Software Testing interview questions

Explain the PDCA cycle. PDCA cycle stands for Plan Do Check Act; commonly used for quality control. Plan: Identify aim and procedure necessary to deliver the output. Do: Implement the plan. Check: Confirm if the result is as per plan. Action: Take appropriate action to deceiver expected outcome. involve repeat the cycle. What are white- ox! lac"- ox an# gray- ox testing$ hich may also

hite !ox testin": #hite $ox testin" involves thorou"h testin" of the application. It requires kno#led"e of code and the test cases chosen verifies if the system is implemented as expected. It typically includes checkin" #ith the data flo#% exceptions% and errors% ho# they are handled% comparin" if the code produces the expected results. &.". In electrical appliances the internal circuit testin". !lack !ox testin": !lack $ox testin" is done at an outer level of the system. Test cases merely check if the output is correct for the "iven input. 'ser is not expected to the internal flo# or desi"n of the system. (ray !ox testin": (rey $ox testin" is a com$ination of $oth $lack $ox and #hite $ox testin". This is $ecause it involves access to the system; ho#ever% at an outer level. A little kno#led"e of the system is expected in (ray $ox testin". Explain the #ifference etween %atent an# &as"e# Defect.

)atent defects are defects #hich remain in the system% ho#ever% identified later. They remain in the system for a lon" time. The defect is likely to $e present in various versions of the soft#are and may $e detected after the release. &.". *e$ruary has +, days. The system could have not considered the leap year #hich results in a latent defect

-asked defect hides other defects in the system. &.". there is a link to add employee in the system. .n clickin" this link you can also add a task for the employee. )et/s assume% $oth the functionalities have $u"s. 0o#ever% the first $u" 1Add an employee2 "oes unnoticed. !ecause of this the $u" in the add task is masked. What is 'ig- ang waterfall (o#el$ The #aterfall model is also kno#n as the !i"3$an" model $ecause all modules usin" #aterfall module follo#s the cycle independently and then put to"ether. !i" !an" model follo#s a sequence to develop a soft#are application. It slo#ly moves to the next phase startin" from requirement analysis follo#ed $y desi"n% implementation% testin" and finally inte"ration and maintenance. What is configuration &anage(ent$ Confi"uration mana"ement aims to esta$lish consistency in an enterprise. This is attained $y continuously updatin" processes of the or"ani4ation% maintainin" versionin" and handlin" the entire or"ani4ation net#ork% hard#are and soft#are components efficiently. In soft#are% 5oft#are Confi"uration mana"ement deals #ith controllin" and trackin" chan"es made to the soft#are. This is necessary to allo# easy accommodation of chan"es at any time. What is 'oun#ary value Analysis$ Test cases #ritten for $oundary value analysis are to detect errors or $u"s #hich are likely to arise #hile testin" for ran"es of values at $oundaries. This is to ensure that the application "ives the desired output #hen tested for $oundary values. &.". a text $ox can accept values from minimum 6 characters to 78 characters. !oundary value testin" #ill test for 7 characters% 6 characters% 78 characters and 79 characters. What is Equivalence Partitioning$ &quivalence partitionin" is a technique used in soft#are testin" #hich aims to reduce the num$er of test cases and choose the ri"ht test cases. This is achieved $y identifyin" the :classes; or :"roups; of inputs in such a #ay that each input value under this class #ill "ive the same result. &.". a soft#are application desi"ned for an airline has special offer functionality. The offer is that first t#o mem$er of every city $ookin" the ticket for a particular route "ets a discount. 0ere% the "roup of inputs can $e :All cities in India;.

Explain )an#o( testing. <andom testin" as the name su""ests has no particular approach to test. It is an ad hoc #ay of testin". The tester randomly picks modules to test $y inputtin" random values. &.". an output is produced $y a particular com$ination of inputs. 0ence% different and random inputs are used. What is &on"ey testing$ -onkey testin" is a type of random testin" #ith no specific test case #ritten. It has no fixed perspective for testin". &.". input random and "ar$a"e values in an input $ox. Explain Software Process. A soft#are process or soft#are development process is a method or structure expected to $e follo#ed for the development of soft#are. There are several tasks and activities that take place in this process. Different processes like #aterfall and iterative exists. In these processes; tasks like analysis% codin"% testin" and maintenance play an important role. What is &aturity level$ -aturity level of a process defines the nature and maturity present in the or"ani4ation. These levels help to understand and set a $enchmark for the or"ani4ation. *ive levels that are identified are: )evel 9: Adhoc or initial )evel +: <epeata$le )evel =: Defined )evel>: mana"ed )evel 7: .ptimi4ed

What is process area in C&&*$ Process areas in Capa$ilty -aturity model descri$e the features of a products development. These process areas help to identify the level of maturity an or"ani4ation has attained. These mainly include: Pro?ect plannin" and monitorin" <isk -ana"ement <equirements development Process and Product quality assurance Product inte"ration <equirement mana"ement Product inte"ration Confi"uration mana"ement Explain a out tailoring. Tailorin" a soft#are process means amendin" it to meet the needs of the pro?ect. It involves alterin" the processes in different environments% it/s an on"oin" process. *actors like customer and end user relation ship% "oals of $usiness must $e kept in mind #hile tailorin". De"ree to #hich tailorin" is required must $e identified. What are stage# an# continuous (o#els in C&&*$ 5ta"ed models in C--I% focus on process improvement usin" sta"es or maturity levels. In sta"ed representation each process area has one specific "oal. Achievin" a "oal #ould mean improvement in control and plannin" of the tasks associated #ith the process. 5ta"ed representation has 7 maturity levels. Continuous model in C--I follo# a recommended order for approachin" process improvement #ithin each specified process area. It allo#s the user to select the order of improvement that $est meets the or"ani4ation/s $usiness o$?ectives. Continuous representation has 6 capa$ility levels. Explain capa ility levels in continuous representation.

There are 6 capa$ility levels for Continuous representation: )evel 8: @ot performed )evel 9: Performed )evel +: -ana"ed )evel =: Defined )evel >: Auantitatively mana"ed )evel 7: .ptimi4in" &ach level has process areas. &ach process area has specific "oals to achieve. These processes are continuously improved to achieve the "oals in a recommended order. What is SCA&P* process$ 5tandard C--I Appraisal -ethod for Process Improvement provides a $enchmark relative to -aturity -odels. It descri$es requirements% activities and processes associated #ith each process area. The 5CA-PI appraisals identify the fla#s of current processes. It "ives an idea of area of improvement and determines capa$ility and maturity levels. What is the i(portance of P** in SCA&P*$ P II is Practice Implementation Indicator. As the name su""ests% P II serves as an indicator or evidence that a certain practice that supports a "oal has $een implemented. P II could $e a document and $e served as a proof.