that they are of great antiquity/ dating back to the ti.e )hen these )idely diverse races/ Aryan and 0e.itic/ )ere one/ but )e find in the. .any allusions to the battle bet)een good and evil/ bet)een God and the serpent$ Abou 'oha..ed the (aPy/ )ho is a very great .agician/ )ith po)er over the forces of the air and the Afrites/ beholds a battle bet)een t)o great snakes/ one ta)ny colored/ the other )hite$ %he ta)ny serpent is overco.ing the )hite oneM but Abou 'oha..ed kills it )ith a rock$ "%he )hite serpent" Qthe sunR "departed and )as absent for a while/ but returned"M and the ta)ny serpent )as torn to pieces and scattered over the land/ and nothing re.ained of her but her head$ And then )e have the legend of "the #ity of +rass/" or bronPe$ ,t relates to "an ancient age and period in the olden ti.e$" >ne of the caliphs/ Abdel.elik/ the son of 'ar)an/ has heard fro. antiquity that 0olo.on/ Q0olo.on is/ in Arabic/ like #harle.agne in the .iddle age .yths of =urope/ the synony. for everything venerable and po)erful/R had

i.prisoned genii in bottles of brass/ and the #aliph desired to procure so.e of these bottles$ 1p$ ;GH4 %hen %alib Qthe son of 0ahlR tells the #aliph that a .an once voyaged to the ,sland of 0icily/ but a )ind arose and ble) hi. a)ay "to one of the lands of God$" "%his happened during the black darkness of night$" ,t )as a re.ote/ unfrequented landM the people )ere black and lived in caves/ and )ere naked and of strange speech$ %hey cast their nets for %alib and brought up a bottle of brass or bronPe/ containing one of the i.prisoned genii/ )ho ca.e out of it/ as a blue s.oke/ and cried in a horrible voice/ "Repentance/ repentance/ > prophet of GodL" All this )as in a "estern land$ And Abdel.elik sent %alib to find this land$ ,t )as "a Oourney of t)o years and so.e .onths going/ and the like returning$" ,t )as in a far country$ %hey first reach a deserted palace in a desolate land/ the palace of "Aosh the son of 0heddad the son of Ad/ the greater$" &e read an inscription: "&ere )as a people/ )ho./ after their )orks/ thou shalt see )ept over for their lost do.inion$ "And in this palace is the last infor.ation respecting lords collected in the dust$ ":eath hath destroyed the. and disunited the./ and in the dust they have lost )hat they a.assed$" %alib goes on )ith his troops/ until they co.e to a great pillar of black stone/ sunk into )hich/ to his ar.pits/ )as a .ighty creatureM "he had t)o )ings and four ar.sM t)o of the. like those of the sons of Ada./ and t)o like the fore legs of lions )ith cla)s$ &e had hair upon his head like the tails of horses/ and t)o eyes like t)o burning coals/ and he had a third eye in his forehead/ like the eye of the lyn5/ fro. )hich there appeared sparks of fire$" &e )as the i.prisoned co.et .onster/ and these 1p$ ;3<4 ar.s and eyes/ darting fire/ re.ind us of the description given of the apostate angel in the other legends: --%&= AFR,%= ,N %&= ?,((AR$

"&e )as tall and blackM and he )as crying out '=5tolled be the perfection of .y (ord/ )ho hath appointed .e this severe affliction and painful torture until the day of resurrectionL'" 1p$ ;324 %he party of %alib )ere stupefied at the sight and retreated in fright$ And the )ise .an/ the 0heik Abdelsa.ad/ one of the party/ dre) near and asked the i.prisoned .onster his history$ And he replied: ", a. an Afrite of the genii/ and .y na.e is :ahish/ the son of =la.ash/ and , a. restrained here by the .aOesty of God$ "%here belonged to one of the sons of =blis an idol of red carnelian/ of )hich , )as .ade guardianM and there used to )orship it one of the kings of the sea/ of illustrious dignity/ of great glory/ leading/ a.ong his troops of the genii/ a .illion )arriors )ho s.ote )ith s)ords before hi./ and )ho ans)ered his prayer in cases of difficulty$ %hese genii/ )ho obeyed hi./ )ere under .y co..and and authority/ follo)ing .y )ords )hen , ordered the.: all of the. )ere in rebellion against 0olo.on the son of :avid Qon both of )ho. be peaceLR/ and , used to enter the body of the idol/ to co..and the. and to forbid the.$" 0olo.on sent )ord to this king of the sea that he .ust give up the )orship of the idol of red carnelianM the king consulted the idol/ and this Afrite/ speaking through the idol/ encouraged the king to refuse$ "hat/ he said to hi./ can 0olo.on do to thee/ ")hen thou art in the .idst of this great seaC" And so 0olo.on ca.e to co.pel the island race to )orship the true GodM he surrounded his island/ and filled the land )ith his troops/ assisted by birds and )ild beasts/ and a dreadful battle follo)ed in the air: "After this they ca.e upon us all together/ and )e contended )ith hi. in a )ide tract for a period of two da,sM and cala.ity befell us on the third day/ and the decree of God Q)hose na.e be e5altedLR )as e5ecuted a.ong us$ %he first )ho charged upon 0olo.on )ere , and .y troops: and , said to .y co.panions/ 'Aeep in your places in the battle field )hile , go forth to the. and challenge $imiriat$"' Q:i.iriat )as the 0un/ the 1p$ ;3;4 bright one$R "And lo/ he came forth, li-e a great mountain, his fires flaming and his smo-e ascending6 and he approached and smote me with a flaming fire6 and his arrow prevailed over m, fire$ &e cried out at .e with a prodigious cr,/ so that , i.agined the heaven had fallen and closed over .e/ and the .ountains shook at his voice$ --:A&,0& >!=R%AA=N +B :,',R,A%$

%hen he co..anded his co.panions/ and they charged upon us all together: )e also charged upon the./ and )e cried out one to another: the fires rose and the smo-e ascended/ the hearts of the co.batants )ere al.ost cleft asunder/ and the battle raged$ %he birds fought in the air/ and the )ild beasts in the dustM and , contended )ith :i.iriat until he )earied .e and , )earied hi.M 1p$ ;394 after )hich , beca.e )eak/ and .y co.panions and troops )ere enervated and .y tribes )ere routed$" %he birds tore out the eyes of the de.ons/ and cut the. in pieces until the earth was covered with the fragments/ like the trunks of pal. trees$ "As for .e/ , fle) fro. before :i.iriat/ but he follo)ed .e a Oourney of three .onths until he overtook .e$" And 0olo.on hollo)ed out the black pillar/ and sealed hi. in it )ith his signet/ and chained hi. until the day of resurrection$ And %alib and his party go on still farther/ and find "the #ity of +rass/" a )eird/ .ysterious/ lost city/ in a desolate landM silent/ and all its people deadM a city once of high civiliPation/ )ith .ighty/ braPen )alls and vast .achinery and great .ysteriesM a city )hose inhabitants had perished suddenly in so.e great cala.ity$ And on the )alls )ere tablets/ and on one of the. )ere inscribed these sole.n )ords: "'"here are the kings and the peoples of the earthC %hey have quitted that )hich they have built and peopled$ And in the grave they are pledged for their past actions$ %here/ after destruction/ they have beco.e putrid corpses$ "here are the troopsC %hey repelled not nor profited$ And )here is that )hich they collected and boardedC %he decree of the (ord of the %hrone surprised them$ Neither riches nor refuge saved the. fro. it$' "And they sa) the .erchants dead in their shopsM their skins )ere dried/ and their bones )ere carious/ and they had beco.e e5a.ples to hi. )ho )ould be ad.onished$" =very)here )ere the dead/ "lying upon skins/ and appearing al.ost as if they )ould speak$" %heir death see.s to have been due to a long period of terrible heat and drought$ >n a couch )as a da.sel .ore beautiful than all the daughters of Ada.M she )as e.bal.ed/ so as to preserve all her char.s$ &er eyes )ere of glass/ filled )ith quick 1p$ ;3D4 silver/ )hich see.ed to follo) the beholder's every .otion$ Near her )as a tablet of gold/ on )hich )as inscribed:

",n the na.e of God/ the co.passionate/ the .erciful$$$$ the (ord of lords/ the #ause of causesM the =verlasting/ the =ternal$ $ $ $ "here are the kings of the regions of the earth" "here are the A.alekitesC "here are the .ighty .onarchsC %he .ansions are void of their presence/ and they have quitted their fa.ilies and ho.es$ "here are the kings of the foreigners and the ArabsC %hey have all died and beco.e rotten bones$ "here are the lords of high degreeC %hey have all died$ "here are Aorah and &a.anC "here is 0heddad/ the son of AddC "here are #anaan and ?haraohC God hath cut them off/ and it is he )ho cutteth short the lives of .ankind/ and he hath .ade the .ansions to be void for their presence$ $ $ $ , a. %ad.or/ the daughter of the king of the A.alekites/ of those )ho ruled the countries )ith equity: , possessed )hat none of the kings possessed/" Qi$ e$/ in e5tent of do.inion/R "and ruled )ith Oustice/ and acted i.partially to)ard .y subOectsM , gave and besto)edM and , lived a longti.e in the enOoy.ent of happiness and an easy life/ and e.ancipated both fe.ale and .ale slaves$ %hus , did until the summoner of death came, and disasters occurred before me$ And the cause )as this: +even ,ears in succession ca.e upon us/ during which no water descended on us from heaven, nor did an, grass grow for us on the face of the earth$ 0o )e ate )hat food )e had in our d)ellings/ and after that )e fell upon the beasts and ate/ and there re.ained nothing$ @pon this/ therefore/ , caused the )ealth to be brought/ and .eted it )ith a .easure/ and sent it/ by trusty .en/ )ho )ent about )ith it through all regions/ not leaving unvisited a single large city/ to seek for so.e food$ 7ut the, found it not/ and they returned to us )ith the )ealth after a long absence$ 0o/ thereupon )e e5posed to vie) our riches and our treasures/ locked the gates of the fortresses in our city/ and sub.itted ourselves to the decrees of our (ordM and thus )e all died/ as thou beholdest/ and left )hat )e had built and )hat )e had treasured$" 1p$ ;3F4 And this strange tale has relations to all the other legends$ &ere )e have the great de.on/ darting fire/ blaPing/ s.oking/ the destructive oneM the rebel against the good God$ &e is overthro)n by the bright shining one/ :i.iriat/ the sa.e as the :ev 'rityu of the &indoosM he and his forces are cut to pieces/ and scattered over the land/ and he/ after being chased for .onths through space/ is captured and chained$ Associated )ith all this is a people of the +ronPe Age a highly civiliPed peopleM a people living on an island in the "estern 0ea/ )ho perished by a cala.ity )hich ca.e on the. suddenlyM "a su..oner of death" ca.e and brought disastersM and then follo)ed a long period of terrible heat and drought/ in )hich not they alone/ but all nations and cities/ )ere starved by the drying up of the earth$ %he de.on had devoured the co)s the cloudsM like #acus/ he had dragged the. back)ard into his den/ and no &ercules/ no ,ndra/ had arisen to hurl the electric bolt that )as to kill the heat/ restore the clouds/ and bring upon the parched earth the grateful rain$ And so this +ronPe Age race spread out their useless treasures to the sun/ and/ despite their .iseries/ they praise the God of gods/ the #ause of causes/ the .erciful/ the co.passionate/ and lie do)n to die$ And in the evil one/ captured and chained and sealed by 0olo.on/ )e see. to have the sa.e thing prefigured in Revelation/ 55/ ;:

";$ And he laid hold on the dragon/ the old serpent/ )hich is the devil and 0atan/ and bound hi. for a thousand years$ "9$ And he cast hi. into the botto.less pit/ and shut hi. up/ and set a seal upon hi./ that he should no .ore seduce the nations$" 1p$ ;3G4 .$APTER 4II' T$E B""# "F 6"B' "= are told in the +ible Q*ob/ i/ 2GR ""hile he [*ob7 )as yet speaking/ there ca.e also another/ and said/ #he fire of )od is fallen from heaven and hath burned up the sheep/ and the servants/ and consumed them/ and , only a. escaped alone to tell thee$" And in verse 28 )e are told ""hile he )as yet speaking/ there ca.e also another/ and said/ %hy sons and thy daughters )ere eating and drinking )ine in their eldest brother's house: "2H$ And behold/ there ca.e a great )ind fro. the )ilderness/ and s.ote the four corners of the house/ and it fell upon the young .en/ and they are deadM and , only a. escaped alone to tell thee$" "e have here the record of a great convulsion$ Fire fell fro. heavenM the fire of God$ ,t )as not lightning/ for it killed the seven thousand sheep/ Qsee chap$ i/ 9/R belonging to *ob/ and all his shepherdsM and not only killed but consu.ed the. burned the. up$ A fire falling fro. heaven great enough to kill seven thousand sheep .ust have been an e5tensive conflagration/ e5tending over a large area of country$ And it see.s to have been acco.panied by a great )ind a cyclone )hich killed all *ob's sons and daughters$ &as the book of *ob anything to do )ith that great event )hich )e have been discussingC :id it originate out of itC (et us see$ ,n the first place it is/ , believe/ conceded by the fore.ost 1p$ ;334 scholars that the book of *ob is not a &ebre) )orkM it )as not )ritten by 'osesM it far antedates even the ti.e of Abraha.$ %hat very high orthodo5 authority/ George 0.ith/ F$ 0$ A$/ in his )ork sho)s that

"=verything relating to this patriarch has been violently controverted$ &is countryM the age in )hich he livedM the author of the book that bears his na.eM have all been fruitful the.es of discord/ and/ as if to confound confusion/ these disputants are interrupted by others/ )ho )ould .aintain that no such person ever e5istedM that the )hole tale is a poetic fiction/ an allegoryL"[27 *ob lived to be t)o hundred years old/ or/ according to the 0eptuagint/ four hundred$ %his great age relegates hi. to the era of the antediluvians/ or their i..ediate descendants/ a.ong )ho. such e5tre.e ages )ere said to have been co..on$ #$ 0$ +ryant says: "*ob is in the purest &ebre)$ %he author uses only the )ord !lohim for the na.e of God$ %he co.piler or reviser of the )ork/ 'oses/ or )hoever he )as/ e.ployed at the heads of chapters and in the introductory and concluding portions the na.e of BehovahM but all the verses )here Behovah occurs/ in *ob/ are later interpolations in a very old poe./ )ritten at a ti.e )hen the 0e.itic race had no other na.e for God but !lohimM before 'oses obtained the ele.ents of the ne) na.e fro. =gypt$"[;7 &ale says: "%he cardinal constellations of spring and autu.n/ in *ob's ti.e/ )ere Chima and Chesil/ or %aurus and 0corpio/ of )hich the principal stars are Aldebaran/ the +ull's =ye/ and Antare/ the 0corpion's &eart$ Ano)ing/ therefore/ the longitudes of these stars at present/ the interval
[2$ "%he ?atriarchal Age/" vol$ i/ p$ 9F2$ ;$ '0$ letter to the author/ fro. #$ 0$ +ryant/ 0t$ ?aul/ 'innesota$7

1p$ ;384 of ti.e fro. thence to the assu.ed date of *ob's trial )ill give the difference of these longitudes/ and ascertain their positions then )ith respect to the vernal and equinoctial points of intersection of the equinoctial and eclipticM according to the usual rate of the precession of the equino5es/ one degree in seventy one years and a half$"[27 A careful calculation/ based on these principles/ has proved that this period )as ;998 +$ #$ According to the 0eptuagint/ in the opinion of George 0.ith/ *ob lived/ or the book of *ob )as )ritten/ fro. ;GF< +$ #$ to ;;F< +$ #$ >r the events described .ay have occurred ;F/3D< years before that date$ ,t appears/ therefore/ that the book of *ob )as )ritten/ even according to the calculations of the orthodo5/ long before the ti.e of Abraha./ the founder of the *e)ish nation/ and hence could not have been the )ork of 'oses or any other &ebre)$ 'r$ 0.ith thinks that it )as produced soon after the %lood/ by an Arabian$ &e finds in it .any proofs of great antiquity$ &e sees in it Q555i/ ;G/ ;8R proof that in *ob's ti.e idolatry )as an offense

under the la)s/ and punishable as suchM and he is satisfied that all the parties to the great dialogue )ere free fro. the taint of idolatry$ 'r$ 0.ith says: "%he +abylonians/ #haldeans/ =gyptians/ #anaanites/ 'idianites/ =thiopians of Abyssinia/ 0yrians/ and other conte.porary nations/ had sunk into gross idolatry long before the ti.e of 'oses$" %he Arabians )ere an i.portant branch of the great Atlantean stockM they derived their descent fro. the people of Add$ "And to this day the Arabians declare that the father of Bob was the founder of the great 2rabian people$"[;7
[2$ &ale's "#hronology/" vol$ ii/ p$ FF$ ;$ 0.ith's "0acred Annals/" vol$ i/ p$ 9G<$7

1p$ ;3H4 Again/ the sa.e author says: "*ob acted as high priest in his o)n fa.ilyM and/ .inute as are the descriptions of the different classes and usages of society in this book/ )e have not the slightest allusion to the e5istence of any priests or specially appointed .inisters of religion/ a fact which shows the extreme anti4uit, of the period/ as priests )ere/ in all probability/ first appointed about the ti.e of Abraha./ and beca.e general soon after$"[27 &e .ight have added that priests )ere kno)n a.ong the =gyptians and +abylonians and ?hZnicians fro. the very beginning of their history$ :r$ 'agee says: ",f/ in short/ there be on the )hole/ that genuine air of the antique )hich those distinguished scholars/ 0chultens/ (o)th/ and 'ichaelis/ affir. in every respect to pervade the )ork/ )e can scarcely hesitate to pronounce/ )ith (o)th and 0herlock/ that the boo- of Bob is the oldest in the world now extant$"[;7 'oreover/ it is evident that this ancient hero/ although he probably lived before +abylon and Assyria/ before %roy )as kno)n/ before Greece had a na.e/ nevertheless d)elt in the .idst of a high civiliPation$ "%he various arts/ the .ost recondite sciences/ the .ost re.arkable productions of earth/ in respect of ani.als/ vegetables/ and .inerals/ the classified arrange.ent of the stars of heaven/ are all noticed$"

Not only did *ob's people possess an alphabet/ but books )ere )ritten/ characters )ere engravedM and so.e have even gone so far as to clai. that the art of printing )as kno)n/ because *ob says/ ""ould that .y )ords )ere printed in a bookL"
[2$ 0.ith's "0acred Annals/" p$ 9GD$ ;$ 'agee ">n the Atone.ent/" vol$ ii/ p$ 8D$7

1p$ ;8<4 %he literary e5cellence of the )ork is of the highest order$ (o)th says: "%he antiquary/ or the critic/ )ho has been at the pains to trace the history of the Grecian dra.a fro. its first )eak and i.perfect efforts/ and has carefully observed its tardy progress to perfection/ )ill scarcely/ , think/ )ithout astonish.ent/ conte.plate a poe. produced so .any ages before/ so elegant in its design/ so regular in its structure/ so ani.ated/ so affecting/ so near to the true dra.atic .odelM )hile/ on the contrary/ the united )isdo. of Greece/ after ages of study/ )as not able to produce anything approaching to perfection in this )alk of poetry before the ti.e of [schylus$"[27 0.ith says: "%he debate rises high above earthly thingsM the )ay and )ill and providential dealings of God are investigated$ All this is done )ith the greatest propriety/ )ith the .ost consu..ate skillM and/ not)ithstanding the e5pression of so.e erroneous opinions/ all is under the influence of a devout and sanctified te.per of .ind$"[;7 &as this .ost ancient/ )onderful/ and lofty )ork/ breathing the spirit of pri.eval ti.es/ its origin lost in the night of ages/ testifying to a high civiliPation and a higher .oral develop.ent/ has it anything to do )ith that event )hich lay far beyond the FloodC ,f it is a dra.a of Atlantean ti.es/ it .ust have passed through .any hands/ through .any ages/ through .any tongues/ before it reached the ,sraelites$ "e .ay e5pect its original .eaning/ therefore/ to appear through it only like the light through cloudsM )e .ay e5pect that later generations )ould .odify it )ith local na.es and allusionsM )e .ay e5pect that they )ould even strike out parts )hose .eaning they failed to understand/ and
[2$ "&ebre) ?oetry/" lecture 555iii$ ;$ "0acred Annals/" vol$ i/ p$ 9GF$7

1p$ ;824 interpolate others$ ,t is believed that the opening and closing parts are additions .ade in a subsequent age$ ,f they could not co.prehend ho) the fire fro. heaven and the )hirl)ind could have so utterly destroyed *ob's sheep/ servants/ property/ and fa.ily/

they )ould bring in those desert accessories/ 0abNan and #haldean robbers/ to carry a)ay the ca.els and the o5en$ "hat is the .eaning of the )hole poe.C God gives over the govern.ent of the )orld for a ti.e to 0atan/ to )ork his devilish )ill upon *ob$ :id not God do this very thing )hen he per.itted the co.et to strike the earthC 0atan in Arabic .eans a serpent$ "Going to and fro" .eans in the Arabic in "the heat of haste "M @.breit translates it/ "fro. a flight over the earth$" *ob .ay .ean a .an/ a tribe/ or a )hole nation$ Fro. a condition of great prosperity *ob is stricken do)n/ in an instant/ to the ut.ost depths of poverty and distressM and the chief agency is "fire fro. heaven" and great )ind stor.s$ :oes this typify the fate of the )orld )hen the great catastrophe occurredC :oes the debate bet)een *ob and his three visitors represent the discussion )hich took place in the hearts of the .iserable re.nants of .ankind/ as they lay hid in caverns/ touching God/ his po)er/ his goodness/ his OusticeM and )hether or not this )orld appalling cala.ity )as the result of the sins of the people or other)iseC (et us see )hat gli.pses of these things )e can find in the te5t of the book$ "hen *ob's afflictions fall upon hi. he curses his day the day/ as co..only understood/ )herein he )as born$ +ut ho) can one curse a past period of ti.e and ask the darkness to cover itC 1p$ ;8;4 %he original te5t is probably a reference to the events that )ere then transpiring: "(et that day be turned into dar-nessM let not God regard it fro. aboveM and let not the light shine upon it$ (et darkness and the shadow of death cover it6 let a .ist overspread it/ and let it be )rapped up in bitterness$ (et a dar-some whirlwind seiPe upon that night$ $ $ $ (et the. curse it )ho curse the clay/ )ho are read, to raise up a leviathan$"[27 :e :ieu says it should read/ "And thou/ leviathan/ rouse up$" "(et a .ist overspread it"M literally/ "let a gathered .ass of dark clouds cover it$" "%he Fathers generally understand the devil to be .eant by the leviathan$" "e shall see that it .eans the fiery dragon/ the co.et: "(et the stars be darkened with the mist thereof6 let it expect light and not see it, nor the rising of the dawning of the da,$"[;7

,n other )ords/ *ob is not i.precating future evils on a past ti.e an i.possibility/ an absurdity: he is describing the events then transpiring the )hirl)ind/ the darkness/ the .ist/ the day that does not co.e/ and the leviathan/ the de.on/ the co.et$ *ob see.s to regret that he has escaped )ith his life: "For no)/" he says/ "should I have lain still and been 4uiet/" Qif , had not fledR ", should have slept: then had , been at rest/ )ith kings and counsellors of the earth/ )hich built desolate places for the.selvesM or )ith princes that had gold/ )ho filled their houses )ith silver$"[97 *ob looks out over the )hole )orld/ s)ept bare of its inhabitants/ and regrets that he did not stay and bide the
[2$ :ouay version/ chapter iii/ verses D 8$ ;$ ,bid$/ verse H$ 9$ Aing *a.es's version/ chapter iii/ verses 28 2F$7

1p$ ;894 pelting of the pitiless stor./ as/ if he had done so/ he )ould be no) lying dead )ith kings and counselors/ )ho built places for the.selves/ no) .ade desolate/ and )ith princes )ho/ despite their gold and silver/ have perished$ Aings and counselors do not build "desolate places" for the.selvesM they build in the heart of great co..unitiesM in the .idst of populations: the places .ay beco.e desolate after)ard$ =liphaP the %e.anite see.s to think that the sufferings of .en are due to their sins$ &e says: =ven as I have seen/ they that plough )ickedness and so) )ickedness/ reap the sa.e$ 7, the blast of )od the, perish, and b, the breath of his nostrils are the, consumed$ %he roaring of the lion/ and the voice of the fierce lion/ and the teeth of the young lions are broken$ #he old lion perisheth for lac- of pre,/ and the stout lion's )helps are scattered abroad$" #ertainly/ this see.s to be a picture of a great event$ &ere again the fire of God/ that consu.ed *ob's sheep and servants/ is at )orkM even the fiercest of the )ild beasts are suffering: the old lion dies for )ant of prey/ and its young ones are scattered abroad$ =liphaP continues: ",n thoughts/ fro. the visions of the night/ )hen deep sleep falleth on .e/ fear came upon me/ and tre.bling/ )hich .ade all .y bones to shake$ %hen a spirit passed before m, face/ the hair of .y flesh stood up$"

A voice spake: "0hall .ortal .an be .ore Oust than GodC 0hall a .an be .ore pure than his 'akerC +ehold he put no trust in his servants/ and his angels he charged )ith folly: &o) .uch less the. that d)ell in houses of clay/ )hose foundation is in the dust/ )hich are crushed before the .oth$ #he, are destro,ed from morning to evening6 the, perish forever without an, regarding it$" 1p$ ;8D4 %he .oth can crush nothing/ therefore 'aurer thinks it should read/ "crushed like the .oth$" "%hey are destroyed/" etc$M literally/ "they are bro-en to pieces in the space of a da,$"[27 All through the te5t of *ob )e have allusions to the catastrophe )hich had fallen on the earth Qchap$ v/ 9R: ", have seen the foolish taking root: but suddenly ,/" QGod/R "cursed his habitation$" "D$ &is children are far fro. safety/" Qfar fro. any place of refugeCR "and they are crushed in the gate/ neither is there any to deliver the.$ "F$ "hose harvest the hungry eateth up/ and taketh it even out of the thorns/ and the robber s)allo)eth up their substance$" %hat is to say/ in the general confusion and terror the harvests are devoured/ and there is no respect for the rights of property$ "G$ Although affliction cometh not forth of the dust/ neither doth trouble spring out of the ground$" ,n the :ouay version it reads: "Nothing on earth is done )ithout a cause/ and sorro) doth not spring out of the ground" Qv/ GR$ , take this to .ean that the affliction )hich has fallen upon .en co.es not out of the ground/ but fro. above$ "3$ Bet .an is born unto trouble/ as the spar-s fl, upward$" ,n the &ebre) )e read for sparks/ "sons of flame or burning coal$" 'aurer and Gesenius say/ "As the sons of lightning fly high"M or/ "troubles are .any and fiery as sparks$"
[2$ Faussett's "#o..entary/" iii/ D<$7

1p$ ;8F4 "8$ , )ould seek unto God/ and unto God )ould , co..it .y causeM "H$ "hich doeth great things and unsearchableM .arvellous things )ithout nu.ber: 2<$ "ho giveth rain upon the earth, and sendeth waters upon the fields$" Rain here signifies the great floods )hich cover the earth$ "22$ %o set up on high those that be lo)M that those )hich .ourn .ay be exalted to safet,$" %hat is to say/ the poor escape to the high places to safety )hile the great and crafty perish$ "2;$ &e disappointeth the devices of the crafty/ so that their hands can not perfor. their enterprise$ "29$ &e taketh the )ise in their o)n craftiness/" Qthat is/ in the very .idst of their planning/R "and the counsel of the fro)ard is carried headlong/" Qthat is/ it is instantly over)hel.edR$ "2D$ %hey '==% ",%& :ARAN=00 ,N %&= :AB %,'=/ and grope in the noonda, as in the night$" Q#hap$ v$R 0urely all this is e5traordinary the troubles of .ankind co.e fro. above/ not fro. the earthM the children of the )icked are crushed in the gate/ far fro. places of refugeM the houses of the )icked are "crushed before the .oth/" those that plo) )ickedness perish/" by the "blast of God's nostrils they are consu.ed"M the old lion perishes for )ant of prey/ and its )helps are scattered abroad$ =liphaP sees a vision/ Qthe co.et/R )hich ".akes his bones to shake/ and the hair of his flesh to stand up"M the people "are destroyed fro. .orning to evening"M the cunning find their craft of no avail/ but are takenM the counsel of the fro)ard is carried headlongM the poor find safety in high placesM and darkness co.es in .idday/ so that the people grope their )ayM 1p$ ;8G4 and *ob's children/ servants/ and ani.als are destroyed by a fire fro. heaven/ and by a great )ind$ =liphaP/ like the priests in the APtec legend/ thinks he sees in all this the chastening hand of God: "23$ +ehold/ happy is the .an )ho. God correcteth: therefore despise not thou the chastening of the Al.ighty:

"28$ For he ma-eth sore/ and bindeth up: he woundeth/ and his hands .ake )hole$" Q#hap$ v$R "e are re.inded of the APtec prayer/ )here allusion is .ade to the )ounded and sick in the cave ")hose .ouths )ere full of earth and scurf$" :oubtless/ thousands )ere crushed/ and cut/ and )ounded by the falling stones/ or burned by the fire/ and so.e of the. )ere carried by relatives and friends/ or found their o)n )ay/ to the shelter of the caverns$ ";<$ ,n famine he shall redee. thee fro. death: and in )ar fro. the po)er of the s)ord$ ";2$ #hou shalt be hid fro. the scourge of the tongue: neither shalt thou be afraid of destruction )hen it co.eth$" Q#hap$ v$R "%he scourge of the tongue" has no .eaning in this conte5t$ %here has probably been a .istranslation at so.e stage of the history of the poe.$ %he idea is/ probably/ "Bou are hid in safety fro. the scourge of the co.et/ fro. the tongues of fla.eM you need not be afraid of the destruction that is raging )ithout$" ";;$ At destruction and fa.ine thou shalt laugh neither shalt thou be afraid of the beasts of the earth$ ";9$ For thou shalt be in league )ith %&= 0%>N=0 >F %&= F,=(:: and the beasts of the field shall be at peace with thee$" Q#hap$ v$R %hat is to say/ as in the APtec legend/ the stones of the field have killed so.e of the beasts if the earth/ "the lions have perished/" and their )helps have been scatteredM 1p$ ;834 the stones have thus been your friendsM and other beasts have fled )ith you into these caverns/ as in the NavaOo tradition/ )here you .ay be able/ living upon the./ to defy fa.ine$ No) it .ay be said that all this is a strained constructionM but )hat construction can be substituted that )ill .ake sense of these allusionsC &o) can the stones of the field be in league )ith .anC &o) does the ordinary su..er rain falling on the earth set up the lo) and destroy the )ealthyC And )hat has all this to do )ith a darkness that co.eth in the day ti.e in )hich the )icked grope helplesslyC +ut the allusions continue *ob cries out/ in the ne5t chapter Qchap$ viR ";$ >h that .y grief" Q.y sins )hereby , deserved )rathR ")ere thoroughly )eighed/ and .y cala.ity laid in the balances togetherL

9$ 2s the sands of the sea this would appear heavier/ therefore .y )ords are full of sorro)$ Q:ouay version$R '2D$ For the arrows of the 2lmight, are within .e/ the poison )hereof drinketh up .y spiritM the terrors of )od do set themselves in arra, against me" Q")ar against .e" :ouay ver$R$ %hat is to say/ disaster co.es do)n heavier than the sands the gravel of the seaM , a. )oundedM the arro)s of God/ the darts of fire/ have stricken .e$ "e find in the A.erican legends the descending d.bris constantly alluded to as "stones/ arro)s/ and spears"M , a. poisoned )ith the foul e5halations of the co.etM the terrors of God are arrayed against .e$ All this is co.prehensible as a description of a great disaster of nature/ but it is e5travagant language to apply to a .ere case of boils$ "H$ =ven that it )ould please God to destroy .eM that he )ould let loose his hand and cut .e off$" 1p$ ;884 %he co..entators say that "to destroy .e" .eans literally "to grind or crush .e$" Q#hap$ vi$R *ob despairs of final escape: "22$ "hat is .y strength that , can hold outC And )hat is , end that , should keep patienceC" Q:ouay$R "2; $ ,s .y strength the strength of stones/ >r is .y flesh of brassC " %hat is to say/ ho) can , ever bold outC &o) can , ever survive this great te.pestC &o) can .y strength stand the crushing of these stonesC ,s .y flesh brass/ that it )ill not burn upC #an , live in a )orld )here such things are to continueC And here follo) allusions )hich are re.arkable as occurring in an Arabian co.position/ in a land of torrid beats: "2F$ 'y brethren" Q.y fello) .enR "have dealt deceitfully" Qhave sinnedR "as a brook/ and as the strea. of brooks the, pass awa,$ 2G$ "hich are blackish b, reason of the ice/ and )herein the snow is hid$ "23$ "hat ti.e they )a5 warm/ they vanish: )hen it is hot/ they are consumed out of their place$ 28$ %he paths of their )ay are turned asideM they go to nothing and perish$"

%he :ouay version has it: "2G$ %hey" Qthe peopleR "that fear the hoary frost/ the snow shall fall upon them$ "23$ At the ti.e when the, shall be scattered the, shall perish6 and after it groweth hot the, shall be melted out of their place$ "28$ %he paths of their steps are entangledM the, shall wal- in vain and shall perish$" %here is a great deal of perishing here so.e by frost and sno)/ so.e by heatM the people are scattered/ they lose their )ay/ they perish$ 1p$ ;8H4 *ob's servants and sheep )ere also consu.ed in their placeM the, ca.e to naught/ the, perished$ *ob begins to think/ like the APtec priest/ that possibly the hu.an race has reached its li.it and is doo.ed to annihilation Qchap$ viiR: "2$ ,s there not an appointed ti.e to .an upon earthC Are not his days also like the days of an hirelingC" ,s it not ti.e to discharge the race fro. its laborsC "D$ "hen , lie do)n/ , say/ "hen shall , arise/ and the night be gone/ and , a. full of tossings to and fro unto the dawning of the da,$" &e dra)s a picture of his hopeless condition/ shut up in the cavern/ never to see the light of day again$ Q:ouay ver$/ chap$ viiR: "2;: A. , sea or a )hale/ that thou hast inclosed me in a prison/" "3$ 'y eyes shall not return to see good things$ "8$ Nor shall the sight of .an behold .eM thy eyes are upon .e/ and , shall be no .ore"M Qor/ as one translates it/ thy .ercy shall co.e too late )hen , shall be no .ore$R "H$ As a cloud is consu.ed and passeth a)ay/ so he that shall go do)n to hell" Qor the grave/ the cavernR shall not co.e up$ "2<$ Nor shall he return any .ore into his house/ neither shall his place kno) hi. any .ore$" &o) strikingly does this re.ind one of the :ruid legend/ given on page 29F/ ante:

"%he profligacy of .ankind had provoked the Great 0upre.e to send a pestilential )ind upon the earth$ A pure poison descended/ every blast )as death$ At this ti.e the patriarch/ distinguished for his integrit,/ )as shut up, together with his select compan,/ in the inclosure )ith the strong door$ &ere the Oust ones )ere safe fro. inOury$ ?resently a te.pest of fire arose/" etc$ 1p$ ;H<4 "ho can doubt that these )idely separated legends refer to the sa.e event and the sa.e patriarchC *ob .editates suicide/ Oust as )e have seen in the A.erican legends that hundreds sle) the.selves under the terror of the ti.e: ";2$ For no) shall , sleep in the dustM and thou shalt seek .e in the .orning/ but , shall not be$" %he #haldaic version gives us the si5teenth and seventeenth verses of chapter viii as follo)s: "%he sun is no sooner risen )ith a burning heat but it )ithereth the grass/ and the flo)er thereof faileth/ and the grace of the fashion of it perisheth/ so also shall the rich .an fade a)ay in his )ays$" And then *ob refers to the po)er of God/ see.ing to paint the cataclys. Qchap$ i5R: "F$ "hich removeth the mountains/ and they kno) not )hich overturneth them in his anger$ "G$ "hich sha-eth the earth out of her place/ and the pillars thereof tre.ble$ "3$ "hich co..andeth the sun/ and it riseth not6 and sealeth up the stars$ "8$ "hich alone spreadeth out the heavens and treadeth upon the waves of the sea$" All this is .ost re.arkable: here is the delineation of a great catastrophe the .ountains are re.oved and leveledM the earth shakes to its foundationsM the sun fails to appear/ and the stars are sealed up$ &o)C ,n the dense .asses of cloudsC 0urely this does not describe the ordinary .anifestations of God's po)er$ "hen has the sun refused to riseC ,t can not refer to the story of *oshua/ for in that case the sun )as in the heavens and refrained fro. settingM and *oshua's ti.e )as long subsequent to that of *ob$ +ut )hen )e take this in connection )ith the fire 1p$ ;H24

falling fro. heaven/ the great )ind/ the destruction of .en and ani.als/ the darkness that ca.e at .idday/ the ice and sno) and sands of the sea/ and the stones of the field/ and the fact that *ob is shut up as in a prison/ never to return to his ho.e or to the light of day/ )e see that peering through the little understood conte5t of this .ost ancient poe. are the disOointed re.iniscences of the age of fire and gravel$ ,t sounds like the cry not of a .an but of a race/ a great/ religious/ civiliPed race/ )ho could not understand ho) God could so cruelly visit the )orldM and out of their .isery and their terror sent up this pitiful yet subli.e appeal for .ercy$ "29$ ,f God )ill not )ithdra) his anger/ the proud helpers do stoop under hi.$" >ne co..entator .akes this read: "@nder hi. the )hales belo) heaven bend/" Qthe crooked leviathanCR "23$ For he shall crush .e in a whirlwind/ and .ultiplieth .y )ounds even )ithout cause$" Q:ouay ver$R And *ob can not recogniPe the doctrine of a special providenceM he says: ";;$ %his is one thing" Qtherefore , said itR$ "&e destro,eth the perfect and the wic-ed$ ";9$ ,f the scourge sla, suddenl,/ he )ill laugh at the trial of the innocent$ ";D$ %he earth is given into the hands of the wic-edA he covereth the faces of the Oudges thereofM if it be not hi./ )ho is it thenC" Q:ouay ver$R %hat is to say/ God has given up the earth to the po)er of 0atan Qas appears by chapter iRM good and bad perish togetherM and the evil one laughs as the scourge Qthe co.etR slays suddenly the innocent onesM the very Oudges )ho should have enforced Oustice are dead/ and 1p$ ;H;4 their faces covered )ith dust and ashes$ And if God has not done this terrible deed/ )ho has done itC And *ob rebels against such a state of things "9D$ (et hi. take his rod awa, from me/ and let not his fear terrify .e$ "9F$ %hen , )ould speak to hi. and not fear hi. but it is not so )ith .e$" "hat rod )hat fearC 0urely not the .ere physical affliction )hich is popularly supposed to have constituted *ob's chief grievance$ ,s the "rod" that terrifies *ob so that he fears to speak/ that great obOect )hich cleft the heavensM that curved )olf Oa) of the Goths/ one

end of )hich rested on the earth )hile the other touched the sunC ,s it the great s)ord of 0urtC And here )e have another Qchap$ 5R allusion to the "darkness/" although in our version it is applied to death: ";2$ +efore , go )hence , shall not return/ even to the land of darkness and the shado) of death$ ";;$ A land of dar-ness as darkness itself/ and of the shado) of death/ without an, order/ and where the light is as dar-ness$" >r/ as the :ouay version has it: ";2$ +efore , go/ and return no .ore/ to a land that is dar- and covered with the mist of death$ ";;$ A land of .isery and darkness/ )here the shado) of death/ and no order but everlasting horror dwelleth$" %his is not deathM death is a place of peace/ ")here the )icked ceased fro. troubling "M this is a description of the chaotic condition of things on the earth outside the cave/ ")ithout any order/" and )here even the feeble light of day is little better than total darkness$ *ob thinks he .ight Oust as )ell go out into this dreadful )orld and end it all$ Kophar argues Qchap$ 5iR that all these things have 1p$ ;H94 co.e because of the )ickedness of the people/ and that it is all right: "2<$ ,f he cut off and shut up and gather together/ )ho can hinder hi.C "22$ For he kno)eth vain .en: he seeth )ickedness alsoM )ill he not then consider itC ",f he cut off/" the co..entators say/ .eans literally/ ",f he pass by as a stor.$" %hat is to say/ if he cuts off the people/ Qkills the. by the .illion/R and shuts up a fe) in caves/ as *ob )as shut up in prison/ gathered together fro. the stor./ ho) are ,ou going to help itC &ath he not seen the vanity and )ickedness of .anC And Kophar tells *ob to hope/ to pray to God/ and that he )ill yet escape: "2G$ +ecause thou shalt forget thy .isery/ and re.e.ber it as waters that pass awa,$

"23$ And thine age shall be clearer than the noondayM thou shalt shine forth/ thou shalt be as the .orning$" "%hou shalt shine forth" Gesenius renders/ "though now thou art in dar-ness thou shalt presently be as the .orning"M that is/ the stor. )ill pass and the light return$ @.breit gives it/ "%hy darkness shall be as the .orningM only the darkness of .orning t)ilight/ not nocturnal darkness$" %hat is/ *ob )ill return to that di. light )hich follo)ed the :rift Age$ "28$ And thou shalt be secure/ because there is hopeM yea/ thou shalt dig about thee/ and thou shalt take thy rest in safety$" %hat is to say/ )hen the )aters pass a)ay/ )ith the. shall pass a)ay thy .iseriesM the sun shall yet return brighter than everM thou shalt be secureM thou shalt dig th, wa, out of these caverns6 and then take thy rest in 1p$ ;HD4 safety/ for the great te.pest shall have passed for ever$ "e are told by the co..entators that the )ords "about thee" are an interpolation$ ,f this is not the interpretation/ for )hat )ould *ob dig about hi.C "hat relation can digging have )ith the disease )hich afflicted *obC +ut *ob refuses to receive this consolation$ &e refuses to believe that the to)er of 0iloa. fell only on the )ickedest .en in the city$ &e refers to his past e5perience of .ankind$ &e thinks honest poverty is )ithout honor at the hands of successful fraud$ &e says Qchap$ 5iiR: "F$ &e that is ready to slip )ith his feet is as a la.p despised in the thought of him that is at ease$" +ut "G$ %he tabernacles of robbers prosper/ and they that provoke God are secureM into )hose hand God bringeth abundantly$" And he can not see ho)/ if this cala.ity has co.e upon .en for their sins/ that the innocent birds and beasts/ and even the fish in the heated and poisoned )aters/ are perishing: "3$ +ut ask no) the beasts/" Q"for verily/" he has Oust said/ "ye are the .en/ and )isdo. )ill die )ith you/"R "and the, shall teach theeM and the fo)ls of the air/ and the, shall tell thee:

"8$ >r speak to the earth/ and it shall teach thee: and the fishes of the sea shall declare it unto thee$ "H$ "ho kno)eth not in all these that the hand of the (ord hath )rought thisC" "rought )hatC *ob's diseaseC No$ 0o.e great catastrophe to bird and beast and earth$ Bou pretend/ he says/ in effect/ ye )ise .en/ that only the )icked have sufferedM but it is not so/ for aforeti.e , have seen the honest poor .an despised and the villain 1p$ ;HF4 prosperous$ And if the sins of .en have brought this catastrophe on the earth/ go ask the beasts and the birds and the fish and the very face of the suffering earth/ )hat they have done to provoke this )rath$ No/ it is the )ork of God/ and of God alone/ and he gives and )ill give no reason for it$ "2D$ +ehold/ he breaketh do)n/ and it cannot be built up againM he shutteth up a man/ and there can be no opening$ "2F$ +ehold/ he withholdeth the waters, and the, dr, upA also/ he sendeth the. out/ and the, overturn the earth$" %hat is to say/ the heat of the fire fro. heaven sucks up the )aters until rivers and lakes are dried up: #acus steals the co)s of &erculesM and then again they fall/ deluging and overturning the earth/ piling it into 'ountains in one place/ says the %upi legend/ and digging out valleys in another$ And God buries .en in the caves in )hich they sought shelter$ ";9$ &e increaseth the nations/ and destro,eth themA he enlargeth the nations/ and straiteneth the. again$ ";D$ &e taketh a)ay the heart of the chief of the people of the earth/ and causeth the. to )ander in a wilderness where there is no wa,$ ";F$ #he, grope in the dar- without light, and he ma-eth them to stagger li-e a drun-en man$" 'ore darkness/ .ore groping in the dark/ .ore of that staggering like drunken .en/ described in the A.erican legends: "(o/ .ine eye/" says *ob/ Q5iii/ 2/R "hath seen all this, mine ear hath heard and understood it$ "hat ye kno)/ the sa.e do , kno) also$" "e have all seen it/ says *ob/ and no) you )ould co.e here )ith your platitudes about God sending all this to punish the )icked:

1p$ ;HG4 "D$ +ut ye are forgers of lies/ ye are all physicians of no value$" &onest *ob is disgusted/ and denounces his counselors )ith #arlylean vigor: "22$ 0hall not his e5cellency .ake you afraidC and his dread fall upon ,ou/ "2;$ Bour re.e.brances are like unto ashes/ your bodies to bodies of cla,$ "29$ &old your peace/ let .e alone/ that , .ay speak/ and let co.e on .e )hat )ill$ "2D$ "herefore do , take .y flesh in .y teeth/ and put .y life in .ine handC "2F$ %hough he slay .e/ yet )ill , trust in hi.: but , )ill .aintain .ine o)n )ays before hi.$" ,n other )ords/ , don't think this thing is right/ and/ though , tear .y flesh )ith .y teeth/ and conte.plate suicide/ and though , .ay be slain for speaking/ yet , )ill speak out/ and .aintain that God ought not to have done this thingM he ought not to have sent this horrible affliction on the earth this fire fro. heaven/ )hich burned up .y cattleM this )hirl)ind )hich sle) .y childrenM this sand of the seaM this rush of floodsM this darkness in noonday in )hich .ankind grope helplesslyM these arro)s/ this poison/ this rush of )aters/ this s)eeping a)ay of .ountains$ ",f , hold .y tongue/" says *ob/ ", shall give up the ghostL" *ob believes "%he grief that )ill not speak/ "hispers the o'erfraught heart/ and bids it break$" "As the waters fail from the sea/" says *ob/ Q5iv/ 22/R and the flood deca,eth and drieth upA "2;$ 0o .an lieth down, and riseth notA till the heavens be no .ore/ they shall not a)ake/ nor be raised out of their sleep$ 1p$ ;H34 29$ > that thou )ouldest hide me in the grave/ that thou )ouldest keep .e secret/ until th, wrath be past/ that thou )ouldest appoint .e a set ti.e/ and remember me1" "hat does this .eanC "hen in history have the )aters failed fro. the seaC *ob believes in the i..ortality of the soul Q5i5/ ;GR: "%hough )or.s destroy this body/ yet in .y flesh shall , see God$" #an these )ords then be of general application/ and .ean that

those )ho lie do)n and rise not shall not a)ake for everC NoM he is si.ply telling that )hen the conflagration ca.e and dried up the seas/ it slaughtered the people by the .illionM they fell and perished/ never to live againM and he calls on God to hide hi. in a grave/ a to.b/ a cavern until the day of his )rath be past/ and then to re.e.ber hi./ to co.e for hi./ to let hi. out$ ";<$ 'y bone cleaveth to .y skin and to .y flesh/ and I am escaped with the s-in of m, teeth$" =scaped fro. )hatC Fro. his physical diseaseC NoM he carried that )ith hi.$ +ut Kophar insists that there is a special providence in all these things/ and that only the )icked have perished Qchap$ 55R: "F$ %he triu.phing of the )icked is short/ and the Ooy of the hypocrite but for a .o.ent$" "3$ Bet he shall perish for ever like his o)n dung: they )hich have seen hi. shall say/ "here is beC" 2G$ &e shall suck the poison of aspsA the viper9s tongue shall sla, him$" &o)C ";9$ "hen he is about to fill his belly/ )od shall cast the fur, of his wrath upon him/ and shall RA,N ,% @?>N hi./ )hile he is eating$ ";D$ &e shall flee fro. the iron )eapon/ and the bo) of steel shall strike hi. through$ 1p$ ;H84 ";F$ ,t is dra)n and co.eth out of the bodyM yea/ the glittering s)ord" Qthe co.etCR "co.eth out of his gall: terrors are upon him$ ";G$ 2ll dar-ness shall be hid in his secret placesA a fire not blown shall consume him$ $ $ $ ";3$ %he heavens shall reveal his ini4uit,6 and the earth shall rise up against him$ ";8$ %he increase of his house shall depart/ and his goods shall flow awa, in the day of his )rath$" "hat does all this .eanC "hile the rich .an/ Qnecessarily a )icked .an/R is eating his dinner/ God shall rain upon hi. a consu.ing fire/ a fire not blo)n by .anM he shall be pierced by the arro)s of God/ the earth shall quake under his feet/ the heavens shall blaPe forth his iniquityM the darkness shall be hid/ shall disappear/ in the glare of the conflagrationM and his substance shall flo) a)ay in the floods of God's )rath$

*ob ans)ers hi. in po)erful language/ .aintaining fro. past e5perience his position that the )icked ones do not suffer in this life any .ore than the virtuous Qchap$ 55iR: "%heir houses are safe fro. fear/ neither is the rod of God upon the.$ %heir bull gendereth/ and faileth notM their co) calveth/ and casteth not her calf$ %hey send forth their little ones like a flock/ and their children dance$ %hey spend their days in )ealth/ and in a moment go down to the grave$ %herefore they say unto God/ :epart fro. usM for )e desire not the kno)ledge of thy )ays$" And here )e see. to have a description Qchap$ 5vi/ :ouay ver$R of *ob's contact )ith the co.et: "H$ A false speaker riseth up against .y face/ contradicting .e$" %hat is/ *ob had al)ays proclai.ed the goodness of God/ and here co.es so.ething altogether evil$ 1p$ ;HH4 "2<$ &e hath gathered together his fury against .eM and threatening .e he hath gnashed with his teeth upon meA .y ene.y hath beheld .e with terrible eyes$" "2D$ &e has co.passed .e round about with his lances/ he hath )ounded .y loins/ he hath not spared/ he hath poured out .y bo)els on the earth$ "2F$ &e hath torn .e )ith wound upon wound/ he hath rushed in upon .e li-e a giant$" ";<$ For behold m, witness is in heaven/ and he that kno)eth .y conscience is on high$" ,t is i.possible to understand this as referring to a skin disease/ or even to the contradictions of *ob's co.panions/ Kophar/ +ildad/ etc$ 0o.ething rose up against *ob that co.es upon hi. )ith fury/ gnashes his teeth on hi./ glares at hi. )ith terrible eyes/ surrounds hi. )ith lances/ )ounds hi. in every part/ and rushes upon hi. like a giantM and the )itness of the truth of *ob's state.ent is there in the heavens$ =liphaP returns to the charge$ &e rebukes *ob and charges hi. )ith .any sins and oppressions Qchap$ 55iiR: "2<$ %herefore snares are around about thee/ and sudden fear troubleth thee6 "22$ &r dar-ness, that thou canst not see6 and abundance of waters cover thee$" "29$ And thou sayest/ &o) doth God kno)C #an he Oudge through the dar- cloud/

"2D$ #hic- clouds are a covering to him/ that he seeth not and he )alketh in the circuit of heaven$ 2F$ &ast thou .arked the old )ay )hich )icked .en have troddenC "2G$ "hich )ere cut do)n out of ti.e/ whose foundation was overflown with a flood/" ";<$ "hereas our substance is not cut do)n/ but the remnant of them the fire consumeth$" ";D$ &e shall give for earth flint/ and for flint torrents of gold$" Q:ouay ver$R 1p$ 9<<4 "hat is the .eaning of all thisC And )hy this association of the flint stones/ referred to in so .any legendsM and the gold believed to have fallen fro. heaven in torrents/ is it not all )onderful and ine5plicable upon any other theory than that )hich , suggestC "9<$ &e shall deliver the island of the innocent: and it is delivered by the pureness of thine "Q*ob'sR "hands$" "hat does this .eanC "here )as "the island of the innocent"C "hat )as the )ay )hich the )icked/ )ho did not live on "the island of the innocent/" had trodden/ but )hich )as s)ept a)ay in the flood as the bridge +ifrost )as destroyed/ in the Gothic legends/ by the forces of 'uspelhei.C And *ob replies again Qchap$ 55iiiR: "2G$ For God .aketh .y heart soft/ and the Al.ighty troubleth .e: "23$ 7ecause I was not cut off before the dar-ness/ neither hath he covered the darkness fro. .y face$" %hat is to say/ )hy did , not die before this great cala.ity fell on the earth/ and before , sa) itC *ob continues Qchap$ 55viR: "F$ :ead things are for.ed fro. under the waters/ and the inhabitants thereof$ "G$ Hell is na-ed before him, and destruction hath no covering$ %he co..entators tell us that the )ords/ "dead things are for.ed under the )aters/" .ean literally/ "the souls of the dead tre.ble fro. under the )aters$" ,n all lands the ho.e of the dead )as/ as , have sho)n else)here/[27 beyond the )aters: and Oust as )e have seen in >vid that ?haYton's conflagration burst open the earth

[2$ "Atlantis/" 9FH/ D;2/ etc$7

1p$ 9<24 and disturbed the inhabitants of %artarusM and in &esiod's narrative that the ghosts tre.bled around ?luto in his dread do.inionM so here hell is laid bare by the great catastrophe/ and the souls of the dead in the dro)ned Flood land/ beneath the )aters/ tre.ble$ 0urely/ all these legends are frag.ents of one and the sa.e great story$ "3$ &e stretcheth out the north over the e.pty place/ and hangeth the earth upon nothing$ "8$ He bindeth up the waters in his thic- clouds6 and the cloud is not rent under them$" %he clouds do not break )ith this unparalleled load of .oisture$ "H$ He holdeth bac- the face of his throne/ and spreadeth his cloud upon it$ "2<$ &e hath co.passed the )aters )ith bounds/ until the da, and night come to an end$ "22$ %he pillars of heaven tremble/ and are astonished at his reproof$ "2;$ &e divideth the sea )ith his po)er/ and by his understanding he s.iteth through the proud$" Q"+y his )isdo. he has struc- the proud one$" :ouay ver$R "29$ +y his spirit he hath garnished the heavens his hand hath formed the croo-ed serpent$" Q"&is artful hand brought forth the )inding serpent$" :ouay ver$R "hat is the .eaning of all thisC %he dead under the )aters tre.bleM hell is naked/ in the blaPing heat/ and destruction is uncoveredM the north/ the cold/ descends on the )orldM the )aters are bound up in thick cloudsM the face of God's throne/ the sun/ is bidden by the clouds spread upon itM darkness has co.e/ day and night are all oneM the earth tre.blesM he has lighted up the heavens )ith the fiery co.et/ shaped like a crooked serpent/ but he has struck hi. as ,ndra struck !ritra$ &o) else can these )ords be interpretedC "hen 1p$ 9<;4 other)ise did the day and night co.e to an endC "hat is the crooked serpentC *ob continues/ Qchap$ 55viii/R and speaks in an enig.atical )ay/ v$ 9/ of "the stones of darkness/ and the shado) of death$"

22D$ %he flood breaketh out fro. the inhabitantsM even the )aters forgotten of the foot: the, are dried up/ they are gone a)ay fro. .en$ "F$ As for the earth/ out of it co.eth bread: and under it is turned up as it were fire$" 'aurer and Gesenius translate verse D in a )ay )onderfully in accord )ith .y theory: "%he flood breaketh out fro. the inhabitants/" they render/ "a shaft/ Qor gulley like pit/R is broken open far fro. the inhabitant/ the d)eller on the surface of the earth$"[27 %his is doubtless the pit in )hich *ob )as bidden/ the narro) .outhed/ botto.less cave/ referred to hereafter$ And the )ords/ "forgotten of the foot/" confir. this vie)/ for the high authorities/ Oust cited/ tell us that these )ords .ean literally/ "unsupported by the foot %&=B &ANG +B R>?=0 ,N :=0#=N:,NGM they are dried upM they are gone a)ay fro. .en$"[;7 &ere )e have/ probably/ a picture of *ob and his co.panions descending by ropes into so.e great cavern/ "dried up" by the heat/ seeking refuge/ far fro. the habitations of .en/ in so.e "deep shaft or gulley like pit$" And the )ords/ "they are gone a)ay fro. .en/" 'aurer and Gesenius translate/ "far fro. .en they .ove )ith uncertain steps they stagger$" %hey are stu.bling through the darkness/ hurrying to a place of refuge/ precisely as narrated in the #entral A.erican legends$
[2$ Fausset's "#o..entaries/" vol$ iii/ p$ GG$ ;$ ,bid$7

1p$ 9<94 %his is according to the Aing *a.es version/ but the :ouay version gives it as follo)s: "9$ &e hath set a time for dar-ness/ and the end of all things he considerethM the stone also that is in the dar-/ and the shado) of death$ "D$ %he flood divideth from the people that are on their 3ourne,, those whom the foot of the need, man hath forgotten, and those who cannot be come at$ F$ %he land out of )hich bread gre) in its place/ hath been overturned with fire$" %hat is to say/ God has considered )hether he )ould not .ake an end of all things: he has set a ti.e for darknessM in the dark are the stonesM the flood separates the peopleM those )ho are escaping are divided by it fro. those )ho )ere forgotten/ or )ho are on the other side of the flood/ )here they can not be co.e at$ +ut the land )here for.erly bread gre)/ the land of the agricultural people/ the civiliPed land/ the plain of ,da )here gre) the apples/ the plain of !igrid )here the great battle took place/ that has been overturned b, fire$

And this land the ne5t verse tells us: "G$ %he stones of it are the place of sapphires/ and the clods of it" QAing *a.es/ "dust"R "are gold$" "e are again re.inded of those legends of A.erica and =urope )here gold and Oe)els fell fro. heaven a.ong the stones$ "e are re.inded of the dragon guarded hoards of the ancient .yths$ %he :ouay version says: "H$ &e" QGodR "has stretched out his hand to the flint/ he hath overturned mountains from the roots$" "hat is the .eaning >f F(,N% hereC And )hy this recurrence of the )ord flint/ so co..on in the #entral A.erican legends and religionsC And )hen did God in 1p$ 9<D4 the natural order of things overturn .ountains by the rootsC And *ob Qchap$ 555/ :ouay versionR describes the condition of the .ultitude )ho had at first .ocked hi./ and the description recalls vividly the #entral A.erican pictures of the poor starving )anderers )ho follo)ed the :rift Age: "9$ +arren )ith )ant and hunger/ )ho gna)ed in the )ilderness/ disfigured with calamit, and .isery$ D$ And they ate grass/ and bar-s of trees/ and the root of 3unipers was their food$ "F$ "ho snatched up these things out of the valleys/ and when the, had found an, of them, the, ran to them with a cr,$ "G$ %hey d)elt in the desert places of torrents/ and in caves of the earth/ or @?>N %&= GRA!=($" ,s not all this )onderfulC ,n the Aing *a.es version/ verse 9 reads: 9$ For )ant and fa.ine they )ere solitary/ fleeing into the )ilderness/ in for.er ti.e/ desolate and )aste$" %he co..entators say that the )ords/ "in for.er ti.e/ desolate and )aste/" .ean literally/ "the ,esternight of desolation and waste$"

*ob is describing the condition of the people i..ediately follo)ing the catastrophe/ not in so.e re.ote past$ And again *ob says Q:ouay version/ chap$ 555R: "2;$ $ $ $ 'y cala.ities forth)ith aroseM they have overthro)n .y feet/ and have over)hel.ed .e )ith their paths as )ith )aves$ $ $ $ "2D$ %hey have rushed in upon .e as )hen a )all is broken/ and a gate opened/ and have rolled the.selves do)n to .y .iseries$ $ $ $" 'aurer translates/ "as )hen a )all is broken/" ")ith a shout like the crash of falling masonr,$" 1p$ 9<F4 ;H$ , )as the brother of dragons and co.panion of ostriches$ "9<$ 'y s-in is become blac- upon .e/ and .y bones are dried up )ith the heat$" "e are re.inded of >vid's state.ent that the conflagration of ?haYton caused the skin of the Africans to turn black$ ,n chapter 555iv/ QAing *a.es's version/R )e read: "2D$ ,f he" QGodR "set his heart upon .an/ if he gather unto hi.self his spirit and his breathM "2F$ 2ll flesh shall perish together, and man shall turn again unto dust$" And in chapter 555vi/ Qverses 2F/ 2G/ :ouay/R )e see that *ob )as shut up in so.ething like a cavern: "2F$ &e shall deliver the poor out of his distress/ and shall open his ear in affliction$ "2G$ %herefore he shall set thee at large out of the narrow mouth, and which hath no foundation under itM and the rest of thy table shall be full of fatness$" %hat is to say/ in the day )hen he delivers the poor out of their .isery/ he )ill bring thee forth fro. the place )here thou hast been "hiding/" Qsee chap$ 5iii/ ;</R fro. that narro) .outhed/ botto.less cavernM and instead of starving/ as you have been/ your table/ during the rest of your life/ "shall be full of fatness$" ";3$ &e" QGodR "lifteth up the drops of rain and poureth out sho)ers like floods$ ";8$ "hich flo) fro. the clouds )hich cover all from above$"

%he co..entators tell us that this e5pression/ ")hich cover all fro. above/" .eans literally/ "the botto. of the sea is laid bare"M and they confess their inability to understand it$ +ut is it not the sa.e story told by >vid of the botto. of the 'editerranean having been rendered 1p$ 9<G4 a bed of dry sand by ?haYton's conflagrationM and does it not re.ind us of the #entral A.erican legend of the starving people .igrating in search of the sun/ through rocky places )here the sea had been separated to allo) the. to passC And the Aing *a.es version continues "9;$ :ith clouds he covereth the light6 and commandeth it not to shine b, the cloud that cometh betwixt$ "99$ #he noise thereof she)eth concerning it/ the cattle also concerning the vapor$" %his last line sho)s ho) greatly the original te5t has been garbledM )hat have the cattle to do )ith itC @nless/ indeed/ here/ as in the other .yths/ the co)s signify the clouds$ %he .eaning of the rest is plain: God dra)s up the )ater/ sends it do)n as rain/ )hich covers all thingsM the clouds gather before the sun and hide its lightM and the vapor restores the co)s/ the cloudsM and all this is acco.panied by great disturbances and noise$ And the ne5t chapter Q555viiR continues the description: ";$ &ear ye attentively the terror of his" Qthe co.et'sR "voice/ and the sound that co.eth out of his .outh$ "9$ &e beholdeth under all the heavens/" Qhe is seen under all the heavensCR "and his light is upon the ends of the earth$ "D$ After it a N>,0= 0&A(( R>AR/ he shall thunder )ith the voice of his .aOesty/ and shall not be found out )hen his voice shall be heard$" %he Aing *a.es version says/ "And he )ill not stay the. )hen his voice is heard$" "F$ God shall thunder wonderfull, )ith his voice/ he that doth great and unsearchable things$" &ere/ probably/ are .ore allusions to the a)ful noises .ade by the co.et as it entered our at.osphere/ referred to by &esiod/ the Russian legends/ etc$ 1p$ 9<34

"G$ He commandeth the snow to go down upon the earth/ and the winter rain and the sho)er of his strength " Q"the great rain of his strength/" says the Aing *a.es versionR$ "3$ &e sealeth up the hand of every .an$" %his .eans/ says one co..entator/ that "he confines .en )ithin doors" by these great rains$ ,nstead of houses )e infer it to .ean "the caves of the earth/" already spoken of/ Qchap$ 555/ v$ G/R and this is rendered .ore evident by the ne5t verse: "8$ And the beast shall go into his covert and shall abide in his den$ "H$ >ut of the inner parts" Q.eaning the south/ say the co..entators and the Aing *a.es versionR "shall tempest come/ and cold out of the north$ "2<$ "hen God blo)eth/ there co.eth frost/ and again the waters are poured forth abundantl,$" %he Aing *a.es version continues: "22$ Also by )atering he )earieth the thick cloud$" %hat is to say/ the cloud is gradually dissipated by dropping its .oisture in sno) and rain$ "2;$ And it is turned round about by his counsels that they .ay do )hatsoever be co..andeth the. upon the face of the )orld in the earth$ "29$ &e causeth it to co.e/ )hether for correction/ or for his land/ or for .ercy$" %here can be no .istaking all this$ ,t refers to no ordinary events$ %he state.ent is continuous$ God/ )e are told/ )ill call *ob out fro. his narro) .outhed cave/ and once .ore give hi. plenty of food$ %here has been a great tribulation$ %he sun has sucked up the seas/ they have fallen in great floodsM the thick clouds have covered the face of the sunM great noises prevailM there is a great light/ and after it a roaring noiseM the sno) 1p$ 9<84 falls on the earth/ )ith )inter rains/ Qcold rains/R and great rainsM .en cli.b do)n ropes into deep shafts or pitsM they are sealed up/ and beasts are driven to their dens and stay there: there are great cold and frost/ and .ore floodsM then the continual rains dissipate the clouds$ "2H$ %each us )hat )e shall say unto hi.M for )e can not order our speech b, reason of dar-ness$ ";<$ 0hall it be told hi. that , speakC ,f a .an speak/ surely he shall be swallowed up/"

And then God talks to *ob/ Qchap$ 555viii/R and tells hi. "to gird up his loins like a .an and ans)er hi.$" &e says: "8$ "ho shut up the sea )ith doors/ )hen it broke forth as issuing out of the )o.bC 22H$ "hen , .ade a cloud the garment thereof/ and )rapped it in mists as in s)addling bands/ "2<$ , set .y bounds around it/ and .ade it bars and doors$" $ $ $ ";;$ &ast thou entered into the storehouses of the snow/ or hast thou beheld the treasures of the hail/" $ $ $ ";H$ >ut of )hose )o.b ca.e the iceC and the frost fro. heaven/ )ho hath gendered itC "9<$ %he )aters are hardened like a stone/ and the surface of the deep is fro5en$" "hat has this Arabian poe. to do )ith so .any allusions to clouds/ rain/ ice/ sno)/ hail/ frost/ and fro5en oceansC "9G$ "ho hath put )isdo. in the in)ard partC >r )ho hath given understanding to the heartC " @.breit says that this )ord "heart" .eans literally "a shining pheno.enon a .eteor$" "ho hath given understanding to the co.et to do this )orkC "98$ "hen )as the dust poured on the earth/ and the clods hardened togetherC" 1p$ 9<H4 >ne version .akes this read: "?oured itself into a .ass by the rain/ like .olten .etal$" And another translates it "Is ca-ed into a mass b, heat, li-e molten metal/ +=F>R= %&= RA,N FA((0$" %his is precisely in accordance )ith .y theory that the "till" or "hard pan/" ne5t the earth/ )as caked and baked by the heat into its present pottery like and i.penetrable condition/ long before the )ork of cooling and condensation set loose the floods to rearrange and for. secondary :rift out of the upper portion of the d.bris$ +ut again , ask/ )hen in the natural order of events )as dust poured on the earth and hardened into clods/ like .olten .etalC

And in this book of *ob , think )e have a description of the veritable co.ets that struck the earth/ in the :rift Age/ trans.itted even fro. the generations that beheld the. blaPing in the sky/ in the )ords of those )ho looked upon the a)ful sight$ ,n the Norse legends )e read of three destructive obOects )hich appeared in the heavens one of these )as shaped like a serpentM it )as called "the 'idgard serpent"M then there )as "the Fenris )olf"M and/ lastly/ "the dog Gar.$" ,n &esiod )e read/ also/ of three .onsters: first/ =chidna/ "a serpent huge and terrible and vast"M second/ #hi.Nra/ a lion like creatureM and/ thirdly/ %yphZus/ )orst of all/ a fierce/ fiery dragon$ And in *ob/ in like .anner/ )e have three .ighty obOects alluded to or described: first the ")inding" or "t)isting" serpent )ith )hich God has "adorned the heavens"M then "behe.oth/" .onstrous enough to "drink up rivers/" "the chief of the )ays of God"M and lastly/ 1p$ 92<4 and .ost terrible of all/ "leviathan"M the na.e .eaning/ the t)isting ani.al/ gathering itself into folds$" God/ speaking to *ob/ and re.inding hi. of the )eakness and littleness of .an/ says Qchap$ 5l/ v$ ;<R: "#anst thou dra) out the leviathan )ith a book/ or canst thou tie his tongue )ith a cordC " %he co..entators differ )idely as to the .eaning of this )ord "leviathan$" 0o.e/ as , have sho)n/ think it .eans the sa.e thing as the crooked or ")inding" serpent Qvulg$R spoken of in chapter 55vi/ v$ 29/ )here/ speaking of God/ it is said: "&is spirit hath adorned the heavens/ and his artful hand brought forth the )inding serpent$" >r/ as the Aing *a.es version has it: "+y his spirit he hath garnished the heavensM his hand hath for.ed the crooked serpent$" +y this serpent so.e of the co..entators understand "a constellation/ the devil/ the leviathan$" ,n the 0eptuagint he is called "the apostate dragon$" %he (ord sarcastically asks *ob: ";2$ #anst thou put a ring in his nose/ or bore through his Oa) )ith a buckleC ";;$ "ill he .ake .any supplications to thee/ or speak soft )ords to theeC ";9$ "ill he .ake a covenant )ith thee/ and )ilt thou take hi. to be a servant for everC

";D$ 0halt thou play )ith hi. as )ith a bird/ or tie hi. up for thy hand.aidsC ";F$ 0hall friends" Q0eptuagint/ "the nations"R cut hi. in pieces/ shall .erchants" Q0eptuagint/ "the generation of the ?hZnicians"R "divide hi.C" $ $ Qchap$ 5li/ v$ 2$ :ouay version$R ", )ill not stir hi. up/ like one that is cruelM for )ho can resist .y" QhisCR "countenance/" or/ ")ho shall stand against .e" Qhi.CR "and liveC" $ $ $ 1p$ 9224 "D$ "ho can discover the face of his gar.entC or )ho can go into the .idst of his .outhC "F$ "ho can open the doors of his faceC his teeth are terrible round about$ "G$ &is body is like molten shields/ shut close up/ the scales pressing upon one another$ "3$ >ne is Ooined to another/ and not so .uch as any air can co.e bet)een the.$ "8$ %hey stick one to another/ and they hold one another fast/ and shall not be separated$ "H$ &is sneePing is like the shining of fire/ and his eyes like the eyelids of the .orning$" Q0yriac/ "&is look is brilliant$" Arabic/ "%he apples of his eyes are fiery/ and his eyes are like the brightness of the .orning$"R 2<$ &ut of his mouth go forth lamps, li-e torches of lighted fire$" #o.pare these "sneePings" or "neesings" of the Aing *a.es version/ and these "la.ps like torches of lighted lire/" )ith the appearance of :onati's great co.et in 28F8: ">n the 2Gth of 0epte.ber t)o diverging strea.s of light shot out fro. the nucleus across the co.a/ and/ having separated to about the e5tent of its dia.eter/ they turned back abruptly and strea.ed out in the tail$ (uminous substance could be distinctly seen rushing out from the nucleus/ and then flo)ing back into the tail$ '$ Rosa described the strea.s of light as rese.bling long hair brushed upward from the forehead/ and then allo)ed to fall back on each side of the head$"[27 "22$ &ut of his nostrils goeth forth smo-e/ like that of a pot heated and boiling$" QAing *a.es's version has it/ "as out of a seething pot or caldron$"R "2;$ &is breath -indleth coals, and a flame cometh forth out of his mouth$ "29$ ,n his neck strength shall d)ell/ and )ant goeth before his face$" Q0eptuagint/ "$estruction runs before him$"R
[2$ "=dinburgh Revie)/" >ctober/ 283D/ p$ ;<8$7

1p$ 92;4 "2D$ %he .e.bers of his flesh cleave one to anotherM he shall send lightnings against hi./ and they shall not be carried to another place$" Q0y.$/ "&is flesh being cast for hi. as in a foundry/" Q.olten/R "is i..ovable$"R "2F$ &is heart shall be as hard as a stone/ and as fir. as a s.ith's anvil$" Q0eptuagint/ "&e hath stood i..ovable as an anvil$"R "2G$ "hen he shall raise hi. up/ the angels shall fear/ and being affrighted shall purify the.selves$" #ould such language properly be applied/ even by the )ildest stretch of poetic fancy/ to a )hale or a crocodile/ or any other .onster of the deepC "hat earthly creature could terrify the angels in heavenC "hat earthly creature has ever breathed fireC "23$ "hen a s)ord shall lay at hi./ it shall not be able to hold/ nor a spear/ nor a breast plate$ "28$ For he shall estee. iron as stra)/ and brass as rotten )ood$ "2H$ %he archer shall not put hi. to flight/ the stones of the sling are to hi. like stubble$ ";<$ As stubble )ill he estee. the ha..er/ and he )ill laugh hi. to scorn )ho shaketh the spear$" "e are re.inded of the great gods of Asgard/ )ho stood forth and fought the .onster )ith s)ord and spear and ha..er/ and )ho fell dead before hi.M and of the A.erican legends/ )here the de.i gods in vain hurled their darts and arro)s at hi./ and fell pierced by the rebounding )eapons$ ";2$ #he beams of the sun shall be under him/" Qin the Aing *a.es version it is/ "0&AR? 0%>N=0 are under him" the gravel/ the falling d.bris/R "and he shall strew gold under him li-e mire$" Q%he Aing *a.es version says/ "he spreadeth sharp-pointed things upon the mire$"R %o )hat )hale or crocodile can these )ords be appliedC "hen did they ever shed gold or stonesC And 1p$ 9294 in this/ again/ )e have .ore references to gold falling fro. heaven: ";;$ &e shall .ake the deep sea to boil like a pot/ and shall .ake it as )hen oint.ents boil$" Q%he 0eptuagint says/ "&e dee.s the sea as a vase of oint.ent/ and the %artarus of the abyss like a prisoner$"R

";9$ 2 path shall shine after himM he shall estee. the deep as gro)ing old$" Q%he Aing *a.es version says/ ">ne )ould think the deep to be hoary$"R 22;D$ #here is no power upon earth that can be compared with him/ )ho )as .ade to fear no one$ ";F$ &e beholdeth every high thingM he is king over all the children of pride$" Q#haldaic/ "of all the sons of the .ountains$"R No)/ )hen )e take this description/ )ith all that has preceded it/ it see.s to .e beyond question that this )as one of the crooked serpents )ith )hich God had adorned the heavens: this )as the .onster )ith blaPing bead/ casting out Oets of light/ breathing volu.es of s.oke/ .olten/ shining/ brilliant/ irresistible/ against )ho. .en hurled their )eapons in vainM for destruction )ent before hi.: he cast do)n stones and pointed things upon the .ire/ the clayM the sea boils )ith his e5cessive heatM he threatens heaven itselfM the angels tre.ble/ and he beholds all high places$ %his is he )hose rain of fire killed *ob's sheep and shepherdsM )hose chaotic )inds killed *ob's childrenM )hose )rath fell upon and consu.ed the rich .en at their tablesM )ho .ade the habitations of kings "desolate places"M )ho spared only in part "the island of the innocent/" )here the re.nant of hu.anity/ descending by ropes/ hid the.selves in deep/ narro) .outhed caves in the .ountains$ %his is he )ho dried up the rivers and absorbed or evaporated a great part of the )ater of the ocean/ to subsequently cast it do)n in great floods of sno) and rain/ to cover the north )ith iceM 1p$ 92D4 )hile the darkened )orld rolled on for a long night of blackness underneath its dense canopy of clouds$ ,f this be not the true interpretation of *ob/ )ho/ let .e ask/ can e5plain all these allusions to har.oniPe )ith the established order of natureC And if this interpretation be the true one/ then have )e indeed penetrated back through all the ages/ through .ighty lapses of ti.e/ until/ on the plain of so.e .ost ancient civiliPed land/ )e listen/ perchance/ at so.e te.ple door/ to this grand Oustification of the )ays of God to .anM this religious dra.a/ this poetical ser.on/ )rought out of the traditions of the people and priests/ touching the greatest cala.ity )hich ever tried the hearts and tested the faith of .an$ And if this interpretation be true/ )ith ho) .uch reverential care should )e consider these ancient records e.braced in the +ibleL %he scientist picks up a frag.ent of stone the fool )ould fling it a)ay )ith a laugh/ but the philosopher sees in it the genesis of a )orldM fro. it he can piece out the detailed history of agesM he finds in it/ perchance/ a fossil of the oldest organis./ the first traces of that a)ful leap fro. .atter to spirit/ fro. dead earth to endless lifeM that .arvel of .arvels/ that .iracle of all .iracles/ by )hich dust and )ater and air live/ breathe/ think/ reason/ and cast their thoughts abroad through ti.e and space and eternity$

And so/ stu.bling through these te5ts/ falling over .istranslations and .isconceptions/ pushing aside the accu.ulated dust of centuried errors/ )e lay our hands upon a fossil that lived and breathed )hen ti.e )as ne): )e are carried back to ages not only before the flood/ but to ages that )ere old )hen the flood ca.e upon the earth$ &ere *ob lives once .ore: the fossil breathes and palpitatesM hidden fro. the fire of heaven/ deep in his cavernM 1p$ 92F4 covered )ith burns and bruises fro. the falling d.bris of the co.et/ surrounded by his tre.bling fello) refugees/ )hile chaos rules )ithout and hope has fled the earth/ )e hear *ob/ bold/ defiant/ unshrinking/ pouring forth the protest of the hu.an heart against the cruelty of natureM appealing fro. God's a)ful deed to the sense of God's eternal Oustice$ "e go out and look at the gravel heap )orn/ rounded/ ancient/ but silent/ the stones lie before us$ %hey have no voice$ "e turn to this volu.e/ and here is their voice/ here is their storyM here )e have the very thoughts .en thought .en like ourselves/ but sorely tried )hen that gravel )as falling upon a desolated )orld$ And all this buried/ unrecogniPed/ in the sacred book of a race and a religion$ 1p$ 92G4 .$APTER 4III' GE!E*I* REA B( T$E &IG$T "F T$E ."3ET' AN: no)/ gathering into our hands all the light afforded by the foregoing facts and legends/ let us address ourselves to this question: &o) far can the opening chapters of the book of Genesis be interpreted to confor. to the theory of the contact of a co.et )ith the earth in the :rift AgeC ,t .ay appear to so.e of .y readers irreverent to place any ne) .eaning on any part of the sacred volu.e/ and especially to atte.pt to transpose the position of any of its parts$ For this feeling , have the highest respect$ , do not think it is necessary/ for the triu.ph of truth/ that it should lacerate the feelings even of the hu.blest$ ,t should co.e/ like EuetPalcoatl/ advancing )ith shining/ s.iling face/ its hands full of fruits and flo)ers/ bringing only blessings and kindliness to the .ultitudeM and should that .ultitude/ for a ti.e/ drive the prophet a)ay/ beyond the seas/ )ith curses/ be assured they )ill eventually return to set up his altars$ &e )ho follo)s the gigantic 'ississippi up)ard fro. the Gulf of 'e5ico to its head )aters on the high plateau of 'innesota/ )ill not scorn even the tiniest rivulet a.ong the grass )hich helps to create its first fountain$ 0o he )ho considers the vastness for good of

this great force/ #hristianity/ )hich pervades the )orld do)n the long course of so .any ages/ aiding/ relieving/ encouraging/ cheering/ purifying/ sanctifying hu.anity/ can not afford 1p$ 9234 to ridicule even these the petty fountains/ the head )aters/ the first springs fro. )hich it starts on its )orld covering and age traversing course$ ,f )e )ill but re.e.ber the endless array of asylu.s/ hospitals/ and orphanagesM the houses for the poor/ the sick/ the young/ the old/ the unfortunate/ the helpless/ and the sinful/ )ith )hich #hristianity has literally sprinkled the )orldM )hen )e re.e.ber the uncountable .illions )ho. its .inistrations have restrained fro. bestiality/ and have directed to purer lives and holier deaths/ he indeed is not to be envied )ho can find it in his heart/ )ith .alice aforethought/ to .ock or ridicule it$ At the sa.e ti.e/ fe)/ , think/ even of the orthodo5/ )hile bating no Oot of their respect for the sacred volu.e/ or their faith in the great current of inspired purpose and .eaning )hich strea.s through it/ fro. cover to cover/ hold to day that every line and )ord is literally accurate beyond a shado) of question$ %he direct contradictions )hich occur in the te5t itself sho) that the errors of .an have crept into the co.pilation or co.position of the volu.e$ %he assaults of the skeptical have been largely directed against the opening chapters of Genesis: ""hatL" it has been said/ "you pretend in the first chapter that the ani.ated creation )as .ade in si5 daysM and then in the second chapter Qverses D and FR you say that the heavens and the earth and all the vegetation )ere .ade in one day$ Again: you tell us that there )as light shining on the earth on the first dayM and that there )as night tooM for 'God divided the light fro. the darkness'M and there )as .orning and evening on the first/ second/ and third days/ )hile the sun/ .oon/ and stars/ )e are told/ )ere not created until the fourth dayM and grass and fruit trees )ere .ade before the sun$" 1p$ 9284 "&o)/" it is asked/ "could there be night and day and vegetation )ithout a sunC" And to this assault religion has had no ans)er$ No)/ , can not but regard these opening chapters as a 'osaic )ork of ancient legends/ dovetailed together in such )ise that the true chronological arrange.ent has been departed fro. and lost$ ,t is conceded that in so.e of the verses of these chapters God is spoken of as =lohi./ )hile in the re.aining verses he is called *ehovah =lohi.$ %his is very .uch as if a book

)ere discovered to day in part of )hich God )as referred to as *ove/ and in the rest as *ehovah *ove$ %he conclusion )ould be very strong that the first part )as )ritten by one )ho kno) the :eity only as *ove/ )hile the other portion )as )ritten by one )ho had co.e under &ebraic influences$ And this state of facts in Genesis indicates that it )as not the )ork of one inspired .ind/ faultless and free fro. errorM but the )ork of t)o .inds/ relating facts/ it is true/ but Ou.bling the. together in an incongruous order$ , propose/ therefore/ )ith all reverence/ to atte.pt a re arrange.ent of the verses of the opening chapters of the book of Genesis/ )hich )ill/ , hope/ place it in such shape that it )ill be beyond future attack fro. the results of scientific researchM by restoring the frag.ents to the position they really occupied before their last co.pilation$ "hether or not , present a reasonably probable case/ it is for the reader to Oudge$ ,f )e )ere to find/ under the d.bris of ?o.peii/ a grand tessellated pave.ent/ representing one of the scenes of the ",liad/" but shattered by an earthquake/ its frag.ents dislocated and piled one upon the top of another/ it )ould be our duty and our pleasure to seek/ by follo)ing the cle) of the picture/ to re arrange the frag.ents so as 1p$ 92H4 to do Oustice to the great design of its authorM and to silence/ at the sa.e ti.e/ the cavils of those )ho could see in its shocked and broken for. nothing but a subOect for .irth and ridicule$ ,n the sa.e )ay/ follo)ing the cle) afforded by the legends of .ankind and the revelations of science/ , shall suggest a reconstruction of this venerable and .ost ancient )ork$ ,f the reader does not accept .y conclusions/ he )ill/ at least/ , trust/ appreciate the .otives )ith )hich , .ake the atte.pt$ , co..ence )ith that )hich is/ and should be/ the first verse of the first chapter/ the subli.e sentence: ",n the beginning God created the heavens and the earth$" (et us pause here: "God created the heavens and the earth in the beginning"M that is/ before any other of the events narrated in the chapter$ "hy should )e refuse to accept this state.entC In the beginning/ says the +ible/ at the very first/ God created the heavens and the earth$ &e did not .ake the. in si5 days/ he .ade the. in the beginningM the )ords "si5 days" refer/ as )e shall see/ to so.ething that occurred long after)ard$ &e did not atte.pt to create the./ he created the.M he did not partially create the./ he created the. altogether$ %he )ork )as finishedM the earth )as .ade/ the heavens )ere .ade/ the clouds/ the at.osphere/ the rocks/ the )atersM and the sun/ .oon/ and starsM all )ere co.pleted$ "hat ne5tC ,s there anything else in this dislocated te5t that refers to this first creationC BesM )e go for)ard to the ne5t chapterM here )e have it:

#hap$ ii/ v$ 2$ "#hus the heavens and the earth )ere finished/ and all the host of the.$" 1p$ 9;<4 And then follo)s: #hap$ ii/ v$ D$ "%hese are the generations of the heavens and of the earth/ when the, were created/ ,N %&= :AB that the (ord God .ade the earth and the heavens$ #hap$ ii/ v$ F$ "And every plant of the field before it )as in the earth/ and every herb of the field before it gre)M for the (ord God had not caused it to rain upon the earth/ and there )as not a .an to till the ground$" &ere )e have a consecutive state.ent God .ade the heavens and the earth in the beginning/ and thus they )ere finished/ and all the host of the.$ %hey )ere not .ade in si5 days/ but "in the da,/" to )it/ in that period of re.ote ti.e called "%he +eginning$" And God .ade also all the herbs of the field/ all vegetation$ And he .ade every plant of the field before it )as cultivated in that particular part of the )orld called "%he =arth/" for/ as )e have seen/ >vid dra)s a distinction bet)een "%he =arth" and the rest of the globeM and *ob dra)s one bet)een "the island of the innocent" and the other countries of the )orld$ And here , )ould call the reader's attention particularly to this re.arkable state.ent: #hap$ ii/ verse F$ "For the (ord God had not caused it to rain upon the earth/ and there )as not a .an to till the ground$ !erse G$ "+ut there )ent up a .ist fro. the earth and )atered the )hole face of the ground$" %his is e5traordinary: there was no rain$ A .ere inventor of legends certainly had never dared .ake a state.ent so utterly in conflict )ith the established order of thingsM there )as no necessity for hi. to do soM he )ould fear that it )ould thro) discredit on all the rest of his narrativeM as if he should say/ "at that ti.e the grass )as not green/" or/ "the sky )as not blue$" 1p$ 9;24 A )orld )ithout rainL #ould it be possibleC ':id the )riter of Genesis invent an absurdity/ or did he record an undoubted traditionC (et us see: Rain is the product of t)o things heat )hich evaporates the )aters of the oceans/ lakes/ and riversM and cold )hich condenses the. again into rain or sno)$ +oth heat and cold are necessary/ ,n the tropics the )ater is sucked up by the heat of the sunM it rises to a cooler stratu./ and for.s cloudsM these clouds encounter the colder air flo)ing in fro.

the north and south/ condensation follo)s/ acco.panied probably by so.e peculiar electrical action/ and then the rain falls$ +ut )hen the le.on and the banana gre) in 0pitPbergen/ as geology assures us they did in pre glacial days/ )here )as the cold to co.e fro.C %he very poles .ust then have possessed a )ar. cli.ate$ %here )ere/ therefore/ at that ti.e/ no .ove.ents of cold air fro. the poles to the equatorM )hen the heat dre) up the .oisture it rose into a vast body of heated at.osphere/ surrounding the )hole globe to a great heightM it )ould have to pass through this cloak of )ar. air/ and high up above the earth/ even to the li.its of the earth )ar.th/ before it reached an at.osphere sufficiently cool to condense it/ and fro. that great height it )ould fall as a fine .ist$ "e find an illustration of this state of things on the coast of ?eru/ fro. the river (oa to #ape +lanco/[27 )here no rain ever falls/ in consequence of the heated air )hich ascends fro. the vast sand )astes/ and keeps the .oisture of the air above the point of condensation$ >r it )ould have to depend for its condensation on the difference of te.perature bet)een night and day/ settling
[2$ "A.erican #yclopNdia/" vol$ 5iii/ p$ 983$7

1p$ 9;;4 like a de) at night upon the earth/ and so .aintaining vegetation$ "hat a striking testi.ony is all this to the fact that these traditions of Genesis reach back to the very infancy of hu.an history to the age before the :riftL After the creation of the herbs and plants/ )hat ca.e ne5tC "e go back to the first chapter: !erse ;2$ "And God created great )hales/ and every living creature that .oveth/ )hich the )aters brought forth abundantly/ after their kind/ and every )inged fo)l after his kind: and God sa) that it )as good$" !erse ;;$ "And God blessed the./ saying/ +e fruitful/ and .ultiply/ and fill the )aters in the seas/ and let the fo)l .ultiply in the earth$" !erse ;F$ "And God .ade the beast of the earth after his kind/ and cattle after their kind/ and everything that creepeth upon the earth after his kind: and God sa) that it )as good$" !erse ;G$ "And God said/ (et us .ake .an in our i.age/ after our likeness: and let the. have do.inion over the fish of the sea/ and over the fo)l of the air/ and over the cattle/ and over all the earth/ and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth$"

"e co.e back to the second chapter: !erse 3$ "And the (ord God for.ed .an of the dust of the ground/ and breathed into his nostrils the breath of lifeM and .an beca.e a living soul$" "e return to the first chapter: !erse ;3$ "0o God created .an in his o)n i.age/ in the i.age of God created he hi.M .ale and fe.ale created he the.$" "e co.e back to the second chapter: !erse 8$ "And the (ord God planted a garden east)ard in =denM and there he put the .an he had for.ed$" !erse H$ "And out of the ground .ade the (ord God to gro) every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good 1p$ 9;94 for foodM the tree of life also in the .idst of the garden/ and the tree of kno)ledge of good and evil$" !erse 2<$ "And a river )ent out of =den to )ater the garden/" etc$ &ere follo)s a description of the gardenM it is a picture of a glorious )orld/ of that age )hen the cli.ate of the +aha.as e5tended to 0pitPbergen$ !erse 2F$ "And the (ord God took the .an/ and put hi. into the garden of =den to dress it and to keep it$" &ere follo)s the inOunction that "the .an )ho. God had for.ed/" Qfor he is not yet called Ada. the Ada.i the people of Ad/R should not eat of the fruit of the tree of the kno)ledge of good and evil$ And then )e have/ Qprobably a later interpolation/R an account of Ada./ so called for the first ti.e/ na.ing the ani.als/ and of the creation of =ve fro. a rib of Ada.$ And here is another evidence of the dislocation of the te5t/ for )e have already been infor.ed Qchap$ i/ v$ ;3R that God had .ade 'an/ ".ale and female"M and here )e have hi. .aking )o.an over again fro. .an's rib$ !erse ;F$ "And they )ere both naked/ the .an and his )ife/ and )ere not asha.ed$" ,t )as an age of pri.itive si.plicity/ the pri.eval )orldM free fro. stor.s or ice or sno)M an =denic ageM the %ertiary Age before the :rift$

%hen follo)s the appearance of the serpent$ Although represented in the te5t in a very hu.ble capacity/ he is undoubtedly the sa.e great creature )hich/ in all the legends/ brought ruin on the )orld the dragon/ the apostate/ the de.on/ the )inding or crooked serpent of *ob/ the leviathan/ 0atan/ the devil$ And as such he is regarded by the theologians$ &e obtains .oral possession of the )o.an/ Oust as )e 1p$ 9;D4 have seen/ in the &indoo legends/ the de.on Ravana carrying off 0ita/ the representative of an agricultural civiliPationM Oust as )e have seen AtaguOu/ the ?eruvian god/ seducing the sister of certain rayless ones/ or :arklings$ And the )o.an ate of the fruit of the tree$ %his is the sa.e legend )hich )e see appearing in so .any places and in so .any for.s$ %he apple of ?aradise )as one of the apples of the Greek legends/ intrusted to the &esperides/ but )hich they could not resist the te.ptation to pluck and eat$ %he serpent (adon )atched the tree$ ,t )as one of the apples of ,dun/ in the Norse legends/ the )ife of +rage/ the god of poetry and eloquence$ 0he keeps the. in a bo5/ and )hen the gods feel the approach of old age they have only to taste the. and beco.e young again$ (oke/ the evil one/ the Norse devil/ te.pted ,dun to co.e into a forest )ith her apples/ to co.pare the. )ith so.e others/ )hereupon a giant called %hOasse/ in the appearance of an enor.ous eagle/ fle) do)n/ seiPed ,dun and her apples/ and carried the. a)ay/ like Ravana/ into the air$ %he gods co.pelled (oke to bring her back/ for they )ere the apples of the tree of life to the.M )ithout the. they )ere perishing$ (oke stole ,dun fro. %hOasse/ changed her into a nut/ and fled )ith her/ pursued by %hOasse$ %he gods kindled a great fire/ the eagle plu.age of %hOasse caught the fla.es/ he fell to the earth, and was slain b, the gods$[27 +ut the serpent in Genesis ruins =den/ Oust as he did in all the legendsM Oust as the co.et ruined the %ertiary Age$ %he fair )orld disappearsM cold and ice and sno) co.e$ Ada. and =ve/ )e have seen/ )ere at first naked/ and subsequently clothe the.selves/ for .odesty/ )ith fig leaves/ Qchap$ iii/ v$ 3MR but there co.es a ti.e/ as in the
[2$ Norse 'ythology/" pp$ ;3F/ ;3G$7

1p$ 9;F4 North A.erican legends/ )hen the great cold co.pels the. to cover their shivering bodies )ith the skins of the )ild beasts they have slain$ A recent )riter/ co..enting on the Glacial Age/ says:

"#older and colder gre) the )inds$ %he body could not be kept )ar.$ #lothing .ust be had/ and this .ust be furnished by the )ild beasts$ %heir hides .ust assist in protecting the life of .en$ $ $ $ %he skins )ere re.oved and transferred to the bodies of .en$"[27 &ence )e read in chapter iii/ verse ;2: "@nto Ada. also/ and to his )ife/ did the (ord God .ake coats of s-ins and clothed them$" %his )ould not have been necessary during the )ar. cli.ate of the %ertiary Age$ And as this took place/ according to Genesis/ before Ada. )as driven out of ?aradise/ and )hile he still re.ained in the garden/ it is evident that so.e great change of cli.ate had fallen upon =den$ %he Glacial Age had arrivedM the :rift had co.e$ ,t )as a rude/ barbarous/ cold age$ 'an .ust cover hi.self )ith skinsM he .ust/ by the s)eat of physical labor/ )ring a living out of the ground )hich God had "cursed" )ith the :rift$ ,nstead of the fair and fertile )orld of the %ertiary Age/ producing all fruits abundantly/ the soil is covered )ith stones and clay/ as in *ob's narrative/ and it brings forth/ as )e are told in Genesis/[;7 only "thorns and thistles"M and Ada./ the hu.an race/ .ust satisfy its starving sto.ach upon grass/ "and thou shalt eat the herb of the field"M Oust as in *ob )e are told: #hap$ 555/ verse 9$ "For )ant and fa.ine they )ere solitaryM fleeing into the )ilderness in for.er ti.e/ desolate and solitary$"
[2$ 'aclean's "Antiquity of 'an/" p$ GF$ ;$ #hap$ iii/ verse 28$7

1p$ 9;G4 !erse D$ ""ho cut up .allo)s by the bushes and Ouniper roots for their food$" !erse 3$ "A.ong the bushes they brayed/ under the nettles )ere they gathered together$" And God "drove out the man" fro. the fair =denic )orld into the post glacial desolationM and ?aradise )as lost/ and "At the east of the garden of =den he placed cherubi.s and a flaming sword/ )hich turned every )ay/ to keep the )ay to the tree of life$" %his is the s)ord of the co.et$ %he Norse legends say: "Bet/ before all things/ there e5isted )hat )e call 'uspelhei.$ ,t is a )orld lu.inous/ glo)ing/ not to be d)elt in by strangers/ and situate at the end of the earth$ 0urtur holds his e.pire there$ In his hand there shines a flaming sword$"

%here )as a great conflagration bet)een the by gone =den and the present land of stones and thistles$ ,s there any other allusion besides this to the fire )hich acco.panied the co.et in GenesisC Bes/ but it is strangely out of place$ ,t is a distinct description of the pre glacial )ickedness of the )orld/ the fire falling fro. heaven/ the cave life/ and the )ide spread destruction of hu.anityM but the co.piler of these antique legends has located it in a ti.e long subsequent to the :eluge of Noah/ and in the .idst of a densely populated )orld$ ,t is as if one )ere to represent the Noachic :eluge as having occurred in the ti.e of Nero/ in a single province of the Ro.an =.pire/ )hile the great )orld )ent on its course unchanged by the catastrophe )hich .ust/ if the state.ent )ere true/ have co.pletely over)hel.ed it$ 0o )e find the story of (ot and the destruction of the cities of the plain brought do)n to the ti.e 1p$ 9;34 of Abraha./ )hen =gypt and +abylon )ere in the height of their glory$ And (ot's daughters believed that the )hole hu.an fa.ily/ e5cept the.selves/ had been e5ter.inatedM )hile Abraha. )as quietly feeding his flocks in an adOacent country$ For if (ot's story is located in its proper era/ )hat beca.e of Abraha. and the *e)ish people/ and all the then civiliPed nations/ in this great catastropheC And if it occurred in that age/ )hy do )e hear nothing .ore about so e5traordinary an event in the history of the *e)s or of any other peopleC 'r$ 0.ith says: "%he conduct of (ot in the .ountain )hither he had retired scarcely ad.its of e5planation$ ,t has been generally supposed that his daughters believed that the )hole of the hu.an race )ere destroyed/ e5cept their father and the.selves$ +ut ho) they could have thought so/ )hen they had previously tarried at Koar/ it is not easy to conceiveM and )e can not but regard the entire case as one of those proble.s )hich the 0criptures present as indeter.inate/ on account of a deficiency of data on )hich to for. any satisfactory conclusion$"[27 %he theory of this book .akes the )hole story tangible/ consistent/ and probable$ "e have seen that/ prior to the co.ing of the co.et/ the hu.an race/ according to the legends/ had abandoned itself to all )ickedness$ ,n the Norse 0agas )e read: +rothers )ill fight together/ And beco.e each other's baneM 0isters' children %heir sib shall spoilM

&ard/ is the )orld/ 0ensual sins gro) huge$"

[2$ "%he ?atriarchal Age/" vol$ i/ p$ 988$7

1p$ 9;84 ,n the legends of the +ritish :ruids )e are told that it )as "the profligacy of .ankind" that caused God to send the great disaster$ 0o/ in the +ible narrative/ )e read that/ in (ot's ti.e/ God resolved on the destruction of "the cities of the plain/" 0odo./ Q>d/ Ad/R and Go.orrah/ QGo 'eru/R because of the )ickedness of .ankind: #hap$ 5viii/ verse ;<$ "And the (ord said/ +ecause the cry of 0odo. and Go.orrah is great/ and because their sin is very grievous" therefore he deter.ined to destroy the.$ "hen the angels ca.e to 0odo./ the people sho)ed the .ost villainous and depraved appetites$ %he angels )arned (ot to flee$ +lindness QdarknessCR ca.e upon the people of the city/ so that they could not find the doors of the houses$ %he angels took (ot and his )ife and t)o daughters by the hands/ and led or dragged the. a)ay/ and told the. to fly "to the .ountain/ lest they be consu.ed$" %here is an interlude here/ an inconsistent interpolation probably/ )here (ot stays at Koar/ and persuades the (ord to spare KoarM but soon after )e find all the cities of the plain destroyed/ and (ot and his fa.ily hiding in a cave in the .ountainM so that (ot's intercession see.s to have been of no avail: !erse ;D$ "%hen the (ord rained upon 0odo. and upon Go.orrah brimstone and fire from the (ord out of heaven$" !erse ;F$ "And he overthre) those cities/ and all the cities of the plain/ and all the inhabitants of the cities, and that which grew upon the ground$" ,t )as a co.plete destruction of all living things in that localityM and (ot "dwell in a cave/ he and his t)o daughters$" And the daughters )ere convinced that they )ere the 1p$ 9;H4 last of the hu.an race left alive on the face of the earth/ not)ithstanding the fact that the (ord had pro.ised Qchap$ iii/ verse ;2R/ ", )ill not overthro) this city/" KoarM but Koar evidently was overthro)n$ And the daughters/ rather than see the hu.an race perish/ co..itted incest )ith their father/ and beca.e the .others of t)o great and e5tensive tribes or races of .en/ the 'oabites and the A..onites$

%his/ also/ looks very .uch as if they )ere indeed repeopling an e.pty and desolated )orld$$ %o recapitulate/ )e have here/ in due chronological order: 2$ %he creation of the heavens and the earth/ and all the host of the.$ ;$ %he creation of the plants/ ani.als/ and .an$ 9$ %he fair and lovely age of the ?liocene/ the su..er land/ )hen the people )ent naked/ or clothed the.selves in the leaves of treesM it )as the fertile land )here Nature provided abundantly everything for her children$ D$ %he serpent appears and overthro)s this =den$ F$ Fire falls fro. heaven and destroys a large part of the hu.an race$ G$ A re.nant take refuge in a cave$ 3$ 'an is driven out of the =denic land/ and a blaPing s)ord/ a conflagration/ )aves bet)een hi. and ?aradise/ bet)een Niflhei. and 'uspelhei.$ "hat ne5tC "e return no) to the first chapter of this dislocated te5t: !erse ;$ "And the earth was without form, and void$" %hat is to say/ chaos had co.e in the train of the co.et$ >ther)ise/ ho) can )e understand ho) God/ as stated in the preceding verse/ has Oust .ade the heavens 1p$ 99<4 and the earthC &o) could his )ork have been so i.perfectC "2nd dar-ness was upon the face of the deep$" %his is the pri.eval night referred to in all the legendsM the long age of darkness upon the earth$ "And the spirit of God .oved upon the face of the )aters$" %he )ord for spirit/ in &ebre)/ as in (atin/ originally .eant windM and this passage .ight be rendered/ "a .ighty )ind s)ept the face of the )aters$" %his )ind represents/ , take it/ the great cyclones of the :rift Age$

!erse 9$ "And God said/ (et there be light: and there )as light$" %he sun and .oon had not yet appeared/ but the dense .ass of clouds/ pouring their )aters upon the earth/ had gradually/ as *ob e5presses it/ ")earied" the.selves/ they had gro)n thinM and the light began to appear/ at least sufficiently to .ark the distinction bet)een day and night$ !erse D$ "And God sa) the light: that it )as goodM and God divided the light fro. the darkness$" !erse F$ "And God called the light day/ and the darkness be called night$ And the evening and the .orning )ere the first day$" %hat is to say/ in subdividing the pheno.ena of this dark period/ )hen there )as neither .oon nor sun to .ark the ti.e/ .ankind dre) the first line of subdivision/ very naturally/ at that point of ti.e/ Qit .ay have been )eeks/ or .onths/ or years/R )hen first the distinction bet)een night and day beca.e faintly discernible/ and .en could again begin to count ti.e$ +ut this gain of light had been at the e5pense of the 1p$ 9924 cloudsM they had given do)n their .oisture in i..ense and perpetual rainsM the lo) lying lands of the earth )ere overflo)edM the very .ountains/ )hile not under )ater/ )ere covered by the continual floods of rain$ %here )as )ater every)here$ %o appreciate this condition of things/ one has but to look at the geological .aps of the a.ount of land kno)n to have been overflo)ed by )ater during the so called Glacial Age in =urope$ And so the narrative proceeds: !erse G$ "And God said/ (et there be a fir.a.ent in the .idst of the )aters/ and let it divide the )aters fro. the )aters$" %his has been inco.prehensible to the critics$ ,t has been supposed that by this "fir.a.ent" )as .eant the heavensM and that the )aters "above the fir.a.ent" )ere the cloudsM and it has been said that this )as a barbarian's conception/ to )it/ that the unbounded and illi.itable space/ into )hich the hu.an eye/ aided by the telescope/ can penetrate for thousands of billions of .iles/ )as a blue arch a fe) hundred feet high/ on top of )hich )ere the cloudsM and that the rain )as si.ply the leaking of the )ater through this roof of the earth$ And .en have said: "#all ye this real history/ or inspired narrativeC :id God kno) no .ore about the nature of the heavens than thisC" And Religion has been puPPled to reply$

+ut read Genesis in this ne) light: %here )as )ater every)hereM floods fro. the clouds/ floods fro. the .elting iceM floods on the land/ )here the return of the evaporated .oisture )as not able/ by the channel )ays of the earth/ to yet find its )ay back to the oceans$ "And God said/ (et there be a fir.a.ent in the midst of the waters/ and let it divide the )aters fro. the )aters$" 1p$ 99;4 %hat is to say/ first a great island appeared dividing the )aters fro. the )aters$ %his )as "the island of the innocent/" referred to by *ob/ )here the hu.an race did not utterly perish$ "e shall see .ore about it hereafter$ "3$ And God .ade the fir.a.ent/ and divided the )aters )hich )ere under the fir.a.ent fro. the )aters )hich )ere above the fir.a.ent: and it )as so$ "8$ 2nd )od called the firmament Heaven$ And the evening and the .orning )ere the second day$" %he &ebre) "o-i8 is translated stereoma/ or solidit,/ in the 0eptuagint version$ ,t .eant solid land not e.pty space$ And if .an )as not or had not yet been on earth/ )hence could the na.e &eaven have been derivedC For )ho. should God have na.ed it/ if there )ere no hu.an ears to catch the soundC God needs no lingual apparatus he speaks no hu.an speech$ %he true .eaning probably is/ that this )as the region that had been for ages/ before the :rift and the :arkness/ regarded as the ho.e of the godlike/ civiliPed raceM situated high above the ocean/ "in the midst of the waters/" in .id seaM precipitous and .ountainous/ it )as the first region to clear itself of the descending torrents$ "hat ne5tC "H$ And God said/ (et the )aters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place/ and let the dry land appear: and it )as so$ "2<$ And God called the dry land =arth and the gathering together of the )aters called he 0eas: and God sa) that it )as good$" %his .ay be either a recapitulation of the facts already stated/ or it .ay refer to the gradual draining off of the continents/ by the passing a)ay of the )atersM the continents 1p$ 9994 being distinguished in order of ti.e fro. the island "in the .idst of the )aters$"

"22$ And God said/ (et the earth bring forth grass/ the herb yielding seed/ and the fruit tree yielding fruit after his kind/ )hose seed is in itself upon the earth: and it )as so$" ,t has been obOected/ as , have sho)n/ that this narrative )as false/ because science has proved that the fruit trees did not really precede in order of creation the creeping things and the fish/ )hich/ )e are told/ )ere not .ade until the fifth day/ t)o days after)ard$ +ut if )e )ill suppose that/ as the )ater disappeared fro. the land/ the air gre) )ar.er by the light breaking through the di.inishing clouds/ the grass began to spring up again/ as told in the Norse/ #hinese/ and other legends/ and the fruit trees/ of different kinds/ began to gro) again/ for )e are told they produced each "after his kind$" And )e learn "that its seed is in itself upon the earth$" :oes this .ean that the seeds of these trees )ere buried in the earth/ and their vitality not destroyed by the great visitation of fire/ )ater/ and iceC And on the fourth day "God .ade t)o great lights/" the sun and .oon$ ,f this )ere a narration of the original creation of these great orbs/ )e should be told that they )ere .ade e5clusively to give light$ +ut this is not the case$ %he light )as there alreadyM it had appeared on the evening of the first dayM they )ere .ade/ )e are told/ to "divide the day fro. the night$" :ay and night already e5isted/ but in a confused and i.perfect )ayM even the day )as dark and cloudyM but/ )ith the return of the sun/ the distinction of day and night beca.e once .ore clear$ "2D$ And God said $ $ $ (et the. be for signs and for seasons/ and for days and years$" 1p$ 99D4 %hat is to say/ let the. be studied/ as they )ere of old/ as astrono.ical and astrological signs/ )hose influences control affairs on earth$ "e have seen that in .any legends a good deal is said about the constellations/ and the division of ti.e in accordance )ith the .ove.ents of the heavenly bodies/ )hich )as .ade soon after the catastrophe: "H<$ And God said/ (et the )aters bring forth abundantly the .oving creature that hath life/ and fo)ls that .ay fly above the earth in the open fir.a.ent of heaven$" %hat is to say/ the .oving creatures/ the fishes )hich still live/ )hich have escaped destruction in the deep )aters of the oceans or lakes/ and the fo)ls )hich )ere flying )ildly in the open fir.a.ent/ are co..anded to bring forth abundantly/ to "replenish" the desolated seas and earth$ ";9$ And the evening and the .orning )ere the fifth day$ ";D$ And God said/ (et the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind/ cattle/ and creeping thing and beast of the earth after his kind: and it )as so$"

God does not/ in this/ create the.M he calls the. forth fro. the earth/ fro. the caves and dens )here they had been hiding/ each after his -indM they )ere already divided into species and genera$ ";8$ And God blessed the./" Qthe hu.an fa.ily/R "and God said unto the./ +e fruitful/ and .ultiply and R=?(=N,0& the earth$" 0urely the poor/ desolated )orld needed replenishing/ restocking$ +ut ho) could the )ord "replenish" be applied to a ne) )orld/ never before inhabitedC "e have seen that in chapter ii Qverses 2G and 23R God especially li.ited .an and enOoined hi. not to eat of the 1p$ 99F4 fruit of the tree of kno)ledgeM )hile in v$ ;;/ ch$ iii/ it is evident that there )as another tree/ "the tree of life/" )hich God did not intend that .an should enOoy the fruit of$ +ut )ith the close of the %ertiary period and the :rift Age all this )as changed: these trees/ )hatever they signified/ had been s)ept a)ay/ "the blaPing s)ord" shone bet)een .an and the land )here they gre)/ or had gro)nM and hence/ after the Age of :arkness/ God puts no such restraint or inOunction upon the hu.an fa.ily$ "e read: #h$ i/ v$ ;H$ "And God said/ +ehold/ , have given you every herb bearing seed/ )hich is upon the face of all the earth/ and ever, tree/ in the )hich is the fruit of a tree yielding seedM to ,ou it shall be for meat$" "ith )hat reason/ if the te5t is in its true order/ could God have given .an/ in the first chapter/ the right to eat the fruit of ever, tree/ and in the follo)ing chapters have consigned the )hole race to ruin for eating the fruit of one particular treeC +ut after the so called Glacial Age all li.itations )ere re.oved$ %he tree of kno)ledge and the tree of life had disappeared for ever$ %he :rift covered the.$ Reader/ )aive your natural preOudices/ and ask yourself )hether this proposed readOust.ent of the Great +ook does not place it thoroughly in accord )ith all the revelations of scienceM )hether it does not ans)er all the obOections that have been .ade against the reasonableness of the storyM and )hether there is in it anything inconsistent )ith the sanctity of the record/ the essentials of religion/ or the glory of God$ ,nstead of being/ co.pelled to argue/ as Religion no) does/ that the )hole heavens and the earth/ )ith its t)enty .iles in thickness of stratified rocks/ )ere .ade in si5 actual days/ or to interpret "days" to .ean vast periods 1p$ 99G4

of ti.e/ not)ithstanding the record speaks of "the evening and the .orning" constituting these "days/" as if they )ere really subdivisions of sun .arked ti.eM )e here see that the vast #reation/ and the great lapses of geologic ti.e/ all lie far back of the day )hen darkness )as on the face of the deepM and that the si5 days )hich follo)ed/ and in )hich the )orld )as gradually restored to its previous condition/ )ere the natural subdivisions into )hich events arranged the.selves$ %he #hinese divided this period of reconstruction into "branches" or "ste.s"M the race fro. )ho. the *e)s received their traditions divided it into days$ %he first subdivision )as/ as , have said/ that of the t)ilight age/ )hen light began to invade the total darknessM it )as subdivided again into the evening and the .orning/ as the light gre) stronger$ %he ne5t subdivision of ti.e )as that period/ still in the t)ilight/ )hen the floods fell and covered a large part of the earth/ but gradually gathered the.selves together in the lo)er lands/ and left the .ountains bare$ And still the light kept increasing/ and the period )as again subdivided into evening and .orning$ And )hy does the record/ in each case/ tell us that the evening and the .orning "constituted the day/ instead of the .orning and the eveningC %he ans)er is plain: .ankind )ere steadily advancing fro. darkness to lightM each stage ter.inating in greater clearness and brightnessM they )ere .oving steadily for)ard to the perfect da)n$ And it is a curious fact that the ,sraelites/ even no)/ co..ence the day )ith the period of darkness: they begin their 0abbath on Friday at sunset$ %he third subdivision )as that in )hich the continents cleared the.selves .ore and .ore of the floods/ and the increasing light and )ar.th called forth grass and the 1p$ 9934 trees/ and clothed nature in a .antle of green$ 'an had co.e out of his cave/ and there )ere scattered re.nants of the ani.al kingdo. here and there/ but the )orld/ in the .ain/ )as .anless and lifeless a scene of )aste and desolation$ ,n the fourth subdivision of ti.e/ the sun/ .oon/ and stars appearedM di.ly/ and )rapped in clouds/ in the eveningM clearer and brighter in the .orning$ ,n the ne5t subdivision of ti.e/ the fish/ )hich spa)n by the .illion/ and the birds/ )hich quadruple their nu.bers in a year/ began to .ultiply and scatter the.selves/ and appear every)here through the )aters and on the land$ And still the light kept increasing/ and "the evening and the .orning )ere the fifth day$" And on the si5th day/ .an and the ani.als/ slo)er to increase/ and requiring a longer period to reach .aturity/ began to spread and sho) the.selves every)here on the face of the earth$

%here )as a long interval before .an sent out his colonies and repossessed the desolated continents$ ,n =urope/ as , have sho)n/ t)elve feet of stalag.ite intervenes in the caves bet)een the re.ains of pre glacial and post glacial .an$ As this deposit for.s at a very slo) rate/ it indicates that/ for long ages after the great destruction/ .an did not d)ell in =urope$ 0lo)ly/ "like a great blot that spreads/" the race e5panded again over its ancient bunting grounds$ And still the skies gre) brighter/ the stor.s gre) less/ the earth gre) )ar.er/ and "the evening and the .orning" constituted the si5th subdivision of ti.e$ And this process is still going on$ 'r$ *a.es Geikie says: ""e are sure of this/ that since the deposition of the shelly clays/ and the disappearance of the latest local glaciers/ 1p$ 9984 there have been no oscillations/ but only a gradual amelioration of climate$"[27 %he )orld/ like 'ilton's lion/ is still trying to disengage its binder li.bs fro. the superincu.bent )eight of the :rift$ =very sno) stor./ every chilling blast that blo)s out fro. the froPen lips of the icy North/ is but a re.iniscence of Ragnarok$ +ut the great cos.ical catastrophe )as substantially over )ith the close of the si5th day$ "e are no) in the seventh day$ %he darkness has goneM the sun has co.e backM the )aters have returned to their boundsM vegetation has resu.ed its placeM the fish/ the birds/ the ani.als/ .en/ are once .ore populous in ocean/ air/ and on the landM the co.et is gone/ and the orderly processes of nature are around us/ and God is "resting" fro. the great task of restoring his afflicted )orld$ %he necessity for so.e such interpretation as this )as apparent to the early fathers of the #hristian #hurch/ although they possessed no theory of a$ co.et$ 0t$ +asil/ 0t$ #Nsarius/ and >rigen/ long before any such theory )as drea.ed of/ argued that the sun/ .oon/ and stars e5isted fro. the beginning/ but that they did not appear until the fourth day$ ""ho/" says >rigen/ "that has sense/ can think that the first/ second/ and third days )ere )ithout sun/ .oon/ or starsC" +ut )here )ere theyC "hy did they not appearC "hat obscured the.C "hat could obscure the. but dense cloudsC "here did the clouds co.e fro.C %hey )ere vaporiPed )ater$ "hat vaporiPed the )ater and caused this darkness on the face of the deep/ so dense that the sun/ .oon/ and stars did not appear until the )orld had clothed itself
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ D98$7

1p$ 98H4 again in vegetationC %re.endous heat$ "here did the heat co.e fro.C ,f it )as not caused by contact )ith a co.et/ what was itC And if it )as not caused by contact )ith a co.et/ ho) do you e5plain the blaPing s)ord at the gate of =denM the fire falling fro. heaven on "the cities of the plain"M and the fire that fell on *ob's sheep and ca.els and consu.ed the.M and that drove *ob to cla.ber by ropes do)n into the narro) .outhed botto.less caveM )here he tells us of the leviathan/ the t)isted/ the undulating one/ that cast do)n stones in the .ire/ and .ade the angels in heaven to tre.ble/ and the deep to boil like a potC And is it not .ore reasonable to suppose that this subli.e religious poe./ called the +ook of *ob/ represents the e5altation of the hu.an soul under the stress of the greatest cala.ity our race has ever endured/ than to believe that it is si.ply a record of the sufferings of so.e obscure Arab chief fro. a loathso.e diseaseC 0urely inspiration should reach us through a different channelM and there should be so.e proportion bet)een the grandeur of the thoughts and the dignity of the events )hich produced the.$ And if >rigen is right/ and it is absurd to suppose that the sun/ .oon/ and stars )ere not created until the third day/ then the sacred te5t is dislocated/ transposedM and the second chapter narrates events )hich really occurred before those .entioned in the first chapterM and the "darkness" is so.ething )hich ca.e .illions of years after that "+eginning/" in )hich God .ade the earth/ and the heavens/ and all the host of the.$ ,n conclusion/ let us observe ho) fully the +ible record accords )ith the state.ents of the :ruidical/ &indoo/ 0candinavian/ and other legends/ and )ith the great un)ritten theory )hich underlies all our religion$ &ere )e have: 1p$ 9D<4 2$ %he Golden AgeM the ?aradise$ ;$ %he universal .oral degeneracy of .ankindM the age of cri.e and violence$ 9$ God's vengeance$ D$ %he serpentM the fire fro. heaven$ F$ %he cave life and the darkness$ G$ %he coldM the struggle to live$ 3$ %he "Fall of 'an/" fro. virtue to viceM fro. plenty to povertyM fro. civiliPation to barbaris.M fro. the %ertiary to the :riftM fro. =den to the gravel$ 8$ Reconstruction and regeneration$ #an all this be accidentC #an all this .ean nothingC

1p$ 9D24 PART I%' 7.onclusions8 .$APTER I' -A* PRE0G&A.IA& 3A! .I%I&I9E / "= co.e no) to another and very interesting question: ,n )hat stage of develop.ent )as .ankind )hen the :rift fell upon the earthC ,t is/ of course/ difficult to attain to certainties in the consideration of an age so re.ote as this$ "e are/ as it )ere/ cra)ling upon our hands and knees into the dark cavern of an abys.al pastM )e kno) not )hether that )hich )e encounter is a stone or a boneM )e can only grope our )ay$ , feel/ ho)ever/ that it is proper to present such facts as , possess touching this curious question$ %he conclusion at )hich , have arrived is/ that .ankind/ prior to the :rift/ had/ in so.e li.ited localities/ reached a high stage of civiliPation/ and that .any of our .ost i.portant inventions and discoveries )ere kno)n in the pre glacial age$ A.ong these )ere pottery/ .etallurgy/ architecture/ engraving/ #arving/ the use of .oney/ the do.estication of so.e of our ani.als/ and even the use of an alphabet$ , shall present the proofs of this startling conclusion/ and leave the reader to Oudge for hi.self$ 1p$ 9D;4 "hile this civiliPed/ cultivated race occupied a part of the earth's surface/ the re.ainder of the )orld )as peopled by races .ore rude/ barbarous/ brutal/ and ani.al like than anything )e kno) of on our earth to day$ ,n the first place/ , shall refer to the legends of .ankind/ )herein they depict the condition of our race in the pre glacial ti.e$ ,f these state.ents stood alone/ )e .ight dis.iss the. fro. consideration/ for there )ould be a strong probability that later ages/ in repeating the legends/ )ould attribute to their re.ote ancestors the civiliPed advantages )hich they the.selves enOoyedM but it )ill be seen that these state.ents are confir.ed by the re.ains of .an )hich have been dug out of the earth/ and upon )hich )e can rely to a .uch greater e5tent$ First/ as to the legends: ,f , have correctly interpreted *ob as a religious dra.a/ founded on the fall of the :rift/ then )e .ust re.e.ber that *ob describes the people overtaken by the catastrophe as a highly civiliPed race$ %hey had passed the stage of )orshiping sticks and stones and

idols/ and had reached to a kno)ledge of the one true GodM they )ere agriculturistsM they raised flocks of sheep and ca.elsM they built housesM they had ta.ed the horseM they had progressed so far in astrono.ical kno)ledge as to have .apped out the heavens into constellationsM they )rote books/ consequently they possessed an alphabetM they engraved inscriptions upon the rocks$ +ut it .ay be said truly that the book of *ob/ although it .ay be really a description of the :rift catastrophe/ )as not necessarily )ritten at the ti.e of/ or even i..ediately after/ that event$ 0o gigantic and terrible a thing .ust have been the over)hel.ing consideration and .e.ory of .ankind for thousands of years after it occurred$ "e )ill see that its i.press still e5ists on the 1p$ 9D94 i.agination of the race$ &ence )e .ay assign to the book of *ob an e5traordinary antiquity/ and nevertheless it .ay have been )ritten long ages after the events to )hich it refers occurredM and the )riter .ay have clothed those events )ith the associations and conditions of the age of its co.position$ (et us/ then/ go for)ard to the other legends/ for in such a case )e can prove nothing$ "e can si.ply build up cu.ulative probabilities$ ,n >vid )e read that the =arth/ )hen the dread affliction fell upon her/ cried out: "> sovereign of the gods/ if thou approvest of this/ if , have deserved it/ )hy do thy lightnings lingerC $ $ $ And dost thou give this as .y reco.penseC %his as the re)ard of .y fertility and of .y duty/ in that I endure wounds from the croo-ed plow and harrows/ and a. harassed all the year throughC ,n that , supply green leaves to the cattle/ and corn/ a )holeso.e food for .ankind/ and fran-incense for yourselvesC " &ere )e see that >vid received fro. the ancient traditions of his race the belief that )hen the :rift Age ca.e .an )as already an agriculturistM he had invented the plo) and the barro)M he had do.esticated the cattleM he had discovered or developed so.e of the cerealsM and he possessed a religion in )hich incense )as burned before the god or gods$ %he legend of ?haYton further indicates that .an had ta.ed the horse and had invented )heeled vehicles$ ,n the &indoo story of the co.ing of the de.on Ravana/ the co.et/ )e read that he carried off 0ita/ the )ife of Ra.a/ the sunM and that her na.e indicates that she represented "the furrowed earth/" to )it/ a condition of develop.ent in )hich .an plo)ed the fields and raised crops of food$ "hen )e turn to the 0candinavian legends/ )e see 1p$ 9DD4 that those )ho trans.itted the. fro. the early ages believed that pre glacial .an )as civiliPed$ %he Asas/ the godlike/ superior race/ d)elt/ )e are told/ "in stone houses$"

,n describing/ in the =lder =dda/ the corrupt condition of .ankind before the great catastrophe occurred/ the )orld/ )e are told/ )as given over to all .anner of sin and )ickedness$ "e read: "+rothers )ill fight together/ And beco.e each other's bane 0isters' children %heir sib shall spoil$ &ard is the )orldM 0ensual sins gro) huge$ %here are axe ages/ sword ages +hields are cleft in t)ain/ %here are )ind ages/ .urder ages/ =re the )orld falls dead$"[27 "hen the great day of )rath co.es/ &ei.dal blo)s in the GOallar horn/ >din rides to 'i.er's )ell/ >din puts on his golden helmet/ the Asas hold counsel before their stone doors$ All these things indicate a people )ho had passed far beyond barbaris.$ &ere )e have a5es/ s)ords/ hel.ets/ shields/ .usical instru.ents/ do.esticated horses/ the use of gold/ and stone buildings$ And after the great stor. )as over/ and the re.nant of .ankind crept out of the caves/ and ca.e back to reoccupy the houses of the slain .illions/ )e read of the delight )ith )hich they found in the grass "the golden tablets" of the 2sas additional proof that they )orked in the .etals/ and possessed so.e kind of a )ritten languageM they also had "the runes/" or runic letters of >din$
[2$ "%he !ala's ?rophecy/" D8/ DH$7

1p$ 9DF4 ,n the Norse legends )e read that (oke/ the evil genius/ carried off ,duna/ and her apples$ And )hen )e turn to the A.erican legends/ si.ilar state.ents present the.selves$ "e see the people/ i..ediately after the catastrophe/ sending a .essenger to the happy eastern land/ over the sea/ by a bridge/ to procure dru.s and other .usical instru.entsM )e learn fro. the APtecs that )hile the darkness yet prevailed/ the people built a su.ptuous palace/ a .asterpiece of skill/ and on the top of it they placed an axe of copper/ the edge being upper.ost/ and on this a5e the heavens rested$[27 %he NavaOos/ shut up in their cave/ had flute players )ith the.$ %he ?eruvians )ere dug out of their cave )ith a golden spade$ ,n the %ahoe legend/ )e read that the superior race co.pelled the inferior to build a great temple for their protection fro. floodsM and the oppressed people escaped in canoes/ )hile the )orld blaPes behind the.$

0oon after the NavaOos ca.e out of the cave/ )e find the./ according to the legend/ possessed of )ater Oars/ and )e have references to the division of the heavens into constellations$ ,n the Arabian legend of the #ity of +rass/ )e are told that the people )ho )ere destroyed )ere great architects/ .etallurgists/ agriculturists/ and .achinists/ and that they possessed a )ritten language$ "e turn no) to the .ore reliable evidences of .an's condition/ )hich have been e5hu.ed fro. the caves and the :rift$ ,n the seventeenth century/ Fray ?edro 0i.on relates that so.e .iners/ running an adit into a hill near #allao/
[2$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ 32$7

1p$ 9DG4 ".et )ith a ship/ which had on top of it the great mass of the hill/ and did not agree in its .ake and appearance )ith our ships$" 0ir *ohn #lerk describes a canoe found near =dinburgh/ in 23;G$ "%he )ashings of the river #arron discovered a boat thirteen or fourteen feet under groundM it is thirty si5 feet long and four and a half broad/ all of one piece of oak$ %here )ere several strata above it/ such as loa./ clay/ shells/ .oss/ sand/ and gravel$" +oucher de ?erthes found re.ains of .an thirt, to fort, feet belo) the surface of the earth$ ,n the follo)ing )e have the evidence that the pre glacial race )as acquainted )ith the use of fire/ and cooked their food: ",n the construction of a canal bet)een 0tockhol. and Gothenburg/ it )as necessary to cut through one of those hills called osars/ or erratic blocks/ )hich )ere deposited by the :rift ice during the glacial epoch$ +eneath an i..ense accu.ulation of osars/ )ith shells and sand/ there )as discovered in the deepest la,er of subsoil, at a depth of about sixt, feet/ a circular .ass of stones/ for.ing a hearth/ in the .iddle of )hich there )ere )ood coals$ No other hand than that of .an could have perfor.ed the )ork$"[;7 ,n the 0tate of (ouisiana/ on ?etite Anse ,sland/ re.arkable discoveries have been .ade$ [97 At considerable depths belo) the surface of the earth/ fifteen to t)enty feet/ immediatel, overl,ing the salt-roc-s/ and underneath )hat :r$ Foster believes to be the equivalent of the $rift in =urope/ "associated )ith the bones of elephants and other huge e5tinct quadrupeds/" "incredible quantities of potter, )ere found"M in so.e

[2$ %ylor's "=arly 'ankind/" p$ 99<$ ;$ 'aclean's "'anual of Antiquity of 'an/" p$ G<M +uchner/ p$ ;D;$ 9$ Foster's "?rehistoric Races/" p$ FG/ etc$7

1p$ 9D34 cases these re.ains of pottery for.ed "veritable strata/ three and si5 inches thick"M in .any cases the bones of the .astodon )ere found above these strata of pottery$ Frag.ents of baskets and .atting )ere also found$ &ere )e have evidence of the long continued occupation of this spot by .an prior to the :rift Age/ and that the hu.an fa.ily had progressed far enough to .anufacture pottery/ and )eave baskets and .atting$ %he cave of #haleu5/ +elgiu./ )as buried by a .ass of rubbish caused by the falling in of the roof/ consequently preserving all its i.ple.ents$ %here )ere found the split bones of .a..als/ and the bones of birds and fishes$ %here )as an i..ense nu.ber of obOects/ chiefly .anufactured fro. reindeer horn/ such as needles/ arro) heads/ daggers/ and hooks$ +esides these/ there )ere orna.ents .ade of shells/ pieces of slate )ith engraved figures/ .athe.atical lines/ re.ains of very coarse pottery/ hearthstones/ ashes/ charcoal/ and last/ but not least/ thirty thousand )orked flints .ingled )ith the broken bones$ ,n the hearth/ placed in the center of the cave/ )as discovered a stone/ )ith certain but unintelligible signs engraved upon it$ '$ :upont also found about t)enty pounds of the bones of the )ater rat/ either scorched or roasted$[27 --=AR%&=N !A0=/ F>@N: ,N %&= #A!= >F F@RF>>K/ +=(G,@'$
[2$ 'aclean's "Antiquity of 'an/" p$ 83$7

1p$ 9D84 &ere )e have the evidence that the people )ho inhabited this cave/ or so.e race )ith )ho. they held intercourse/ .anufactured potteryM that they )ore clothing )hich they se)ed )ith needlesM that they used the bo) and arro)M that they caught fish )ith hooksM that they orna.ented the.selvesM that they cooked their foodM that they engraved on stoneM and that they had already reached so.e kind of pri.itive alphabet/ in )hich signs )ere used to represent things$ "e have already seen/ Qpage 2;D/ ante/R that there is reason to believe that pre glacial =urope contained a very barbarous race/ represented by the Neanderthal skull/ side by side )ith a cultivated race/ represented by the fine lines and full bro) of the =ngis skull$ %he latter race/ , have suggested/ .ay have co.e a.ong the for.er as traders/ or have been captured in )arM precisely as today in #entral Africa the skulls of adventurous/

civiliPed ?ortuguese or =nglish.en or A.ericans .ight be found side by side )ith the rude skulls of the savage populations of the country$ %he possession of a piece of pottery/ or carving/ by an African tribe )ould not prove that the Africans possessed the arts of engraving or .anufacturing pottery/ but it )ould prove that so.e)here on the earth's surface a race had advanced far enough/ at that ti.e/ to be capable of such )orks of art$ And so/ in the re.ains of the pre glacial age of =urope/ )e have the evidence that so.e of these people/ or their captives/ or those )ith )ho. they traded or fought/ had gone so far in the training of civiliPed life as to have developed a sense of art and a capacity to represent living for.s in pictures or carvings/ )ith a considerable degree of taste and skill$ And these )orks are found in the .ost ancient caves/ "the archaic caves/" associated )ith the bones of the ani.als that ceased to exist in !urope at the time of the 1p$ 9DH4 --?R= G(A#,A( 'AN'0 ?,#%@R= >F %&= 'A''>%& 1p$ 9F<4 $rift deposits$ Nay/ .ore/ a picture of a .a..oth has been found engraved upon a piece of mammoth-tus-$ %he engraving on page 9DH represents this .ost curious )ork of art$ %he .an )ho carved this .ust have seen the creature it representedM and/ as the .a..oth did not survive the :rift/ that .an .ust have lived before or during the :rift$ And he )as no savage$ 0ays 0ir *ohn (ubbock: "No representation/ ho)ever rude/ of any ani.al has yet been found in any of the :anish shell .ounds/ or the 0tone Age lake villages$ =ven on obOects of the +ronPe Age they are so rare that it is doubtful )hether a single )ell authenticated instance could be produced$"[27 ,n the :ordogne caves the follo)ing spirited dra)ing )as found/ representing a group of reindeer: --?R= G(A#,A( 'AN'0 ?,#%@R= >F R=,N:==R$ &ere it )ould appear as if the reindeer )ere fastened together by lines or reinsM if so/ it i.plies that they )ere
[2$ "?rehistoric %i.es/" p$ 999$7

1p$ 9F24

do.esticated$ ,n this picture they see. to have beco.e entangled in their lines/ and so.e have fallen to the ground$ And it does not follo) fro. the presence of the reindeer that the cli.ate )as (apland like$ %he ancestors of all our so called Arctic ani.als .ust have lived during the .ild cli.ate of the %ertiary AgeM and those only survived after the :rift/ in the north/ that )ere capable of acco..odating the.selves to the coldM the rest perished or .oved south)ardly$ Another group of ani.als )as found/ engraved on a piece of the pal. of a reindeer's horn/ as follo)s: --?R= G(A#,A( 'AN'0 ?,#%@R= >F %&= &>R0=$ &ere the .an stands alongside the horse's head a very natural position if the horse )as do.esticated/ a very i.probable one if he )as not$ ?ieces of pottery have also been found acco.panying these palNolithic re.ains of .an$ %he oldest evidence of the e5istence of .an is probably the frag.ent of a cut rib fro. the ?liocenes of %uscany/ preserved in the .useu. at FlorenceM it )as associated )ith flint flakes and a piece of rude potter,$[27 +ut the art capacity of these people )as not li.ited to the dra)ing of ani.alsM they also carved figures out
[2$ :a)kins's "=arly 'an in +ritain/" p$ H2$7

1p$ 9F;4 of hard substances$ %he follo)ing engraving represents a poniard cut fro. a reindeer's horn$ --A 0?=#,'=N >F ?R= G(A#,A( #AR!,NG$ 0ir *ohn (ubbock says: "%he artist bas ingeniously adapted the position of the ani.al to the necessities of the case$ %he horns are thro)n back on the neck/ the fore legs are doubled up under the belly/ and the hind legs are stretched out along the blade$"[27

%hese things see. to indicate quite an advanced conditionM the people )ho .ade the. .anufactured pottery/ possessed$ do.esticated ani.als/ and )ere able to engrave and carve i.ages of living obOects$ ,t is difficult to believe that they could have carved and engraved these hard substances )ithout .etallic gravers or tools of so.e kind$ %he reader )ill see/ on page 29</ ante/ a representation of a sienite plu..et found thirt, feet below the surface/ in a )ell/ in the 0an *oaquin !alley/ #alifornia/ )hich ?rofessor Foster pronounces to be "A finer e5hibition of the lapidary's skill than has yet been furnished by the 0tone Age of either continent$ "[;7
[2$ "?rehistoric %i.es/" p$ 99F$ ;$ Foster's "?rehistoric Races of the @nited 0tates/" p$ FG$7

1p$ 9F94 %he follo)ing picture represents a curious i.age carved out of black .arble/ about t)ice as large as the cut/ found near 'arlboro/ 0tark #ounty/ >hio/ by so.e )ork.en/ )hile digging a )ell/ at a depth of twelve feet below the surface$ %he ground above it had never been disturbed$ ,t )as i.bedded in sand and gravel$ %he black or variegated .arble out of )hich this i.age is carved has not been found in place in >hio$ --0%>N= ,'AG= F>@N: ,N >&,> %$ "$ Ainney/ of ?orts.outh/ >hio/ )rites as follo)s: "(ast su..er/ )hile digging a vault for drainage/ at the depth of twent,-seven feet/ the )ork.en found the tusk of a .astodon$ %he piece )as about four feet long and four inches in dia.eter at the thickest part$ ,t )as nearly all lost/ having/ cru.bled very .uch )hen e5posed to the air$ , have a large piece of itM also several flakes of flint found near the sa.e depth$ ", also have several of the flakes fro. other vaults/ so.e of )hich sho) evidence of )ork$ ""e also found a log at the depth of twent,-two feet$ %he log )as burned at one end/ and at the other end )as a gap, the same as an axeman9s -erf$ 0hell banks belo) the level of the base of .ound builders' )orks/ fro. si5 to fifteen feet$"[27 "as this burned log/ thus found at a depth of t)enty t)o feet/ a relic of the great conflagrationC "as that
[2$ "A.erican Antiquarian/" April/ 2838/ p$ 9G$7

1p$ 9FD4 a5e kerf .ade by so.e civiliPed .an )ho )ielded a bronPe or iron )eaponC ,t is a curious fact that burned logs have/ in repeated instances/ been e5hu.ed fro. great depths in the :rift clay$ "hile this )ork is going through the press/ an article has appeared in "&arper's 'onthly 'agaPine/" Q0epte.ber/ 288;/ p$ G<H/R entitled "%he 'ississippi River ?roble./" )ritten by :avid A$ #urtis/ in )hich the author says: ""hen (a 0alle found out ho) goodly a land it )as/ his report )as the )arrant of eviction that drove out the red .an to .ake place for the )hite/ as the .ound builders had .ade place for the ,ndian in )hat )e call the days of old$ Bet it .ust have been only yesterday that the .ound builders )rought in the valley/ for in the fe) centuries that have elapsed since then the surface of the ground has risen only a fe) feet not enough to bury their )orks out of sight$ &o) long ago/ then/ .ust it have been that the race lived there )hose pave.ents and cisterns of Ro.an brick no) lie sevent, feet undergroundC" 'r$ #urtis does not .ean that the bricks found in this prehistoric settle.ent had any historical connection )ith Ro.e/ but si.ply that they rese.ble Ro.an bricks$ %hese re.ains/ , learn/ )ere discovered in the vicinity of 'e.phis/ %ennessee$ %he details have not yet/ so far as , a. a)are/ been published$ ,s it not .ore reasonable to suppose that civiliPed .an e5isted on the A.erican #ontinent thirty thousand years ago/ Qthe age fi5ed by geologists for the co.ing of the :rift/R a co.paratively short period of ti.e/ and that his )orks )ere then covered by the :rift d.bris/ than to believe that a race of hu.an beings/ far enough advanced in civiliPation to .anufacture bricks/ and build pave.ents and cisterns/ d)elt in the 'ississippi !alley/ in a past so inconceivably re.ote that the slo) increase of the soil/ 1p$ 9FF4 by vegetable decay/ has covered their )orks to the depth of sevent, feetC , co.e no) to the .ost singular and .arvelous revelation of all: ?rofessor Ale5ander "inchell/ in an interesting and recent )ork/[27 says: ", had in .y possession for so.e ti.e a copper relic rese.bling a rude coin/ )hich )as taken fro. an artesian boring at the depth of one hundred and fourteen feet/ at (a)n Ridge/ 'arshall #ounty/ ,llinois$ "'r$ "$ &$ "il.ot/ then of (a)n Ridge/ furnished .e/ in a letter dated :ece.ber D/ 2832/ the follo)ing state.ent of deposits pierced in the boring:

0oil Bello) clay +lue clay :ark vegetable .atter &ard purplish clay +right green clay 'ottled clay 0oil :epth of coin Bello) clay 0and and clay$ "ater/ rising G< feet$

9 feet$ 23 " DD " D" 28 " 8" 28 " ;" 22D " 2"

",n a letter of the ;3th of :ece.ber/ )ritten fro. #hillicothe/ ,llinois/ he stated that the bore )as four inches for eighty feet/ and three inches for the re.ainder of the depth$ +ut before one hundred feet had been reached the four inch portion )as 'so plastered over as to be itself but three inches in dia.eter/' and hence the 'coin' could not have co.e fro. any depth less than eight, feet$

"'%hree persons sa) "the coin" at the sa.e instant/ and each clai.s it$' %his so called coin )as about the
[2$ "0parks fro. a Geologist's &a..er/" p$ 23<$7

1p$ 9FG4 thickness and siPe of a silver quarter of a dollar/ and )as of remar-abl, uniform thic-ness$ ,t )as appro5i.ately round/ and seemed to have been cut$ ,ts t)o faces bore .arks as sho)n in the figure/ but the, were not stamped as with a die nor engraved$ %hey looked as if etched --- --#>??=R #>,N/ F>@N: >N= &@N:R=: AN: F>@R%==N F==% @N:=R GR>@N: ,N ,((,N>,0$ with acid$ %he character of the .arks )as partly unintelligible$ >n each side/ ho)ever/ )as a rude outline of a hu.an figure$ >ne of these held in one hand an obOect rese.bling a child/ )hile the other )as raised as if in the act of striking$ %he figure )ore a head dress/ apparently .ade of quills$ 2round the border were undecipherable hierogl,phics$ %he figure on the opposite side e5tended only to the )aist/ and had also one hand upraised$ %his )as furnished with long tufts li-e mule9s ears$ Around the border )as another circle of hieroglyphics$ >n this side also )as a rude outline of a quadruped$ , e5hibited this relic to the Geological 0ection of the A.erican Association/ at its .eeting at +uffalo in 283G$ %he general i.pression see.ed to be that its origin could not date fro. the epoch of the stratu. in )hich it is represented to have been found$ >ne person thought he could detect a rude representation of the signs of the Podiac around the border$ Another fancied he could discover nu.erals/ and even dates$ No one could even offer any e5planation of the obOects or the circu.stances of its discovery$ %he figures bear a close rese.blance to rude dra)ings e5ecuted on birch bark and rock surfaces by the A.erican ,ndians$ 7ut b, what means were the, etchedC And by )hat .eans )as the uniform thic-ness of the copper producedC 1p$ 9F34 %his obOect )as sent by the o)ner to the 0.ithsonian ,nstitution for e5a.ination/ and 0ecretary &enry referred it to 'r$ "illia. =$ :ubois/ )ho presented the result of his investigation to the A.erican ?hilosophical 0ociety$ 'r. $ubois felt sure that the ob3ect had passed through a rolling-mill, and he thought the cut edges gave further evidence of the machine-shop$ 'All things considered/' he said/ ', can not regard this ,llinois piece as ancient nor old Qobserving the usual distinctionR/ nor yet recentM because the tooth of ti.e is plainly visible$' &e could suggest nothing to clear up the .ystery$ ?rofessor *$ ?$ (esley thought it .ight be an astrological a.ulet$ &e detected upon it the signs of ?isces and (eo$ &e read the date 2F3;$ &e said/ '%he piece )as placed there as a practical Ooke$' &e thought it .ight be &ispano A.erican or French A.erican in origin$ the suggestion of 'a practical Ooke' is itself so.ething )hich .ust be taken as a Ooke$ No person in

possession of this interesting obOect )ould )illingly part )ith itM least of all )ould he thro) so s.all an obOect into a hole )here not one chance in a thousand e5isted that it )ould ever be seen again by any person$ ",f this obOect does not date fro. the age of the stratu. fro. )hich obtained/ it can only be a relic of the si5teenth or seventeenth century/ buried beneath the alluviu. deposited .ore recently by the ,llinois River$ %he country is a level prairie/ and '?eoria (ake' is an e5pansion of the river ten .iles long and a .ile and a half broad$ ,t is certainly possible that in such a region deep alluvial deposits .ay have for.ed since the visits of the French in the latter part of the seventeenth century$ 7ut it is not eas, to admit an accumulation of one hundred and fourteen or one hundred and twent,-feet/ since such a depth e5tends too .uch belo) the surface of the river$ ,n "hiteside #ounty/ fifty .iles north)est fro. ?eoria #ounty/ about 28F2/ according to 'r$ 'offat/ a large copper ring was found one hundred and twent, feet beneath the surface/ as also so.ething )hich has been co.pared to a boat hook$ 0everal other obOects have been found at less depths/ including stone pipes and potter,, and a spear-shaped hatchet/ 'A:= >F ,R>N$ ,f these 1p$ 9F84 are not 'ancient/' their occurrence at depths of ten/ forty/ fifty/ and one hundred and t)enty feet .ust be e5plained as , have suggested in reference to the 'coin$' An instru.ent of iron is a strong indication of the civiliPed origin of all$" %his is indeed an e5traordinary revelation$ &ere )e have a copper .edal/ very .uch like a coin/ inscribed )ith alphabetical or hieroglyphical signs/ )hich/ )hen placed under the .icroscope/ in the hands of a skeptical investigator/ satisfies hi. that it is not recent/ and that it passed through a rolling-mill and was cut b, a machine$ ,f it is not recent/ if the tooth of ti.e is plainly seen on it/ it is not a .odern fraudM if it is not a .odern fraud/ then it is really the coin of so.e pre #olu.bian people$ %he ,ndians possessed no currency or alphabet/ so that it dates back of the red .en$ Nothing si.ilar has been found in the hundreds of A.erican .ounds that have been opened/ so that it dates back of the .ound builders$ ,t co.es fro. a depth of not less than eight, feet in glacial cla,/ therefore it is profoundly ancient$ ,t is engraved after a .ethod utterl, un-nown to an, civili5ed nation on earth, within the range of recorded histor,$ ,% ,0 =NGRA!=: ",%& A#,:L ,t belongs/ therefore/ to a civiliPation unlike any )e kno) of$ ,f it had been derived fro. any other hu.an civiliPation/ the .akers/ at the sa.e ti.e they borro)ed the round/ .etallic for. of the coin/ )ould have borro)ed also the .old or the sta.p$ +ut they did notM and yet they possessed a rolling .ill and a .achine to cut out the coin$

"hat do )e inferC %hat there is a relationship bet)een our civiliPation and this/ but it is a relationship in )hich this represents the parentM and the round .etallic 1p$ 9FH4 coins of historical antiquity )ere derived fro. it/ but )ithout the art of engraving by the use of acid$ ,t does not stand alone/ but at great depths in the sa.e clay implements of copper and of ,R>N are found$ "hat does all this indicateC %hat far belo) the present level of the 0tate of ,llinois/ in the depths of the glacial clays/ about one hundred or one hundred and t)enty feet belo) the present surface of the land/ there are found the evidences of a high civiliPation$ For a coin )ith an inscription upon it i.plies a high civiliPation: it i.plies an alphabet/ a literature/ a govern.ent/ co..ercial relations/ organiPed society/ regulated agriculture/ )hich could alone sustain all theseM and so.e i.ple.ent like a plo)/ )ithout )hich e5tensive agriculture is not possibleM and this in turn i.plies do.esticated ani.als to dra) the plo)$ %he presence of the coin/ and of i.ple.ents of copper and iron/ proves that .ankind had passed far beyond the 0tone Age$ And these vie)s are confir.ed by the pave.ents and cisterns of brick found seventy feet belo) the surface in the lo)er 'ississippi !alley$ %here is a ?o.peii/ a &erculaneu./ so.e)here/ underneath central and north)estern ,llinois or %ennessee/ of the .ost .arvelous characterM not of =gypt/ Assyria/ or the Ro.an =.pire/ things of yesterday/ but belonging to an inconceivable antiquityM to pre glacial ti.esM to a period ages before the flood of NoahM a civiliPation )hich )as dro)ned and deluged out of sight under the i..easurable clay flood of the co.et$ 'an cra)led ti.idly back)ard into the history of the past over his little li.it of si5 thousand yearsM and at the farther end of his tether he found the perfect civiliPation of early =gypt$ &e rises to his feet and looks still back)ard/ and the vista of history spreads and 1p$ 9G<4 spreads to antediluvian ti.es$ &ere at last he thinks he has reached the beginning of things: here .an first do.esticated the ani.alsM here he first )orked in copper and ironM here he possessed for the first ti.e an alphabet/ a govern.ent/ co..erce/ and coinage$ And/ loL fro. the botto. of )ell holes in ,llinois/ one hundred and fourteen feet deep/ the buckets of the artesian )ell auger bring up copper rings and iron hatchets and engraved coins engraved by a .eans unkno)n to historical .ankind and )e stand face to face )ith a civiliPation so old that .an )ill not )illingly dare to put it into figures$

&ere )e are in the presence of that great/ but possibly brutal and sensual develop.ent of .an's po)ers/ "the s)ord ages/ the a5e ages/ the .urder ages of the Goths/" of )hich God cleared the earth )hen he buried the .astodon under the :rift for ever$ &o) petty/ ho) al.ost insignificant/ ho) school boy like are our historians/ )ith their little rolls of parch.ent under their ar.s/ containing their lists of =nglish/ Ro.an/ =gyptian/ and Assyrian kings and queens/ in the presence of such stupendous facts as theseL Good reader/ your .ind shrinks back fro. such conceptions/ of course$ +ut can you escape the facts by shrinking backC Are they not thereC Are they not all of a piece *ob/ >vid/ Ra.a/ Ragnarok/ Genesis/ the APtec legendsM the engraved ivory tablets of the caves/ the pottery/ the carved figures of pre glacial =uropeM the pottery strata of (ouisiana under the :riftM the copper and iron i.ple.ents/ the brick pave.ents and cisterns/ and this coin/ dragged up fro. )ell holes in ,llinoisC And )hat do they affir.C %hat this catastrophe )as indeed %&= FA(( >F 'AN$ %hink )hat a fallL Fro. co.fort to .iseryM fro. plo)ed fields to the 1p$ 9G24 thistles and the stonesM fro. sunny and glorious days in a stor.less land to the a)ful trials of the :rift AgeM the rains/ the cold/ the sno)/ the ice/ the incessant te.pests/ the darkness/ the poverty/ the coats of hides/ the cave life/ the cannibalis./ the 0tone Age$ &ere )as a fall indeed$ %here is nothing in antiquity that has not a .eaning$ %he very fables of the )orld's childhood should be sacred fro. our laughter$ >ur theology/ even )here science has .ost ridiculed it/ is based on a great/ a gigantic truth$ ?aradise/ the su..er land of fruits/ the serpent/ the fire fro. heaven/ the e5pulsion/ the )aving s)ord/ the "fall of .an/" the "darkness on the face of the deep/" the age of toil and s)eat all/ all/ are literal facts$ And could )e but penetrate their .eaning/ the trees of life and kno)ledge and the apples of paradise probably represent like)ise great and i.portant facts or events in the history of our race$

And )ith )hat slo) steps did .ankind struggle up)ardL ,n so.e favored geographical center they recovered the arts of .etallurgy/ the do.estication of ani.als/ and the alphabet$ "All kno)ledge/" says the &indoo Arishna/ ")as originally besto)ed on .ankind by God$ %hey lost it$ %hey recovered it as a recollection$" %he poor barbarian ,ndians of A.erica possess traditions of this ancient civiliPation/ traditions in for.s as rude as their o)n condition$ ,t )as represented by the Great &are/ 'aniboPho/ or Nanaboshu$ :o )e not find his typical picture/ )ith those great .ule tufts/ Qreferred to by ?rofessor "inchell/R the hare like ears/ on this coin of ,llinoisC 1p$ 9G;4 Read )hat the ,ndians tell of this great being "Fro. the re.otest )ilds of the North)est/" says :r$ +rinton/ "to the coast of the Atlantic/ fro. the southern boundaries of #arolina to the cheerless s)a.ps of &udson's +ay/ the Algonquins )ere never tired of gathering around the )inter fire and repeating the story of 'aniboPho or 'ichabo/ the )reat Hare$ "ith entire unani.ity their various branches/ the ?o)hatans of !irginia/ the (enni (enape of the :ela)are/ the )arlike hordes of Ne) =ngland/ the >tta)as of the far North/ and the "estern tribes/ perhaps )ithout e5ception/ spoke of this 'chi.erical beast/' as one of the old .issionaries calls it as their common ancestor$ %he tote. or clan )hich bore his na.e )as looked up to )ith peculiar respect$ $ $ $ ""hat he really )as )e .ust seek in the accounts of older travelers/ in the invocations of the 3ossa-eeds or prophets/ and in the part assigned to hi. in the sole.n .ysteries of religion$ ,n these )e find hi. portrayed as the patron and founder of the 'eda )orship/ the inventor of picture-writing/ the father and guardian of their nation/ the ruler of the )inds/ even the .aker and preserver of the )orld and creator of the sun and .oon$ Fro. a grain of sand brought fro. the botto. of the pri.eval ocean/ he fashioned the habitable land/ and set it floating on the )aters till it gre) to such a siPe that a strong young )olf/ running constantly/ died of old age ere he reached its li.its$ $ $ $ &e )as the founder of the .edicine hunt$ $ $ $ &e hi.self )as a might, hunter of old$ $ $ $ Attentively )atching the spider spread its )eb to trap un)ary flies/ he devised the art of -nitting nets to catch fish$"[27 %his is a barbarian's recollection of a great pri.eval civiliPed race )ho established religion/ invented nets/ and/ as the other legends concerning hi. sho)/ first .ade the bo) and arro) and )orked in the .etals$

%here is every reason to think the division of the people into several classes/ or fa.ilies/ )ho take the na.e of [2$ "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ 23F$7 1p$ 9G94 so.e ani.al )hose picture is their totem/ dates back to the very beginning of the hu.an race$ %he ani.al fables/ as , have suggested/ gre) out of these ani.al totemsM )e find the. every)here a.ong the A.erican tribesM and in so.e cases they are acco.panied by .ental and physical traits )hich .ay be supposed to indicate that they originated in pri.al race differences$ %his is the belief of "arren/ the native historian of the >Oib)ays$ , a. indebted to &on$ &$ Al$ Rice/ of 0t$ ?aul/ for an opportunity to e5a.ine his valuable .anuscript history of that tribe of ,ndians$ %he great totem of the Algonquins is the &areM he represents a ruling class/ and is associated )ith recollections of this Great &are/ this de.i god/ this .an or race/ )ho taught the. all the arts of life )ith )hich they are acquainted$ %hen there is a turtle totem/ associated )ith .yths of the turtle or tortoise/ )hich are the i.ages all over the )orld of an island$[27 And )hen )e cross the Atlantic )e find[;7 that the Arabs are divided up in the sa.e )ay into tribes bearing ani.al na.es$ "2sad/ lionM 'a nu.ber of tribes$' 2ws/ )olfM 'a tribe of the Ancar/ or :efenders$' 7adau/ ibe5M 'a tribe of the Aalb and others$' #ha9laba/ she fo5M 'a na.e of tribes$' )arad/ locustsM 'a sub tribe of the APol$' #hawr/ bullM 'a sub tribe of &a.dan and of Abel 'anah$' )ahah/ colt of an assM 'a sub tribe of the Arabs$' Hida9/ kiteM 'a sub tribe of 'urad$' "%he origin of all na.es is referred/ in the genealogical syste. of the Arabs/ to an ancestor )ho bore the tribal or gentile na.e$ %hus the ;alb or dog tribe consists of the +eni Aalb sons of Aalb Qthe dogR/ )ho is in turn son of "abra Qthe fe.ale rock badgerR/ son of %ha'laba
[2$ %ylor's "=arly &istory of 'ankind$" ;$ "$ *$ F$ 'aclennan/ "Fortnightly Revie)/" 28GH and 283<$7

1p$ 9GD4 Qthe she fo5R/ great grandson of Euoda'a/ grandson of 0aba'/ the 0heba of 0cripture$ A single .e.ber of the tribe is Aalbi a Aalbite Caninus$" "%he sa.e na.es )hich appear as totem tribes reach through =do./ 'idian/ and 'oab/ into the land of #anaan$"[27

A.ong the *e)s there )as the stock of the serpent/ Nashon/ to )hich :avid belongedM and there is no doubt that they )ere once divided into tote.ic fa.ilies$ And in all this )e see another proof of the race identity of the peoples on the opposite sides of the Atlantic$ ?er.it .e to close this chapter )ith a suggestion: ,s there not energy enough a.ong the archNologists of the @nited 0tates to .ake a thorough e5a.ination of so.e part of the deep clay deposits of #entral ,llinois or of those )onderful re.ains referred to by 'r$ #urtisC ,f one ca.e and proved that at a given point he had found indications of a coal bed or a gold .ine/ he )ould have no difficulty in obtaining .eans enough to dig a shaft and e5cavate acres$ #an not the greed for infor.ation do one tenth as .uch as the greed for profitC "ho can tell )hat e5traordinary revelations )ait belo) the vast .ass of A.erican glacial clayC For it .ust be re.e.bered that the articles already found have been discovered in the narro) holes bored or dug for )ells$ &o) s.all is the area laid bare by such punctures in the earth co.pared )ith the )hole area of the country in )hich they are sunkL &o) re.arkable that an,thing should have been found under such circu.stancesL &o) probable/ therefore/ that the re.ains of .an are nu.erous at a certain depthL "here a coin is found )e .ight reasonably e5pect to
[2$ "$ *$ F$ 'aclennan/ "Fortnightly Revie)/" 28GH and 283<$7

1p$ 9GF4 find other )orks of copper/ and all those things )hich )ould acco.pany the civiliPation of a people )orking in the .etals and using a currency/ such as cities/ houses/ te.ples/ etc$ >f course/ such things .ight e5ist/ and yet .any shafts .ight be sunk )ithout co.ing upon any of the.$ +ut is not the atte.pt )orth .akingC 1p$ 9GG4 .$APTER II' T$E *.E!E "F 3A!:* *)R%I%A& (=% us pass to another speculation: %he reader is not constrained to accept .y conclusions$ %hey )ill/ , trust/ provoke further discussion/ )hich .ay tend to prove or disprove the.$

+ut , think , can see that .any of these legends point to an island/ east of A.erica and )est of =urope/ that is to say in the Atlantic >cean/ as the scene )here .an/ or at least our o)n portion of the hu.an race/ including the )hite/ yello)/ and bro)n races/ survived the great cataclys. and rene)ed the civiliPation of the pro glacial age and that fro. this center/ in the course of ages/ they spread east and )est/ until they reached the plains of Asia and the islands of the ?acific$ %he negro race/ it see.s probable/ .ay have separated fro. our o)n stock in pre glacial ti.es/ and survived/ in frag.ents/ so.e)here in the land of torrid heats/ probably in so.e region on )hich the :rift did not fall$ "e are told by >vid that it )as the tre.endous heat of the co.et age that baked the negro blackM in this >vid doubtless spoke the opinion of antiquity$ "hether or not that period of al.ost insufferable te.perature produced any effect upon the color of that race , shall not undertake to sayM nor shall , dare to assert that the )hite race )as bleached to its present co.ple5ion by the long absence of the sun during the Age of :arkness$ 1p$ 9G34 ,t is true ?rofessor &artt tells us[27 that there is a .arked difference in the co.ple5ion of the +otocudo ,ndians )ho have lived in the forests of +raPil and those/ of the sa.e tribe/ )ho have d)elt on its open prairiesM and that those )ho have resided for hundreds/ perhaps thousands/ of years in the dense forests of that tropical land are nearly )hite in co.ple5ion$ ,f this be the case in a .erely leaf covered tract/ )hat .ust have been the effect upon a race d)elling for a long ti.e in the re.ote north/ in the .idst of a hu.id at.osphere/ enveloped in constant clouds/ and .uch of the ti.e in al.ost total darknessC %here is no doubt that here and then )ere developed the rude/ po)erful/ terrible "ice giants" of the legends/ out of )hose ferocity/ courage/ vigor/ and irresistible energy have been evolved the do.inant races of the )est of =urope the land grasping/ conquering/ coloniPing racesM the .en of )ho. it )as said by a Ro.an poet/ in the !iking Age: "%he sea is their school of )ar and the stor. their friend they are sea )olves that prey on the pillage of the )orld$" %hey are no) taking possession of the globe$ Great races are the )eeded out survivors of great sufferings$ "hat are the proofs of .y proposition that .an survived on an Atlantic islandC ,n the first place )e find *ob referring to "the island of the innocent$" ,n chapter 55ii/ verse ;H/ =liphaP/ the %e.anite/ says "hen .en are cast do)n/ then thou shalt say/ %here is lifting upM and he shall save the hu.ble person$"

"here shall he save hi.C %he ne5t verse Q9<R see.s to tell
[2$ "%he Geology of +raPil/" p$ F8H$7

1p$ 9G84 "&e shall deliver the island of the innocent: and it is delivered by the pureness of thine [*ob's7 hands$" And/ as , have sho)n/ in Genesis it appears that/ after the Age of :arkness/ God separated the floods )hich over)hel.ed the earth and .ade a fir.a.ent/ a place of solidity/ a refuge/ Qchap$ i/ vs$ G/ 3/R "in the .idst of the )aters$" A fir. place in the midst of the )aters is necessarily an island$ And the location of this =den )as )est)ard fro.$ =urope/ for )e read/ Qchap$ iii/ v$ ;DR: "0o he drove out the .anM and he placed at the =A0% of the garden of !den cherubi.s/ and a fla.ing s)ord )hich turned every )ay/ to keep the )ay of the tree of life$" %he .an driven out of the =denic land )as/ therefore/ driven eastward of =den/ and the cherubi.s in the east of =den faced hi.$ %he land )here the *e)s d)elt )as east)ard of paradiseM in other )ords/ paradise )as )est of the.$ And/ again/ )hen #ain )as driven out be too .oved eastwardM he "d)elt in the land of Nod/ on the east of =den/" Qchap$ iv/ verse 2G$R %here )as/ therefore/ a constant .ove.ent of the hu.an fa.ily east)ard$ %he land of Nod .ay have been &d/ 2d/ AtlantisM and fro. &d .ay have co.e the na.e of &din/ the king/ the god of Ragnarok$ ,n >vid "the earth" is contradistinguished fro. the rest of the globe$ ,t is an island land/ the civiliPed land/ the land of the %ritons or )ater deities/ of ?roteus/ [geon/ :oris/ and Atlas$ ,t is/ in .y vie)/ Atlantis$ >vid says/ Qbook ii/ fable 2/ "%he 'eta.orphoses"R "#he sea circling around the encompassed earth$ $ $ $ %he earth has upon it .en and cities/ and )oods and )ild beasts/ and rivers/ and ny.phs and other deities of the 1p$ 9GH4 country$" >n this land is "the palace of the sun/ raised high on stately colu.ns/ bright )ith radiant gold/ and carbuncle that rivals the fla.esM polished ivory crests its highest top/ and double folding doors shine )ith the brightness of silver$" ,n other )ords/ the legend refers to the island ho.e of a civiliPed race/ over )hich )as a palace )hich re.inds one of the great te.ple of ?oseidon in ?lato's story$

%he Atlantic )as so.eti.es called "the sea of ivory/" in allusion/ probably/ to this ivory covered te.ple of >vid$ &ence #roly sang: No) on her hills of ivory (ie giant )eed and ocean sli.e/ &iding fro. .an and angel's eye %he land of cri.e$" And/ again/ >vid says/ after enu.erating the different rivers and .ountains and tracts of country that )ere on fire in the great conflagration/ and once .ore distinguishing the pre e.inent earth fro. the rest of the )orld: "&o)ever/ the genial =arth/ as she was surrounded with sea/ a.id the )aters of the main/" Qthe ocean/R "and the springs dried up on every side/ lifted up her all-productive face/" etc$ 0he cries out to the sovereign of the gods for .ercy$ 0he refers to the burdens of the crops she annually bearsM the )ounds of the crooked plo) and the barro)/ )hich she voluntarily enduresM and she calls on .ighty *ove to put an end to the conflagration$ And he does so$ %he rest of the )orld has been scarred and seared )ith the fire/ but he spares and saves this island land/ this agricultural/ civiliPed land/ this land of the %ritons and AtlasM this "island of the innocent" of *ob$ And )hen the terrible convulsion )as over/ and the 1p$ 93<4 rash ?haYton dead and buried/ *ove repairs/ )ith especial care/ "his o)n Arcadia$" ,t .ust not be forgotten that ?haYton )as the son of 'eropsM and %heopo.pus tells us that the people )ho inhabited Atlantis )ere the 'eropes/ the people of 'erou$ And the Greek traditions[27 sho) that the hu.an race issued fro. Upa-'erouM and the =gyptians clai. that their ancestors ca.e fro. the Island of 'eroM and a.ong the &indoos the land of the gods and the godlike .en )as 'eru$ And here it is/ )e are told/ )here in deep caves/ and fro. the seas/ receding under the great heat/ the hu.an race/ crying out for .ercy/ )ith uplifted and blistered hands/ survived the cataclys.$ And >vid infor.s us that this land/ ")ith a .ighty tre.bling/ sank do)n a little" in the ocean/ and the Gothic and +riton Q:ruidR legends tell us of a prolongation of "estern =urope )hich )ent do)n at the sa.e ti.e$ ,n the &indoo legends the great battle bet)een Ra.a and Ravana/ the sun and the co.et/ takes place on an island/ the ,sland of (anka/ and Ra.a builds a stone bridge si5ty .iles long to reach the island$

,n the Norse legends Asgard lies to the )est of =uropeM co..unication is .aintained )ith it by the bridge +ifrost$ Gylfe goes to visit Asgard/ as &erodotus and 0olon )ent to visit =gypt: the outside barbarian )as curious to behold the great civiliPed land$ %here he asks .any questions/ as &erodotus and 0olon did$ &e is told:[;7 "%he earth is round/ and without it round about lies the deep ocean$"
[2$ "Atlantis/" p$ 232$ ;$ %he Fooling of Gylfe %he #reation of the "orld %he Bounger =dda$7

1p$ 9324 %he earth is >vid's earthM it is Asgard$ ,t is an island/ surrounded by the ocean: "And along the outer strand of that sea they gave lands for the giant races to d)ell inM and against the attack of restless giants they built a burg )ithin the sea and around the earth$" %his proves that by "the earth" )as not .eant the )hole globeM for here )e see that around the outside .argin of that ocean )hich encircled Asgard/ the .other country had given lands for colonies of the giant races/ the )hite/ large/ blue eyed races of Northern and "estern =urope/ )ho )ere as "restless" and as troubleso.e then to their neighbors as they are no) and )ill be to the end of ti.e$ And as the !lder and ?ounger !dda clai. that the North.en )ere the giant races/ and that their kings )ere of the blood of these AsasM and as the bronPe using people advanced/ Qit has been proved by their re.ains/[27R into 0candinavia fro. the southwest/ it is clear that these legends do not refer to so.e .ythical island in the ,ndian 0eas/ or to the ?acific >cean/ but to the Atlantic: the )est coasts of =urope )ere "the outer strand" )here these )hite colonies )ere establishedM the island )as in the AtlanticM and/ as there is no body of sub.erged land in that ocean )ith roots or ridges reaching out to the continents east and )est/ e5cept the .ass of )hich the APores ,slands constitute the .ountain tops/ the conclusion is irresistible that here )as AtlantisM here )as (ankaM here )as "the island of the innocent/" here )as Asgard$ And the Norse legends describe this "Asgard" as a land of te.ples and plo)ed fields/ and a .ighty civiliPed race$ And here it is that Ragnarok co.es$ ,t is fro. the
[2$ :u #haillu's "(and of the 'idnight 0un/" vol$ i/ pp$ 9D9/ 9DF/ etc$7

1?$ 93;4 people of Asgard that the )andering Gylfe learns all that he tells about Ragnarok/ Oust as 0olon learned fro. the priests of 0ais the story of Atlantis$ And it is here in Asgard that/

as )e have seen/ "during 0urt's fire t)o persons/ called (if and (ifthraser/ a .an and a )o.an/ concealed the.selves in &od.i.er's holt/" and after)ard repeopled the )orld$ "e leave =urope and turn to ,ndia$ ,n the +agaveda Gita Arishna recalls to the .e.ory of his disciple ArdOouna the legend as preserved in the sacred books of the !eda$ "e are told: "%he earth )as covered )ith flo)ersM the trees bent under their fruitM thousands of ani.als sported over the plains and in the airM )hite elephants roved un.olested under the shade of gigantic forests/ and +rah.a perceived that the ti.e had co.e for the creation of .an to inhabit this d)elling place$"[27 %his is a description of the glorious )orld of the %ertiary Age/ during )hich/ as scientific researches have proved/ the cli.ate of the tropics e5tended to the Arctic #ircle$ +rah.a .akes .an/ Adi.a/ QAda./R and he .akes a co.panion for hi./ &Vva/ Q=veR$ #he, are upon an island$ %radition localiPes the legend by .aking this the ,sland of #eylon$ "Adi.a and &Vva lived for so.e ti.e in perfect happiness no suffering ca.e to disturb their quietudeM they had but to stretch forth their hands and pluck fro. surrounding trees the .ost delicious fruits but to stoop and gather rice of the finest quality$" %his is the sa.e Golden Age represented in Genesis/ )hen Ada. and =ve/ naked/ but supre.ely happy/ lived
[2$ *acolliet/ "%he +ible in ,ndia/" p$ 2HF$7

1p$ 9394 upon the fruits of the garden/ and kne) neither sorro) nor suffering/ neither toil nor hunger$ +ut one day the evil one ca.e/ as in the +ible legend the ?rince of the "a-chasos QRaknaros RagnarokCR ca.e/ and broke up this paradise$ Adi.a and &Vva leave their islandM they pass to a boundless countryM they fall upon an evil ti.eM "trees/ flo)ers/ fruits/ birds/ vanish in an instant/ a.id terrific cla.or"M[27 the :rift has co.eM they are in a )orld of trouble/ sorro)/ poverty/ and toil$ And )hen )e turn to A.erica )e find the legends looking/ not )est)ard/ but eastward/ to this sa.e island refuge of the race$

"hen the NavaOos co.e out of the cave the )hite race goes east/ and the red .en go westM so that the NavaOos inhabit a country west of their original habitat/ Oust as the *e)s inhabit one east of it$ "(et .e conclude/" says the legend/ "by telling ho) the NavaOos ca.e by the seed they no) cultivate$ All the )ise .en being one day asse.bled/ a %urkey &en ca.e flying from the direction of the morning star/ and shook fro. her feathers an ear of blue corn into the .idst of the co.panyM and in subsequent visits brought all the other seeds the, possess$"[;7 ,n the ?eruvian legends the civiliPers of the race ca.e from the east/ after the cave life$ 0o that these people not only ca.e fro. the east/ but they .aintained intercourse for so.e ti.e after)ard )ith the parent land$ >n page 23D/ ante/ )e learn that the ,roquois believed that )hen *oskeha rene)ed the )orld/ after the great battle )ith :arkness/ he learned fro. the great tortoise
[2$ *acolliet/ "%he +ible in ,ndia/" p$ 2H8$ ;$ +ancroft's "Native Races/" vol$ iii/ p$ 89$7

1p$ 93D4 al)ays the i.age of an island ho) to .ake fire/ and taught the ,ndians the art$ And in their legends the battle bet)een the "hite >ne and the :ark >ne took place in the east near the great ocean$ :r$ +rinton says/ speaking of the Great &are/ 'aniboPho: ",n the oldest accounts of the .issionaries he )as alleged to reside toward the east/ and in the holy for.ula of the .eda craft/ )hen the )inds are invoked to the .edicine lodge/ the east is summoned in his na.e/ the door opens in that direction/ and there at the edge of the earth/ )here the sun rises/ on the shore of the infinite ocean that surrounds the land/ he has his house/ and sends the lu.inaries forth on their daily Oourney$"[27 %hat is to say/ in the east/ in the surrounding ocean of the east/ to )it/ in the Atlantic/ this god/ Qor godlike race/R has his house/ his habitation/ upon a land surrounded by the ocean/ to )it/ an islandM and there his po)er and his civiliPation are so great that he controls the .ove.ents of the sun/ .oon/ and starsM that is to say/ he fi5es the .easure of ti.e by the .ove.ents of the sun and .oon/ and he has .apped out the heavenly bodies into constellations$ ,n the 'iPtec legend/ Qsee page ;2D/ ante/R )e find the people praying to God to gather the )aters together and enlarge the land/ for they have only "a little garden" to inhabit in the )aste of )aters$ %his .eant an island$

,n the Arabian legends )e have the scene of the catastrophe described as an island )est of Arabia/ and it re4uires two ,ears and a half of travel to reach it$ ,t is the land of bronPe$ ,n the &indoo legend of the battle bet)een Ra.a/ the
[2$ +rinton's "'yths of the Ne) "orld/" p$ 233$7

1p$ 93F4 sun/ and Ravana/ the co.et/ the scene is laid on the Island of (anka$ ,n the %ahoe legend the survivors of the civiliPed race take refuge in a cave/ in a .ountain on an island$ %hey give the tradition a local habitation in (ake %ahoe$ %he %acullies say God first created an island$ ,n short/ )e .ay say that/ )herever any of these legends refer to the locality )here the disaster ca.e and )here .an survived/ the scene is placed upon an island/ in the ocean/ in the .idst of the )atersM and this island/ )herever the points of the co.pass are indicated/ lies to the )est of =urope and to the east of A.erica: it is/ therefore/ in the Atlantic >ceanM and the island/ )e shall see/ is connected )ith these continents by long bridges or ridges of land$ %his island )as Atlantis$ >vid says it )as the land of Neptune/ ?oseidon$ ,t is Neptune )ho cries out for .ercy$ And it is associated )ith Atlas/ the king or god of Atlantis$ (et us go a step further in the argu.ent$ 1p$ 93G4 .$APTER III' T$E BRI GE' %&= deep sea soundings/ .ade of late years in the Atlantic/ reveal the fact that the APores are the .ountaintops of a colossal .ass of sunken landM and that fro. this center one great ridge runs south)ard for so.e distance/ and then/ bifurcating/ sends out one li.b to the shores of Africa/ and another to the shores of 0outh A.ericaM )hile there are the evidences that a third great ridge for.erly reached north)ard fro. the APores to the +ritish ,slands$ "hen these ridges really the tops of long and continuous .ountain chains/ like the Andes or the Rocky 'ountains/ the backbone of a vast pri.eval Atlantic filling/ but/ even then/ in great part/ sunken continent/ )ere above the )ater/ they furnished a )onderful feature in the scenery and geography of the )orldM they )ere the path)ays

over )hich the .igrations of races e5tended in the ancient daysM they )ound for thousands of .iles/ irregular/ rocky/ )ave )ashed/ through the great ocean/ here e5panding into islands/ there reduced to a narro) strip/ or sinking into the seaM they reached fro. a central civiliPed land an ancient/ long settled land/ the land of the godlike race to its colonies/ or connections/ north/ south/ east/ and )estM and they i.pressed the.selves vividly on the i.agination and the traditions of .ankind/ leaving their i.age even in the religions of the )orld unto this day$ As/ in process of ti.e/ they gradually or suddenly settled 1p$ 9334 into the deep/ they .ust at first have for.ed long/ continuous strings of islands/ al.ost touching each other/ rese.bling very .uch the Aleutian Archipelago/ or the +aha.a groupM and these islands continued to be used/ during later ages/ as the stepping stones for .igrations and intercourse bet)een the old and the ne) )orlds/ Oust as the discovery of the APores helped for)ard the discovery of the Ne) "orld by #olu.busM he used the./ )e kno)/ as a halting place in his great voyage$ "hen *ob speaks of "the island of the innocent/" )hich )as spared fro. utter destruction/ he prefaces it by asking/ Qchap$ 55iiR: "2F$ &ast thou .arked the old wa, )hich )icked .en have troddenC "2G$ "hich )ere Q)asCR cut do)n out of ti.e/ whose foundation was overflown with a flood$" And in chapter 55viii/ verse D/ )e have )hat .ay be another allusion to this ")ay/" along )hich go the people )ho are on their Oourney/ and )hich "divideth the flood/" and on )hich so.e are escaping$ %he Euiche .anuscript/ as translated by the AbbV +rasseur de +ourbourg/[27 gives an account of the .igration of the Euiche race to A.erica fro. so.e eastern land in a very early day/ in "the day of darkness/" ere the sun )as/ in the so called glacial age$ "hen they .oved to A.erica they )andered for a long ti.e through forests and over .ountains/ and "they had a long passage to ma-e, through the sea, along the shingle and pebbles and drifted sand$" And this long passage )as through the sea ")hich )as parted for their passage$" %hat is/ the sea )as on both sides of this long ridge of rocks and sand$
[2$ %ylor's "=arly 'ankind/" p$ 9<8$7

1p$ 9384 %he abbV adds:

"+ut it is not clear ho) they crossed the seaM they passed as though there had been no sea/ for they passed over scattered rocks/ and these rocks )ere rolled on the sands$ %his is )hy they called the place 'ranged stones and torn up sands/' the na.e )hich they gave it in their passage )ithin the sea/ the )ater being divided )hen they passed$" %hey probably .igrated along that one of the connecting ridges )hich/ the sea soundings sho) us/ stretched fro. Atlantis to the coast of 0outh A.erica$ "e have seen in the &indoo legends that )hen Ra.a )ent to the ,sland of (anka to fight the de.on Ravana/ he built a bridge of stone/ si5ty .iles long/ )ith the help of the .onkey god/ in order to reach the island$ ,n >vid )e read of the "settling do)n a little" of the island on )hich the dra.a of ?haYton )as enacted$ ,n the Norse legends the bridge +ifrost cuts an i.portant figure$ >ne )ould be at first disposed to regard it as .eaning/ Qas is stated in )hat are probably later interpolations/R the rainbo)M but )e see/ upon looking closely/ that it represents a .aterial fact/ an actual structure of so.e kind$ Gylfe/ )ho )as/ )e are told/ A king of 0)eden in the ancient days/ visited Asgard$ &e assu.ed the na.e of Ganglere/ Qthe )alker or )andererR$ , quote fro. the "?ounger !dda, #he Creation": "%hen asked Ganglere/ '"hat is the path fro. earth to heavenC'" %he earth here .eans/ , take it/ the =uropean colonies )hich surround the ocean/ )hich in turn surrounds AsgardM heaven is the land of the godlike race/ Asgard$ Ganglere therefore asks )hat is/ or )as/ in the .ythological past/ the path)ay fro. =urope to the Atlantic island$ 1p$ 93H4 "&ar ans)ered/ laughing/ 'Foolishly do you no) ask$ &ave you not been told that the gods .ade a bridge fro. earth to heaven/ )hich is called +ifrostC Bou .ust have seen it$ ,t .ay be that you call it the rainbo)$ ,t has three colors/ is very strong/ and is .ade )ith .ore craft and skill than other structures$ 0till/ ho)ever strong it is/ it )ill break )hen the sons of 'uspel co.e to ride over it/ and then they )ill have to s)i. their horses over great rivers in order to get on$'" 'uspel is the blaPing 0outh/ the land of fire/ of the convulsions that acco.panied the co.et$ +ut ho) can +ifrost .ean the rainbo)C "hat rivers intersect a rainbo)C "%hen said Ganglere/ '%he gods did not/ it see.s to .e/ build that bridge honestly/ if it shall be able to break to pieces/ since they could have done so if they had desired$' %hen .ade ans)er &ar: '%he gods are )orthy of no bla.e for this structure$ +ifrost is indeed a

good bridge/ but there is nothing in the )orld that is able to stand )hen the sons of 'uspel co.e to the fight$'" 'uspel here .eans/ , repeat/ the heat of the 0outh$ 'ere heat has no effect on rainbo)s$ %hey are the product of sunlight and falling )ater/ and are often .ost distinct in the )ar.est )eather$ +ut )e see/ a little further on/ that this bridge +ifrost )as a real structure$ "e read of the roots of the ash tree Bgdrasil/ and one of its roots reaches to the fountain of @rd: &ere the gods have their doo.stead$ %he 2sas ride hither ever, da, over 7ifrost/ )hich is also called Asa bridge$" And these three .ountain chains going out to the different continents )ere the three roots of the tree Bgdrasil/ the sacred tree of the .ountain topM and it is to this "three pronged root of the )orld .ountain" that the 1p$ 98<4 &indoo legends refer/ Qsee page ;98/ anteR: on its top )as heaven/ >ly.pusM belo) it )as hell/ )here the Asuras/ the co.ets/ d)eltM and bet)een )as 'eru/ Q'ero 'erou/R the land of the 'eropes/ Atlantis$ %he 2sas )ere clearly a hu.an race of noble and godlike qualities$ %he proof of this is that they perished in RagnarokM they )ere .ortal$ %hey rode over the bridge every day going fro. heaven/ the heavenly land/ to the earth/ =urope$ "e read on: "Aor.t and >r.t/ And the t)o Aerlaugs %hese shall %hor )ade =very day/ "hen he goes to Oudge Near the Bgdrasil ashM %or the 2sa-bridge 7urns all abla5e-%he holy )aters roar$" %hese rivers/ Aor.t and >r.t and the t)o Aerlaugs/ )ere probably breaks in the long ridge/ )here it had gradually subsided into the sea$ %he Asa bridge )as/ very likely/ dotted )ith volcanoes/ as the islands of the Atlantic are to this day$ "%hen ans)ered Ganglere/ ':oes fire burn over +ifrostC' &ar ans)ered: '%he red )hich you see in the rainbo) is burning fire$ %he frost giants and the .ountain giants )ould go

up to heaven if +ifrost )ere passable for all )ho desired to go there$ 'any fair places are there in heaven/ and they are protected by a divine defense$'" "e have Oust seen Qp$ 932/ anteR that the ho.e of the godlike race/ the 2sas/ to )it/ heaven/ Asgard/ )as surrounded by the ocean/ )as therefore an islandM and that around the outer .argin of this ocean/ the Atlantic/
[2$ =lder =dda/ "Gri.ner's (ay/" ;H$7

1p$ 9824 the godlike race had given lands for the ice giants to d)ell in$ And no) )e read that this Asa bridge/ this +ifrost/ reached fro. earth to heaven/ to )it/ across this gulf that separated the island fro. the colonies of the ice giants$ And no) )e learn that/ if this bridge )ere not defended by a divine defense/ these troubleso.e ice giants )ould go up to heavenM that is to say/ the bold North.en )ould .arch across it fro. Great +ritain and ,reland to the APores/ to )it/ to Atlantis$ 0urely all this could not apply to the rainbo)$ +ut )e read a little further$ &ar is reciting to Ganglere the )onders of the heavenly land/ and is describing its golden palaces/ and its .i5ed population of dark and light colored races/ and he says: "Further.ore/ there is a d)elling/ by na.e &i.inbOorg/ which stands at the end of heaven, where the 7ifrost bridge is united with heaven$" And then )e read of &ei.dal/ one of the gods )ho )as subsequently killed by the co.et: "&e d)ells in a place called &i.inbOorg/ near +ifrost$ &e is the )ard/" Q)arder/ guardian/R "of the gods/ and sits at the end of heaven, guarding the bridge against the mountain-giants$ &e needs less sleep than a birdM sees an hundred .iles around hi./ and as )ell by night as by day$ His teeth are of gold$" %his reads so.ething like a barbarian's recollection of a race that practiced dentistry and used telescopes$ "e kno) that gold filling has been found in the teeth of ancient =gyptians and ?eruvians/ and that telescopic lenses )ere found in the ruins of +abylon$ +ut here )e have +ifrost/ a bridge/ but not a continuous structure/ interrupted in places by )ater/ reaching fro. =urope to so.e Atlantic island$ And the island people regarded it very .uch as so.e of the =nglish look 1p$ 98;4 upon the proposition to dig a tunnel fro. :over to #alais/ as a source of danger/ a .eans of invasion/ a threatM and at the end of the island/ )here the ridge is united to it/ they did )hat =ngland )ill probably do at the end of the :over tunnel: they erected fortifications and built a castle/ and in it they put a ruler/ possibly a sub king/ &ei.dal/ )ho constantly/

fro. a high lookout/ possibly )ith a field glass/ )atches the co.ing of the turbulent Goths/ or Gauls/ or Gael/ fro. afar off$ :oubtless the )hite headed and red headed/ hungry/ breekless savages had the sa.e propensity to invade the civiliPed/ )ealthy land/ that their posterity had to descend on degenerate Ro.e$ %he )ord 2sas is not/ as so.e have supposed/ derived fro. Asia$ Asia is derived fro. the 2sas$ %he )ord 2sas co.es fro. a Norse )ord/ still in use in Nor)ay/ 2as/ .eaning a ridge of high land$[27 Anderson thinks there is so.e connection bet)een 2as/ the high ridge/ the .ountain elevation/ and 2tlas/ )ho held the )orld on his shoulders$ %he 2sas/ then/ )ere the civiliPed race )ho inhabited a high/ precipitous country/ the .eeting point of a nu.ber of ridges$ Atlas )as the king/ or god/ of Atlantis$ ,n the old ti.e all kings )ere gods$ %hey are so.ething .ore than .en/ to the .ultitude/ even yet$ And )hen )e reach "Ragnarok" in these Gothic legends/ )hen the Oa) of the )olf Fenris reached fro. the earth to the sun/ and he vo.its fire and poison/ and )hen 0urt/ and all the forces of 'uspel/ "ride over +ifrost/ it brea-s to pieces$" %hat is to say/ in this last great catastrophe of the earth/ the ridge of land that led fro. the +ritish ,slands to Atlantis goes do)n for ever$
[2$ %he Bounger =dda/" Anderson/ note/ p$ ;;G$7

1p$ 9894 And in ?lato's description of Atlantis/ as received by 0olon fro. the =gyptian priests/ )e read: "%here )as an island" QAtlantisR "situated in front of the straits )hich you call the #olu.ns of &erculesM the island )as larger than (ibya and Asia put together/ and was the wa, to other islands/ and fro. the islands ,ou might pass through the whole of the opposite continent/" QA.erica/R ")hich surrounds the true ocean$" No) this is not very clear/ but it .ay signify that there )as continuous land co..unication bet)een Atlantis and the islands of the half sub.erged ridge/ and fro. the islands to the continent of A.erica$ ,t )ould see. to .ean .ore than a passage )ay by boats over the )ater/ for that e5isted every)here/ and could be traversed in any direction$ , have quoted on p$ 93;/ ante/ in the last chapter/ part of the 0anskrit legend of Adi.a and &Vva/ as preserved in the +agaveda Gita/ and other sacred books of the &indoos$ ,t refers very distinctly to the bridge )hich united the island ho.e of pri.eval hu.anity )ith the rest of the earth$ +ut there is .ore of it: "hen/ under the inspiration of the prince of de.ons/ Adi.a and &Vva begin to )ander/ and desire to leave their island/ )e read:

"Arriving at last at the e5tre.ity of the island" "e have seen that the bridge +ifrost )as connected )ith the e5tre.ity of Asgard "they beheld a s.ooth and narro) ar. of the sea/ and beyond it a vast and apparently boundless country/" Q=uropeCR "connected with their island b, a narrow and roc-, pathwa,, arising from the bosom of the waters$" %his is probably a precise description of the connecting ridgeM it united the boundless continent/ =urope/ )ith 1p$ 98D4 the islandM it rose out of the sea/ it )as rockyM it )as the broken crest of a sub.erged .ountain chain$ "hat beca.e of itC &ere again )e have a tradition of its destruction$ "e read that/ after Adi.a and &Vva had passed over this rocky bridge "No sooner did they touch the shore/ than trees/ flo)ers/ fruit/ birds/ all that they had seen fro. the opposite side/ vanished in an instant/ amidst terrible clamor6 the roc-s b, which the, had crossed san- beneath the waves/ a fe) sharp peaks alone re.aining above the surface/ to indicate the place of the bridge/ which had been destro,ed b, divine displeasure$" &ere )e have the crushing and instant destruction by the :rift/ the terrific cla.or of the age of chaos/ and the breaking do)n of the bridge +ifrost under the feet of the advancing ar.ies of 'uspelM here )e have "the earth" of >vid "settling do)n a little" in the oceanM here )e have the legends of the #ornish.en of the lost land/ described in the poetry of %ennysonM here )e have the e.igrants to =urope cut off fro. their pri.eval ho.e/ and left in a land of stones and clay and thistles$ ,t is/ of course/ localiPed in #eylon/ precisely as the .ountain of Ararat and the .ountain of >ly.pus crop out in a score of places/ )herever the races carried their legends$ And to this day the &indoo points to the rocks )hich rise in the ,ndian >cean/ bet)een the eastern point of ,ndia and the ,sland of #eylon/ as the re.nants of the +ridgeM and the reader )ill find the. .arked on our .aps as" Ada.'s +ridge" QPalam 2dimaR$ %he people even point out/ to this day/ a high .ountain/ fro. )hose foot the +ridge )ent forth/ over )hich Adi.a and &Vva/ crossed to the continentM and it is kno)n in .odern geography as "Ada.'s ?eak$" 0o vividly have the traditions of a vast antiquity co.e do)n to usL %he legends 1p$ 98F4 of the :rift have left their sta.p even in our schoolbooks$

And the .e.ory of this +ridge survives not only in our geographies/ but in our religions$ 'an reasons/ at first/ fro. belo) up)ardM fro. godlike .en up to .an like godsM fro. #Nsar/ the soldier/ up to #Nsar/ the deity$ &eaven )as/ in the beginning/ a heavenly city on earthM it is transported to the cloudsM and there its golden streets and sparkling palaces a)ait the redee.ed$ %his is natural: )e can only conceive of the best of the spiritual by the best )e kno) of the .aterialM )e can i.agine no .usical instru.ent in the bands of the angels superior to a harpM no )eapon better than a s)ord for the grasp of Gabriel$ %his disproves not a spiritual and superior stateM it si.ply sho)s the poverty and paucity of our poor intellectual apparatus/ )hich/ like a .irror/ reflects only that )hich is around it/ and reflects it i.perfectly$ 'en so.eti.es think they are .ocking spiritual things )hen it is the i.perfection of .aterial nature/ Q)hich they set so .uch store by/R that provokes their ridicule$ 0o/ a.ong all the races )hich )ent out fro. this heavenly land/ this land of high intelligence/ this land of the .aster race/ it )as re.e.bered do)n through the ages/ and d)elt upon and sung of until it .oved up)ard fro. the )aters of the Atlantic to the distant skies/ and beca.e a spiritual heaven$ And the ridges )hich so strangely connected it )ith the continents/ east and )est/ beca.e the bridges over )hich the souls of .en .ust pass to go fro. earth to heaven$ For instance: %he ?ersians believe in this bridge bet)een earth and 1p$ 98G4 paradise$ ,n his prayers the penitent in his confession says to this day: ", a. )holly )ithout doubt in the e5istence of the 'aPdayaenian faithM in the co.ing of the resurrection of the latter bodyM in the stepping over the bridge ChinvatM as )ell as in the continuance of paradise$" %he bridge and the land are both indestructible$ >ver the .idst of the 'osle. hell stretches the bridge =s 0irat/ "finer than a hair and sharper than the edge of a s)ord$" ,n the (yke "ake :irge of the =nglish north country/ they sang of

%he +rig of :read Na braider than a thread$" ,n +orneo the passage for souls to heaven is across a long treeM it is scarcely practicable to any e5cept those )ho have killed a .an$ ,n +ur.ah/ a.ong the Aarens/ they tie strings across the rivers/ for the ghosts of the dead to pass over to their graves$ ,n *ava/ a bridge leads across the abyss to the d)elling place of the godsM the evil doers fall into the depths below$ A.ong the =squi.au5 the soul crosses an a)ful gulf over a stretched rope/ until it reaches the abode of "the great fe.ale evil spirit belo)" QbeyondCR "the sea$" %he >Oib)ays cross to paradise on a great snake/ )hich serves as a bridge$ %he #hocta) bridge is a slippery pine log$ %he 0outh A.erican 'anacicas cross on a )ooden bridge$ A.ong .any of the A.erican tribes/ the 'ilky "ay is the bridge to the other )orld$
[2$ ?oor/ "0anskrit (iterature/" p$ 2F2$7

1p$ 9834 %he ?olynesians have no bridgeM they pass the chas. in canoes$ %he !edic Ba.a of the &indoos crossed the rapid )aters/ and sho)ed the )ay to our Aryan fathers$ %he .odern &indoo hopes to get through by holding on to the co)'s tailL =ven the African tribes/ the Guinea negroes/ believe that the land of souls can only be reached by crossing a river$ A.ong so.e of the North A.erican tribes "the souls co.e to a great lake/" Qthe ocean/R ")here there is a beautiful island/ to)ard )hich they have to paddle in a canoe of )hite stone$ >n the )ay there arises a stor./ and the )icked souls are )recked/ and the heaps of their bones are to be seen under the )ater/ but the good reach the happy island$"[27 %he 0lavs believed in a path)ay or road )hich led to the other )orldM it )as both the rainbo) Qas in the Gothic legendsR and the 'ilky "ayM and/ since the Oourney )as long/ they put boots into the coffin/ Qfor it )as .ade on foot/R and coins to pay the ferrying across a )ide sea/ even as the Greeks e5pected to be carried over the 0ty5 by #haron$

%his abode of the dead/ at the end of this long path)ay/ )as an island/ a )ar./ fertile land/ called 7u,au$[;7 ,n their effort to restore the dead .en to the happy island ho.e/ the heavenly land/ beyond the )ater/ the Norse.en actually set their dead heroes afloat in boats on the open ocean$[97 0ubsequently they raised a great .ound over boat/ )arrior/ horses/ )eapons/ and all$ %hese boats are no) being dug up in the north of =urope and placed in the
[2$ %ylor's "=arly 'ankind/" p$ 9G;$ ;$ ?oor/ "0anskrit and Aindred (iteratures/" pp$ 9 32/ 93;$ 9$ ,bid$7

1p$ 9884 great .useu.s$ %hey tell a .arvelous religious and historical story$ , think the unpreOudiced reader )ill agree )ith .e that these legends sho) that so.e Atlantic island played an i.portant part in the very beginning of hu.an history$ ,t )as the great land of the )orld before the :riftM it continued to be the great land of the )orld bet)een the :rift and the :eluge$ &ere .an fellM here he survivedM here he rene)ed the race/ and fro. this center he repopulated the )orld$ "e see also that this island )as connected )ith the continents east and )est by great ridges of land$ %he deep sea soundings sho) that the vast bulk of land/ of )hich the APores are the outcroppings/ are so connected yet )ith such ridges/ although their crests are belo) the sea levelM and )e kno) of no other island .ass of the Atlantic that is so united )ith the continents on both sides of it$ ,s not the conclusion very strong that Atlantis )as the island ho.e of the race/ in )hose cave *ob d)eltM on )hose shores ?haYton fellM on )hose fields Ada. livedM on )hose plain 0odo. and Go.orrah stood/ and >din and %hor and #itli diedM fro. )hich the Euiches and the APtecs )andered to A.ericaM the center of all the racesM the root of all the .ythologiesC 1p$ 98H4 .$APTER I%' "B6E.TI"!* ."!*I ERE '

(=% '= consider/ briefly/ those obOections to .y theory )hich have probably presented the.sevles 1sic4 to so.e of .y readers$ First/ it .ay be said: ""e don't understand you$ Bou argue that there could not have been such an ice age as the glacialists affir./ and yet you speak of a period of cold and ice and sno)$" %rue: 'but there is a great difference bet)een such a cli.ate as that of 0cotland/ da.p and cold/ sno)y and blo)y/ and a continental ice sheet/ a .ile or t)o thick/ reaching fro. *ohn o' Groat's &ouse to the 'editerranean$ "e can see that the oranges of 0pain can gro) to day )ithin a co.paratively short distance of =dinburghM but )e can not realiPe that any tropical or se.itropical plant could have survived in Africa )hen a precipice of ice/ five thousand feet high/ fro)ned on the coast of ,talyM or that any for. of life could have survived on earth )hen the equator in 0outh A.erica )as covered )ith a continental ice sheet a .ile in thickness/ or even ten feet in thickness$ "e can conceive of a glacial age of sno) stor.s/ rains/ hail/ and )ind a terribly trying and disagreeable cli.ate for .an and beast but )e can not believe that the )hole )orld )as once in the condition that the dead )aste of ice covered Greenland is in no)$ 1p$ 9H<4 0econdly/ it .ay be said "%he )hole )orld is no) agreed that ice produced the :riftM )hat right/ then/ has any one .an to set up a different theory against the opinions of .ankindC " >ne .an/ 'oha..ed said/ )ith God on his side/ is a .aOorityM and one .an/ )ith the truth on his side/ .ust beco.e a .aOority$ All recogniPed truths once rested/ solitary and alone/ in so.e one brain$ %ruth is born an acorn/ not an oak$ %he Rev$ 0ydney 0.ith once said that there )as a kind of .en into )ho. you could not introduce a ne) idea )ithout a surgical operation$ &e .ight have added that/ )hen you had once forced an idea into the head of such a .an/ you could not deliver hi. of it )ithout instru.ents$ %he conservatis. of unthinkingness is one of the potential forces of the )orld$ ,t lies ath)art the progress of .ankind like a colossal .ountain chain/ chilling the at.osphere on both sides of it for a thousand .iles$ %he &annibal )ho )ould reach the eternal city of %ruth on the other side of these Alps .ust fight his )ay over ice and he) his )ay through rocks$

%he )orld )as once agreed that the :rift )as due to the :eluge$ ,t abandoned this theory/ and then beca.e equally certain that it ca.e fro. icebergs$ %his theory )as/ in turn/ given up/ and .ankind )ere then positive that glaciers caused the :rift$ +ut the glaciers )ere found to be inadequate for the e.ergencyM and so the continents )ere lifted up fifteen hundred feet/ and the ice sheets )ere introduced$ And no) )e )ait to hear that the i..ense ice .asses of the &i.alayas have forsaken their elevations and are .oving bodily over the plains of ,ndia/ grinding up the rocks into clay and gravel 1p$ 9H24 as they go/ before )e accept a theory )hich declares that they once .arched over the land in this fashion fro. &udson's +ay to #ape &orn/ fro. 0pitPbergen to 0pain$ %he universality of an error proves nothing/ e5cept that the error is universal$ %he voice of the people is only the voice of God in the last analysis$ "e can safely appeal fro. #aiaphas and ?ilate to %i.e$ +ut/ says another: ""e find deep grooves or striations under the glaciers of to dayM therefore the glaciers caused the grooves$" +ut )e find striations on level plains far re.ote fro. .ountains/ )here the glaciers could not have beenM therefore the glaciers did not cause the striations$ "A short horse is soon curried$" 0uperposition is not paternity$ A porcelain nest egg found under a hen is no proof that the hen laid it$ +ut/ says another "%he idea of a co.et encountering the earth/ and covering it )ith d.bris/ is so stupendous/ so out of the usual course of nature/ , refuse to accept it$" Ah/ .y friend/ you forget that those :rift deposits/ hundreds of feet in thickness/ are there$ #he, are out of the usual course of nature$ ,t is ad.itted that they ca.e suddenly fro. so.e source$ ,f you reOect .y theory/ you do not get clear of the pheno.ena$ %he facts are a good deal .ore stupendous than the theory$ Go out and look at the first :rift depositM dig into it a hundred feet or .oreM follo) it for a fe) hundred .iles or .oreM then co.e back/ and scratch your head/ and tell .e )here it ca.e fro.L #alculate ho) .any cart loads there are of it/ then .ultiply this by the area of your o)n continent/ and .ultiply that again by the area of t)o or three .ore continents/ and then again tell .e )here it ca.e fro.L 1p$ 9H;4

0et aside .y theory as absurd/ and ho) .uch nearer are you to solving the proble.C ,f neither )aves/ nor icebergs/ nor glaciers/ nor ice sheets/ nor co.ets/ produced this )orld cloak of d.bris/ )here did it co.e fro.C Re.e.ber the essential/ the incontrovertible ele.ents of the proble.: 2$ Great heat$ ;$ A sudden catastrophe$ 9$ Great evaporation of the seas and )aters$ D$ Great clouds$ F$ An age of floods and sno)s and ice and torrents$ G$ %he hu.an legends$ Find a theory that e5plains and e.braces all these ele.ents/ and then/ and not until then/ thro) .ine aside$ Another )ill say: "+ut in one place you give us legends about an age of dreadful and long continued heat/ as in the Arabian tale/ )here no rain is said to have fallen for seven yearsM and in another place you tell us of a period of constant rains and sno)s and cold$ Are not these state.ents inco.patibleC" Not at all$ %his is a big globe )e live on: the tropics are )ar.er than the poles$ 0uppose a tre.endous heat to be added to our natural te.peratureM it )ould necessarily .ake it hotter on the equator than at the poles/ although it )ould be )ar. every)here$ %here can be no clouds )ithout condensation/ no condensation )ithout so.e degree of cooling$ "here )ould the air cool firstC Naturally at the points .ost re.ote fro. the equator/ the poles$ &ence/ )hile the sun )as still blaPing in the uncovered heavens of the greater part of the earth/ s.all caps of cloud )ould for. at the north and south poles/ and shed their .oisture in gentle rain$ As the heat brought to the earth by the co.et )as accidental and 1p$ 9H94 adventitious/ there )ould be a natural tendency to return to the pre co.et condition$ %he e5traordinary evaporation )ould of itself have produced refrigeration$ &ence the cloud caps )ould gro) and advance steadily to)ard the equator/ casting do)n continually increasing volu.es of rain$ 0no) )ould begin to for. near the poles/ and it too )ould advance$ "e )ould finally have/ do)n to say the thirty fifth degree of north and south latitude/ vast belts of rain and sno)/ )hile the equator )ould still be blaPing )ith the

tropical heat )hich )ould hold the condensation back$ &ere/ then/ )e )ould have precisely the condition of things described in the "Bounger =dda" of the North.en: "%hen said *afnhar: 'All that part of Ginungagap' Qthe AtlanticR 'that turns to)ard the north was filled with thic-, heav, ice and rime/' Qsno)/R 'and every)here )ithin )ere dri55ling gusts and rain$ +ut the south part of Ginungagap )as lighted up by the glowing spar-s that fle) out of 'uspelhei.' QAfricaCR$ Added %hride: 'As cold and all things gri. proceeded fro. Niflhei./ so that )hich bordered on 'uspelhei. )as hot and bright/ and Ginungagap' Qthe Atlantic near AfricaCR ')as as )ar. and .ild as )indless air$'" Another .ay say: "+ut ho) does all this agree )ith your theory that the progenitors of the stock fro. )hich the )hite/ the yello)/ and the bro)n races )ere differentiated/ )ere saved in one or t)o caverns in one placeC &o) did they get to Africa/ Asia/ and A.ericaC" ,n the first place/ it is no essential part of .y case that .an survived in one place or a doPen placesM it can not/ in either event/ affect the question of the origin of the :rift$ ,t is si.ply an opinion of .y o)n/ open to .odification upon fuller infor.ation$ ,f/ for instance/ .en d)elt in Asia at that ti.e/ and no :rift deposits 1p$ 9HD4 fell upon Asia/ races .ay have survived thereM the negro .ay have d)elt in ,ndia at that ti.eM so.e of the strange &ill tribes of #hina and ,ndia .ay have had no connection )ith (if and (ifthraser$ +ut if )e )ill suppose that the scene of .an's survival )as in that Atlantic island/ Atlantis/ then this )ould follo): %he re.nant of .ankind/ )hether they )ere a single couple/ like (if and (ifthraserM or a group of .en and )o.en/ like *ob and his co.panionsM or a nu.erous party/ like that referred to in the NavaOo and APtec legends/ in any event/ they )ould not and could not stay long in the cave$ %he distribution of the :rift sho)s that it fell )ithin t)elve hoursM but there )ere probably several days thereafter during )hich the face of the earth )as s)ept by horrible cyclones/ born of the dreadful heat$ As soon/ ho)ever/ as they could safely do so/ the re.nant of the people .ust have left the caveM the li.ited nature of their food supplies )ould probably drive the. out$ >nce outside/ their condition )as pitiable indeed$ First/ they encountered the great heatM the cooling of the at.osphere had not yet begunM )ater )as a pressing )ant$ &ence )e read in the legends of 'i.er's )ell/ )here >din pa)ned his eye for a drink$ And )e are told/ in an A.erican legend/ of a party )ho traveled far to find the life giving )ell/ and found the possessor sitting over it to hide it$ ,t )as during this period that the legends originated )hich refer to the capture of the co)s and their recovery by de.i gods/ &ercules or Ra.a$

%hen the race began to )ander$ %he )orld )as a place of stones$ &unger drove the. on$ %hen ca.e the clouds/ the rains/ the floods/ the sno)s/ the darknessM and still the people )andered$ %he receded ocean laid bare the great ridges/ if they had sunk in the catastrophe/ 1p$ 9HF4 and the race gradually spread to =urope/ Africa/ and A.erica$ "+ut/" says one/ "ho) long did all this takeC "ho shall sayC ,t .ay have been days/ )eeks/ .onths/ years/ centuries$ %he %oltec legends say that their ancestors )andered for .ore than a hundred years in the darkness$ %he torrent torn face of the earthM the vast rearrange.ent of the :rift .aterials by rivers/ co.pared )ith )hich our o)n rivers are rillsM the vast continental regions )hich )ere evidently flooded/ all testify to an e5traordinary a.ount of .oisture first raised up fro. the seas and then cast do)n on the lands$ Given heat enough to raise this .ass/ given the cold caused by its evaporation/ given the ti.e necessary for the great battle bet)een this heat and this condensation/ given the ti.e to restore this body of )ater to the ocean/ not once but .any ti.es/ for/ along the southern border of the floods/ )here 'uspelhei.$ and Niflhei. .et/ the heat .ust have sucked up the )ater as fast al.ost as it fell/ to fall again/ and again to be lifted up/ until the heat area )as driven back and )ater fell/ at last/ every)here on the earth's face/ and the e5traordinary evaporation ceased/ this )as a gigantic/ long continued battle$ +ut it .ay be asked: "0uppose further study should disclose the fact that the :rift is found in 0iberia and the rest of Asia/ and over all the )orld/ )hat thenC " ,t )ill not disprove .y theory$ ,t )ill si.ply indicate that the d.bris did not/ as , have supposed/ strike the earth instantaneously/ but that it continued to fall during t)enty four hours$ ,f the co.et )as split into frag.ents/ if there )as the "'idgard 0erpent" as )ell as the 1p$ 9HG4 "Fenris "olf" and "the dog Gar./" they need not necessarily have reached the earth at the sa.e ti.e$ Another says: "Bou supposed in your book/ 'Atlantis/' that the Glacial Age .ight have been caused by the ridges radiating fro. Atlantis shutting off the Gulf 0trea. and preventing the heated )aters of the tropics fro. reaching the northern shores of the )orld$"

%rueM and , have no doubt that these ridges did play an i.portant part in producing cli.atic changes/ subsequent to the :rift Age/ by their presence or absence/ their elevation or depressionM but on fuller investigation , find that they are inadequate to account for the colossal pheno.ena of the :rift itself the presence of the clay and gravel/ the great heat and the tre.endous do)nfall of )ater$ ,t .ay be asked/ "&o) does your theory account for the re.oval of great blocks/ )eighing .any tons/ for hundreds of .iles fro. their original siteC %he ans)er is plain$ "e kno) the po)er of the ordinary hurricanes of the earth$ "%he largest trees are uprooted/ or have their trunks snapped in t)oM and fe) if any of the .ost .assive buildings stand uninOured$"[27 ,f )e )ill re.e.ber the e5cessive heat and the electrical derange.ents that .ust have acco.panied the :rift Age/ )e can realiPe the tre.endous )inds spoken of in .any of the legends$ "e have but to .ultiply the hurricane of the "est ,ndies/ or the cyclone of the 'ississippi !alley/ a hundred or a thousand fold/ and )e shall have po)er enough to .ove all the blocks found scattered over the face of the :rift deposits or .i5ed )ith its .aterial$
[2$ Appletons' "A.erican #yclopNdia/" vol$ i5/ p$ 8<$7

1p$ 9H34 Another asks: "&o) do you account for the fact that this :rift .aterial does not rese.ble the usual aYrolites/ )hich are co..only co.posed of iron/ and unlike the stones of the earthC" , nave sho)n that aYrolites have fallen that did not contain any iron/ and that could not be distinguished fro. the .aterial native to the earth$ And it .ust be re.e.bered that/ )hile the shining .eteoroids that blaPe in periodical sho)ers fro. radiant points in the sky are associated )ith co.ets/ and are probably lost frag.ents of co.et tails/ these .eteoroids do not reach the earth/ but are al)ays burned out/ far up in our at.osphere/ by the friction produced by their .otion$ %he iron aYrolite is of different origin$ ,t .ay be a product of space itself/ a condensation of .etallic gases$ %he fact that it reaches the earth )ithout being consu.ed )ould see. to indicate that it belongs at a lo)er level than the .eteoric sho)ers/ and has/ consequently/ a less distance to fall and )aste$ And these vie)s are confir.ed by a recent )riter/[27 )ho/ after sho)ing that the .eteoroids/ or shooting stars/ are very different fro. .eteorites or aYrolites/ and seldo. or never reach the earth/ proceeds to account for the for.er$ &e says: "'any theories have been advanced in the past to account for these strange bodies/ but the evidence no) accu.ulated proves beyond reasonable doubt that they are near relatives/ and probably the d.bris of co.ets$

"%e.pel's co.et is no) kno)n to be traveling in the sa.e orbit as the Nove.ber .eteors/ and is near the head of the train/ and it appears/ in like .anner/ that the second co.et of 28G; Q0)ift's co.etR is traveling in the orbit of the August .eteors$ And the first co.et of 2882 see.s to be si.ilarly connected )ith the April .eteors$ $ $ $
[2$ "ard's "0cience +ulletin/" =$ =$ ,,$/ 288;/ p$ D$7

1p$ 9H84 "Although fe) scientific .en no) question a relationship bet)een co.ets and the ordinary .eteors/ there are those/ and a.ong the. so.e of our ablest .en/ )ho think that the large .eteors/ or bolides/ and aYrolites/ .ay be different astrono.ically/ and perhaps physically/ fro. the ordinary shooting stars/ and in the past so.e contended that they originated in our at.osphere others that they )ere eOected fro. terrestrial volcanoes$ $ $ And at the present ti.e the kno)n facts/ and all scientific thought/ see. to point to the conclusion that the difference bet)een the. and ordinary shooting stars is analogous to that bet)een rain and .ist/ and/ in addition to the reasons already given for connecting the. )ith co.ets/ .ay be .entioned the fact that .eteorites bring )ith the. carbonic acid/ )hich is kno)n to for. so pro.inent a part of co.ets' tailsM and if frag.ents of .eteoric iron or stone be heated .oderately in a vacuu./ they yield up gases consisting of o5ygen/ carbon/ hydrogen/ and nitrogen/ and the spectru. of these gases corresponds to the spectru. of a cornet's co.a and tail$ "+y studying their .icroscopical structure/ 'r$ 0orby has been able to deter.ine that the .aterial )as at one ti.e certainly in a state of fusionM and that the .ost re.ote condition of )hich )e have positive evidence )as that of s.all/ detached/ .elted globules/ the for.ation of )hich can not be e5plained in a satisfactory .anner/ e5cept by supposing that their constituents )ere originally in the state of vapor/ as they no) e5ist in the at.osphere of the sunM and/ on the te.perature beco.ing lo)er/ condensed into these "ulti.ate cos.ical particles$" %hese after)ard collected into larger .asses/ )hich have been variously changed by subsequent .eta.orphic action/ and broken up by repeated .utual i.pact/ and often again collected together and solidified$ %he .eteoric irons are probably those portions of the .etallic constituents )hich )ere separated fro. the rest by fusion )hen the .eta.orphis. )as carried to that e5tre.e point$'" +ut if it be true/ as is conceded/ that all the planets and co.ets of the solar syste. )ere out thro)ings fro. the sun itself/ then all .ust be as .uch of one quality of 1p$ 9HH4 .aterial as half a doPen suits of clothes .ade fro. the sa.e bolt of cloth$ And hence our brother the co.et .ust be .ade of Oust such .atter as our earth is .ade of$ And hence/ if a co.et did strike the earth and deposited its ground up and triturated .aterial upon the earth's surface/ )e should find nothing different in that .aterial fro. earth substance of the sa.e kind$ +ut/ says another:

",f the :rift fell fro. a co.et/ )hy )ould not this clay dust and these pebbles have been consu.ed before reaching the earth by the friction of our at.osphere Oust as )e have seen the .eteoroids consu.edM or/ if not entirely used up/ )hy )ould these pebbles not sho) a fused surface/ like the iron aYrolitesC " &ere is the difference: a .eteorite/ a s.all or large stone/ is detached/ isolated/ lone )andering/ lost in spaceM it co.es )ithin the tre.endous attractive po)er of our globeM it has no parental attraction to restrain itM and it rushes headlong )ith lightning like rapidity to)ard the earth/ burning itself a)ay as it falls$ +ut suppose t)o heavenly bodies/ each )ith its o)n center of attraction/ each holding its o)n scattered .aterials in place by its o)n force/ to .eet each otherM then there is no .ore probability of the stones and dust of the co.et flying to the earth/ than there is of the stones and dust of the earth flying to the co.et$ And the attractive po)er of the co.et/ great enough to bold its gigantic .ass in place through the long reaches of the fields of space/ and even close up to the burning eye of the a)ful sun itself/ holds its dust and pebbles and bo)lders together until the very .o.ent of i.pact )ith the earth$ ,n short/ they/ the dust and stones/ do not continue to follo) the co.et/ because the earth has got in their )ay and arrested the.$ ,t )as this terrific force of the 1p$ D<<4 co.et's attraction/ represented in a fearful rate of .otion/ that tore and pounded and scratched and furro)ed our poor earth's face/ as sho)n in the crushed and striated rocks under the :rift$ %hey )ould have gone clean through the earth to follo) the co.et/ if it had been possible$ ,f )e can suppose the actual bulk of the co.et to have greatly e5ceeded the bulk of the earth/ then the superior attraction of the co.et .ay have shocked the earth out of position$ ,t has already been suggested that the inclination of the a5is of the earth .ay have been changed at the ti.e of the :riftM and the =squi.au5 have a legend that the earth )as/ at that ti.e/ actually shaken out of its position$ +ut upon this question , e5press no opinion$ +ut another .ay say: "Bour theory is i.possibleM these dense .asses of clay and gravel could not have fallen fro. a co.et/ because the tails of co.ets are co.posed of .aterial so attenuated that so.eti.es the stars are seen through the.$" Granted: but re.e.ber that the clay did not co.e to the earth as clay/ but as a finely co..inuted po)der or dustM it packed into clay after having been .i5ed )ith )ater$ %he particles of this dust .ust have been )idely separated )hile in the co.et's tailM if they had not been/ instead of a deposit of a fe) hundred feet/ )e should have had one of hundreds of .iles in thickness$ "e have seen/ Qpage HD/ ante/R that the tail of one co.et )as thirteen .illion .iles broadM if the particles of dust co.posing that tail had been as

.inute as those of clay dust/ and if they had been separated fro. each other by .any feet in distance/ they )ould still have left a deposit on the face of any obOect passing through the. .uch greater than the :rift$ %o illustrate .y .eaning: you ride on a su..er day a hundred .iles in a railroad car/ seated by an open 1p$ D<24 )indo)$ %here is no dust perceptible/ at least not enough to obscure the landscapeM yet at the end of the Oourney you find yourself covered )ith a very evident coating of dust$ No)/ suppose that/ instead of traveling one hundred .iles/ your ride had been prolonged a .illion .iles/ or thirteen .illion .ilesM and/ instead of the at.osphere being perfectly clear/ you had .oved through a cloud of dust/ not dense enough to intercept the light of the stars/ and yet dense enough to reflect the light of the sun/ even as a s.oke )reath reflects it/ and you can readily see that/ long before you reached the end of your Oourney/ you )ould be buried alive under hundreds of feet of dust$ %o creatures like ourselves/ .easuring our stature by feet and inches/ a :rift deposit three hundred feet thick is an i..ense affair/ even as a deposit a foot thick )ould be to an antM but/ .easured on an astrono.ical scale/ )ith the foot rule of the heavens/ and the :rift is no .ore than a thin coating of dust/ such as accu.ulates on a traveler's coat$ =ven esti.ating it upon the scale of our planet/ it is a .ere )rapping of tissue paper thickness$ ,n short/ it .ust be re.e.bered that )e are an infinitely insignificant breed of little creatures/ to )ho. a cos.ical dust sho)er is a cataclys.$ And that )hich is true of the clay dust is true of the gravel$ At a .illion .iles' distance it/ too/ is dustM it runs in lines or streaks/ )idely separatedM and the light shines bet)een its particles as it does through the leaves of the trees "And gli..ering through the groaning trees Airk Allo)ay see.s in a blaPeM %hrough every bore the bea.s are glancing$" +ut another says: ""hy do you think the finer parts of the .aterial of the co.et are carried farthest back fro. the headC" 1p$ D<;4 +ecause the attractive po)er lodged in the nucleus acts )ith .ost force on the largest .assesM even as the rock is not so likely to leave the earth in a )ind stor. as the dustM and in the flight of the co.et through space/ at the rate of three hundred and si5ty si5 .iles per second/ its lighter substances )ould naturally trail farthest behind itM for "%he thing that's heavy in itself @pon enforce.ent flies )ith greatest speed$"

And it )ould see. as if in ti.e this trailing .aterial of the co.et falls so far behind that it loses its grip/ and is lostM hence the sho)ers of meteoroids$ Another says: ", can not accept your theory as to the glacial clays they )ere certainly deposited in )ater/ for.ed like silt/ )ashed do)n fro. the adOacent continents$" , ans)er they )ere not/ because: 2$ ,f laid do)n in )ater/ they )ould be stratifiedM but they are not$ ;$ ,f laid do)n in )ater/ they )ould be full of the fossils of the )ater/ fresh )ater shells/ sea shells/ bones of fish/ reptiles/ )hales/ seals/ etc$M but they are non fossiliferous$ 9$ ,f laid do)n in )ater/ they )ould not be .ade e5clusively fro. granite$ "here are the continents to be found )hich are co.posed of granite and nothing but graniteC D$ "here )ere the continents/ of any kind/ fro. )hich these )ashings ca.eC %hey .ust have reached fro. pole to pole/ and filled the )hole Atlantic >cean$ And ho) could the )ashings of rivers have .ade this unifor. sheet/ reaching over the )hole length and half the breadth of this continentC F$ ,f these clays )ere .ade fro. land )ashings/ ho) co.es it that in so.e places they are red/ in others blue/ in others yello)C ,n "estern 'innesota you penetrate 1p$ D<94 through t)enty feet of yello) clay until you reach a thin layer of gravel/ about an inch thick/ and then pass at once/ )ithout any gradual transition/ into a bed of blue clay fifty feet thickM and under this/ again/ you reach gravel$ "hat separated these various depositsC %he glacialists ans)er us that the yello) clay )as deposited in fresh )ater/ and the blue clay in salt )ater/ and hence the difference in the color$ +ut ho) did the )ater change instantly fro. salt to freshC "hy )as there no interval of brackish )ater/ during )hich the blue and yello) clays )ould have gradually shaded into each otherC %he transition fro. the yello) clay to the blue is as i..ediate and .arked as if you )ere to lay a piece of yello) cloth across a piece of blue cloth$ Bou can not take the salt out of a vast ocean/ big enough to cover half a continent/ in a day/ a .onth/ a year/ or a century$ And )here )ere the bo)l like ridges of land that inclosed the continent/ and kept out the salt )ater during the ages that elapsed )hile the yello) clay )as being laid do)n in fresh )aterC And/ above all/ )hy are no such clays/ blue/ yello)/ or red/ no) being for.ed any)here on earth/ under sheet ice/ glaciers/ icebergs/ or anything elseC And ho) about the people )ho built cisterns/ and used coins and iron i.ple.ents before this silt )as accu.ulated in the seas/ a .illion years ago/ for it .ust have taken that long to create these vast deposits if they )ere deposited as silt in the botto. of seas and lakes$

,t .ay be asked: ""hat relation/ in order of ti.e/ do you suppose the :rift Age to hold to the :eluge of Noah and :eucalionC " %he latter )as infinitely later$ %he geologists/ as , have sho)n/ suppose the :rift to have co.e upon the earth basing their calculations upon the recession of the 1p$ D<D4 Falls of Niagara about thirty thousand years ago$ "e have seen that this )ould nearly accord )ith the ti.e given in *ob/ )hen he speaks of the position of certain constellations$ %he :eluge of Noah probably occurred so.e)here fro. eight to eleven thousand years ago$ &ence/ about t)enty thousand years probably intervened bet)een the :rift and the :eluge$ %hese )ere the ".yriads of years" referred to by ?lato/ during )hich .ankind d)elt on the great plain of Atlantis$ And this order of events agrees )ith all the legends$ ,n the +ible a long interval elapsed bet)een the fall of .an/ or his e5pulsion fro. paradise/ and the :eluge of NoahM and during this period .ankind rose to civiliPationM beca.e )orkers in the .etals/ .usicians/ and the builders of cities$ ,n the =gyptian history/ as preserved by ?lato/ the :eluge of :eucalion/ )hich .any things prove to have been identical )ith the :eluge of Noah/ )as the last of a series of great catastrophes$ ,n the #eltic legends the great :eluge of >gyges preceded the last deluge$ ,n the A.erican legends/ .ankind have been .any ti.es destroyed/ and as often rene)ed$ +ut it .ay be asked: "Are you right in supposing that .an first rose to civiliPation in a great Atlantic islandC "e can conceive/ as , have sho)n/ .ankind at so.e central point/ like the Atlantic island/ building up ane)/ after the :rift Age/ the shattered frag.ents of pre glacial civiliPation/ and hence beco.ing to the post glacial ancient )orld the center and apparent fountain of all cultivation$ +ut in vie) of the curious discoveries .ade/ as , have sho)n/ in the glacial clays of the @nited 1p$ D<F4

0tates/ further investigations .ay prove that it )as on the North A.erican #ontinent civiliPation )as first born/ and that it )as thence .oved eastward over the bridge like ridges to Atlantis$ And it is/ in this connection/ re.arkable that the +ible tells us QGenesis/ chap$ ii/ v$ 8R: "And the (ord God planted a garden eastward, in !denM and there he put the .an that he had for.ed$" &e had first Qv$ 3R "for.ed .an of the dust of the ground/" and then he .oves hi. east)ard to =den/ to the garden$ And/ as , have sho)n/ )hen the fall of .an ca.e/ )hen the :rift destroyed the lovely %ertiary conditions/ .an )as again moved eastwardM he )as driven out of =den/ and the cherubi.s guarded the eastern e5tre.ity of the garden/ to prevent .an's return fro. Q)e )ill sayR the shores of Atlantis$ ,n other )ords/ the present habitat of .en is/ as , have sho)n/ according to the +ible/ east of their for.er d)elling place$ ,n the age of .an's declension he .oved east)ard$ ,n the age of his rede.ption he .oves )est)ard$ &ence/ if the +ible is to be relied on/ before .an reached the garden of =den/ he had been created in so.e region west of the garden/ to )it/ in A.ericaM and here he .ay have first developed the civiliPation of )hich )e find traces in ,llinois/ sho)ing a .etal )orking race sufficiently advanced to have an alphabet and a currency$ +ut in all this )e do not touch upon the question of )here .an )as first for.ed by God$ %he original birthplace of the hu.an race )ho shall tellC ,t )as possibly in so.e region no) under the ocean/ as ?rofessor "inchell has suggestedM there he )as evolved during the .ild/ equable/ gentle/ plentiful/ D<G #>N#(@0,>N0$ garden age of the %ertiaryM in the .idst of the .ost favorable conditions for increasing the vigor of life and e5panding it into ne) for.s$ ,t sho)ed its influence by developing .a..alian life in one direction into the .onstrous for.s of the .a..oth and the .astodon/ the cli.a5 of ani.al gro)thM and in the other direction into the .ore .arvelous e5pansion of .entality found in .an$ %here are t)o things necessary to a co.prehension of that )hich lies around us develop.ent and design/ evolution and purposeM God's )ay and God's intent$ Neither alone )ill solve the proble.$ %hese are the t)o li.bs of the right angle )hich .eet at the first life cell found on earth/ and lead out until )e find .an at one e5tre.ity and God at the other$

"hy should the religious )orld shrink fro. the theory of evolutionC %o kno) the path by )hich God has advanced is not to disparage God$ #ould all this orderly nature have gro)n up out of chance/ out of the accidental concatenation of ato.sC As +acon said: ", )ould rather believe all the fables in the %al.ud and the Aoran than that this universal fra.e is without a mind1" "onderful thoughtL A flash of light through the darkness$ And )hat greater guarantee of the future can )e have than evolutionC ,f God has led life fro. the rudest beginnings/ )hose fossils are engraved/ Qblurred and obscured/R on the .any pages of the vast geological volu.e/ up to this intellectual/ charitable/ .erciful/ po)erful )orld of to day/ )ho can doubt that the sa.e hand )ill guide our posterity to even higher levels of develop.entC 1p$ D<34 ,f our thread of life has e5panded fro. #ain to #hrist/ fro. the .an )ho .urders to hi. )ho sub.its to .urder for the love of .an/ )ho can doubt that the #ain like in the race )ill gradually pass a)ay and the #hrist like do.inate the planetC Religion and science/ nature and spirit/ kno)ledge of God's )orks and reverence for God/ are brethren/ )ho should stand together )ith t)ined ar.s/ singing perpetual praises to that vast at.osphere/ ocean/ universe of spirituality/ out of )hich .atter has been born/ of )hich .atter is but a condensationM that illi.itable/ inco.prehensible/ a)e full 0o.ething/ before the conception of )hich .en should go do)n upon the very knees of their hearts in adoration$ 1p$ D<84 .$APTER %' BIE&A:* ."3ET' &@'+>(:% 0ays: ",t is probable that the vapor of the tails of co.ets .ingled )ith our at.osphere in the years 282H and 28;9$"[27 %here is reason to believe that the present generation has passed through the gaseous prolongation of a co.et's tail/ and that hundreds of hu.an beings lost their lives/ so.e)hat as they perished in the Age of Fire and Gravel/ burned up and poisoned by its e5halations$

And/ although this catastrophe )as upon an infinitely s.aller scale than that of the old ti.e/ still it .ay thro) so.e light upon the great cataclys.$ At least it is a curious story/ )ith so.e .arvelous features: >n the ;3th day of February/ 28;G/ Qto begin as '$ :u.as )ould co..ence one of his novels/R '$ +iela/ an Austrian officer/ residing at *osephstadt/ in +ohe.ia/ discovered a co.et in the constellation Aries/ )hich/ at that ti.e/ )as seen as a s.all round speck of fil.y cloud$ ,ts course )as )atched during the follo)ing .onth by '$ Ga.bart at 'arseilles and by '$ #lausen at Altona/ and those observers assigned to it an elliptical orbit/ )ith a period of six ,ears and three 4uarters for its revolution$ '$ :a.oiseau subsequently calculated its path/ and announced that on its ne5t return the co.et )ould cross
[2$ "#os.os/" !ol$ i/ p$ 2<<$7

1p$ D<H4 the orbit of the earth/ )ithin twent, thousand miles of its trac-, and but about one month before the earth would have arrived at the same spot1 %his )as shooting close to the bull's eyeL &e esti.ated that it )ould lose nearly ten days on its return trip/ through the retarding influence of *upiter and 0aturnM but/ if it lost forty days instead of ten/ )hat thenC +ut the co.et ca.e up to ti.e in 289;/ and the earth missed it b, one month$ And it returned in like fashion in 289H and 28DG$ +ut here a surprising thing occurred$ Its proximit, to the earth had split it in twoM each half had a head and tail of its o)nM each had set up a separate govern.ent for itselfM and they )ere )hirling through space/ side by side/ like a couple of race horses/ about si5teen thousand .iles apart/ or about t)ice as )ide apart as the dia.eter of the earth$ &ere is a picture of the./ dra)n fro. life$ --+,=(A'0 #>'=%/ 0?(,% ,N %">/ QFro. Guille.in's "%he &eavens/" page ;D3$R 1p$ D2<4 :id the Fenris "olf/ the 'idgard 0erpent/ and the :og Gar. look like thisC ,n 28F;/ 28FH/ and 28GG/ the co.et 0&>@(: have returned/ but it did not$ ,t )as lost$ ,t )as dissipated$ ,ts .aterial )as banging around the earth in frag.ents so.e)here$ , quote fro. a )riter in a recent issue of the "=dinburgh Revie)": %he puPPled astrono.ers )ere left in a state of tantaliPing uncertainty as to )hat had beco.e of it$ At the beginning of the year 28GG this feeling of be)ilder.ent gained

e5pression in the Annual Report of the #ouncil of the Royal Astrono.ical 0ociety$ %he .atter continued/ nevertheless/ in the sa.e state of provoking uncertainty for another si5 years$ %he third period of the perihelion passage had then passed/ and nothing had been seen of the .issing lu.inary$ +ut on the night of Nove.ber ;3/ 283;/ night )atchers )ere startled by a sudden and a very .agnificent display of falling stars or .eteors/ of )hich there had been no previous forecast/ and ?rofessor Alinkerflues/ of +erlin/ having carefully noted the co..on radiant point in space fro. )hich this star sho)er )as discharged into the earth's at.osphere/ )ith the intuition of ready genius Ou.ped at once to the startling inference that here at last )ere traces of the .issing lu.inary$ %here )ere eighty of the .eteors that furnished a good position for the radiant point of the discharge/ and that position/ strange to say/ )as very .uch the sa.e as the position in space )hich +iela's co.et should have occupied Oust about that ti.e on its fourth return to)ard perihelion$ Alinkerflues/ therefore/ taking this spot as one point in the path of the co.et/ and carrying the path on as a track into for)ard space/ fi5ed the direction there through )hich it should pass as a 'vanishing point' at the other side of the starry sphere/ and having satisfied hi.self of that further position he sent off a telegra. to the other side of the )orld/ )here alone it could be seen that is to say/ to 'r$ ?ogson/ of the 'adras >bservatory )hich .ay be best told in his o)n nervous and si.ple )ords$ 1p$ D224 &err Alinkerflues's telegra. to 'r$ ?ogson/ of 'adras/ )as to the follo)ing effect: "'Nove.ber 9<th +iela touched the earth on the ;3th of Nove.ber$ 0earch for hi. near %heta #entauri$' "%he telegra. reached 'adras/ through Russia/ in one hour and thirty five .inutes/ and the sequel of this curious passage of astrono.ical ro.ance .ay be appropriately told in the )ords in )hich 'r$ ?ogson replied to &err Alinkerflues's pithy .essage$ %he ans)er )as dated 'adras/ the Gth of :ece.ber/ and )as in the follo)ing )ords: "'>n the 9<th of Nove.ber/ at si5teen hours/ the ti.e of the co.et rising here/ , )as at .y post/ but hopelesslyM clouds and rain gave .e no chance$ %he ne5t .orning , had the sa.e bad luck$ +ut on the third trial/ )ith a line of blue break/ about 23f hours .ean ti.e/ I found 7iela immediatel,1 >nly four co.parisons in successive .inutes could be obtained/ in strong .orning t)ilight/ )ith an anony.ous starM but direct .otion of ;$F seconds decided that , had got the co.et all right$ , noted it circular/ bright/ )ith/ a decided nucleus/ but N> %A,(/ and about forty five seconds in dia.eter$ Ne5t .orning , got seven good co.parisons )ith an anony.ous star/ sho)ing a .otion of 23$H seconds in t)enty eight .inutes/ and , also got t)o co.parisons )ith a 'adras star in our current catalogue/ and )ith 3/39D %aylor$ , )as too an5ious to secure one good place for the one in hand to look for the other co.et/ and the fourth .orning )as cloudy and rainy$' "&err Alinkerflues's co..entary upon this co..unication )as that he forth)ith proceeded to satisfy hi.self that no provoking accident had led to the discovery of a co.et altogether unconnected )ith +iela's/ although in this particular place/ and that he

)as ulti.ately quite confident of the identity of the co.et observed by 'r$ ?ogson )ith one of the t)o heads of +iela$ ,t )as subsequently settled that 'r$ ?ogson had/ .ost probably/ seen both heads of the co.et/ one on the first occasion of his successful search/ and the second on the follo)ing dayM and the .eteor sho)er e5perienced in =urope on Nove.ber ;3th )as unquestionably due to the passage 1p$ D2;4 near the earth of a .eteoric trail traveling in the track of the co.et$ "hen the question of a possible collision )as .ooted in 289;/ 0ir *ohn &erschel re.arked that such an occurrence .ight not be unattended )ith danger/ and that on account of the intersection of the orbits of the earth and the co.et a rencontre )ould in all likelihood take place )ithin the lapse of so.e .illions of years$ As a .atter of fact the collision did take place on Nove.ber ;3/ 283;/ and the result/ so far as the earth )as concerned/ )as a .agnificent display of aYrial fire)orksL +ut a .ore telling piece of ready )itted sagacity than this pro.pt e.ploy.ent of the telegraph for the apprehension of the ni.ble delinquent can scarcely be conceived$ %he sudden brush of the co.et's tail/ the instantaneous telegra. to the opposite side of the )orld/ and the gli.pse thence of the vagrant lu.inary as it )as Oust )hisking itself off into space to)ard the star %heta #entauri/ together constitute a passage that stands quite )ithout a parallel in the e5perience of science$" +ut did the earth escape )ith a .ere sho)er of fire)orksC , have argued that the .aterial of a co.et consists of a solid nucleus/ giving out fire and gas/ enveloped in a great gaseous .ass/ and a tail .ade up of stones/ possibly gradually di.inishing in siPe as they recede fro. the nucleus/ until the after part of it is co.posed of fine dust ground fro. the pebbles and bo)ldersM )hile beyond this there .ay be a still further prolongation into gaseous .atter$ No)/ )e have seen that +iela's co.ets lost their tails$ "hat beca.e of the.C %here is no evidence to sho) )hether they lost the. in 28F;/ 28FH/ 28GG/ or 283;$ %he probabilities are that the de.oraliPation took place before 28F;/ as other)ise the co.ets )ould have been seen/ tails and all/ in that and subsequent years$ ,t is true that the earth ca.e near enough in 283; to attract so.e of the )andering gravel stones to)ard itself/ and that they fell/ 1p$ D294 blaPing and consu.ing the.selves )ith the friction of our at.osphere/ and reached the surface of our planet/ if at all/ as cos.ic dust$ +ut )here )ere the rest of the assets of these bankrupt co.etsC %hey )ere probably scattered around in space/ dis3ecta membra/ floating hither and thither/ in one place a strea. of stones/ in another a volu.e of gasM )hile the t)o heads had fled a)ay/ like the fugitive presidents of a couple of broken banks/ to the #anadian refuge of "#heta Centauri" shorn of their splendors and reduced to first principles$

:id anything out of the usual order occur on the face of the earth about this ti.eC Bes$ ,n the year 2832/ on 0unday/ the 8th of >ctober/ at half past nine o'clock in the evening/ events occurred )hich attracted the attention of the )hole )orld/ )hich caused the death of hundreds of hu.an beings/ and the destruction of .illions of property/ and )hich involved three different 0tates of the @nion in the )ildest alar. and terror$ %he su..er of 2832 had been e5cessively dryM the .oisture see.ed to be evaporated out of the airM and on the 0unday above na.ed the at.ospheric conditions all through the North)est )ere of the .ost peculiar character$ %he )riter )as living at the ti.e in 'innesota/ hundreds of .iles fro. the scene of the disasters/ and he can never forget the condition of things$ %here )as a parched/ co.bustible/ infla..able/ furnace like feeling in the air/ that )as really alar.ing$ ,t felt as if there )ere needed but a .atch/ a spark/ to cause a )orld )ide e5plosion$ ,t )as )eird and unnatural$ , have never seen nor felt anything like it before or since$ %hose )ho e5perienced it )ill bear .e out in these state.ents$ At that hour/ half past nine o'clock in the evening/ at apparentl, the same moment/ at points hundreds of .iles 1p$ D2D4 apart/ in three different 0tates/ "isconsin/ 'ichigan/ and ,llinois/ fires of the .ost peculiar and devastating kind broke out/ so far as )e kno)/ by spontaneous co.bustion$ ,n "isconsin/ on its eastern borders/ in a heavily ti.bered country/ near (ake 'ichigan/ a region e.bracing four hundred s4uare miles/ e5tending north fro. +ro)n #ounty/ and containing ?eshtigo/ 'anistee/ &olland/ and nu.erous villages on the shores of Green +ay/ )as s)ept bare by an absolute )hirl)ind of fla.e$ %here )ere seven hundred and fift, people -illed outright/ besides great nu.bers of the )ounded/ .ai.ed/ and burned/ )ho died after)ard$ 'ore than three .illion dollars' )orth of property )as destroyed$[27 ,t )as no ordinary fire$ , quote: "At sundo)n there )as a lull in the )ind and co.parative stillness$ For t)o hours there )ere no signs of dangerM but at a fe) .inutes after nine o'clock/ and by a singular coincidence/ precisel, the time at which the Chicago fire commenced/ the people of the village heard a terrible roar$ ,t )as that of a tornado/ crushing through the forests$ Instantl, the heavens were illuminated with a terrible glare$ #he s-,/ )hich had been so dark a .o.ent before/ burst into clouds of flame$ A spectator of the terrible scene says the fire did not co.e upon the. gradually fro. burning trees and other obOects to the )ind)ard/ but the first notice they had of it )as a whirlwind of flame in great clouds from above the tops of the trees/ )hich fell upon and entirely enveloped everything$ %he poor people inhaled it/ or the intensely hot air/ and fell do)n dead$ %his is verified by the appearance of .any of the corpses$ %hey )ere found dead in the roads and open spaces/ where there were no visible mar-s of fire near b,, with not a trace of burning upon their

bodies or clothing$ At the 0ugar +ush/ )hich is an e5tended clearing/ in so.e places four .iles in )idth/
[2$ 0ee "&istory of the Great #onflagration/" 0heahan g @pton/ #hicago/ 2832/ pp$ 9H9/ 9HD/ etc$7

1p$ D2F4 corpses )ere found in the open road/ bet)een fences only slightly burned$ *o mar- of fire was upon them6 the, la, there as if asleep$ %his pheno.enon see.s to e5plain the fact that so .any )ere killed in co.pact .asses$ %hey see.ed to have huddled together/ in )hat )ere evidently regarded at the .o.ent as the safest places/ far awa, from buildings, trees, or other inflammable .aterial/ and there to have died together$"[27 Another spectator says: "'uch has been said of the intense heat of the fires )hich destroyed ?eshtigo/ 'enekaune/ "illia.sonville/ etc$/ but all that has been said can give the stranger but a faint conception of the reality$ %he heat has been co.pared to that engendered by a fla.e concentrated on an obOect by a blo) pipeM but even that )ould not account for so.e of the pheno.ena$ For instance/ )e have in our possession a copper cent taken fro. the pocket of a dead .an in the ?eshtigo 0ugar +ush/ )hich )ill illustrate our point$ #his cent has been partiall, fused/ but still retains its round for./ and the inscription upon it is legible$ >thers/ in the sa.e pocket/ )ere partially melted/ and yet the clothing and the bod, of the man were not even singed$ "e do not kno) in )hat )ay to account for this/ unless/ as is asserted by so.e/ the tornado and fire )ere acco.panied by electrical pheno.ena$"[;7 ",t is the universal testi.ony that the prevailing idea a.ong the people )as/ that the last day had co.e$ Accusto.ed as they )ere to fire/ nothing like this had ever been kno)n$ %hey could give no other interpretation to this o.inous roar/ this bursting of the s-, with fame, and this dropping down of fire out of the ver, heavens/ consu.ing instantly everything it touched$ "No t)o give a like description of the great tornado as it s.ote and devoured the village$ ,t see.ed as if 'the fiery fiends of hell had been loosened/' says one$ ',t ca.e in great sheeted flames from heaven/' says another$ '%here )as a pitiless rain of fire and 0AN:$' '%he
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1p$ D2G4 at.osphere )as all afire$' 0o.e speak of 'great balls of fire unrolling and shooting forth, in streams$' %he fire leaped over roofs and trees/ and ignited )hole streets at once$ No

one could stand before the blast$ ,t )as a race )ith death/ above/ behind/ and before the.$"[27 A civil engineer/ doing business in ?eshtigo/ says "%he heat increased so rapidly/ as things got )ell afire/ that/ when about four hundred feet from the bridge and the nearest building/ , )as obliged to lie do)n behind a log that )as aground in about t)o feet of )ater/ and by going under )ater no) and then/ and holding .y head close to the )ater behind the log/ , .anaged to breathe$ %here )ere a doPen others behind the sa.e log$ ,f , had succeeded in crossing the river and gone a.ong the buildings on the other side/ probably , should have been lost/ as .any )ere$" "e have seen >vid describing the people of "the earth" crouching in the sa.e )ay in the )ater to save the.selves fro. the fla.es of the Age of Fire$ ,n 'ichigan/ one Allison "eaver/ near ?ort &uron/ deter.ined to re.ain/ to protect/ if possible/ so.e .ill property of )hich he had charge$ &e kne) the fire )as co.ing/ and dug hi.self a shallo) )ell or pit/ .ade a thick plank cover to place over it/ and thus prepared to bide the conflagration$ , quote: "&e filled it nearly full of )ater/ and took care to saturate the ground around it for a distance of several rods$ Going to the .ill/ he dragged out a four inch plank/ sa)ed it in t)o/ and sa) that the parts tightly covered the .outh of the little )ell$ ', kalkerated it )ould be tech and go/' said he/ 'but it )as the best , could do$' At .idnight he had everything arranged/ and the roaring then )as
[2$ 0ee "&istory of the Great #onflagration/" 0heahan g @pton/ #hicago/ 2832/ p$ 93D$7

1p$ D234 a)ful to hear$ %he clearing )as ten to t)elve acres in e5tent/ and "eaver says that/ for t)o hours before the fire reached hi./ there )as a constant flight across the ground of s.all ani.als$ As he rested a .o.ent fro. giving the house another )etting do)n/ a horse dashed into the opening at full speed and .ade for the house$ "eaver could see hi. tre.ble and shake )ith e5cite.ent and terror/ and felt a pity for hi.$ After a .o.ent the ani.al gave utterance to a snort of dis.ay/ ran t)o or three ti.es around the house/ and then shot on into the )oods like a rocket$" "e have/ in the foregoing pages/ in the legends of different nations/ descriptions of the terrified ani.als flying )ith the .en into the caves of the earth to escape the great conflagration$ ', Not long after this the fire ca.e$ "eaver stood by his )ell/ ready for the e.ergency/ yet curious to see the breaking in of the fla.es$ %he roaring increased in volu.e/ the air

beca.e oppressive/ a cloud of dust and cinders ca.e sho)ering do)n/ and he could see the fla.e through the trees$ ,t did not run along the ground/ or leap fro. tree to tree/ but it ca.e on like a tornado/ a sheet of flame reaching from the earth to the tops of the trees$ As it struck the clearing he Ou.ped into his )ell/ and closed over the planks$ &e could no longer see/ but he could hear$ &e says that the fla.es .ade no halt )hatever/ or ceased their roaring for an instant/ but he hardly got the opening closed before the house and .ill )ere burning tinder/ and both )ere do)n in five .inutes$ %he s.oke ca.e do)n upon hi. po)erfully/ and his den )as so hot he could hardly breathe$ "&e kne) that the planks above hi. )ere on fire/ but/ re.e.bering their thickness/ he )aited till the roaring of the fla.es had died a)ay/ and then )ith his head and hands turned the. over and put out the fire by dashing up )ater )ith his hands$ Although it )as a cold night/ and the )ater had at first chilled hi./ the heat gradually )ar.ed hi. up until he felt quite co.fortable$ &e re.ained in his den until daylight/ frequently turning 1p$ D284 over the planks and putting out the fire/ and then the )orst had passed$ %he earth around )as on fire in spots/ house and .ill )ere gone/ leaves/ brush/ and logs )ere s)ept clean a)ay as if shaved off and s)ept )ith a broo./ and nothing but soot and ashes )ere to be seen$"[27 ,n "isconsin/ at "illia.son's 'ills/ there )as a large but shallo) )ell on the pre.ises belonging to a 'r$ +oor.an$ %he people/ )hen cut off by the fla.es and )ild )ith terror/ and thinking they )ould find safety in the )ater/ leaped into this )ell$ "%he relentless fury of the fla.es drove the. pell .ell into the pit/ to struggle )ith each other and die so.e by dro)ning/ and others by fire and suffocation$ None escaped$ #hirt,-two bodies were found there$ %hey )ere in every i.aginable positionM but the contortions of their li.bs and the agoniPing e5pressions of their faces told the a)ful tale$"[;7 %he recital of these details/ horrible though they .ay be/ beco.es e5cusable )hen )e re.e.ber that the ancestors of our race .ust have endured si.ilar horrors in that a)ful cala.ity )hich , have discussed in this volu.e$ *a.es +$ #lark/ of :etroit/ )ho )as at @nionto)n/ "isconsin/ )rites: "%he fire suddenly .ade a rush/ like the flash of a train of gunpo)der/ and s)ept in the shape of a crescent around the settle.ent$ ,t is al.ost i.possible to conceive the frightful rapidit, of the advance of the flames$ %he rushing fire see.ed to eat up and annihilate the trees$" %hey sa) a black .ass co.ing to)ard the. fro. the )all of fla.e: ",t )as a sta.pede of cattle and horses thundering to)ard us/ bello)ing .oaning/ and neighing as they galloped

[2$ 0ee "&istory of the Great #onflagration/" 0heahan g @pton/ #hicago/ 2832/ p$ 9H<$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ 98G$7

1p$ D2H4 onM rushing )ith fearful speed/ their eyeballs dilated and glaring )ith terror/ and every .otion betokening deliriu. of fright$ 0o.e had been badly burned/ and .ust have plunged through a long space of fla.e in the desperate effort to escape$ Follo)ing considerably behind ca.e a solitary horse/ panting and snorting and nearly e5hausted$ &e )as saddled and bridled/ and/ as )e first thought/ had a bag lashed to his back$ As he ca.e up )e )ere startled at the sight of a young lad lying fallen over the ani.al's neck/ the bridle )ound around his hands/ and the .ane being clinched by the fingers$ (ittle effort )as needed to stop the Oaded horse/ and at once release the helpless boy$ &e )as taken into the house/ and all that )e could do )as doneM but he had inhaled the s.oke/ and )as see.ingly dying$ 0o.e ti.e elapsed and he revived enough to speak$ &e told his na.e ?atrick +yrnes and said: 'Father and .other and the children got into the )agon$ , don't kno) )hat beca.e of the.$ =verything is burned up$ , a. dying$ >hL is hell any )orse than thisC'"[27 &o) vividly does all this recall the book of *ob and the legends of #entral A.erica/ )hich refer to the .ultitudes of the burned/ .ai.ed/ and )ounded lying in the caverns/ .oaning and crying like poor ?atrick +yrnes/ suffering no less in .ind than in bodyL "hen )e leave "isconsin and pass about t)o hundred and fifty .iles east)ard/ over (ake 'ichigan and across the )hole )idth of the 0tate of 'ichigan/ )e find .uch the sa.e condition of things/ but not so terrible in the loss of hu.an life$ Fully fifteen thousand people were rendered homeless b, the firesM and their food/ clothing/ crops/ horses/ and cattle )ere destroyed$ >f these five to si5 thousand )ere burned out the same night that the fires bro-e out in Chicago and :isconsin$ %he
[2$ 0ee "&istory of the Great #onflagration/" 0heahan g @pton/ #hicago/ 2832/ p$ 989$7

1p$ D;<4 total destruction of property e5ceeded one .illion dollarsM not only villages and cities/ but )hole to)nships/ )ere s)ept bare$ +ut it is to #hicago )e .ust turn for the .ost e5traordinary results of this at.ospheric disturbance$ ,t is needless to tell the story in detail$ %he )orld kno)s it by heart: +lackened and bleeding/ helpless/ panting/ prone/ >n the charred frag.ents of her shattered throne/ (ies she )ho stood but yesterday alone$" , have only space to refer to one or t)o points$

%he fire )as spontaneous$ %he story of 'rs$ >'(eary's co) having started the conflagration by kicking over a lantern )as proved to be false$ ,t )as the access of gas fro. the tail of +iela's co.et that burned up #hicagoL %he fire .arshal testified: ", felt it in .y bones that )e )ere going to have a burn$" &e says/ speaking of >'(eary's barn: ""e got the fire under control/ and it )ould not have gone a foot fartherM but the ne5t thing , kne) they ca.e and told .e that 0t$ ?aul's church/ about t)o squares north/ )as on fire$"[27 %hey checked the church fire/ but "%he ne5t thing , kne) the fire )as in +ateha.'s planing .ill$" A )riter in the Ne) Bork "=vening ?ost" says he sa) in #hicago "buildings far beyond the line of fire/ and in no contact with it, burst into flames from the interior$"
[2$ 0ee "&istory of the Great #onflagration/" 0heahan g @pton/ #hicago/ 2832/ p$ 2G9$7

1p$ D;24 ,t .ust not be forgotten that the fall of 2832 )as .arked by e5traordinary conflagrations in regions )idely separated$ >n the 8th$ of >ctober/ the same da, the "isconsin/ 'ichigan/ and #hicago fires broke out/ the 0tates of ,o)a/ 'innesota/ ,ndiana/ and ,llinois )ere severely devastated by prairie firesM )hile terrible fires raged on the Alleghanies/ the 0ierras of the ?acific coast/ and the Rocky 'ountains/ and in the region of the Red River of the North$ "%he Annual Record of 0cience and ,ndustry" for 283G/ page 8D/ says: "For )eeks before and after the great fire in #hicago in 283;/ great areas of forest and prairie land/ both in the @nited 0tates and the +ritish ?rovinces/ )ere on fire$" %he fla.es that consu.ed a great part of #hicago )ere of an unusual character and produced e5traordinary effects$ %hey absolutely melted the hardest building stone/ )hich had previously been considered fire proof$ ,ron/ glass/ granite/ )ere fused and run together into grotesque conglo.erates/ as if they had been put through a blast furnace$ No kind of .aterial could stand its breath for a .o.ent$ , quote again fro. 0heahan g @pton's "ork:

"%he huge stone and brick structures .elted before the fierceness of the fla.es as a sno) flake .elts and disappears in )ater/ and al.ost as quickly$ 0i5 story buildings )ould take fire and disappear for ever from sight in five minutes b, the watch$ $ $ $ %he fire also doubled on its track at the great @nion :epot and burned half a .ile south)ard in the ver, teeth of the gale a gale )hich ble) a perfect tornado/ and in )hich no vessel could have lived on the lake$ $ $ $ +trange, fantastic fires of blue, red, and green pla,ed along the cornices of buildings$"[27
[2$ "&istory of the #hicago Fire/" pp$ 8F/ 8G$7

1p$ D;;4 &on$ "illia. +$ >gden )rote at the ti.e: "%he fire )as acco.panied by the fiercest tornado of )ind ever kno)n to blo) here$"[27 "%he .ost striking peculiarity of the fire )as its intense heat$ Nothing e5posed to it escaped$ A.id the hundreds of acres left bare there is not to be found a piece of )ood of any description/ and/ unli-e most fires, it left nothing half burned$ $ $ $ %he fire s)ept the streets of all the ordinary dust and rubbish/ consu.ing it instantly$"[;7 %he Athens .arble burned like coalL "%he intensity of the heat .ay be Oudged/ and the thorough co.bustion of everything )ooden .ay be understood/ )hen )e state that in the yard of one of the large agricultural i.ple.ent factories )as stacked so.e hundreds of tons of pig iron$ %his iron )as t)o hundred feet fro. any building$ %o the south of it )as the river/ one hundred and fifty feet )ide$ No large building but the factory )as in the i..ediate vicinity of the fire$ Bet/ so great )as the heat/ that this pile of iron melted and run, and is now in one large and nearl, solid mass$"[97 %he a.ount of property destroyed )as esti.ated by 'ayor 'edill at one hundred and fifty .illion dollarsM and the nu.ber of people rendered houseless/ at one hundred and t)enty five thousand$ 0everal hundred lives )ere lost$ All this brings before our eyes vividly the condition of things )hen the co.et struck the earthM )hen conflagrations spread over )ide areasM )hen hu.an beings )ere consu.ed by the .illionM )hen their )orks )ere obliterated/ and the re.nants of the .ultitude fled before the rushing fla.es/ filled )ith unutterable consternationM
[2$ "&istory of the #hicago Fire/" p$ 83$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ 22H$ 9$ ,bid$/ p$ 2;2$7

1p$ D;94

and as they Ou.ped pell .ell into )ells/ so )e have seen the. in *ob cla.bering do)n ropes into the narro) .outhed/ botto.less pit$ "ho shall say ho) often the characteristics of our at.osphere have been affected by accessions fro. e5traterrestrial sources/ resulting in conflagrations or pestilences/ in failures of crops/ and in fa.inesC "ho shall say ho) far great revolutions and )ars and other perturbations of hu.anity have been due to si.ilar .odificationsC %here is a )orld of philosophy in that curious story/ ":r$ >5's &obby/" )herein )e are told ho) he changed the .ental traits of a village of &ollanders by increasing the a.ount of o5ygen in the air they breathed$ 1p$ D;D4 .$APTER %I' T$E )!I%ER*A& BE&IEF "F 3A!#I! ' %&=R= are so.e thoughts and opinions )hich )e see. to take by inheritanceM )e i.bibe the. )ith our .others' .ilkM they are in our bloodM they are received insensibly in childhood$ "e have seen the folk lore of the nations/ passing through the endless and continuous generation of children/ unchanged fro. the re.otest ages$ ,n the sa.e )ay there is an untaught but universal feeling )hich .akes all .ankind regard co.ets )ith fear and tre.bling/ and )hich unites all races of .en in a universal belief that so.e day the )orld )ill be destroyed by fire$ %here are .any things )hich indicate that a far distant/ prehistoric race e5isted in the background of =gyptian and +abylonian develop.ent/ and that fro. this people/ highly civiliPed and educated/ )e have derived the arrange.ent of the heavens into constellations/ and our divisions of ti.e into days/ )eeks/ years/ and centuries$ %his people stood .uch nearer the :rift Age than )e do$ %hey understood it better$ %heir legends and religious beliefs )ere full of it$ %he gods carved on &indoo te.ples or painted on the )alls of Assyrian/ ?eruvian/ or A.erican structures/ the flying dragons/ the )inged gods/ the )inged ani.als/ Gucu.atP/ Ra.a/ 0iva/ !ishnu/ %ePcatlipoca/ )ere painted in the very colors of the clays )hich ca.e fro. the disintegration of the granite/ "red/ 1p$ D;F4 )hite/ and blue/" the very colors )hich distinguished the co.etM and they are all re.iniscences of that great .onster$ %he idols of the pagan )orld are/ in fact/ congealed history/ and )ill so.e day be intelligently studied as such$

:oubtless this ancient astrono.ical/ Podiac building/ and constellation constructing race taught the people the true doctrine of co.etsM taught that the )inding serpent/ the flying dragon/ the destructive )inged dog/ or )olf/ or lion/ )hose sphin5 like i.ages no) fro)n upon us fro. ancient )alls and door )ays/ )ere really co.etsM taught ho) one of the. had actually struck the earthM and taught that in the lapse of ages another of these .ultitudinous )anderers of space )ould again encounter our globe/ and end all things in one universal conflagration$ And do)n through the race this belief has co.e/ and do)n through the race it )ill go/ to the consu..ation of ti.e$ "e find this "day of )rath" prefigured in the )ords of 'alachi/ Qchap$ iv/ v$ 2R: "2$ For behold the day co.eth that shall burn as an ovenM and all the proud/ yea/ and all that do )ickedly/ shall be stubble: and the day that co.eth shall burn the. up/ saith the (ord of hosts/ that it shall leave the. neither root nor branch$ ";$ +ut unto you that fear .y na.e shall the sun of righteousness arise )ith healing in his )ingsM and ye shall go forth/ and gro) up as calves of the stall$ "9$ And ye shall tread do)n the )ickedM for they shall be ashes under the soles of your feet in the day that , shall do this/ saith the (ord of hosts$" "e find the sa.e great catastrophe foretold in the book of Revelation/ Qchap$ 5ii/ v$ 9R: "And there appeared another wonder in heavenM and behold a great red dragon/ having seven heads and ten horns/ and seven cro)ns upon his heads$ 1p$ D;G4 "D$ 2nd his tail drew the third part of the stars of heaven, and did cast them to the earth$" And again/ Qchap$ viR: "2;$ And , beheld )hen he had opened the si5th seal/ and/ lo/ there )as a great earthquakeM and the sun became blac- as sac-cloth of hair/ and the .oon beca.e as bloodM "29$ 2nd the stars of heaven fell unto the earth/ even as a fig tree casteth her unti.ely figs/ )hen she is shaken of a .ighty )ind$ "2D$ And the heaven departed as a scroll )hen it is rolled togetherM and ever, mountain and island were moved out of their places$

"2F$ And the kings of the earth/ and the great .en/ and the rich .en/ and the chief captains/ and the .ighty .en/ and every bond.an and every free.an/ hid themselves in the dens and in the roc-s of the mountainsM "2G$ And said to the .ountains and the rocks/ Fall on us/ and hide us fro. the face of hi. that sitteth on the throne/ and fro. the )rath of the (a.b 23$ %or the great da, of his wrath is come/ and )ho shall be able to standC" &ere )e see. to have the story of *ob over again/ in this prefiguration of the future$ %he =thiopian copy of the apocryphal book of =noch contains a poe./ )hich is prefi5ed to the body of that )ork/ and )hich the learned author of "Ni.rod" supposes to be authentic$ ,t certainly dates fro. a vast antiquity$ ,t is as follo)s: "=noch/ a righteous .an/ )ho )as )ith God/ ans)ered and spoke )hile his eyes )ere open/ and )hile he saw a hol, vision in the heavens$ $ $ $ "@pon this account , spoke/ and conversed )ith hi. )ho )ill go forth from his habitation/ the holy and .ighty >ne/ the God of the )orld$ ""ho )ill hereafter tread upon the .ountain 0inai/ and appear with his hosts/ and he .anifested in the strength of his po)er fro. heaven$ 1p$ D;34 "All shall be afraid/ and the )atchers be terrified$ Great fear and tre.bling shall seiPe even to the ends of the earth$ "%he lofty .ountains shall be troubled/ and the e5alted hills depressed/ melting li-e hone,comb in the flame$ "%he earth shall be immerged/ and all things )hich are in it perish$ $ $ $ "&e shall preserve the elect/ and to)ard the. e5ercise cle.ency$ $ $ $ %he )hole earth is full of )ater$" %his is either history or prophecy$ ,n the 0econd =pistle General of ?eter/ Qchap$ iii/R )e have so.e allusions to the past/ and so.e prophecies based upon the past/ )hich are very curious: !erse F$ "For this they )illingly are ignorant of/ that by the )ord of God the heavens )ere of old/ and the earth standing out of the )ater and in the )ater$"

%hat is to say/ the earth )as/ as in >vid and Ragnarok/ and the legends generally/ an island/ "standing out of the )ater and in the )ater$" !erse G$ ""hereby the world that then was/ being overflo)ed )ith )ater/ perished$" %his see.s to refer to the island Atlantis/ "overflo)ed )ith )ater/" and destroyed/ as told by ?latoM thereby for.ing a very distinct connection bet)een the ,sland of ?oseidon and the :eluge of Noah$ "e read on: !erse 3$ "+ut the heavens and the earth/ )hich are no)/ by the sa.e )ord are kept in store/ reserved unto fire against the day of Oudg.ent and perdition of ungodly .en$" !erse 2<$ "+ut the day of the (ord )ill co.e as a thief in the nightM in the )hich the heavens shall pass a)ay )ith a great noise/ and the ele.ents shall .elt )ith fervent heat/ the earth also and the )orks that are therein shall be burned up$" 1p$ D;84 %he Gothic .ythology tells us that 0urt/ )ith his fla.ing s)ord/ "shall co.e at the end of the )orldM he shall vanquish all the godsM he shall give up the universe a prey to the fla.es$" %his belief in the ulti.ate destruction of the )orld and all its inhabitants by fire )as found a.ong the A.erican races as )ell as those of the >ld "orld: "%he sa.e terror inspired the ?eruvians at every eclipseM for so.e day taught the A.antas the shado) )ill veil the sun for ever/ and land/ .oon/ and stars )ill be )rapped in a devouring conflagration/ to kno) no regeneration$"[27 %he Algonquin races believed that so.e day 'ichabo ")ill sta.p his foot on the ground/ fla.es )ill burst forth to consu.e the habitable landM only a pair/ or only/ at .ost/ those )ho have .aintained inviolate the institutions he ordained/ )ill he protect and preserve to inhabit the ne) )orld he )ill then fabricate$"[;7 Nearly all the A.erican tribes had si.ilar presenti.ents$ %he #hickasa)s/ the 'andans of the 'issouri/ the ?ueblo ,ndians of Ne) 'e5ico/ the 'uyscas of +ogota/ the +otocudos of +raPil/ the Araucanians of #hili/ the "innebagoes/ all have possessed such a belief fro. ti.e i..e.orial$ %he 'ayas of Bucatan had a prediction )hich Father (iPana/ cur. of ,tPa.al/ preserved in the 0panish language: "At the close of the ages/ it hath been decreed/ 0hall perish and vanish each )eak god of .en/ And the )orld shall be purged with ravening fire$"

"e kno) that a.ong our o)n people/ the =uropean races/ this looking for)ard to a conflagration )hich is to end all things is found every)hereM and that every)here a co.et is regarded )ith terror$ ,t is a .essenger of
[2$ +rinton's "'yths/" p$ ;9F$ ;$ ,bid$7

1p$ D;H4 )oe and disasterM it is a dreadful threat shining in the heavensM it is "God's rod/" even as it )as in *ob's day$ , could fill pages )ith the proofs of the truth of this state.ent$ An ancient )riter/ describing the great .eteoric sho)er of the year 2;<;/ says: "%he stars fle) against one another like a scattering s)ar. of locusts/ to the right and leftM this pheno.enon lasted until daybreakM people )ere thro)n into consternation and cried to God/ the 'ost &igh/ )ith confused cla.or$"[27 %he great .eteoric display of 29GG produced si.ilar effects$ An historian of the ti.e says: "%hose )ho sa) it )ere filled )ith such great fear and dis.ay that they )ere astounded/ i.agining that they )ere all dead .en/ and that the end of the )orld had co.e$"[;7 &o) could such a universal terror have fi5ed itself in the blood of the race/ if it had not originated fro. so.e great pri.eval factC And all this terror is associated )ith a dragon$ And #ha.bers says: "%he dragon appears in the .ythical history and legendary poetry of al.ost every nation/ as the e.ble. of the destructive and anarchical principleM $ $ $ as .isdirected physical force and unta.able ani.al passions$ $ $ $ %he dragon proceeds openly to )ork/ running on its feet )ith e5panded )ings/ and head and tail erect/ violently and ruthlessly outraging decency and propriety/ spouting fire and fur, from both mouth and tail, and wasting and devastating the whole land$"[97 %his fiery .onster is the co.et$
[2$ ?opular 0cience 'onthly/" *une/ 288;/ p$ 2H9$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ 2H9$ 9$ "#ha.bers's =ncyclopaedia/" vol$ iii/ p$ GFF$7

1p$ D9<4 And 'ilton speaks fro. the sa.e universal inspiration )hen he tells us: "A co.et burned/ %hat fires the length of >phiucus huge ,n th' arctic sky/ and from its horrid hair +ha-es pestilence and war$" And in the 0hakespeare plays[27 )e read: "&ung be the heavens )ith black/ yield day to nightL #o.ets/ i.porting change of ti.es and states/ +randish your crystal tresses in the skyM And )ith the. scourge the bad revolting stars$" 'an/ by an inherited instinct/ regards the co.et as a great terror and a great foeM and the heart of hu.anity sits uneasily )hen one blaPes in the sky$ =ven to the scholar and the scientist they are a puPPle and a fearM they are erratic/ unusual/ anarchical/ .onstrous so.ething let loose/ like a tiger of the heavens/ ath)art an orderly/ peaceful/ and har.onious )orld$ %hey .ay be i.palpable and har.less attenuations of gas/ or they )ay be loaded )ith death and ruinM but in any event .an can not conte.plate the. )ithout terror$
[2$ 2 &enry !,/ 2/ 2$7

1p$ D924 .$APTER %II' T$E EART$ *TR).# B( ."3ET* 3A!( TI3E*' ,F the reader is satisfied/ fro. .y reasoning and the facts , have adduced/ that the so called Glacial Age really represents a collision of the earth )ith one of these )andering lu.inaries of space/ the question can not but occur to hi./ "as this the first and only occasion/ during all the thousands of .illions of years that our planet has been revolving on its a5is and circling around the sun/ that such a catastrophe has occurredC %he ans)er .ust be in the negative$ "e find that all through the rocky record of our globe the sa.e pheno.ena )hich )e have learned to recogniPe as peculiar to the :rift Age are/ at distant intervals/ repeated$ %he long ages of the ?alNoPoic %i.e passed )ith fe) or no disturbances$ %he .ove.ents of the earth's crust oscillated at a rate not to e5ceed one foot in a century$[27

,t )as an age of peace$ %hen ca.e a tre.endous convulsion$ ,t has been styled by the geologists "the epoch of the Appalachian revolution$" "0trata )ere upraised and fle5ed into great Qolds/ so.e of the folds a score or .ore of .iles in span$ :eep fissures )ere opened in the earth's crust/" like the fiords or great rock cracks )hich acco.panied the :iluvial or :rift Age$ "Rocks )ere consolidatedM and over so.e parts sandstones and shales )ere crystalliPed into gneiss/
[2$ :ana's "%e5t +ook/" p$ 2F<$7

1p$ D9;4 .ica schist/ and other related rocks/ and li.estone into architectural and statuary .arble$ +itu.inous coal )as turned into anthracite in ?ennsylvania$"[27 , copy fro. the sa.e )ork Qp$ 2F9R the follo)ing cut/ sho)ing the e5tent to )hich the rocks )ere crushed out of shape: --0=#%,>N >N %&= 0#&@B(A,((/ ?=NN0B(!AN,A$
P,

Pottsville on the coal-measures6 F, Calciferous formation6 G, #renton6 H, Hudson "iver6 I, &neida and *iagara6 J, (ower Helderberg6 K, @L, @@, $evonian6 @F, @G, +ubcarboniferous6 @H, Carboniferous, or coal-measures. %hese tre.endous changes )ere caused by a pressure of so.e kind )hich ca.e fro. the east/ fro. )here the Atlantic >cean no) rolls$ ",t )as due to a lateral pressure/ the folding having taken place Oust as it .ight in paper or cloth under a lateral or pushing .ove.ent$"[;7 ",t )as acco.panied by great heat )hich .elted and consolidated the rocks/ changed their condition/ drove the volatile gases out of the bitu.inous coal and changed it into anthracite/ in so.e places altered it to graphite/ as if it had been passed through a furnace$"[97 ,t also .ade an al.ost universal slaughter of all for.s of life: "%he e5ter.ination of life )hich took place at this ti.e )as one of the .ost e5tensive in all geological historyM $ $ $ no fossils of the #arboniferous for.ation occur in later rocks$"[D7
[2$ :ana's "%e5t +ook/" p$ 2F;$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ 2FF$

9$ ,bid$/ p$ 2FF$ D$ ,bid$/ p$ 2F3$7

1p$ D994 it )as acco.panied or follo)ed/ as in the :rift Age/ by tre.endous floods of )aterM the evaporated seas returned to the earth in )asting stor.s: "%he )aters co..enced the )ork of denudation/ )hich has been continued to the present ti.e$"[27 ,s not all this a striking confir.ation of .y theoryC &ere )e find that/ long before the age of .an/ a fearful catastrophe happened to the earth$ ,ts rocks )ere .elted not .erely deco.posed/ as in the :rift Age/ but actually .elted and .eta.orphosedM the heat/ as in the :rift Age/ sucked up the )aters of the seas/ to cast the. do)n again in great floodsM it )iped out nearly all the life of the planet/ even as the :rift Age e5ter.inated the great .a..alsM )hatever drift then fell probably .elted )ith the burning rocks$ &ere are pheno.ena )hich no ice sheet/ though it )ere a thousand .iles thick/ can e5plainM here is heat/ not iceM co.bustion/ not coldM and yet all these pheno.ena are but the results )hich )e have seen )ould naturally follo) the contact of the earth )ith a co.et$ +ut )hile/ in this particular case/ the siPe of the co.et/ or its .ore fiery nature/ .elted the surface of the globe/ and changed the very te5ture of the solid rocks/ )e find in the geological record the evidences of repeated visitations )hen :rift )as thro)n upon the earth in great quantitiesM but the heat/ as in the last :rift Age/ )as not great enough to consu.e all things$ ,n the #a.brian for.ation/ conglo.erates are found/ co.binations of stones and hardened clay/ very .uch like the true "till$" ,n the (o)er 0ilurian of the south of 0cotland/ large blocks and bo)lders Qfro. one foot to five feet in dia.eterR
[2$ :ana's "%e5t +ook/" p$ 2FG$7

1p$ D9D4 are found/ "of gneiss/ syenite/ granite/ etc$/ none of )hich belong to the rocks of that neighborhood$" Geikie says:

"?ossibly these bo)lders .ay have co.e fro. so.e ancient Atlantis/ transported by ice$"[27 %he conglo.erates belonging to the >ld Red 0andstone for.ation in the north of =ngland and in 0cotland/ )e are told/ "closely rese.ble a consolidated bo)lder drift$"[;7 Near !ictoria/ in Australia/ a conglo.erate )as found nearl, one hundred feet in thic-ness$ "Great beds of conglo.erate occur at the botto. of the #arboniferous/ in various parts of 0cotland/ )hich it is difficult to believe are other than ancient .orainic d.bris$ %hey are frequently quite unstratified/ and the stones often show that peculiar blunted form which is so characteristic of glacial wor-$"[97 ?rofessor Ra.say found )ell scratched and blunted stones in a ?er.ian conglo.erate$ ,n the north of 0cotland/ a coarse/ bo)lder conglo.erate is associated )ith the *urassic strata$ %he #retaceous for.ation has yielded great stones and bo)lders$ ,n the =ocene of 0)itPerland/ erratics have been found/ so.e angular and so.e rounded$ %hey often attain great siPeM one .easured one hundred and five feet in length/ ninety feet in breadth/ and forty five feet in height$ 0o.e of the blocks consist of a -ind of granite not -nown to occur an,where in the 2lps$ Geikie says: "%he occurrence in the =ocene of huge ice carried blocks see.s incomprehensible )hen the general character of the =ocene fossils is taken into account/ for these have a so.e)hat tropical aspect$ 0o/ like)ise/ the appearance of ice transported blocks in the 'iocene is a sore pu55le/
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ D38$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ D3H$ 9$ ,bid$7

1p$ D9F4 as the fossils i.bedded in this for.ation speak to us of tropical and sub tropical cli.ates having prevailed in #entral =urope$"[27 ,t )as precisely during the age )hen a )ar. cli.ate prevailed in 0pitPbergen and North Greenland that these erratics )ere dropped do)n on the plains of ,talyL And/ strange to say/ Oust as )e have found the :rift deposits of =urope and A.erica unfossiliferous/ that is to say/ containing no traces of ani.al or vegetable life/ so these

strange stone and clay deposits of other and .ore ancient ages )ere in like .anner unfossiliferous$[;7 ,n the "flysch" of the =ocene of the Alps/ fe) or no fossils have been found$ ,n the conglo.erates of %urin/ belonging to the @pper 'iocene period/ not a single organic re.ain has been found$ "hat conclusion is forced upon usC %hat/ )ritten in the rocky pages of the great volu.e of the planet/ are the records of repeated visitations from the comets )hich then rushed through the heavens$ No trace is left of their destructive po)ers/ save the huge/ unstratified/ unfossiliferous deposits of clay and stones and bo)lders/ locked a)ay bet)een great layers of the sedi.entary rocks$ #an it be that there )anders through i..easurable space/ upon an orbit of such siPe that .illions of years are required to co.plete it/ so.e .onstrous lu.inary/ so vast that )hen it returns to us it fills a large part of the orbit )hich the earth describes around the sun/ and sho)ers do)n upon us deluges of d.bris/ )hile it fills the )orld )ith fla.eC And are these recurring strata of stones and clay and bo)lders/ )ritten upon these )idely separated pages of the geologic volu.e/ the record of its oft and regularly recurring visitationsC
[2$ "%he Great ,ce Age/" p$ D8<$ ;$ ,bid$/ p$ D82$7

1p$ D9G4 "ho shall sayC 0cience )ill yet co.pare .inutely the co.position of these different conglo.erates$ No secret can escape discovery )hen the light of a )orld's intelligence is brought to bear upon it$ And even here )e stu.ble over a still .ore tre.endous fact: ,t has been supposed that the pri.eval granite )as the .olten crust of the original glo)ing ball of the earth/ )hen it first hardened as it cooled$ +ut/ loL the .icroscope/ Qso ?rofessor "hichell tells us/R reveals that this very granite/ this foundation of all our rocks/ this ancient globe crust/ is itself .ade up of sedi.entary rocks/ )hich )ere .elted/ fused/ and run together in so.e a)ful conflagration )hich )iped out all life on the planet$ +eyond the granite/ then/ there )ere seas and shores/ )inds and rains/ rivers and sedi.ent carried into the )aters to for. the rocks .elted up in this graniteM there )ere

countless agesM possibly there )ere ani.als and .anM but all .elted and consu.ed together$ "as this/ too/ the result of a co.et visitationC "ho shall tell the age of this old earthC "ho shall count the ebbs and flo)s of eternityC "ho shall say ho) often this planet has been developed up to the highest for.s of life/ and ho) often all this has been obliterated in universal fireC %he earth is one great to.b of life: "All that tread %he globe are but a handful to the tribes %hat slu.ber in its boso.$" ,n endless series the ages stretch along birth/ life/ develop.ent/ destruction$ And so shall it be till ti.e is no .ore$ 1p$ D934 .$APTER %III' T$E AFTER0-"R ' "&=N that .agnificent genius/ Francis +acon/ sent forth one of his great )orks to the )orld/ he )rote this prayer: "%hou/ > Father/ )ho gavest the visible light as the first born of thy creatures/ and didst pour into .an the intellectual light as the top and consu..ation of thy )ork.anship/ be pleased to protect and govern this )ork/ )hich co.ing fro. thy goodness returneth to thy glory$ $ $ $ "e hu.bly beg that this .ind .ay be steadfastly in usM and that thou/ by our hands and the hands of others/ on )ho. thou shalt besto) the sa.e spirit/ )ilt please to convey a largess of ne) al.s to thy fa.ily of .ankind$" And again he says: "%his also )e beg/ that hu.an things .ay not preOudice such as are divineM neither that fro. the unlocking of the gates of sense/ and the kindling of a greater natural light/ anything of incredulity/ or intellectual night/ .ay arise in our .inds to)ard divine .ysteries$" ,n the sa.e spirit/ but hu.bly halting afar after this illustrious .an/ , should be sorry to per.it this book to go out to the )orld )ithout a )ord to re.ove the i.pression )hich so.e )ho read it/ and .ay believe it/ .ay for./ that such a vast catastrophe as , have depicted .ilitates against the idea that God rules and cares for his )orld and his creatures$ ,t )ill be asked/ ,f "there is a special providence even in the fall of a sparro)/" ho)

1p$ D984 could &e have per.itted such a cala.ity as this to overtake a beautiful/ populous/ and perhaps civiliPed )orldC &ere )e fall again upon the great debate of *ob/ and )e .ay ans)er in the )ords )hich the author of that book puts into the .outh of God hi.self/ )hen fro. out the )hirl)ind he ans)ered hi.: "0hall he that contendeth )ith the Al.ighty instruct hi. "&e that reproveth God/ let hi. ans)er$" ,n other )ords/ "ho and )hat is .an to penetrate the counsels and purposes of the #reatorM and )ho are you/ *obC ""here )ast thou )hen , laid the foundations of the earthC :eclare it/ if thou hast understanding$ ""ho hath laid the .easures thereof/ if thou kno)estC >r )ho has stretched the line upon itC ""hereupon are the foundations thereof fastenedC >r )ho laid the corner stone thereofC ""hen the .orning stars sang together/ and all the sons of God shouted for Ooy$" #onsider/ *ob/ the littleness of .an/ the greatness of the universeM and )hat right have you to ask &i./ )ho .ade all this/ the reasons for his actionsC And this is a sufficient ans)er: A creature seventy inches long prying into the purposes of an A)ful 0o.ething/ )hose po)er ranges so far that blaPing suns are seen only as .ist specksL +ut , .ay .ake another ans)er: Although it see.s that .any ti.es have co.ets s.itten the earth/ covering it )ith d.bris/ or causing its rocks to boil/ and its )aters to ascend into the heavens/ yet/ considering all life/ as revealed in the fossils/ fro. the first cells unto this day/ nothing has perished that was worth preserving$ 1p$ D9H4 0o far as )e can Oudge/ after every cataclys. the )orld has risen to higher levels of creative develop.ent$ ,f , a. right/ despite these incalculable tons of .atter piled on the earth/ despite heat and cyclones and darkness and ice and floods/ not even a tender tropical plant fit to adorn or

sustain .an's life )as blotted outM not an ani.al valuable for do.estication )as e5ter.inatedM and not even the great inventions )hich .an had attained to/ during the %ertiary Age/ )ere lost$ Nothing died but that )hich stood in the path)ay of .an's develop.ent/ the .onstrous ani.als/ the Neanderthal races/ the half hu.an creatures inter.ediate bet)een .an and the brute$ %he great centers of hu.an activity to day in =urope and A.erica are upon the :rift depositsM the richest soils are co.pounded of the so called glacial clays$ :oubtless/ too/ the hu.an brain )as forced during the :rift Age to higher reaches of develop.ent under the terrible ordeals of the hour$ 0urely/ then/ )e can afford to leave God's planets in God's hands$ Not a particle of dust is )hirled in the funnel of the cyclone but God identifies it/ and has .arked its path$ ,f )e fall again upon "A5e ages/ s)ord ages/ "ind ages/ .urder ages if "sensual sins gro) huge"M if "brother spoils brother" if 0odo. and Go.orrah co.e again )ho can say that God .ay not bring out of the depths of space a reOuvenating co.etC +e assured of one thing this )orld tends no) to a deification of .atter$ :ives says: "%he earth is fir. under .y feetM , o)n .y possessions do)n to the center of the earth and up to 1p$ DD<4 the heavens$ ,f fire s)eeps a)ay .y houses/ the insurance co.pany rei.burses .eM if .obs destroy the./ the govern.ent pays .eM if civil )ar co.es/ , can convert the. into bonds and .ove a)ay until the stor. is overM if sickness co.es/ , have the highest skill at .y call to fight it backM if death co.es/ , a. again insured/ and .y estate .akes .oney by the transactionM and if there is another )orld than this/ still a. , insured: , have taken out a policy in the church/ and pay .y pre.iu.s se.iannually to the .inister$" And :ives has an une5pressed belief that heaven is only a larger "all 0treet/ )here the .illionaires occupy the front benches/ )hile those )ho never had a bank account on earth sing in the chorus$ 0peak to :ives of lifting up the plane of all the underfed/ under paid/ benighted .illions of the earth his fello) .en to higher levels of co.fort/ and Ooy/ and intelligence not tearing do)n any but building up all and :ives can not understand you$ Ah/ :ivesL consider/ if there is no other life than this/ the fate of these uncounted .illions of your raceL "hat does e5istence give to the.C "hat do they get out of all this abundant and beautiful )orldC

%o look do)n the vista of such a life as theirs is like gaPing into one of the corridors of the #ataco.bs: an alley filled )ith reeking bones of dead .enM )hile fro. the cross arches/ )aiting for the poor .an's co.ing on/ ghastly shapes look out: sickness and )ant and sin and gri. despair and red eyed suicide$ ?ut yourself in his place/ :ives/ locked up in such a cavern as that/ and the key thro)n a)ayL :o not count too .uch/ :ives/ on your lands and houses and parch.entsM your guns and cannon and la)sM your insurance co.panies and your govern.ents$ %here 1p$ DD24 .ay be even no) one co.ing fro. beyond Arcturus/ or Aldebaran/ or #o.a +erenices/ )ith glo)ing countenance and horrid hair/ and .illions of tons of d.bris/ to over)hel. you and your possessions/ and your corporations/ and all the ant like devices of .an in one co..on ruin$ +uild a little broader/ :ives$ =stablish spiritual relations$ 'atter is not everything$ Bou do not deal in certainties$ Bou are but a vitaliPed speck/ filled )ith a fraction of God's delegated intelligence/ cra)ling over an egg shell filled )ith fire/ )hirling .adly through infinite space/ a target for the bo.bs of a universe$ %ake your .ind off your bricks and .ortar/ and put out your tentacles to)ard the great spiritual )orld around you$ >pen co..unications )ith God$ Bou can not help God$ For &i. )ho .ade the 'ilky "ay you can do nothing$ +ut here are his creatures$ Not a nerve/ .uscle/ or brain convolution of the hu.blest of these but duplicates your o)nM you e5cel the. si.ply in the coordination of certain inherited faculties )hich have given you success$ "iden your heart$ ?ut your intellect to )ork to so readOust the values of labor/ and increase the productive capacity of Nature/ that plenty and happiness/ light and hope/ .ay d)ell in every heart/ and the #ataco.bs be closed for ever$ And fro. such a )orld God )ill fend off the co.ets )ith his great right ar./ and the angels )ill e5ult over it in heaven$ End of Ragnarok: The Age of Fire and Gravel
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